Any student in a high level institution will be usually required to write a variety of dissertations, papers and essays throughout the whole period of their studies.
These writing tasks and assignments will cover a myriad of goals, objectives and purposes.
The centrality of argumentComments on Everyone’s An Author Ch.docxmehek4
The centrality of argument
Comments on Everyone’s An Author Chapters 17-18
Opening Remarks
An argument refers to any way that human beings express themselves to try to achieve a particular purpose – which, many would say, means any way that people express themselves at all
The world is immersed in argument
You will be a better reader and writing of your own arguments if you understand how they work
Arguments are both seductive and manipulative due to their persuasive nature
Opening Remarks Cont.
Common purpose of argument:
To explore
To understand
To find consensus
To make decisions
To convince or persuade
Arguments are embedded in particular contexts
What works in one won’t work in another
It’s essential to understand how arguments so you can make some effective arguments on your own
Pay close attention to your purpose, intended audience, and the rest of your rhetorical situation
Chapter 17
Analyzing & Constructing Arguments: Those You Read, Those You Write
Opening Remarks
Almost everything represents some kind of argument; therefore, you must understanding them – both those you come across and those you make
You need to understand the arguments that come from other people
Arguments always exist in a larger context, involving more than just one person or group
Arguments start as a response to another argument – statement, event, image, or anything else
Where’s the argument coming from
Look at the source – where is the argument coming from
By looking at the source, we can determine how it affects the argument and how willing we should be to accept what the argument says
As an author, think hard about where you’re coming from in the arguments you make
Consider your word choice (what you say and how you say it), included images, and text design
Consider your attitude and stance toward the subject
What’s the claim?
The easiest claims to identify are those that are stated in an explicit thesis statement
As an author, remember that a claim is more than a personal opinion
A claim must be arguable (worth arguing) by taking a position that is debatable; that others have a different opinion on
State arguable claims as a thesis statement that announces your topic and main points so your readers can follow your thought process
Qualify your thesis statement
Make your claims directly and get to the point quickly
Support your claim with evidence
What’s at stake?
Rhetoricians from ancient Rome have developed stasis theory as a way to identify the crux of an argument by asking 4 questions:
What are the facts?
How can the issue be defined?
How much does it matter, and why?
What actions should be taken as a result?
As an author, use these questions to identify the main point you want to make in an argument
These questions can also help decide the genre of argument you wish to make
Means of persuasion: emotional, ethical, and logical appeals
Emotional appeals (Pathos)
Stir feels and invoke values that the audience is assumed to hold
As a re ...
Any student in a high level institution will be usually required to write a variety of dissertations, papers and essays throughout the whole period of their studies.
These writing tasks and assignments will cover a myriad of goals, objectives and purposes.
The centrality of argumentComments on Everyone’s An Author Ch.docxmehek4
The centrality of argument
Comments on Everyone’s An Author Chapters 17-18
Opening Remarks
An argument refers to any way that human beings express themselves to try to achieve a particular purpose – which, many would say, means any way that people express themselves at all
The world is immersed in argument
You will be a better reader and writing of your own arguments if you understand how they work
Arguments are both seductive and manipulative due to their persuasive nature
Opening Remarks Cont.
Common purpose of argument:
To explore
To understand
To find consensus
To make decisions
To convince or persuade
Arguments are embedded in particular contexts
What works in one won’t work in another
It’s essential to understand how arguments so you can make some effective arguments on your own
Pay close attention to your purpose, intended audience, and the rest of your rhetorical situation
Chapter 17
Analyzing & Constructing Arguments: Those You Read, Those You Write
Opening Remarks
Almost everything represents some kind of argument; therefore, you must understanding them – both those you come across and those you make
You need to understand the arguments that come from other people
Arguments always exist in a larger context, involving more than just one person or group
Arguments start as a response to another argument – statement, event, image, or anything else
Where’s the argument coming from
Look at the source – where is the argument coming from
By looking at the source, we can determine how it affects the argument and how willing we should be to accept what the argument says
As an author, think hard about where you’re coming from in the arguments you make
Consider your word choice (what you say and how you say it), included images, and text design
Consider your attitude and stance toward the subject
What’s the claim?
The easiest claims to identify are those that are stated in an explicit thesis statement
As an author, remember that a claim is more than a personal opinion
A claim must be arguable (worth arguing) by taking a position that is debatable; that others have a different opinion on
State arguable claims as a thesis statement that announces your topic and main points so your readers can follow your thought process
Qualify your thesis statement
Make your claims directly and get to the point quickly
Support your claim with evidence
What’s at stake?
Rhetoricians from ancient Rome have developed stasis theory as a way to identify the crux of an argument by asking 4 questions:
What are the facts?
How can the issue be defined?
How much does it matter, and why?
What actions should be taken as a result?
As an author, use these questions to identify the main point you want to make in an argument
These questions can also help decide the genre of argument you wish to make
Means of persuasion: emotional, ethical, and logical appeals
Emotional appeals (Pathos)
Stir feels and invoke values that the audience is assumed to hold
As a re ...
Position Paper FormatA position paper presents an arguanhcrowley
Position Paper Format
A position paper
presents an arguable opinion about an issue
. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and worth listening to. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your audience to understand.
Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being presented.
It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as
to address the counterclaims
to show that you are well informed about both sides.
Issue Criteria:
To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the “arguability” of a topic that interests you. Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument:
Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty?
Can you distinctly identify two positions?
Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?
Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable?
Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument
Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the subject matter. While you may already have an opinion on your topic and an idea about which side of the argument you want to take, you need to ensure that your position is well supported.
Listing out the pro and con sides of the topic will help you examine your ability to support your counterclaims, along with a list of supporting evidence for both sides.
Supporting evidence includes the following:
Factual Knowledge -
Information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone.
Statistical Inferences -
Interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts.
Informed Opinion -
Opinion developed through research and/or expertise of the claim.
Personal Testimony -
Personal experience related by a knowledgeable party.
Once you have made your pro and con lists, compare the information side by side. Considering your audience, as well as your own viewpoint, choose the position you will take. In considering the audience, ask yourself the following questions:
Who is your audience?
What do they believe?
Where do they stand on the issue?
How are their interests involved?
What evidence is likely to be effective with them?
In determining your viewpoint, ask yourself the following:
Is your topic interesting?
Can you manage the material within the specifications set by the instructor?
Does your topic assert something specific and propose a plan of action?
Do you have enough material to support your opinion?
Orga ...
Mapping the IssueFor your Issue Proposal, you organized yourVannaSchrader3
Mapping the Issue
For your Issue Proposal, you organized your preexisting knowledge on your issue and sketched a plan for research. You then compiled several sources and summarized their contents for your Annotated Bibliography. For this paper, you will map the controversy surrounding your issue by describing its history and summarizing at least three different positions on the issue — all from a completely neutral point of view. Your audience will be UTA students, faculty, and staff who read a (fictitious) UTA periodical that offers analysis and commentary about politics, news, and culture.
Before people can make an informed decision on a controversial issue, they must know the history of the controversy and the range of positions available. Major news organizations often in form their readers of public controversies by providing a neutral, unbiased description of an issue’s history and the main arguments made on all sides, and academic organizations often map field - specific controversies in order to provide researchers with a n overview of unsettled questions and unsolved problems.
Invention
In rhetorical studies, invention refers to the systematic search for ideas that can be shaped into an effective composition. (The term “prewriting” is sometimes used to refer to the concept of invention.) This section of the assignment, then, is designed to help you generate the required content for your Mapping paper.
Please note that the following steps are not intended to serve as an outline for your paper.
Rather, these steps will help you produce the “raw materials” that you will then refine into a well - organized paper, and these steps are likely to produce more material than you can actually use in the draft you submit to readers.
1.
Readers will need to have some background information on your issue in order to understand how the controversy reaches its current state. Draft answers to the following questions:
• What caused the issue?
• What prompted past and present interest in it?
• Who is interested in the issue and why?
2.
Readers w ill also want to know the current, major positions on the issue, so reflect on the titles in your Annotated Bibliography, draft descriptions of 3 - 5 different positions, and identify which articles in your bibliography advocate the positions you’ve described.
3.
Now that you’ve drafted descriptions of the background and major positions on your issue, draft a more detailed description of one position:
• What are the main claims of those who advocate this position?
• What reasons do they provide for those claims ?
• What evidence do they use to support their reasons?
• What assumptions underlie their arguments?
4.
Once you have described the position’s argumentative structure, summarize at least one source from your Annotated Bibliography that advocates this position.
5.
Repeat inventional steps three and four with a second position. Additionally, draft a ...
ENG 102DiOrioDecember 1, 2014Argumentative Essay (Final an.docxYASHU40
ENG 102
DiOrio
December 1, 2014
Argumentative Essay (Final and Draft)
Overview
Argumentative essays differ from narrative, expository, or analytical essays fundamentally in
that you're writing to take a stand, to persuade your audience to accept a particular position,
to convince your audience of a particular argument. The emphasis in argumentative essays is
to make and prove an argument with convincing evidence and sound, logical reasoning. The
purposes and requirements for this essay, therefore, are quite different from those for the
previous essays.
Objectives
Through this assignment, you will learn to:
· construct an argument using various methods of argumentation,
· gather, summarize, synthesize, and explain information from various sources,
· incorporate sources into your argumentation using MLA style,
· produce coherent, organized, readable prose for different rhetorical situations,
· engage in writing as a process, including invention (such as brainstorming for ideas),
· developing a thesis statement, drafting, revising, editing, and proofreading,
· respond to your classmates' writing and provide constructive feedback,
· respond to your classmates' response to your writing and learn how to incorporate
your classmates' suggestions into your revision,
· use grammatical, stylistic, and mechanical formats and conventions appropriate for
different audiences and writing situations, and
· reflect on your own writing and writing process and on your classmates' writing and
writing process.
Topic--Identifying a Controversial Issue
An appropriate topic for the argumentative essay should be one that
· interests you
· is neither too broad nor too narrow,
· is open to controversy, and
· is not already overly argued by other people.
Make sure your topic interests you:
Whatever topic you choose, it should be something that interests you, something that you
feel strongly about, something that's close to your heart. If it's an argument that affects you
and that you have personal experience about, it will be easier for you to build your ethos
with personal experience. However, keep in mind you do not want your personal beliefs to
interfere with building a sound, logical argument—this is not an opinionated paper.
Make sure your topic is neither too broad nor too narrow:
A topic like "presidential campaigns" might be too big for you to handle in a few pages. In
contrast, "the use of scare tactics in presidential campaign ads" might be easier to handle. In
a similar way, "advertising" sounds vague and broad while "truth in advertising" is more
focused. On the other hand, too narrow topics are those that deal with trivial topics that your
readers are not likely to be interested in.
Make sure your topic is controversial:
A controversial topic is one that people have different opinions about. For example, the
"illegitimacy of thefts" is not a controversial topic while "the appropriate punishment for
first-time theft offenders" is a more controve ...
By now, you should have a firm grasp of the existing conversation on.docxPazSilviapm
By now, you should have a firm grasp of the existing conversation on your topic after having surveyed the field on your topic so as to narrow the who, what, where, when, and why/how, so that you can fully formulate your own ideas and develop an original complex claim with which to place yourself in the scholarly conversation on your topic.
Evaluating your working claim
As you draft your working claim, evaluate its efficacy. A strong claim will be:
• Contestable: Intentionally writing a claim that someone can disagree with
may seem counterintuitive, but consider that if no one could possibly disagree with what you’re arguing, there’s little point in writing about it. Being able to acknowledge and refute counterarguments will strengthen your claim, not weaken it.
o POOR: “Durham and Chapel Hill have much in common, although they are different in some ways.” Well, yeah, but who cares?
o BETTER: “Although Durham’s industrial past has created a more deeply troubled economic caste system than found in Chapel Hill, it has also created greater cultural diversity that is now helping to guide the city’s economic renewal.” There is certainly room for disagreement in this claim; as a result, it provides a much more interesting basis for discussion. The author is likely to support it more passionately than the first claim.
• Reasonable: While you want your claim to be contestable, you also want it to be reasonable. A claim can be radical, in the context of current dialogue on your topic, and still be reasonable if you have sufficient evidence to support it. Readers will recognize the difference between thoughtful, critical interpretations of evidence and contortions that twist evidence around to support an unreasonable claim.
• Specific: Broad claims are more difficult to support effectively than focused claims. Specific claims also tend to provide readers with more useful information than broad claims.
o POOR: “North Carolina apple farmers are responding to the current economic situation by finding new ways to generate income.”
o BETTER: “With hurricanes causing significant crop losses over the past decade, North Carolina apple farmers are increasingly relying on agrotourism to generate reliable supplemental income.”
• Significant: Consider the context of the course for which you are writing
your paper. Is your claim adding anything meaningful to the current dialogue surrounding your topic? Note that as you become more familiar with the concerns of a given topic or discipline, you will be able to contribute more significantly to the discussion.
• Interpretive: Does your claim offer an interpretation of evidence or does it simply describe a situation? If it describes a situation it is a claim of fact.
o POOR: “The United States is a federal system that divides governmental powers between national and state authorities.” Rather than offering an interpretation, this sentence describes an incontestable fact. While it may have truth value, it makes a poor th.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. position paper
A position paper is an essay that presents an
arguable opinion about an issue – typically that of the
author or some specified entity. Position papers are
published in academia, in politics, in law and other
domains. The goal of a position paper is to convince
the audience that the opinion presented is valid and
worth listening to. Ideas for position papers that one is
considering need to be carefully examined when
choosing a topic, developing an argument, and
organizing the paper.
3. Writing Position Papers
Write a position paper to
Organize and outline your viewpoint on an issue
Formally inform others of your position
as a foundation to build resolution to difficult problems
Present a unique, though biased, solution
or a unique approach to solving a problem
Frame the discussion in order to define the "playing field."
This can put you in an advantageous position with those who may not be so
well prepared as regards the issues behind their positions
Establish your credibility
Here you are demonstrating that you have a command of the issues and the
research behind them, and can present them clearly
Let your passion be demonstrated in the force of your argument
rather than in the use of emotional terms
Guide you in being consistent in maintaining your position in negotiation
4. Guidelines:
Format should be consistent with guidelines
determined by the sponsoring organization or
committee
Include topic, date, purpose, etc., and should readily
identify you as the author
If the paper represents a group, organization,
committee, do not write in the first person (not I, my,
mine, etc. but rather we, our, etc.)
Limit yourself to two pages following the format
established by previous successful position papers
5. Research:
Develop supporting evidence for both sides
including factual knowledge, statistical evidence, authoritative
testimony
Identify the issues and prejudices keeping in mind your audience
List these as appropriate and anticipate counterclaims
Assume familiarity with basic concepts
but define unfamiliar terms/concepts or state meanings that
define your point of departure
Refer to those who agree with your position to assist you in
developing your argument
Familiarize yourself with those who disagree with you to prepare
your defense.
Summarize their argument and evidence, then refute
6. Introduction:
Consider your audience:
start with a topic sentence or two that attracts
attention and summarizes the issue
Inform the reader of your point of view
7. Development:
Focus on three main points to develop
Each topic is developed with
a general statement of the position
an elaboration that references documents and source
data
past experiences and authoritative testimony
conclusion restating the position
8. Establish flow from paragraph to paragraph
Keep your voice active
Quote sources to establish authority
Stay focused on your point of view throughout the
essay
Focus on logical arguments
Don't lapse into summary
in the development--wait for the conclusion
9. Conclusion
Summarize, then conclude, your argument
Refer to the first paragraph/opening statements
as well as the main points
does the conclusion restate the main ideas?
reflect the succession and importance of the arguments
logically conclude their development?
