The document summarizes the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). WLE aims to improve food security, livelihoods and equitable sharing of ecosystem services through sustainable agriculture intensification and collaborative resource management policies. It brings together 11 CGIAR research centers and partners working across scales to develop innovative solutions to complex problems related to agriculture, natural resources and poverty. Key aspects include working at different scales, integrating disciplines and sectors, leveraging partnerships, and ensuring research leads to impact through learning and communication. WLE operates in 8 regions covering over a billion people through regional interventions and a global knowledge base to minimize tradeoffs across landscapes and basins.
This document presents a series of practice problems for reactions involving alkenes. It includes 20 slides with questions about reaction mechanisms and predicting products. The exercises are part of a research project evaluating an interactive online tutorial on these topics. Users are asked to provide feedback by completing a short survey after working through the problems.
This document summarizes key information about alkenes (olefins):
1) Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Common examples include ethylene and propene.
2) Alkenes undergo characteristic reactions such as addition of halogens, hydrogenation to form alkanes, hydration and polymerization. Many of these reactions follow Markovnikov's rule.
3) Alkenes are industrially important as monomers for polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene. Ethylene and propylene are the largest volume organic chemicals produced.
The document discusses the relationship between international trade and food security. It makes three key points:
1) Food security is a public good that benefits from global free trade, which allows resources and needs to be matched between countries.
2) International trade plays an important role in food security by increasing availability, affordability, quality, and stability of the global food supply. However, unfair trade policies can undermine these benefits.
3) While self-sufficiency was historically viewed as important for food security, trade is now recognized as a more sustainable approach that has helped many countries achieve food security.
Mortality rates were higher in rural areas for major diseases while morbidity rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes were higher in cities. Rural residents had higher hospital visit rates across all age groups and preferred local hospitals. Over 400 clinical trial sites are above county hospitals, so including rural patients may be challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine is commonly used alongside medications, requiring careful trial design. The Chinese Clinical Trial Registry and NIH database provide information on competing trials for patient recruitment planning. This data can help identify opportunities and threats to patient recruitment and retention in Chinese clinical trials.
A Helping Hand is a nonprofit organization that provides basic household necessities to low-income individuals and families in Delaware County who are at or below 150% of the federal poverty level. It obtains donations of furniture, appliances, clothing and other items to distribute to those in need through a voucher system. A Helping Hand aims to help residents achieve a decent standard of living and self-sufficiency through its goods and budgeting courses. It is funded through donations, grants and fundraising events and operates out of a facility in Muncie, Indiana.
Team #17 proposed interventions to address social, economic, and health challenges facing South African miners. A 4-phase plan was outlined. Phase 1 focuses on moderating dialogue between stakeholders over 3 months. Phase 2 implements education programs and scaled back police response over year 2. Phase 3 treats infected miners and establishes healthcare facilities from years 3-6. Phase 4 continues programs and expands facilities from years 7-10 to improve miners' well-being. The team's proposal aims to create sustainable solutions through stakeholder engagement and establishing occupational health infrastructure.
The document outlines key provincial planning policies and initiatives related to issues such as demographics, housing, health, water, climate change, natural heritage, agriculture, energy, active transportation, and infrastructure. It provides an overview of resources available to municipalities on these topics and discusses policy integration across sectors like housing, natural heritage, and agriculture. Contact information is provided for the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing's Provincial Planning Policy Branch.
The document summarizes the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). WLE aims to improve food security, livelihoods and equitable sharing of ecosystem services through sustainable agriculture intensification and collaborative resource management policies. It brings together 11 CGIAR research centers and partners working across scales to develop innovative solutions to complex problems related to agriculture, natural resources and poverty. Key aspects include working at different scales, integrating disciplines and sectors, leveraging partnerships, and ensuring research leads to impact through learning and communication. WLE operates in 8 regions covering over a billion people through regional interventions and a global knowledge base to minimize tradeoffs across landscapes and basins.
This document presents a series of practice problems for reactions involving alkenes. It includes 20 slides with questions about reaction mechanisms and predicting products. The exercises are part of a research project evaluating an interactive online tutorial on these topics. Users are asked to provide feedback by completing a short survey after working through the problems.
This document summarizes key information about alkenes (olefins):
1) Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and are classified as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Common examples include ethylene and propene.
2) Alkenes undergo characteristic reactions such as addition of halogens, hydrogenation to form alkanes, hydration and polymerization. Many of these reactions follow Markovnikov's rule.
3) Alkenes are industrially important as monomers for polymers like polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and polystyrene. Ethylene and propylene are the largest volume organic chemicals produced.
The document discusses the relationship between international trade and food security. It makes three key points:
1) Food security is a public good that benefits from global free trade, which allows resources and needs to be matched between countries.
2) International trade plays an important role in food security by increasing availability, affordability, quality, and stability of the global food supply. However, unfair trade policies can undermine these benefits.
3) While self-sufficiency was historically viewed as important for food security, trade is now recognized as a more sustainable approach that has helped many countries achieve food security.
Mortality rates were higher in rural areas for major diseases while morbidity rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes were higher in cities. Rural residents had higher hospital visit rates across all age groups and preferred local hospitals. Over 400 clinical trial sites are above county hospitals, so including rural patients may be challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine is commonly used alongside medications, requiring careful trial design. The Chinese Clinical Trial Registry and NIH database provide information on competing trials for patient recruitment planning. This data can help identify opportunities and threats to patient recruitment and retention in Chinese clinical trials.
A Helping Hand is a nonprofit organization that provides basic household necessities to low-income individuals and families in Delaware County who are at or below 150% of the federal poverty level. It obtains donations of furniture, appliances, clothing and other items to distribute to those in need through a voucher system. A Helping Hand aims to help residents achieve a decent standard of living and self-sufficiency through its goods and budgeting courses. It is funded through donations, grants and fundraising events and operates out of a facility in Muncie, Indiana.
Team #17 proposed interventions to address social, economic, and health challenges facing South African miners. A 4-phase plan was outlined. Phase 1 focuses on moderating dialogue between stakeholders over 3 months. Phase 2 implements education programs and scaled back police response over year 2. Phase 3 treats infected miners and establishes healthcare facilities from years 3-6. Phase 4 continues programs and expands facilities from years 7-10 to improve miners' well-being. The team's proposal aims to create sustainable solutions through stakeholder engagement and establishing occupational health infrastructure.
The document outlines key provincial planning policies and initiatives related to issues such as demographics, housing, health, water, climate change, natural heritage, agriculture, energy, active transportation, and infrastructure. It provides an overview of resources available to municipalities on these topics and discusses policy integration across sectors like housing, natural heritage, and agriculture. Contact information is provided for the Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing's Provincial Planning Policy Branch.
Rivera, Olga - Basque Country Re-Health: Chronicity Strategy as a driver for...ponencias_mihealth2012
The Basque Country is facing new challenges in its health system due to an aging population and rise in chronic diseases. Chronic conditions now account for 80% of healthcare interactions but the system was designed for acute issues. This has led to overspending, poor quality care, and preventable health issues. The Chronicity Strategy aims to transform the system to better address chronic care through a population health approach, improved efficiency, and integrated medical care across settings. The strategy uses multiple levers and interventions in a coordinated manner to reform delivery of care for chronic patients.
Healthcare Market in Egypt and it's Relation to Internet GrowthOsama ElKhair
This document summarizes healthcare market trends and internet growth in Egypt based on primary research. It finds that Egypt has a young population with over 30% under age 15. Healthcare expenditures are growing, with over half spent on medical equipment and products. There are over 180,000 licensed physicians in Egypt, most working in public hospitals. Internet usage in Egypt is also growing rapidly, with over 30 million users today compared to half a million in 2000. Mobile internet access is increasing as well, though many phones with 3G capability are not yet using mobile internet services.
The document provides an overview of the 2012 Farm Bill and outlines some key differences between the Senate and House versions. It summarizes that the Senate bill puts most crops in an Agriculture Risk Coverage program with a revenue guarantee of 89% of historical revenue, while the House bill offers a Revenue Loss Coverage program with an 85% guarantee. It also highlights differences in payment acres, use of transitional yields, and reference prices between the two bills.
Clinical research in India is growing rapidly due to several factors:
- India has a large population with a growing disease burden similar to developed countries. This provides opportunities for clinical trial recruitment.
- Regulatory reforms have made the approval process for clinical trials much faster, within 6-8 weeks for some applications.
- Costs for conducting clinical trials are around half of Western countries, providing significant cost savings for sponsors.
- There is an increasing pool of experienced investigators and staff familiar with Good Clinical Practice who can conduct trials to international standards.
- The pharmaceutical industry and contract research organizations see India as an important location for outsourcing various stages of drug development to take advantage of the opportunities.
The document discusses India's transition to a knowledge economy and outlines opportunities in the healthcare sector. It notes that knowledge process outsourcing is projected to grow 46% by 2010. Healthcare accounts for 5.2% of India's GDP and the private sector captures 63% of the $19 billion healthcare market. The healthcare industry offers significant growth potential and investment opportunities, with projections that it could reach $43-60 billion by 2012. India has a cost advantage over countries like the US and UK for many medical procedures.
The document discusses the future of mHealth and how mobile technologies can transform healthcare. It notes that mobile devices are becoming the newest mass media and examines how mHealth can add value by connecting patients to rich content, electronic health records, and diagnostic tools. The document also highlights examples of early mHealth innovations from companies like Nokia, Withings, and Microsoft HealthVault. It argues that mHealth will revolutionize how patients engage with their healthcare and how doctors interact with patients.
GRF One Health Summit 2012, Davos: Presentation by Adnan Ali Khan CHOUDHURY, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Public Health Building , Herston Rd , Herston Qld 4006, Brisbane, Australia
The document discusses applying technology to address healthcare challenges in developing countries. It proposes three models: 1) Using telemedicine to expand access to cardiovascular specialists in Jamaica, reducing wait times for tests and consultations. 2) Launching a 24/7 medical hotline in Nigeria to improve access to doctors, medical information, and clinics. 3) Establishing an emergency medical services system in Enugu, Nigeria led by medical professionals with equipped vehicles to respond to emergencies. The models aim to improve healthcare access, quality and reduce costs through innovative use of technology.
Benefits of Transboundary Cooperation in Neman and Pregolya River BasinsGlobal Water Partnership
The document summarizes a project on transboundary cooperation in the Neman and Pregolya River Basins between Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, and Kaliningrad Oblast. The project aimed to compile GIS maps of the shared river basins and strengthen professional links between water managers. Experts from the countries collaborated to create GIS databases and maps showing hydrology, pollution sources, and water quality. The outputs benefited river management planning and identified data gaps. Future benefits of continued cooperation could include improved health, ecology, tourism, and regional water management in the Baltic Sea region.
High Level Panel on Water and Climate Change in the context of the #SDGs - Ru...Global Water Partnership
This document discusses opportunities to scale up investments for water security and climate resilience in Africa. It describes how the Water Climate and Development Programme (WACDEP) is supporting regional development and transboundary cooperation across several river basins in Africa. WACDEP is also supporting national processes like integrating water issues into national climate strategies. The document outlines some of WACDEP's projects that are building community resilience and enhancing climate resilience. It discusses opportunities to scale up investments in Africa through investment planning processes and facilities. Lastly, it discusses lessons learned on scaling up and proposes establishing think tanks to support better project development and exploring innovative financing mechanisms.
Water for Development and Development for Water - Realizing the New SDG's VisionGlobal Water Partnership
Mohamed Ait Kadi presented at the SWWW2015 conference on realizing the vision of the new UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to water. He argued that development strategies must consider water's role in economic growth, social wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. He outlined a conceptual framework showing the dynamics between water security and sustainable growth. Achieving the vision of SDG #6 on water will require governments to take a leadership role in water resources management, investing in sequenced projects combining institutions, information systems, and infrastructure to manage water and risks, and overcoming knowledge gaps in vulnerable countries.
This document discusses how large-scale land acquisitions could impact transboundary water management. It notes that water is often not explicitly mentioned in land agreements but any use of water on acquired lands could affect shared river basins. The document examines cases in the Niger and Nile River basins and concludes that principles for responsible investment must acknowledge water needs and sustainable use to help regulate impacts on transboundary waters.
Womens empowerment and increased food security through increased access to la...Global Water Partnership
1) The organization Swadhina worked to empower women in Jharkhand, India through increased access to land and water resources. They formed women's committees to oversee activities and identify key issues of water, land rights, and women's positions.
2) To address water challenges, they constructed irrigation boxes and desilted tanks to improve water storage. They encouraged sustainable farming practices. For land, they reclaimed unused land and introduced new crop varieties. They gave women possession certificates for resources to establish land rights.
3) These interventions improved food security, economic conditions, and women's leadership roles. Women gained confidence through skills training and decision-making power over resources. Community development minimized migration from the area
This document discusses the need for coordinated governance of land and water resources that places people at the center. It argues that people have holistic perspectives on natural resources that support their livelihoods. Coordinated governance is needed to address issues like growing competition for water resources and ensuring access for all. Water constituencies can learn from land constituencies' focus on marginalized people, customary rights, and global rights-based dialogue. The document calls for voluntary guidelines that frame land and water tenure through joint people-centered processes respecting customary entitlements and human rights to resources.
Responding to the global food security challenge through coordinated land and...Global Water Partnership
The Yacambu-Quíbor Project in Venezuela aims to transfer water from the Yacambu River watershed to the Quíbor valley to increase irrigation and agricultural production. The Quíbor valley has highly fertile land but lacks sufficient water, relying on groundwater extraction. The project would build a dam on the Yacambu River and tunnel to carry 330 million cubic meters per year to the valley. Key strategies include reinforcing sustainable irrigation practices, exploring equitable water distribution, and establishing institutions and policies to regulate groundwater use and protect water resources long term.
This document summarizes a land and water workshop held in Ethiopia from June 15-16, 2015 that took a rights-based approach to land and water governance in Africa. It discusses Oxfam's work on women's land rights, land tenure governance, responses to large-scale land investments, and engagement with partners like the African Union. It also outlines Oxfam's Global Water Governance Program focusing on the Mekong, Indus, and Limpopo river basins, and challenges in the Limpopo basin like unequal water access. Oxfam's solutions for the Limpopo include capacity building, linking communities, documenting best practices, and influencing policies to achieve more inclusive water governance.
Links between land use and groundwater - governance provisions and management...Global Water Partnership
The document discusses the links between land use and groundwater, noting that while there is a causal chain from need for resources to land use change to groundwater impacts, these links are not deterministic. It provides examples of how land use planning can address groundwater quality and quantity through techniques like limiting land use in hydrogeologically defined zones. Governance instruments at national, regional, and local levels can help implement these techniques through policies, planning, and regulatory frameworks, though there are also legal, institutional, and economic obstacles.
Just in time chances for a holistic approach for land and water governanceGlobal Water Partnership
1. The document discusses the Cisadane Watershed Multistakeholders Forum in Indonesia and RMI's involvement in promoting a holistic approach to watershed management in the area.
2. It describes RMI's projects on river and biodiversity conservation in the watershed since 2009 and their role in facilitating the watershed forum since 2011.
3. A key benefit of the forum and holistic approach is that it allows different stakeholders to have input, acknowledges their different needs, and leads to more comprehensive management plans that address issues like land rights and education.
Food security exists when all people have reliable physical, social, and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live an active and healthy life. Food security has three key pillars - availability, which examines if coordination of land and water governance improves food availability; access, which looks at if systems and policies enable access to available food; and utilization, which considers if acquired food can be properly used. Any assessment of food security must consider the specific context.
The document summarizes the implementation of the AU Assembly Declaration on land issues in Africa. It discusses Africa's commitments to land governance including frameworks, guidelines, and declarations adopted between 2009-2014. It reflects on the 2014 Land Conference in Africa, noting the need to translate frameworks into benefits at the local level and empower communities. Going forward, it emphasizes advocacy, capacity building, partnerships, and institutionalizing the conference to set a common research and policy agenda on African land issues.
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The Basque Country is facing new challenges in its health system due to an aging population and rise in chronic diseases. Chronic conditions now account for 80% of healthcare interactions but the system was designed for acute issues. This has led to overspending, poor quality care, and preventable health issues. The Chronicity Strategy aims to transform the system to better address chronic care through a population health approach, improved efficiency, and integrated medical care across settings. The strategy uses multiple levers and interventions in a coordinated manner to reform delivery of care for chronic patients.
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This document summarizes healthcare market trends and internet growth in Egypt based on primary research. It finds that Egypt has a young population with over 30% under age 15. Healthcare expenditures are growing, with over half spent on medical equipment and products. There are over 180,000 licensed physicians in Egypt, most working in public hospitals. Internet usage in Egypt is also growing rapidly, with over 30 million users today compared to half a million in 2000. Mobile internet access is increasing as well, though many phones with 3G capability are not yet using mobile internet services.
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Clinical research in India is growing rapidly due to several factors:
- India has a large population with a growing disease burden similar to developed countries. This provides opportunities for clinical trial recruitment.
- Regulatory reforms have made the approval process for clinical trials much faster, within 6-8 weeks for some applications.
- Costs for conducting clinical trials are around half of Western countries, providing significant cost savings for sponsors.
- There is an increasing pool of experienced investigators and staff familiar with Good Clinical Practice who can conduct trials to international standards.
- The pharmaceutical industry and contract research organizations see India as an important location for outsourcing various stages of drug development to take advantage of the opportunities.
The document discusses India's transition to a knowledge economy and outlines opportunities in the healthcare sector. It notes that knowledge process outsourcing is projected to grow 46% by 2010. Healthcare accounts for 5.2% of India's GDP and the private sector captures 63% of the $19 billion healthcare market. The healthcare industry offers significant growth potential and investment opportunities, with projections that it could reach $43-60 billion by 2012. India has a cost advantage over countries like the US and UK for many medical procedures.
The document discusses the future of mHealth and how mobile technologies can transform healthcare. It notes that mobile devices are becoming the newest mass media and examines how mHealth can add value by connecting patients to rich content, electronic health records, and diagnostic tools. The document also highlights examples of early mHealth innovations from companies like Nokia, Withings, and Microsoft HealthVault. It argues that mHealth will revolutionize how patients engage with their healthcare and how doctors interact with patients.
GRF One Health Summit 2012, Davos: Presentation by Adnan Ali Khan CHOUDHURY, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health, School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Public Health Building , Herston Rd , Herston Qld 4006, Brisbane, Australia
The document discusses applying technology to address healthcare challenges in developing countries. It proposes three models: 1) Using telemedicine to expand access to cardiovascular specialists in Jamaica, reducing wait times for tests and consultations. 2) Launching a 24/7 medical hotline in Nigeria to improve access to doctors, medical information, and clinics. 3) Establishing an emergency medical services system in Enugu, Nigeria led by medical professionals with equipped vehicles to respond to emergencies. The models aim to improve healthcare access, quality and reduce costs through innovative use of technology.
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Benefits of Transboundary Cooperation in Neman and Pregolya River BasinsGlobal Water Partnership
The document summarizes a project on transboundary cooperation in the Neman and Pregolya River Basins between Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, and Kaliningrad Oblast. The project aimed to compile GIS maps of the shared river basins and strengthen professional links between water managers. Experts from the countries collaborated to create GIS databases and maps showing hydrology, pollution sources, and water quality. The outputs benefited river management planning and identified data gaps. Future benefits of continued cooperation could include improved health, ecology, tourism, and regional water management in the Baltic Sea region.
High Level Panel on Water and Climate Change in the context of the #SDGs - Ru...Global Water Partnership
This document discusses opportunities to scale up investments for water security and climate resilience in Africa. It describes how the Water Climate and Development Programme (WACDEP) is supporting regional development and transboundary cooperation across several river basins in Africa. WACDEP is also supporting national processes like integrating water issues into national climate strategies. The document outlines some of WACDEP's projects that are building community resilience and enhancing climate resilience. It discusses opportunities to scale up investments in Africa through investment planning processes and facilities. Lastly, it discusses lessons learned on scaling up and proposes establishing think tanks to support better project development and exploring innovative financing mechanisms.
Water for Development and Development for Water - Realizing the New SDG's VisionGlobal Water Partnership
Mohamed Ait Kadi presented at the SWWW2015 conference on realizing the vision of the new UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to water. He argued that development strategies must consider water's role in economic growth, social wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. He outlined a conceptual framework showing the dynamics between water security and sustainable growth. Achieving the vision of SDG #6 on water will require governments to take a leadership role in water resources management, investing in sequenced projects combining institutions, information systems, and infrastructure to manage water and risks, and overcoming knowledge gaps in vulnerable countries.
This document discusses how large-scale land acquisitions could impact transboundary water management. It notes that water is often not explicitly mentioned in land agreements but any use of water on acquired lands could affect shared river basins. The document examines cases in the Niger and Nile River basins and concludes that principles for responsible investment must acknowledge water needs and sustainable use to help regulate impacts on transboundary waters.
Womens empowerment and increased food security through increased access to la...Global Water Partnership
1) The organization Swadhina worked to empower women in Jharkhand, India through increased access to land and water resources. They formed women's committees to oversee activities and identify key issues of water, land rights, and women's positions.
2) To address water challenges, they constructed irrigation boxes and desilted tanks to improve water storage. They encouraged sustainable farming practices. For land, they reclaimed unused land and introduced new crop varieties. They gave women possession certificates for resources to establish land rights.
3) These interventions improved food security, economic conditions, and women's leadership roles. Women gained confidence through skills training and decision-making power over resources. Community development minimized migration from the area
This document discusses the need for coordinated governance of land and water resources that places people at the center. It argues that people have holistic perspectives on natural resources that support their livelihoods. Coordinated governance is needed to address issues like growing competition for water resources and ensuring access for all. Water constituencies can learn from land constituencies' focus on marginalized people, customary rights, and global rights-based dialogue. The document calls for voluntary guidelines that frame land and water tenure through joint people-centered processes respecting customary entitlements and human rights to resources.
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The Yacambu-Quíbor Project in Venezuela aims to transfer water from the Yacambu River watershed to the Quíbor valley to increase irrigation and agricultural production. The Quíbor valley has highly fertile land but lacks sufficient water, relying on groundwater extraction. The project would build a dam on the Yacambu River and tunnel to carry 330 million cubic meters per year to the valley. Key strategies include reinforcing sustainable irrigation practices, exploring equitable water distribution, and establishing institutions and policies to regulate groundwater use and protect water resources long term.
This document summarizes a land and water workshop held in Ethiopia from June 15-16, 2015 that took a rights-based approach to land and water governance in Africa. It discusses Oxfam's work on women's land rights, land tenure governance, responses to large-scale land investments, and engagement with partners like the African Union. It also outlines Oxfam's Global Water Governance Program focusing on the Mekong, Indus, and Limpopo river basins, and challenges in the Limpopo basin like unequal water access. Oxfam's solutions for the Limpopo include capacity building, linking communities, documenting best practices, and influencing policies to achieve more inclusive water governance.
Links between land use and groundwater - governance provisions and management...Global Water Partnership
The document discusses the links between land use and groundwater, noting that while there is a causal chain from need for resources to land use change to groundwater impacts, these links are not deterministic. It provides examples of how land use planning can address groundwater quality and quantity through techniques like limiting land use in hydrogeologically defined zones. Governance instruments at national, regional, and local levels can help implement these techniques through policies, planning, and regulatory frameworks, though there are also legal, institutional, and economic obstacles.
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1. The document discusses the Cisadane Watershed Multistakeholders Forum in Indonesia and RMI's involvement in promoting a holistic approach to watershed management in the area.
2. It describes RMI's projects on river and biodiversity conservation in the watershed since 2009 and their role in facilitating the watershed forum since 2011.
3. A key benefit of the forum and holistic approach is that it allows different stakeholders to have input, acknowledges their different needs, and leads to more comprehensive management plans that address issues like land rights and education.
Food security exists when all people have reliable physical, social, and economic access to sufficient nutritious food to live an active and healthy life. Food security has three key pillars - availability, which examines if coordination of land and water governance improves food availability; access, which looks at if systems and policies enable access to available food; and utilization, which considers if acquired food can be properly used. Any assessment of food security must consider the specific context.
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1. The document discusses large scale investments in agriculture in Africa for food and biofuel crops, and how this can impact food security. It examines the opportunities and risks of growing non-food bioenergy crops as part of land use systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
2. The FAO's Bioenergy and Food Security approach is presented as a way to design sustainable bioenergy policies that contribute to agricultural development and food and energy security. Case studies of the approach in Tanzania, Malawi, and other countries are provided.
3. Key questions addressed include how multi-functional land use systems can promote both food and energy security, and the potential benefits of non-food bioenergy crops for sectors like income
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Plenary economic value of water security by Dale Whittington, Claudia Sadoff and Maura Allaire
1. The Economic Value of Water
Security
Dale Whittington, Claudia Sadoff, & Maura Allaire
August 24, 2012
2.
3. Intuition vs. Analysis
• Our intuition tells us that the benefits of water
are extremely large, that water is very
valuable …
• What does it tell us about the “costs” of
infrastructure?
4. Intuition vs. Analysis
• We want to raise donor funds for the sector
(and convince Ministers of Finance of the
importance of water security) based on
intuition;
• But we need analysis to invest the money
wisely.
6. Background (1)
Looking at both …
- Regional water resources investments, &
- Municipal piped water and sewer
networks
7. Background (2) - Concepts
• Economic value
• User values vs. system values
• Water security
• Water Development Paths
8. Table of Contents
Introduction
The Economic Value of Water Security: Basic Concepts
The State’s Perspective on the Value of Water Security
Overview
The Role of the State
Water in a Dynamic, High-Growth Economy
The Perspective of the Household on the Economic Value of
Reducing Water-related Risks
Economic Value of Reducing Risks from Floods and Droughts
Economic Value of Reducing Water-related Health Risks
Concluding Remarks: What is to be Done?
10. Puzzle #1
• Economists tell us water allocation problems
are easy to solve.
• Movement of water from “low-value uses” to
“high-value uses” is cheap.
• But States behave as if water is extremely
valuable.
11. Puzzle #2 – Ex-post “Macro Evidence”
on Investments
• Investments in large-scale water resources
management investments → economic
growth, high returns (?)
12. Puzzle #3 – “Micro Evidence” from
Households
• Household demand (willingness to pay) is high
to reduce water-related risks
(floods, droughts, WASH diseases) – right?
13. Annual flood deaths in China, India, and Bangladesh
year by year (1950-2010)
10,000,000
Bangladesh
1,000,000 China
100,000 India
Flood Deaths
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
14. Deaths in High-Income Countries by Age Cohort
Population, 2004
Deaths in High-Income Countries by Age Cohort Population, 2004
Death Rate (deaths per 100,000 of Age Cohort
16,000
WASH-related
12,000
HIV/AIDS
Population)
Resp. infect.
8,000 Other CMPN
Other Injuries
Cardio. Diseases
4,000 Other Non-comm.
0
WHO 2008 Under 5 5-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60-69 70-79 Over 80
15. Death Rate (deaths per 100,000 of Age Cohort Deaths in Low-Income Countries by Age Cohort Population, 2004
16,000
WASH-related
12,000
HIV/AIDS
Population)
Resp. infect.
8,000 Other CMPN
Other Injuries
Cardio. Diseases
4,000 Other Non-comm.
0
WHO 2008 Under 5 5-14 15-29 30-44 45-59 60-69 70-79 Over 80
18. Distribution of Capital and O&M Expenses for
Municipal Piped Network Services (among
Donors, Government, and Customers) vs. GDP
19. Puzzle #4
• Almost no examples of a country that
has experienced economic development
that does not move toward more water
security; and
• Few examples of a country moving from
water-insecurity to water security
before GDP, economic growth increases.
24. Five reasons why water-related risks
are so important to the State
25. Reason #1- Foreign threats
- Some water-related threats are man-made.
- Households and states can be confronted with
water-related risks from the non-cooperative
behavior of other states.
26. Reason #2 - Disasters
- When large water-related disasters strike
(e.g., floods, droughts, cholera epidemics), many
citizens experience losses at the same time.
-The legitimacy of the State is called into
question if it fails to mobilize adequately to
large-scale, complex disasters such as
floods, drought, and epidemics.
→ Insurer of last resort
27. Reason #3 - Food
-Food shortages may arise for a variety of
reasons, including natural
disasters, floods, droughts, crop disease, and
disruptions in global trade.
-If food is in short supply and food prices spike, the
economic value of water increases.
-Taking a static perspective on the economic value
of water in agriculture before a food shortage
occurs risks ignoring the issue that the State is most
concerned about: ensuring that its citizens are fed.
28. Reason #4 – Coordination, Conflict
Resolution
- The State must coordinate the actions of
different water users and resolve water
allocation conflicts among its citizens.
- Failures of coordination and conflict resolution
are perceived as failures of the State.
29. Reason #5: Increasing returns to scale
- The State is responsible for establishing the
economic policies needed for less developed
countries to transition to a high-growth
economy.
- Improved water services and water resources
management have important (but difficult to
quantify) roles to play in the transition to a high-
growth economy.
32. Joseph Schumpeter
“ … one essential peculiarity of
the working of the capitalist
system is that it imposes
sequences and rules of timing
… it is not sufficient to be
right [about investment
opportunities] in the abstract;
one must be right at given
dates.
Business Cycles (1939)
33. Implications for Government
(Ministries of Finance?)
1) Transparency
- Choice of water development paths
- Clarification of tradeoffs
- Accountability
- Participation
2) Teams of serious people – strategic planning
3) Capacity building – creating strategic thinkers
34. Thank you!
And send your comments/suggestions
to:
ProfDaleWhittington@gmail.com
csadoff@worldbank.org
36. AttributesAttributes of Municipal Water Services
of Municipal Water Services in
selected Asian cities
350
Consumption/Capita (l/c/d)
300
250 Seoul
200 Hong Kong
Ho Chi Minh
150 Kathmandu
Colombo Quantity
Quantity Quantity Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Delhi
100 Quality Quality Quality Quality
Quality
Quality
Quality
Jakarta
Poor Service 50 High-Level Service
(Very Insecure) (Secure)
0
Quality(%)
- 20 40 60 80 100
-50
Seoul
Hong Kong
-100 Ho Chi Minh
Quantity
Delhi Colombo
Reliable, 24-hour access (% connections)
Jakarta Quality
Kathmandu
Notes:
Quantity, measured as domestic consumption per capita (liters per capita per day) Source: ADB 2004. Water in Asian Cities.
Quality, measure as % of water samples passing bacteriological tests Source: ADB 1997 Second Water Utilities Data Book.
Reliability, measured as % of connections having 24-hour access Source: ADB 2004. Water in Asian Cities.
37. Annual capital and per capita expenditures in the
Water Industry in England and Wales, 1921-2015
(constant 2011 prices)
39. Quantity: 15m3
Level A Reliability: 24hr/ day
Quality: Excellent
Quantity: 10m3
Level B Reliability: 18hr/ day
Quality: Good
Quantity: 12m3
Reliability: 12hr/ day
Level C Quality: Good
Quantity: 5m3
Level D Reliability: 3hr/ day
Quality: Poor
40. Table 4 – Summary Comparison of
Household and State Perspectives
Perspective on … Households State
Economic value of water User value System Value
Investment PlanningComparison of Steps alongand State Perspectives Responsible for choice between
Table 4 – Summary Household a water
development path alternative water development
paths
Economic Value of Disasters Ex-ante Ex-post
(Economic value determined (Insurer of last resort)
before disaster
Non-cooperative behavior Conflicts with neighboring Conflicts with other states on
households shared water bodies
Dynamic, High-Growth Economy Reactive Proactive
(Little an individual household (Responsible for the policy
can do) framework, including water)
Knowledge base about water Largely limited to very small Responsible for systems
resources geographic scale, site specific understanding, but difficult