Canada is a large country located in North America, bordering the United States to the south and east. Some key facts:
- Canada's capital is Ottawa and largest city is Toronto. English and French are the official languages.
- Canada has 10 provinces that stretch from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. The country has a diverse landscape that includes forests, mountains, lakes and rivers.
- Popular sports include hockey, lacrosse, curling and football. Famous Canadians include singers Celine Dion and Avril Lavigne, and actors Jim Carrey and Keanu Reeves.
Chile is a long, narrow country located along South America's western coast, bounded by the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It has a population of around 18 million people and its largest city and capital is Santiago. Chile has had a long history of political stability and democratic governance, though it experienced a military dictatorship from 1973 to 1990. Culturally, Chileans take pride in their national identity and heritage while being influenced by European immigration over the centuries.
Este documento proporciona información sobre las 13 islas que componen el archipiélago de Galápagos, Ecuador. Describe brevemente la ubicación, características, flora y fauna de cada isla, incluyendo San Cristóbal, Santa Fe, Genovesa, Rábida, Floreana, Plaza Sur, Santa Cruz, Pinzón, Bartolomé, Pinta, Isabela, Darwin y Marchena. El documento incluye mapas, fotos e ilustraciones de cada isla para complementar la información proporcionada.
This PowerPoint presentation provides information about California, including its history, museums, amusement parks, top tourist attractions, and best surfing beaches. It discusses key events in California's history from 1849 to 2003. It also lists different types of museums across the state, such as art, history, and science museums. Furthermore, it identifies many popular amusement parks in California, such as Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm, and Legoland. The presentation also ranks the top 10 tourist attractions, which are led by Disneyland and include Yosemite National Park and Hearst Castle. Finally, it names several highly-rated surfing beaches along California's coast.
California has 58 counties and over 38 million residents. It contains the lowest point in the contiguous US, Badwater Basin in Death Valley, at -282 feet below sea level. Silicon Valley is home to many large technology companies and the San Diego Zoo is notable for its population of giant pandas. The San Francisco 49ers football team competes in the National Football League.
Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million. It became the 49th US state in 1959. Alaska has a population of over 722,000 and its capital and largest city is Juneau. Alaska has abundant natural resources such as oil, gas, gold and timber which support its major industries of fishing, mining, and lumber.
Canada is a large country located in North America, bordering the United States to the south and east. Some key facts:
- Canada's capital is Ottawa and largest city is Toronto. English and French are the official languages.
- Canada has 10 provinces that stretch from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. The country has a diverse landscape that includes forests, mountains, lakes and rivers.
- Popular sports include hockey, lacrosse, curling and football. Famous Canadians include singers Celine Dion and Avril Lavigne, and actors Jim Carrey and Keanu Reeves.
Chile is a long, narrow country located along South America's western coast, bounded by the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. It has a population of around 18 million people and its largest city and capital is Santiago. Chile has had a long history of political stability and democratic governance, though it experienced a military dictatorship from 1973 to 1990. Culturally, Chileans take pride in their national identity and heritage while being influenced by European immigration over the centuries.
Este documento proporciona información sobre las 13 islas que componen el archipiélago de Galápagos, Ecuador. Describe brevemente la ubicación, características, flora y fauna de cada isla, incluyendo San Cristóbal, Santa Fe, Genovesa, Rábida, Floreana, Plaza Sur, Santa Cruz, Pinzón, Bartolomé, Pinta, Isabela, Darwin y Marchena. El documento incluye mapas, fotos e ilustraciones de cada isla para complementar la información proporcionada.
This PowerPoint presentation provides information about California, including its history, museums, amusement parks, top tourist attractions, and best surfing beaches. It discusses key events in California's history from 1849 to 2003. It also lists different types of museums across the state, such as art, history, and science museums. Furthermore, it identifies many popular amusement parks in California, such as Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm, and Legoland. The presentation also ranks the top 10 tourist attractions, which are led by Disneyland and include Yosemite National Park and Hearst Castle. Finally, it names several highly-rated surfing beaches along California's coast.
California has 58 counties and over 38 million residents. It contains the lowest point in the contiguous US, Badwater Basin in Death Valley, at -282 feet below sea level. Silicon Valley is home to many large technology companies and the San Diego Zoo is notable for its population of giant pandas. The San Francisco 49ers football team competes in the National Football League.
Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million. It became the 49th US state in 1959. Alaska has a population of over 722,000 and its capital and largest city is Juneau. Alaska has abundant natural resources such as oil, gas, gold and timber which support its major industries of fishing, mining, and lumber.
North American countries and their language, capital & currencysTvNNa
This document lists 45 countries and territories in the Americas and their basic information including name, capital, currency, and official language. The list includes independent countries, overseas territories of European nations like the UK and France, and insular areas of the United States. Most use US dollars, East Caribbean dollars, or euros and have English, Spanish, Dutch, or French as their official language.
The Cayman Islands are a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean. The islands have no income tax and have become a popular tax haven. While banking and finance are dominant industries, the Cayman Islands also rely heavily on tourism, with attractions like Seven Mile Beach on Grand Cayman drawing many visitors annually. The islands have a tropical climate and culture that incorporates influences from the Caribbean and Britain as the colonial power.
The Amazon river is the second largest river in the world located in South America. It drains an area spanning multiple countries and provides habitat for many fish and animal species. The surrounding Amazon rainforest is the largest in the world, covering over 5.5 million square kilometers. In 2007, a man named Martin Strel became the only person known to swim the entire 6,400 km length of the river over 66 days.
Las Islas Galápagos son un archipiélago ecuatoriano formado por volcanes situado en el Océano Pacífico. La fauna y flora única de las islas evolucionaron sin depredadores hasta la llegada de los humanos. Actualmente, el 97% de las islas están protegidas en el Parque Nacional Galápagos y Reserva Marina para conservar sus delicados ecosistemas.
Canada's capital is Ottawa. It has a federal monarchy government led by a Governor General as head of state. Key points of interest in Ottawa include the Rideau Canal, Canadian War Museum, and National Gallery of Canada. The CN Tower in Toronto is a iconic communications tower. The Rocky Mountains are a major mountain range in western Canada. Canada has provinces like Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. Montreal is the largest city in Quebec but has faced economic decline, while Toronto is Ontario's capital and most populous city. Vancouver is a coastal city in British Columbia located on the mainland. Niagara Falls is a city on the western bank of the Niagara River in Southern Ontario, known for its namesake falls.
The Seychelles is an archipelago country in the Indian Ocean comprised of 155 islands. Its capital and largest city is Victoria. Tourism is the main economic driver for the Seychelles, which has a population of around 90,000 people and is one of the richer African nations. The islands have a diverse population with African, French, Indian, and Chinese ethnic groups. Most residents are Christian and the official languages are English, French, and Seychellois Creole. The islands have beautiful beaches and coastlines, as well as nature parks containing unique flora and fauna. Popular tourist activities include hiking, beaches, and visiting the botanical gardens in Victoria.
Venezuela is home to the largest waterfall on Earth, Angel Falls. The cuisine varies by region, with seafood along the coast, meats in the Andes, and wild game including monkeys and ants in the Amazon. Baseball and soccer are the most popular sports, and Venezuela has produced many talented baseball players. Venezuela exports oil and cocoa, with over 50% of exports going to the United States in 2005. Major tourist attractions include Angel Falls, the Andes mountains, and cities with tall skyscrapers.
El estado de Veracruz se encuentra en el este de México. Su capital es Xalapa y limita con 8 estados. El clima es tropical cálido y la economía se basa en la agricultura, ganadería, pesca, turismo y la industria. Algunas de sus tradiciones culturales más importantes son el carnaval de Veracruz, el traje típico jarocho y las fiestas de varios grupos indígenas como los nahuas y popolucas.
Canada is a country located in North America consisting of 3 territories and 10 provinces. Montreal is the second largest city in Canada, located in the province of Quebec. Montreal has two official languages, French and English, with French being spoken at home by over half the population and Montreal being one of the most bilingual cities in Canada. Some iconic aspects of Canadian culture discussed include the flag, currency, foods like bagels and smoked meat, and the national sport of hockey.
Humanities 102 World Culture is a subject in college most of the students taking up BSA, BSAT, BSBA in St. Paul University Dumaguete under the Josefino Tulabing Larena ,AB, CPE,CPS,MPA
Region VIII, also known as Eastern Visayas, is an administrative region in the Philippines made up of three main islands: Samar, Leyte, and Biliran. It consists of six provinces: Biliran, Leyte, Eastern Samar, Samar, Northern Samar, and Southern Leyte. The region had a population of over 4.5 million as of 2020 and its most famous landmark is the San Juanico Bridge linking Samar and Leyte.
Ecuador is a country located in South America with a population of 17 million people. Its capital and largest city is Quito, which sits at an elevation of 2,850 meters, making it the highest capital city in the world. Spanish is the official language and most residents are Christian. The country has a diverse landscape that includes volcanoes, coastline, and rainforests. Traditional clothing styles vary between indigenous groups like the Otavalenos, who are known for their ponchos, hats, and braided hair. Agriculture is also important to Ecuador's economy, with bananas, shrimp, sugar cane, and coffee among its major exports.
1) The coastal town of Hornsea suffers from erosion of weak boulder clay and loss of beach due to longshore sediment drift (LSD). This led to complaints and the construction of sea walls and groynes to build the beach back up as a defense.
2) The sea defenses at Hornsea have starved the nearby area of Mappleton of sand, causing its beaches to wash away from LSD. Two groynes and boulder revetments were constructed here for £2 million, reducing LSD and allowing more deposition.
3) Erosion at Great Cowden has been very rapid at 1-2 meters per year. Properties and farms are at risk from rotational slumping of saturated b
Marine geology is the study of the Earth below the oceans and seas. It examines the character and history of ocean floors and coastal areas. Major developments in marine geology include the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s which made the first systematic survey of ocean basins, and the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory founded in 1948 which advanced techniques like precision depth recording and piston coring. Deep-sea drilling projects from the 1960s-1980s using vessels like the Glomar Challenger confirmed theories of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics through ocean floor sampling and drilling.
The document discusses the structure and evolution of the Earth. It describes the Earth's interior as being composed of a crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle form tectonic plates that move over Earth's surface. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching continental margins and the distribution of fossils, rocks, and glacial deposits across continents. The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago from a solar nebula. Life evolved around 3.8 billion years ago and photosynthesis emerged 2.5-3 billion years ago. The atmosphere and climate have changed over geological eras from the Archean to present day.
Here are brief bios and illustrations for some important people in oceanography:
Robert Ballard: Discovered the Titanic wreck site in 1985 using remote operated vehicles. Pioneered deep ocean exploration.
[Illustration of Ballard next to an ROV]
James Cook: British explorer who meticulously mapped New Zealand and eastern Australia. Conducted surveys of the Pacific Ocean.
[Illustration of Cook on ship with sextant]
Jacques Cousteau: French naval officer, explorer, ecologist. Invented the Aqua-Lung, allowing open-circuit scuba. Filmed underwater worlds. Championed ocean conservation.
[Illustration of Cousteau in scuba gear underwater]
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the key individuals and discoveries that led to the development of the theory. It discusses Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift in the early 20th century, which was initially rejected. It then covers the discoveries of the mid-ocean ridge system and magnetic striping of the ocean floor in the 1950s-60s, which provided evidence that the continents are moving and new crust is generated at ocean ridges through seafloor spreading. This led to the acceptance of plate tectonics as a scientific theory to explain geological phenomena.
Benjamin Franklin published a map of the Gulf Stream in the 1700s based on fishermen's and merchants' experiences, in an effort to speed up mail delivery across the Atlantic Ocean when he was the first Postmaster General of the United States. The first global oceanographic cruise for scientific study was made by the British ship HMS Challenger between 1872-1876. This expedition circumnavigated the world, took over 360 ocean depth measurements, collected thousands of biological and sediment samples, and identified over 4,700 new species. Modern techniques for studying the ocean include tools like satellites that map ocean features, sonar for seafloor mapping, and submersibles that can investigate the deepest ocean trenches.
Different Expeditions and their contribution in ocean scienceKunal Sinha
This document summarizes several historical expeditions that contributed to the development of ocean science and marine studies. It discusses early expeditions by Vikings and the Chinese admiral Zheng He in the 15th century. It then outlines the voyages of Captain Cook in the 18th century who made accurate maps of many ocean regions. The document also mentions the United States Exploring Expedition led by Wilkes that explored and charted parts of Antarctica. Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle helped establish his theory of evolution by natural selection. The Challenger Expedition in 1872 was the first devoted entirely to marine science and discovered over 4,700 new species. Later, the German Meteor Expeditions introduced echo sounders to study ocean depths
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but made of underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock formations, magnetic patterns in the ocean crust, and sediment core samples supported Harry Hess's theory from 1960 that the ocean floors spread from the mid-ocean ridge in a conveyor belt-like motion, pushing the continents. This process of sea-floor spreading continually recycles the ocean crust through subduction at deep ocean trenches.
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift. It describes how early in Earth's formation, chemical segregation resulted in layers forming within the planet. Later, the nebular hypothesis proposed that planets accreted from a disk of dust and gases orbiting the sun. Evidence like matching fossil distributions, rock formations, and paleoclimate patterns across separated continents supported Alfred Wegener's idea that continents had drifted apart from an original supercontinent. This helped establish the modern theory of plate tectonics.
North American countries and their language, capital & currencysTvNNa
This document lists 45 countries and territories in the Americas and their basic information including name, capital, currency, and official language. The list includes independent countries, overseas territories of European nations like the UK and France, and insular areas of the United States. Most use US dollars, East Caribbean dollars, or euros and have English, Spanish, Dutch, or French as their official language.
The Cayman Islands are a British Overseas Territory located in the western Caribbean. The islands have no income tax and have become a popular tax haven. While banking and finance are dominant industries, the Cayman Islands also rely heavily on tourism, with attractions like Seven Mile Beach on Grand Cayman drawing many visitors annually. The islands have a tropical climate and culture that incorporates influences from the Caribbean and Britain as the colonial power.
The Amazon river is the second largest river in the world located in South America. It drains an area spanning multiple countries and provides habitat for many fish and animal species. The surrounding Amazon rainforest is the largest in the world, covering over 5.5 million square kilometers. In 2007, a man named Martin Strel became the only person known to swim the entire 6,400 km length of the river over 66 days.
Las Islas Galápagos son un archipiélago ecuatoriano formado por volcanes situado en el Océano Pacífico. La fauna y flora única de las islas evolucionaron sin depredadores hasta la llegada de los humanos. Actualmente, el 97% de las islas están protegidas en el Parque Nacional Galápagos y Reserva Marina para conservar sus delicados ecosistemas.
Canada's capital is Ottawa. It has a federal monarchy government led by a Governor General as head of state. Key points of interest in Ottawa include the Rideau Canal, Canadian War Museum, and National Gallery of Canada. The CN Tower in Toronto is a iconic communications tower. The Rocky Mountains are a major mountain range in western Canada. Canada has provinces like Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. Montreal is the largest city in Quebec but has faced economic decline, while Toronto is Ontario's capital and most populous city. Vancouver is a coastal city in British Columbia located on the mainland. Niagara Falls is a city on the western bank of the Niagara River in Southern Ontario, known for its namesake falls.
The Seychelles is an archipelago country in the Indian Ocean comprised of 155 islands. Its capital and largest city is Victoria. Tourism is the main economic driver for the Seychelles, which has a population of around 90,000 people and is one of the richer African nations. The islands have a diverse population with African, French, Indian, and Chinese ethnic groups. Most residents are Christian and the official languages are English, French, and Seychellois Creole. The islands have beautiful beaches and coastlines, as well as nature parks containing unique flora and fauna. Popular tourist activities include hiking, beaches, and visiting the botanical gardens in Victoria.
Venezuela is home to the largest waterfall on Earth, Angel Falls. The cuisine varies by region, with seafood along the coast, meats in the Andes, and wild game including monkeys and ants in the Amazon. Baseball and soccer are the most popular sports, and Venezuela has produced many talented baseball players. Venezuela exports oil and cocoa, with over 50% of exports going to the United States in 2005. Major tourist attractions include Angel Falls, the Andes mountains, and cities with tall skyscrapers.
El estado de Veracruz se encuentra en el este de México. Su capital es Xalapa y limita con 8 estados. El clima es tropical cálido y la economía se basa en la agricultura, ganadería, pesca, turismo y la industria. Algunas de sus tradiciones culturales más importantes son el carnaval de Veracruz, el traje típico jarocho y las fiestas de varios grupos indígenas como los nahuas y popolucas.
Canada is a country located in North America consisting of 3 territories and 10 provinces. Montreal is the second largest city in Canada, located in the province of Quebec. Montreal has two official languages, French and English, with French being spoken at home by over half the population and Montreal being one of the most bilingual cities in Canada. Some iconic aspects of Canadian culture discussed include the flag, currency, foods like bagels and smoked meat, and the national sport of hockey.
Humanities 102 World Culture is a subject in college most of the students taking up BSA, BSAT, BSBA in St. Paul University Dumaguete under the Josefino Tulabing Larena ,AB, CPE,CPS,MPA
Region VIII, also known as Eastern Visayas, is an administrative region in the Philippines made up of three main islands: Samar, Leyte, and Biliran. It consists of six provinces: Biliran, Leyte, Eastern Samar, Samar, Northern Samar, and Southern Leyte. The region had a population of over 4.5 million as of 2020 and its most famous landmark is the San Juanico Bridge linking Samar and Leyte.
Ecuador is a country located in South America with a population of 17 million people. Its capital and largest city is Quito, which sits at an elevation of 2,850 meters, making it the highest capital city in the world. Spanish is the official language and most residents are Christian. The country has a diverse landscape that includes volcanoes, coastline, and rainforests. Traditional clothing styles vary between indigenous groups like the Otavalenos, who are known for their ponchos, hats, and braided hair. Agriculture is also important to Ecuador's economy, with bananas, shrimp, sugar cane, and coffee among its major exports.
1) The coastal town of Hornsea suffers from erosion of weak boulder clay and loss of beach due to longshore sediment drift (LSD). This led to complaints and the construction of sea walls and groynes to build the beach back up as a defense.
2) The sea defenses at Hornsea have starved the nearby area of Mappleton of sand, causing its beaches to wash away from LSD. Two groynes and boulder revetments were constructed here for £2 million, reducing LSD and allowing more deposition.
3) Erosion at Great Cowden has been very rapid at 1-2 meters per year. Properties and farms are at risk from rotational slumping of saturated b
Marine geology is the study of the Earth below the oceans and seas. It examines the character and history of ocean floors and coastal areas. Major developments in marine geology include the HMS Challenger expedition in the 1870s which made the first systematic survey of ocean basins, and the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory founded in 1948 which advanced techniques like precision depth recording and piston coring. Deep-sea drilling projects from the 1960s-1980s using vessels like the Glomar Challenger confirmed theories of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics through ocean floor sampling and drilling.
The document discusses the structure and evolution of the Earth. It describes the Earth's interior as being composed of a crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle form tectonic plates that move over Earth's surface. Evidence for plate tectonics includes matching continental margins and the distribution of fossils, rocks, and glacial deposits across continents. The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago from a solar nebula. Life evolved around 3.8 billion years ago and photosynthesis emerged 2.5-3 billion years ago. The atmosphere and climate have changed over geological eras from the Archean to present day.
Here are brief bios and illustrations for some important people in oceanography:
Robert Ballard: Discovered the Titanic wreck site in 1985 using remote operated vehicles. Pioneered deep ocean exploration.
[Illustration of Ballard next to an ROV]
James Cook: British explorer who meticulously mapped New Zealand and eastern Australia. Conducted surveys of the Pacific Ocean.
[Illustration of Cook on ship with sextant]
Jacques Cousteau: French naval officer, explorer, ecologist. Invented the Aqua-Lung, allowing open-circuit scuba. Filmed underwater worlds. Championed ocean conservation.
[Illustration of Cousteau in scuba gear underwater]
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and the key individuals and discoveries that led to the development of the theory. It discusses Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift in the early 20th century, which was initially rejected. It then covers the discoveries of the mid-ocean ridge system and magnetic striping of the ocean floor in the 1950s-60s, which provided evidence that the continents are moving and new crust is generated at ocean ridges through seafloor spreading. This led to the acceptance of plate tectonics as a scientific theory to explain geological phenomena.
Benjamin Franklin published a map of the Gulf Stream in the 1700s based on fishermen's and merchants' experiences, in an effort to speed up mail delivery across the Atlantic Ocean when he was the first Postmaster General of the United States. The first global oceanographic cruise for scientific study was made by the British ship HMS Challenger between 1872-1876. This expedition circumnavigated the world, took over 360 ocean depth measurements, collected thousands of biological and sediment samples, and identified over 4,700 new species. Modern techniques for studying the ocean include tools like satellites that map ocean features, sonar for seafloor mapping, and submersibles that can investigate the deepest ocean trenches.
Different Expeditions and their contribution in ocean scienceKunal Sinha
This document summarizes several historical expeditions that contributed to the development of ocean science and marine studies. It discusses early expeditions by Vikings and the Chinese admiral Zheng He in the 15th century. It then outlines the voyages of Captain Cook in the 18th century who made accurate maps of many ocean regions. The document also mentions the United States Exploring Expedition led by Wilkes that explored and charted parts of Antarctica. Charles Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle helped establish his theory of evolution by natural selection. The Challenger Expedition in 1872 was the first devoted entirely to marine science and discovered over 4,700 new species. Later, the German Meteor Expeditions introduced echo sounders to study ocean depths
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but made of underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock formations, magnetic patterns in the ocean crust, and sediment core samples supported Harry Hess's theory from 1960 that the ocean floors spread from the mid-ocean ridge in a conveyor belt-like motion, pushing the continents. This process of sea-floor spreading continually recycles the ocean crust through subduction at deep ocean trenches.
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift. It describes how early in Earth's formation, chemical segregation resulted in layers forming within the planet. Later, the nebular hypothesis proposed that planets accreted from a disk of dust and gases orbiting the sun. Evidence like matching fossil distributions, rock formations, and paleoclimate patterns across separated continents supported Alfred Wegener's idea that continents had drifted apart from an original supercontinent. This helped establish the modern theory of plate tectonics.
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
The document provides a history of oceanography, beginning with early exploration by Polynesians, Greeks, Egyptians and others. It then discusses key voyages and discoveries like those of the Vikings, Columbus, and Magellan. Major advances in the 19th century included the Challenger expedition and work by scientists like Forbes and Darwin. The 20th century saw increased technological capabilities like echo sounding and satellites that advanced oceanographic understanding. Modern oceanography focuses on issues like climate change and conservation.
Charles Darwin travelled the world on HMS Beagle from 1831-1836. During his journey he made several important observations which shaped his Theory of Natural Selection as a Mechanism for evolution of species.
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
A presentation to study the origin and development of oceanographic science in details from the ancient peoples to the modern period. This presentation will be very much helpful for the learners of this discipline.
A presentation to study the origin and development of oceanographic science in details from the ancient peoples to the modern period. This presentation will be very much helpful for the learners of this discipline.
The Earth has a radius of 6371km and is composed of a crust, mantle, and core. The crust varies between 25-90km thick on land and 5-10km thick below oceans, and is made of rock. The mantle, made of hot, slow-flowing sticky rock, lies below the crust. At the center is a solid inner core of iron and nickel surrounded by a liquid outer core. Scientists first noticed in the 1600s that continents matched, and later proposed the hypothesis of continental drift, suggesting the continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea, based on matching rock patterns, fossil evidence, and climate areas, though the cause of the movement could not be explained at the
This document discusses evidence that supports continental drift and plate tectonics theories. It describes how the Earth's crust is divided into plates that move over time, occasionally colliding or splitting apart. Fossil, rock formation, and climate data from separated continents provided early evidence that landmasses have drifted over hundreds of millions of years. Studies of the ocean floor revealed patterns of magnetic polarity reversals and symmetrical magnetic strips that supported the hypothesis of sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, with new crust forming and pushing older crust farther outward over time. Together this evidence established plate tectonics as the mechanism explaining continental movement and geological phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
This presentation was inspired by the 3 hour public television program “West of the West – Tales from California’s Channel Islands”. The three episodes first aired in Southern California in May 2016 on KCET-TV. The DVD is available for purchase at http://www.thecifilm.com/. Several DVDs have been donated to the Los Angeles Public Library.
The first one hour program is Ancient Peoples of the Channel Islands. Beginning with the discovery of the oldest human remains ever found in North America – 13,000 year old Arlington Springs Man on Santa Rosa Island – to the true story of the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island – the inspiration for the best selling children’s book Island of the Blue Dolphins.
1) Technological advances in the 1950s-1960s allowed for extensive exploration of the ocean floor, revealing key features like mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and areas of seismic activity near trenches.
2) The Seafloor Spreading Theory proposed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz suggested that hot material from the mantle rises and spreads at ridges, creating new seafloor crust over time.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes the age of rocks increasing with distance from ridges, and alternating stripes of normal and reversed magnetic polarity across the ocean floor that mirror each side of ridges.
1) Technological advances in the 1950s-1960s allowed for extensive exploration of the ocean floor, revealing key features like mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys, and areas of seismic activity near trenches.
2) The Seafloor Spreading Theory proposed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz suggested that hot material from the mantle rises and spreads at ridges, creating new seafloor crust over time.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes the age of rocks increasing with distance from ridges, and alternating stripes of normal and reversed magnetic polarity across the ocean floor that mirror each side of ridges.
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Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Plate Tectonics & Geology of the Galapagos Archipelago
1. Plate Tectonics & Geology of the
Galápagos Archipelago
University Honors Program, UH 204D-002:
Great Expeditions Spring 2013
2. HMS Beagle
• HMS Beagle was a Cherokee-class 10-gun brig-sloop of the Royal
Navy
• She was launched on 11 May 1820 from the Woolwich Dockyard on
the River Thames, at a cost of £7,803 and named after the beagle
dog breed
• In July of that year she took part in a fleet review celebrating the
coronation of King George IV in which she was the first ship to sail
under the new London Bridge
• She was adapted as a survey barque (three or more masts) and
took part in three major surveying expeditions
• On the second survey voyage the young naturalist Charles Darwin
was on board, and his work would eventually make Beagle one of
the most famous ships in history
• 1870 – scrapped
3. Beagle: Vital Statistics
• 90.3-feet-long
• Beam 25-feet-wide
• Draught (draft) 12.5 feet
– Vertical distance from water line and bottom of the hull – keel
– Determines the minimum depth of water the vessel can safely
navigate, and the weight of cargo she can carry
• Tons burthen 235 bm; 242 for second voyage
• Initially outfitted as a 10-gun Brig
• 1825 re-rigged as a three-masted Barque (Bark) with
only 6-guns
• When she was in the Galapagos, she had 65 men on board
– very cramped living conditions!
5. Tons Burthen
• Builder's Old Measurement (BOM or bm) is the method of calculating the
cargo capacity of a ship used in England from approximately 1650 to 1849
• It estimated the “tonnage” of a ship based on length and maximum beam
• It is a volumetric measurement of cubic capacity and NOT of weight; it is
expressed in "tons burthen”
12. Beagle’s History
• First voyage (1826-1830)
– Hydrographic survey of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
• Second voyage (1831-1836) – Darwin’s voyage
– Extensive surveys in South America, returning via New
Zealand and Australia to England on 2 October 1836
• Third voyage (1837-1843)
– Survey large parts of the coast of Australia
• Final years
– In 1845 the Beagle was refitted as a static coastguard
watch vessel to control smuggling on the Essex coast in the
navigable waterways beyond the north bank of the
Thames Estuary
13. Second Voyage (1831-1836)
1. Fix the longitude of Rio de Janeiro, from
which all other distances would be measured
2. Make a hydrographic survey of the coast of
South America and other places visited
3. Make astronomical and tidal observations
4. Report on the geology, climate, natural
history, people and cultures of the places
visited Darwin’s arena
14. Voyage of the HMS Beagle
27 December 1831 to 2 October 1836
15.
16. A watercolour by HMS Beagle's draughtsman, Conrad
Martens. Painted during the survey of Tierra del
Fuego, it depicts native Fuegians hailing the Beagle.
21. Darwin’s Beagle Experience
(1831-1836)
• The Beagle set sail from England on December
27, 1831 when Darwin was 22 years old; he
would not see England again for almost five years
• Living quarters = one corner of the ship’s chart
room in the stern (“poop cabin”)
– 3 x 3.5m and 1.813m high (5.95 ft.)
– 250 books, wash stand, chest of drawers, instrument
cabinet, two hammocks, and a large central chart
table
– Shared the room with midshipman Philip Gidley King
and Ship’s Mate John Lort Stokes (who slept in a small
annex to the cabin)
22. Darwin’s Quarters: Chart Room
HMS Beagle, 1832. Interior layout memory sketch by Philip Gidley
King, midshipman during the second voyage, prepared in 1897.
23.
24. The C&GS Ship Pioneer passing under the Golden Gate Bridge. The first towed marine
magnetometer, which was invented at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, was first
deployed on this ship beginning in August 1955. (NOAA Photo Library)
30. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP)
Scientific deep sea drilling vessel
Chikyu has set a new world record
by drilling down and obtaining rock
samples from deeper than 2,111
meters below the seafloor off the
Shimokita Peninsula of Japan
33. Galápagos Archipelago
• Spanish names:
– Archipiélago de Colón
– Islas de Colón
– Islas Galápagos
• Archipelago island group, island chain, cluster of islands, or a sea containing a large number of
scattered islands
• Derived from the Greek ἄρχι- – arkhi- ("chief") and πέλαγος – pélagos ("sea")
• Types of archipelagos:
– Continental fragments (tectonically rifted continental margins) – active margin
– Continental islands (“drowned” margins – Scotland) – passive margin
– Oceanic islands
• Volcanic arcs – subduction zones
• Island chains – Hawaiian Islands (hot spots)
• The Galápagos consists of 13 main islands, 3 smaller islands, and 107 rocks and islets
• Located at the confluence of three ocean currents, the Galápagos are a “melting pot” of marine species
34. Location
• 973 km (525 nmi; 605 mi) west of continental Ecuador
• 1°40'N–1°36'S, 89°16'–92°01'W
– Volcán Wolf and Volcán Ecuador on Isla Isabela lie directly on the equator
• The first crude navigation chart of the islands was made by the buccaneer
Ambrose Cowley in 1684 (??); he named the individual islands after some
of his fellow pirates, or after the British noblemen who helped the
privateer's cause
– English pirates pilfered Spanish galleons carrying gold and silver from South
America to Spain
• More recently, the Ecuadorian government gave most of the islands
Spanish names, but many biological researchers still use the older English
names because those were used by Darwin
43. Galápagos Geology
• The Galápagos Islands are:
– An active group of basaltic volcanoes
– Located near two seafloor spreading ridges
– Part of a west-ward propagating seafloor
spreading ridge
– Sitting on top of a mantle hotspot
– Site of the first discovery of seafloor hydrothermal
vents on a spreading ridge (“Black Smokers”)
44. Name Last Eruption
Darwin Island Extinct
Fernandina 2009
Ecuador (volcano) 1150
Wolf Island Extinct
Cerro Azul 2008
Wolf (volcano) 1982
Darwin (volcano) 1813
Alcedo 1993
Sierra Negra 2005
Santiago Island 1906
Pinta Island 1928
Marchena Island 1991
Santa Cruz Island Unknown
Floreana Island Extinct
Genovesa Island Unknown
San Cristóbal Island Unknown
45.
46. Geology Overview
• The islands are located at the Galápagos triple junction
• The archipelago is located on the north margin of the Nazca
Plate, which is moving ESE and diving under the South
American Plate at a rate of 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) per year
• It is also atop the Galápagos volcanic hotspot (mantle
plume)
• The islands have a volcanic legacy going back 10s of millions
of years
50. Seafloor Morphology
• Complex interplay of N-S trending structures associated with the
EPR and E-W trending structures associated with the Galápagos
Ridge
• EPR changes from fast spreading to intermediate spreading and
develops an axial rift valley
• Galápagos Ridge develops an axial graben that deepens
westward, reaching >4000m in the Hess Deep
• West of the Hess Deep there is no clear expression of the
Galápagos Ridge
– Gap of 25-km between the spreading centers
– Magmatic gap?
53. The first guyot - discovered by Harry Hess of Princeton University
(guy-ot [gee-o ])
54. Guyot
• (guy-ot [gee-o ])
• Flat-topped submarine seamount, the summit of which lies l000-2000 m below
the ocean surface
• Seamount is a mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the
water's surface (sea level) and thus is not an island
• The term “guyot” is named after Arnold Guyot (1807-1884), 19th century Swiss-
American geologist
Rodriguez Seamount/Guyot
56. Galápagos Hotspot
• Responsible for the creation of the Galápagos Islands
and three major aseismic ridges
– Carnegie Ridge
– Cocos Ridge
– Malpelso Ridge
• Hotspot is complicated by its proximity to the
Galápagos triple junction (i.e., relative motion of three
plates, not just simple divergent seafloor spreading)
• Unlike many hotspots, the magmatic system is
heterogeneous – evidence of four major reservoirs
feeding the hotspot
67. Black Smokers
• Hydrothermal vent fields at or near ridge crests
• Vent fluids = up to 400oC
• Fluid chemistry from different spreading centers is
remarkably similar despite big differences in
spreading rates
• vent fluids have equilibrated with greenschist
assemblage of minerals
• Metalliferous deposits are common
– Hot, acidic, sulfide-rich solutions
– Base metals are precipitated when vent fluids come in
contact with cold seawater
68. Galápagos Black Smokers
• The first warm springs to be found on the mid-ocean ridge were
discovered in 1977 on the Galápagos spreading center
• Astonishing communities of animals around them, but they were weakly-
flowing vents emitting room-temperature fluids into the frigid surrounding
bottom waters
• In 1979, scalding hot “black smokers” jetting from the seafloor were
discovered elsewhere on the global mid-ocean ridge system
• Since 1977, additional exploration of the eastern Galápagos spreading
center located a few more diffuse vents populated by animals, but did not
succeed in finding any black smokers; some workers suggest that the
influence of the Galápagos hotspot on the Galápagos spreading center
may inhibit formation of cracks required to provide deep, hot fluid
pathways for black smokers, making smokers rare and hard to find
81. Galápagos Triple Junction
• RRR triple junction that separates the Nazca, Cocos and
Pacific seafloor plates
• The fast-spreading East Pacific Rise trends N-S in this
region and continues without offset past the triple
junction
– Smooth topography across the rise
• Galápagos Ridge E-W trending and slow-spreading
– Separates the Cocos and Nazca plates, to the north and
south, respectively
– Rough, more faulted topography across the ridge
82.
83. Triple Junctions
• The Earth’s lithosphere comprises a mosaic of
interlocking plates
• There are several places on the planet where three
plates come together - these are called triple junctions
• Triple junctions mark the intersection of combinations
of:
– Rifts or ridges (spreading centers)
– Transform fault boundaries
– Convergent boundaries (subduction zones)
94. Galápagos Gore
• Intersection of EPR & GR V-
shaped, triangular, faulted region called the
Galápagos Gore
– “V” opens to the east
– Older crust in the east than the west based on
magnetic anomalies
– The Galápagos Ridge has propagated from east-to-
west as it developed