Plastic Marine Debris

Plastic Marine Debris
Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
HafenCity Universität Hamburg
Resource Eﬃciency in Architecture and Planning
Urban Material Cycles
SoSe 2015
HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman
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Source: Plastic Disclosure Project <hLps://vimeo.com/88804648>
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Source: Plastics Europe 2014
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Plastic entering the ocean
Environmental damage cost
Natural capital cost of plastics used in consumer goods industry

Source: Rochman 2014
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Largest Contributors
Source: Jambeck 2015
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Gyres
Marine debris is a subject to transport by ocean currents and tends to
accumulate in a limited number of subtropical convergence zones or
gyres. These gyres occur in the North and South Atlantic Ocean, the
North and South Paciﬁc, and the Indian Ocean.
Source: UNEP 2014
hLp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/04/140404-‐‑garbage-‐‑patch-‐‑indian-‐‑ocean-‐‑debris-‐‑malaysian-‐‑plane/

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Source: UNEP 2014
Marine Threat 1: Entanglement

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Marine Threat 2: Ingestion
Source: Oregon Beachcomber Blog 2013

Marine Threat 3: Transportation
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Source: thankyouocean.org

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Degradation
Temporal
Chemical
Physical
Energetic
Source: hLps://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/anxiousnut/5389242951/ hLp://biathlon-‐‑ufa2009.com/how-‐‑to-‐‑remove-‐‑nail-‐‑polish.html
hLps://ﬁssionenvironmentalists.wordpress.com/2012/02/17/nuclear-‐‑waste-‐‑can-‐‑it-‐‑be-‐‑disposed-‐‑of-‐‑safely/

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Source: UNEP 2014
Microplastics are formed when plastic items fragment and disintegrate. The rate of
fragmentation is highly depended on the environmental seLing, especially temperature
and the amount of UV light available. Microplastics are also manufactured for use in
plastic production, for other industrial purposes such as sand blasting, or for use in
consumer (eg. personal care) products. The term ‘microplastics’ is widely used to
describe plastic particles with an upper size limit of 5 mm in diameter, which is the size
range most readily ingested by many organism. However, microplastics in products can
be as small as 0.004 µμm
Microplastics

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Source: knowledge.allianz.com

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Antioxidants
Flame Retardants
Blowing Agents
Stabilizers
Colorants
Antistatic Agents
Free Radical Inhibitors
Lubricants
Plasticizers
Solvents
Ultraviolet Absorbers
Source: Frenikel 2011

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Carcinogenic

Source: marinedebris.noaa.gov
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Ñ  Freinkel, Susan (2011) Plastic: A Toxic Love Story. Houghton Miﬄin Harcourt,
Boston
Ñ  Jambeck, Jenna R.; et al (2015) “Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean”
Science. Vol. 347 -‐‑ Issue 6223
Ñ  Oregon Beachcomber Blog (2013, Jan. 21) “Becoming BeLer Marine
Stewards” (Jan. 21, 2013) <hLp://www.oregonbeachcomber.com/2013/01/
aloha-‐‑today-‐‑i-‐‑have-‐‑couple-‐‑of-‐‑updates.html>
Ñ  Plastics Europe (2014) “Plastics – the facts 2014/2015: An analysis of European
plastics production, demand and waste data.”
Ñ  Rochman, Chelsea M.; et al (2013) “Classify plastic waste as hazardous” Nature.
Vol. 494 p. 169-‐‑171
Ñ  UNEP -‐‑ United Nations Environmental Programme (2014) [1] “Ch.8 Plastic
Debris in the Ocean.” Year Book 2014: Emerging Issues.
Ñ  UNEP (2014) [2]
Ñ  UNEP (2014) [3] Valuing Plastic: The Business Case for Measuring, Managing, and
Disclosing Plastic Use in the Consumer Goods Industry.
Ñ  Withey, JR. (1977) Mutagenic, Carcinogenic, and Teratogenic Hazards Arising from
Human Exposure to Plastic Additives
Resources
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Plastic Marine Debris

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