Pile foundations transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil strata by bearing loads through end bearing or shaft friction. Piles can be classified as end bearing or friction piles depending on whether they transmit loads primarily through their base or sides. Common pile types include driven piles, which are displaced during installation, and bored piles or replacement piles, which are formed by machine boring. Pile capacity is estimated based on soil properties and load tests may be used to verify estimates.
This document discusses pile foundations and methods for analyzing pile capacity. It begins with an introduction to pile foundations, including how they transfer structural loads through unstable upper soils. It then discusses different pile types classified by installation method, including large displacement, small displacement, and replacement piles. The document outlines factors that influence pile capacity, such as soil properties and loading conditions. It provides advantages and disadvantages of driven and replacement piles. Finally, it discusses methods for predicting ultimate pile capacity, including total and effective stress analysis, skin friction and end bearing resistance calculations, and pile load testing.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations and their design. It discusses different types of piles including end bearing piles, friction piles, displacement piles, and replacement piles. Modes of pile failure and factors in total and effective stress analysis are examined. Advantages and disadvantages of displacement and replacement piles are compared. Methods for predicting the ultimate capacity of axially loaded single piles in soil are outlined, including considerations for driven piles in clays and bored piles in both granular and clay soils. Load-settlement behavior of friction and end bearing piles is also addressed.
The document discusses pile foundations and their design. It describes different types of piles including end bearing piles, friction piles, displacement piles, and replacement piles. It covers topics such as pile capacity calculation considering end bearing and skin friction, methods of installation, failure modes, total and effective stress analysis, and prediction of pile capacity through pile driving formulas and load testing.
This document discusses pile foundations and provides details on:
- Types of pile foundations including driven piles, bored piles, and under-reamed piles
- Analyzing pile capacity using driving formulae, soil mechanics expressions considering shaft resistance, base resistance, and factors like soil type, pile dimensions, and installation method
- Calculating pile capacity in cohesive soils like clay and non-cohesive soils like sand, accounting for soil strength properties and effective stresses
- Considerations for negative skin friction from consolidating or compacting soil layers
This document provides information on bearing capacity of soil and foundations. It defines key foundation terms like contact pressure, foundation depth, shallow and deep foundations. It describes different types of shallow foundations like spread footing, continuous footing, combined footing, strap footing, and mat or raft footing. Factors for selecting a foundation type and comparing shallow vs deep foundations are also discussed. Design criteria of safety against bearing capacity failure and limiting settlement are covered.
This document discusses raft foundation design concepts for high-rise buildings. A raft foundation is a continuous slab that extends over the entire footprint of a building to transfer its weight uniformly to the soil. It is suitable for buildings with basements. Raft foundations are used when soil bearing capacity is low, loads are high, or differential settlement needs to be minimized. The document describes different types of raft foundations and provides an example design of a slab-beam raft foundation, calculating bending moments, reinforcement requirements, and checking deflection, shear, and cracking.
This document summarizes pile foundations, including:
1. Piles are used when shallow foundations cannot support a structure due to soil conditions like depth of bearing capacity, soft/variable soils, steeply inclined strata, scouring, or high/variable loads. Piles transmit loads through skin friction and end bearing.
2. Piles are classified as driven/displacement piles which are preformed and inserted, or bored/replacement piles where a hole is bored and the pile formed within. Design considers shaft friction and end bearing. Load testing validates design calculations.
3. Analysis considers driving formulae or soil mechanics. Soil mechanics calculates shaft friction and end bearing resistance based on soil type, properties
This document provides information about bearing capacity of soil and different types of foundations. It discusses key topics like:
- Types of foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, continuous footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations.
- Factors that determine the selection of a foundation type including the structure's function/loads, sub-surface soil conditions, and cost.
- Comparison of shallow and deep foundations in terms of depth, load distribution, construction, cost, structural design considerations, and settlement.
- Criteria for foundation design including safety against bearing capacity failure and limiting settlement, especially differential settlement.
This document discusses pile foundations and methods for analyzing pile capacity. It begins with an introduction to pile foundations, including how they transfer structural loads through unstable upper soils. It then discusses different pile types classified by installation method, including large displacement, small displacement, and replacement piles. The document outlines factors that influence pile capacity, such as soil properties and loading conditions. It provides advantages and disadvantages of driven and replacement piles. Finally, it discusses methods for predicting ultimate pile capacity, including total and effective stress analysis, skin friction and end bearing resistance calculations, and pile load testing.
This document provides an overview of pile foundations and their design. It discusses different types of piles including end bearing piles, friction piles, displacement piles, and replacement piles. Modes of pile failure and factors in total and effective stress analysis are examined. Advantages and disadvantages of displacement and replacement piles are compared. Methods for predicting the ultimate capacity of axially loaded single piles in soil are outlined, including considerations for driven piles in clays and bored piles in both granular and clay soils. Load-settlement behavior of friction and end bearing piles is also addressed.
The document discusses pile foundations and their design. It describes different types of piles including end bearing piles, friction piles, displacement piles, and replacement piles. It covers topics such as pile capacity calculation considering end bearing and skin friction, methods of installation, failure modes, total and effective stress analysis, and prediction of pile capacity through pile driving formulas and load testing.
This document discusses pile foundations and provides details on:
- Types of pile foundations including driven piles, bored piles, and under-reamed piles
- Analyzing pile capacity using driving formulae, soil mechanics expressions considering shaft resistance, base resistance, and factors like soil type, pile dimensions, and installation method
- Calculating pile capacity in cohesive soils like clay and non-cohesive soils like sand, accounting for soil strength properties and effective stresses
- Considerations for negative skin friction from consolidating or compacting soil layers
This document provides information on bearing capacity of soil and foundations. It defines key foundation terms like contact pressure, foundation depth, shallow and deep foundations. It describes different types of shallow foundations like spread footing, continuous footing, combined footing, strap footing, and mat or raft footing. Factors for selecting a foundation type and comparing shallow vs deep foundations are also discussed. Design criteria of safety against bearing capacity failure and limiting settlement are covered.
This document discusses raft foundation design concepts for high-rise buildings. A raft foundation is a continuous slab that extends over the entire footprint of a building to transfer its weight uniformly to the soil. It is suitable for buildings with basements. Raft foundations are used when soil bearing capacity is low, loads are high, or differential settlement needs to be minimized. The document describes different types of raft foundations and provides an example design of a slab-beam raft foundation, calculating bending moments, reinforcement requirements, and checking deflection, shear, and cracking.
This document summarizes pile foundations, including:
1. Piles are used when shallow foundations cannot support a structure due to soil conditions like depth of bearing capacity, soft/variable soils, steeply inclined strata, scouring, or high/variable loads. Piles transmit loads through skin friction and end bearing.
2. Piles are classified as driven/displacement piles which are preformed and inserted, or bored/replacement piles where a hole is bored and the pile formed within. Design considers shaft friction and end bearing. Load testing validates design calculations.
3. Analysis considers driving formulae or soil mechanics. Soil mechanics calculates shaft friction and end bearing resistance based on soil type, properties
This document provides information about bearing capacity of soil and different types of foundations. It discusses key topics like:
- Types of foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, continuous footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations.
- Factors that determine the selection of a foundation type including the structure's function/loads, sub-surface soil conditions, and cost.
- Comparison of shallow and deep foundations in terms of depth, load distribution, construction, cost, structural design considerations, and settlement.
- Criteria for foundation design including safety against bearing capacity failure and limiting settlement, especially differential settlement.
This document discusses the bearing capacity of soils and foundations. It defines bearing capacity as the load per unit area that can be supported by a foundation without failing. Several methods for calculating ultimate bearing capacity are presented, including Terzaghi's method, which uses bearing capacity factors that depend on soil properties. The document also discusses factors that affect bearing capacity like the water table, foundation shape and depth, layered soils, sloped ground, and estimates from standard penetration or cone penetration tests. Failure modes like general, local, and punching shear are described along with calculations for eccentric and two-way loading.
1) Two approaches are used to determine the safe bearing pressure of soil: allowable bearing pressure based on shear failure criteria, and safe bearing pressure based on settlement criteria.
2) Plate load tests can be used to estimate the safe bearing pressure that results in a given permissible settlement. Tests are conducted with plates of different sizes and the load-settlement data is used to calculate settlement of prototype foundations using empirical equations.
3) Housel's method involves conducting two plate load tests and solving equations involving load, plate area and perimeter to determine constants, which are then used to calculate load and size of a prototype foundation that results in the permissible settlement.
Pile & pier_foundation_analysis_&_designMohamad Binesh
This document provides an overview of pile and pier foundations, including:
- A classification of shallow vs deep foundations based on embedment depth.
- Examples of historic and modern uses of pile foundations to overcome weak soils.
- A comparison of settlement for different foundation types in deep clay soils, showing piles and pile groups have lower settlement.
- An outline of the process for designing pile foundations according to FHWA guidelines.
- Descriptions of different pile types including timber, steel, concrete, and composite piles.
- Factors to consider when evaluating suitable pile types for a given project.
This document discusses bearing capacity and shallow foundations. It defines bearing capacity as the maximum average pressure a soil can support before failing. There are two failure criteria: shear failure and settlement. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory is then explained, with soil divided into three zones. Factors influencing bearing capacity are also listed, such as soil type, foundation properties, water table level, and loading eccentricity. Finally, common bearing capacity determination methods are outlined, including analytical calculations, load tests, and laboratory tests.
Analysis of vertically loaded pile foundationMonojit Mondal
The document discusses pile foundations, including their classification based on material, installation method, and function; load transfer mechanisms; methods for calculating the capacity of single piles and pile groups using static formulas and dynamic formulas per Indian code IS 2911; and concludes that pile foundations provide a common solution for difficult soil conditions and ongoing research continues to improve design.
lecturenote_1463116827CHAPTER-II-BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION SOIL.pdf2cd
The document discusses bearing capacity of soils and methods to calculate the ultimate and safe bearing capacities of different types of foundations. It defines key terms like ultimate, gross, net and safe bearing capacities. It describes Terzaghi's, Meyerhof's and Skempton's methods to calculate the bearing capacity based on the soil properties and foundation geometry. It provides examples to calculate the ultimate and safe bearing capacities of strip, square, circular and rectangular foundations in cohesive and cohesionless soils using these methods.
This document provides information on shallow foundations, including raft foundations. It discusses the bearing capacity of shallow foundations and factors that influence it, such as soil type, water table level, and loading conditions. Equations for calculating ultimate bearing capacity are presented, including Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation. The document also covers settlement of foundations, differential settlement, and allowable settlement values.
Plate load tests are used to determine the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of soil. The test involves gradually loading a circular or square test plate placed in an excavated pit using a hydraulic jack. Dial gauges measure the settlement under each load increment. A load-settlement curve is generated, allowing engineers to determine the safe bearing capacity based on shear failure or permissible settlement. Results provide insight into foundation design and behavior for the site.
The document discusses factors to consider when choosing the type of foundation for a structure, including the nature of the structure, loads, soil characteristics, and cost. Shallow foundations such as footings and rafts are suitable if the soil can support the loads without excessive settlement. Deep foundations using piles or piers transmit loads to a deeper bearing layer if the top soil is weak. Floating foundations may be used if no bearing layer is found by removing and replacing soil under the structure. The document provides details on analyzing loads and designing shallow spread footings to resist shear, bond, and bending stresses.
This document defines foundations and foundation engineering. It discusses:
1. Foundations transmit structural loads to the soil and come in two types - shallow and deep. Shallow foundations are placed at a shallow depth, typically less than 6m, and include spread footings and strip footings. Deep foundations like piles are embedded much deeper.
2. Foundation engineering involves evaluating soil load capacity and designing foundations to safely transmit loads to the soil while considering economics. It must prevent shear failure, settlement, overturning and sliding.
3. Foundations can fail due to shear, tension or excessive settlement, which depends on factors like soil type and load. Design considers ultimate and allowable bearing capacity as well as allowable settlement.
This document discusses the bearing capacity of bedrock and soil deposits on slopes. It provides definitions of key terms like ultimate and allowable bearing capacity. It describes various methods for calculating bearing capacity, including equations that account for factors like rock mass quality, joint spacing, slope angle, and soil type. Failure modes like general shear, local shear, and punching shear are also outlined. The document notes how soil deposits form on slopes and factors affecting the stability of soils on steep slopes, both natural and human-related.
Regarding Types of Foundation, Methods, Uses of different types of foundation at different soil properties. Methods of construction of different types of foundation, Codal Provisions etc.
rk Effect of water table on soil During constructionRoop Kishor
1. The document discusses the effect of water tables on soil during construction. It covers topics like the definition of a water table, selection of foundations based on water table depth, and the impact of water tables on bearing capacity and failure mechanisms.
2. Common foundation types for different water table conditions are described, like shallow foundations above the water table and caisson foundations or cofferdams for underwater construction.
3. Techniques for lowering the water table, such as pumping from wells, or constructing impermeable barriers, are explained to allow for construction below normal water table levels.
All mat-raft-piles-mat-foundation- اللبشة – الحصيرة العامة -لبشة الخوازيق ( ا...Dr.Youssef Hammida
This document provides guidance on the steps required for designing mat foundations with piles. The key steps include:
1) Determining total vertical loads and adding 1% for eccentricity.
2) Dividing the total load by the allowable soil bearing capacity to determine the number of piles.
3) Checking stresses on the mat and piles, including uplift, shear, and moment forces as required.
4) Calculating free pile length and location of fixity based on soil properties.
5) Designing the mat and piles considering both vertical and horizontal/seismic loads.
design of piled raft foundations. مشاركة لبشة الأوتاد الخوازيق و التربة في ...Dr.youssef hamida
Of the most important paragraphs of design should study the effect of the Joint Working Group of the falling pile and fall of the soil and find a formula and factor common reaction one between sub grade reaction smart spring worker and worker response pile reaction called spring factor smart In the case of soil subsidence greater than the drop pile will move full load
piles and breaks down to piles or mat and vice versa
In the event of high rises and soil carried acceptable but not enough for the transplant can mat- piles
Regular spacing and share the soil with piles represent the programs work as usual spring network
And the introduction of sub grade reaction as factor in mat alone as well as the added factor reaction pile at each pile
But the application of this method takes the soil report by the impact of joint work between the soil decline and fall of the stake and the coefficient of reaction and give him carrying a load of soil and allowed the pile needs
Also must make sure that the applicable tag allows participation in this way the soil and pile in the joint
Assume springs for soil and piles
getting modulus of sub grad
Shallow foundation(by indrajit mitra)01Indrajit Ind
Shallow foundations transmit structural loads to near-surface soils and are used when the upper soil layer is sufficiently strong. They include spread, combined, strap, and raft foundations. Design considers factors like bearing capacity, settlement, and water table effects. Plate load tests determine ultimate capacity and settlement by measuring pressure-displacement curves. Terzaghi's theory and IS codes provide design guidance.
1. The bearing capacity of a foundation refers to the ability of the soil to carry the loads from structures placed on it without shear failure or excessive settlement.
2. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory separates the failure zone under a foundation into triangular and radial shear zones, and considers the equilibrium of forces within these zones to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity.
3. The allowable bearing capacity is calculated by applying a safety factor to the ultimate capacity to avoid shear failure. Settlement criteria may further limit the allowable capacity.
This document defines foundations and foundation engineering. It discusses shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread, combined, wall/strip, and mat foundations. Deep foundations include piles and piers. It describes factors in foundation design such as ultimate bearing capacity, settlement, and differential settlement. Footing failures by shear, tension, or bearing capacity are addressed. Examples of isolated, combined, and wall footings are provided along with factors in selecting the appropriate foundation type.
The current drilled shaft (also called bored pile) foundation design procedures recommended in two commonly used North American foundation engineering manuals have been reviewed, and the recommended design approache from each manual is evaluated against the recent load test data conducted on continuous flight auger (CFA), cast-in-place concrete piles (augercast piles). The soil conditions where pile load tests were carried out is typical of glacial till encountered in the Canadian Prairies. The conclusion is that pile capacity prediction methods widely used in North America generally under estimate both skin resistance and end bearing for drilled shaft in very stiff to hard glacial till. For design purpose, for drilled, cast in-place concrete piles installed in glacial till soils in Western Canada, procedure recommended by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is recommended.
This document summarizes pile foundations. Pile foundations are used to transfer structural loads through weak soil to stronger soil below. There are different types of piles classified by material (concrete, steel, timber), function (end bearing, friction, anchor), and installation method (driven, bored, driven and cast-in-situ). Formulas are provided to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of a pile based on factors like soil properties, pile dimensions, and hammer efficiency. Selection of the appropriate pile type depends on project specifics like soil conditions, loading, cost, and availability.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
This document discusses the bearing capacity of soils and foundations. It defines bearing capacity as the load per unit area that can be supported by a foundation without failing. Several methods for calculating ultimate bearing capacity are presented, including Terzaghi's method, which uses bearing capacity factors that depend on soil properties. The document also discusses factors that affect bearing capacity like the water table, foundation shape and depth, layered soils, sloped ground, and estimates from standard penetration or cone penetration tests. Failure modes like general, local, and punching shear are described along with calculations for eccentric and two-way loading.
1) Two approaches are used to determine the safe bearing pressure of soil: allowable bearing pressure based on shear failure criteria, and safe bearing pressure based on settlement criteria.
2) Plate load tests can be used to estimate the safe bearing pressure that results in a given permissible settlement. Tests are conducted with plates of different sizes and the load-settlement data is used to calculate settlement of prototype foundations using empirical equations.
3) Housel's method involves conducting two plate load tests and solving equations involving load, plate area and perimeter to determine constants, which are then used to calculate load and size of a prototype foundation that results in the permissible settlement.
Pile & pier_foundation_analysis_&_designMohamad Binesh
This document provides an overview of pile and pier foundations, including:
- A classification of shallow vs deep foundations based on embedment depth.
- Examples of historic and modern uses of pile foundations to overcome weak soils.
- A comparison of settlement for different foundation types in deep clay soils, showing piles and pile groups have lower settlement.
- An outline of the process for designing pile foundations according to FHWA guidelines.
- Descriptions of different pile types including timber, steel, concrete, and composite piles.
- Factors to consider when evaluating suitable pile types for a given project.
This document discusses bearing capacity and shallow foundations. It defines bearing capacity as the maximum average pressure a soil can support before failing. There are two failure criteria: shear failure and settlement. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory is then explained, with soil divided into three zones. Factors influencing bearing capacity are also listed, such as soil type, foundation properties, water table level, and loading eccentricity. Finally, common bearing capacity determination methods are outlined, including analytical calculations, load tests, and laboratory tests.
Analysis of vertically loaded pile foundationMonojit Mondal
The document discusses pile foundations, including their classification based on material, installation method, and function; load transfer mechanisms; methods for calculating the capacity of single piles and pile groups using static formulas and dynamic formulas per Indian code IS 2911; and concludes that pile foundations provide a common solution for difficult soil conditions and ongoing research continues to improve design.
lecturenote_1463116827CHAPTER-II-BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION SOIL.pdf2cd
The document discusses bearing capacity of soils and methods to calculate the ultimate and safe bearing capacities of different types of foundations. It defines key terms like ultimate, gross, net and safe bearing capacities. It describes Terzaghi's, Meyerhof's and Skempton's methods to calculate the bearing capacity based on the soil properties and foundation geometry. It provides examples to calculate the ultimate and safe bearing capacities of strip, square, circular and rectangular foundations in cohesive and cohesionless soils using these methods.
This document provides information on shallow foundations, including raft foundations. It discusses the bearing capacity of shallow foundations and factors that influence it, such as soil type, water table level, and loading conditions. Equations for calculating ultimate bearing capacity are presented, including Terzaghi's bearing capacity equation. The document also covers settlement of foundations, differential settlement, and allowable settlement values.
Plate load tests are used to determine the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement of soil. The test involves gradually loading a circular or square test plate placed in an excavated pit using a hydraulic jack. Dial gauges measure the settlement under each load increment. A load-settlement curve is generated, allowing engineers to determine the safe bearing capacity based on shear failure or permissible settlement. Results provide insight into foundation design and behavior for the site.
The document discusses factors to consider when choosing the type of foundation for a structure, including the nature of the structure, loads, soil characteristics, and cost. Shallow foundations such as footings and rafts are suitable if the soil can support the loads without excessive settlement. Deep foundations using piles or piers transmit loads to a deeper bearing layer if the top soil is weak. Floating foundations may be used if no bearing layer is found by removing and replacing soil under the structure. The document provides details on analyzing loads and designing shallow spread footings to resist shear, bond, and bending stresses.
This document defines foundations and foundation engineering. It discusses:
1. Foundations transmit structural loads to the soil and come in two types - shallow and deep. Shallow foundations are placed at a shallow depth, typically less than 6m, and include spread footings and strip footings. Deep foundations like piles are embedded much deeper.
2. Foundation engineering involves evaluating soil load capacity and designing foundations to safely transmit loads to the soil while considering economics. It must prevent shear failure, settlement, overturning and sliding.
3. Foundations can fail due to shear, tension or excessive settlement, which depends on factors like soil type and load. Design considers ultimate and allowable bearing capacity as well as allowable settlement.
This document discusses the bearing capacity of bedrock and soil deposits on slopes. It provides definitions of key terms like ultimate and allowable bearing capacity. It describes various methods for calculating bearing capacity, including equations that account for factors like rock mass quality, joint spacing, slope angle, and soil type. Failure modes like general shear, local shear, and punching shear are also outlined. The document notes how soil deposits form on slopes and factors affecting the stability of soils on steep slopes, both natural and human-related.
Regarding Types of Foundation, Methods, Uses of different types of foundation at different soil properties. Methods of construction of different types of foundation, Codal Provisions etc.
rk Effect of water table on soil During constructionRoop Kishor
1. The document discusses the effect of water tables on soil during construction. It covers topics like the definition of a water table, selection of foundations based on water table depth, and the impact of water tables on bearing capacity and failure mechanisms.
2. Common foundation types for different water table conditions are described, like shallow foundations above the water table and caisson foundations or cofferdams for underwater construction.
3. Techniques for lowering the water table, such as pumping from wells, or constructing impermeable barriers, are explained to allow for construction below normal water table levels.
All mat-raft-piles-mat-foundation- اللبشة – الحصيرة العامة -لبشة الخوازيق ( ا...Dr.Youssef Hammida
This document provides guidance on the steps required for designing mat foundations with piles. The key steps include:
1) Determining total vertical loads and adding 1% for eccentricity.
2) Dividing the total load by the allowable soil bearing capacity to determine the number of piles.
3) Checking stresses on the mat and piles, including uplift, shear, and moment forces as required.
4) Calculating free pile length and location of fixity based on soil properties.
5) Designing the mat and piles considering both vertical and horizontal/seismic loads.
design of piled raft foundations. مشاركة لبشة الأوتاد الخوازيق و التربة في ...Dr.youssef hamida
Of the most important paragraphs of design should study the effect of the Joint Working Group of the falling pile and fall of the soil and find a formula and factor common reaction one between sub grade reaction smart spring worker and worker response pile reaction called spring factor smart In the case of soil subsidence greater than the drop pile will move full load
piles and breaks down to piles or mat and vice versa
In the event of high rises and soil carried acceptable but not enough for the transplant can mat- piles
Regular spacing and share the soil with piles represent the programs work as usual spring network
And the introduction of sub grade reaction as factor in mat alone as well as the added factor reaction pile at each pile
But the application of this method takes the soil report by the impact of joint work between the soil decline and fall of the stake and the coefficient of reaction and give him carrying a load of soil and allowed the pile needs
Also must make sure that the applicable tag allows participation in this way the soil and pile in the joint
Assume springs for soil and piles
getting modulus of sub grad
Shallow foundation(by indrajit mitra)01Indrajit Ind
Shallow foundations transmit structural loads to near-surface soils and are used when the upper soil layer is sufficiently strong. They include spread, combined, strap, and raft foundations. Design considers factors like bearing capacity, settlement, and water table effects. Plate load tests determine ultimate capacity and settlement by measuring pressure-displacement curves. Terzaghi's theory and IS codes provide design guidance.
1. The bearing capacity of a foundation refers to the ability of the soil to carry the loads from structures placed on it without shear failure or excessive settlement.
2. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory separates the failure zone under a foundation into triangular and radial shear zones, and considers the equilibrium of forces within these zones to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity.
3. The allowable bearing capacity is calculated by applying a safety factor to the ultimate capacity to avoid shear failure. Settlement criteria may further limit the allowable capacity.
This document defines foundations and foundation engineering. It discusses shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread, combined, wall/strip, and mat foundations. Deep foundations include piles and piers. It describes factors in foundation design such as ultimate bearing capacity, settlement, and differential settlement. Footing failures by shear, tension, or bearing capacity are addressed. Examples of isolated, combined, and wall footings are provided along with factors in selecting the appropriate foundation type.
The current drilled shaft (also called bored pile) foundation design procedures recommended in two commonly used North American foundation engineering manuals have been reviewed, and the recommended design approache from each manual is evaluated against the recent load test data conducted on continuous flight auger (CFA), cast-in-place concrete piles (augercast piles). The soil conditions where pile load tests were carried out is typical of glacial till encountered in the Canadian Prairies. The conclusion is that pile capacity prediction methods widely used in North America generally under estimate both skin resistance and end bearing for drilled shaft in very stiff to hard glacial till. For design purpose, for drilled, cast in-place concrete piles installed in glacial till soils in Western Canada, procedure recommended by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is recommended.
This document summarizes pile foundations. Pile foundations are used to transfer structural loads through weak soil to stronger soil below. There are different types of piles classified by material (concrete, steel, timber), function (end bearing, friction, anchor), and installation method (driven, bored, driven and cast-in-situ). Formulas are provided to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of a pile based on factors like soil properties, pile dimensions, and hammer efficiency. Selection of the appropriate pile type depends on project specifics like soil conditions, loading, cost, and availability.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
2. PILE FOUNDATIONS
BS8004 defines deep foundation with D>B or D>3m.
Pile foundation always more expensive than shallow
foundation but will overcome problems of soft surface soils by
transferring load to stronger, deeper stratum, thereby reducing
settlements.
Pile resistance is comprised of
end bearing
shaft friction
For many piles only one of these components is important.
This is the basis of a simple classification
3. END BEARING PILES
ROCK
SOFT SOIL
PILES
End bearing pile rests on a
relative firm soil . The load of the
structure is transmitted through
the pile into this firm soil or rock
because the base of the pile bears
the load of the structure, this type
of pile is called end bearing pile
Most of the piles used in
Hong Kong are end
bearing piles. This is
because the majority of
new developments are on
reclaimed land
4. SOFT SOIL
PILES
FRICTION PILES
If the firm soil is at a considerable
depth, it may be very expensive to
use end bearing piles. In such
situations, the piles are driven
through the penetrable soil for some
distance. The piles transmit the load
of structure to the penetrable soil by
means of skin friction between the
soil.
5. TYPES OF PILE
The pile installation procedure varies considerably, and has
an important influence on the subsequent response
Three categories of piles are classified by method of
installation as below:
Large displacement piles
They encompass all solid driven piles including precast concrete piles,
steel or concrete tubes closed at the lower end
Small displacement piles
They include rolled steel sections such as H-pile and open-end tubular
piles
Replacement piles
They are formed by machine boring, grabbing or hand-digging.
6. Combinations of vertical, horizontal and moment loading
may be applied at the soil surface from the overlying
structure
For the majority of foundations the loads applied to the
piles are primarily vertical
For piles in jetties, foundations for bridge piers, tall
chimneys, and offshore piled foundations the lateral
resistance is an important consideration
The analysis of piles subjected to lateral and moment
loading is more complex than simple vertical loading
because of the soil-structure interaction.
Pile installation will always cause change of adjacent soil
properties, sometimes good, sometimes bad.
LOADS APPLIED TO PILES V
M
H
7. MODES OF FAILURE
The soil is always failure by punching shear.
The failure mode of pile is always in buckling
failure mode.
8. TOTAL AND EFFECTIVE STRESS
ANALYSIS
To determine drained or undrained condition,
we may need to consider the following factors:
Drainage condition in the various soil strata
Permeability of soils
Rate of application of loads
Duration after the application of load
A rough indicator will be the Time Factor
(Tv=cvt/d2)
9. DISPLACEMENT PILE (A/D)
Advantage Disadvantages
Pile material can be inspected for
quality before driving
May break during driving
Construction operation affect by
ground water
Noise and vibration problems
Can driven in very long lengths Cannot be driven in condition of
low headroom
Construction operation not affected
by ground water
Noise may prove unacceptable.
Noise permit may be required
Soil disposal is not necessary Vibration may prove unacceptable
due to presence of sensitive
structures, utility installation or
machinery
10. REPLACEMENT PILE (A/D)
Advantage Disadvantages
Less noise or vibration problem Concrete cannot be inspected after
installation
Equipment can break up practically all
kinds of obstructions
Liable to squeezing or necking
Can be installed in conditions of low
headroom
Raking bored pile are difficult to
construct
No ground heave Drilling a number of pile groups may
cause ground loss and settlement of
adjacent structures
Depth and diameter can varied easily Cannot be extended above ground
level without special adaptation
11. ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF AXIALLY
LOAD SINGLE PILE IN SOIL
Estimated by designer based on soil data and somewhat
empirical procedures. It is common practice that the pile
capacity be verified by pile load test at an early stage such that
design amendment can be made prior to installation of the
project piles. The satisfactory performance of a pile is, in most
cases, governed by the limiting acceptable deformation under
various loading conditions. Therefore the settlement should
also be checked.
12. W
Qu
Qb
Qs
Qu = Qs + Qb - W
Basic Concept
The ultimate bearing capacity (Qu )of a pile
may be assessed using soil mechanics
principles. The capacity is assumed to be the
sum of skin friction and end-bearing
resistance, i.e
Qu =Qb+Qs-W ……………………….(1)
where
Qu total pile resistance,
Qb is the end bearing resistance and
Qs is side friction resistance
General behaviour
Shaft resistance fully mobilized at small pile
movement (<0.01D)
Base resistance mobilized at large movement
(0.1D)
13. Loading
Settlement
Behaviour of Frictional Pile
Loading
Settlement
Behaviour of End Bearing Pile
Qu
QS
QB
Qu
QB
QS
Piles founded on strong stratum
Not much benefit in enhancing
base resistance
Important to adopt good
construction practice to enhance
shaft friction
Shaft grouting useful in enhancing
pile capacity
Piles founded on dense soils
Important to adopt good
construction practice to enhance
shaft friction and base resistance
Shaft and base grouting useful in
enhancing pile capacity
14. W
Qs
QB
QT
ho
D
QDES = QB/FB + Qs /Fs –W……(2)
d
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
DESIGN
Where FB and FS is the factor of safety of
components of end bearing strength and shaft
friction strength
Qb=Ab[cbNc+Po(Nq-1)+gd/2Ng+Po] -Wp
Where Ab is the area of the base , cb is the cohesion
at the base of the pile, Po is the overburden stress at
the base of the pile and d is the width of the pile.
QU = QB + Qs–W……(3)
15. END BEARING RESISTANCE
Assumptions
1. The weight of the pile is similar to the weight of the soil displaced of the pile
=> Wp=AbPo
2. The length (L) of the pile is much greater than its width d
=> Wp=AbPo+ Abg dNg/2
3. Similarly for f>0, Nq approximately equal to Nq-1
Qb=Ab[cbNc+Po(Nq-1)+gd/2Ng+Po] –Wp
=> Qb=Ab[cbNc+PoNq]
16. END BEARING RESISTANCE FOR
BORE PILE IN GRANULAR SOILS
Due to the natural of granular soil, the c’ can be assumed equation to zero.
The ultimate end bearing resistance for bored pile in granular soils may be
express in terms of vertical effective stress, s’v and the bearing capacity
factors Nq as :
QB=AB Nq sv’
Nq is generally related to the angle of shearing resistance f’. For general
design purposed, it is suggested that the Nq value proposed by Berezantze et
al (1961) as presented in Figure ?? are used. However, the calculated ultimate
base stress should conservatively be limited to 10Mpa, unless higher values
have been justified by load tests.
17. SHAFT FRICTION RESISTANCE
The ultimate shaft friction stress qs for piles may be expressed in terms of
mean vertical effective stress as :
qs =c’+Kssv’tands
qs =bsv’ (when c’=0)
Where
Ks= coefficient of horizontal pressure which depends on the relative density and
state of soil, method of pile installation, and material length and shape of pile. Ks
may be related to the coefficient of earth pressure at rest,
K0=1-sinf as shown in Table 1.
Qv’ = mean vertical effective stress
ss’ = angle of friction along pile/soil interface (see table2)
b= shafte friction coefficient (see Table 3)
Qs = pLqs
Where p is the perimeter of the pile and L is the total length of the pile
18. DRIVEN PILE IN GRANULAR
SOILS
The concepts of the calculation of end-bearing
capacity and skin friction for bored piles in granular
soils also apply to driven piles in granular soils. The
pile soil system involving effects of densification and
in horizontal stresses in the ground due to pile
driving. In Hong Kong, it is suggested that the value
of qb be range from 16 to 21Mpa.
19. BORED PILE IN CLAYS
The ultimate end bearing resistance for piles in clays
is often related to the undrained shear strength, cu, as
qB=Nccu
QB=ABNccu
where
Nc= 9 when the location of the pile base below ground surface exceeds fours times
the pile diameter
20. BORED PILE IN CLAYS
The ultimate shaft friction (qs) for soils in stiff over-
consolidated clays may be estimated on the semi-
empirical method as:
qs=aCu
a is the adhesion factor (range from 0.4 to 0.9)
21. DRIVEN PILE IN CLAYS
The design concepts are similar to those
presented for bored piles in granular soils.
However, based on the available instrumented
pile test results, a design curve is put forward
by Nowacki et al (1992)
22. PREDICTION OF ULTIMATE
CAPACITY OF PILE
Pile Driving Formula
Pile driving formula relate the ultimate bearing capacity of driven piles
to final set (i.e. penetration per blow). In Hong Kong, the Hiley
formula has been widely used for the design of driven piles as:
Rd=(hhWhdh)/(s+c/2)
Where
Rd is driving resistance, hh is efficiency of hammer, Wh is the weight of
hammer, dh is the height of fall of hammer, s is permanent set of pile
and c is elastic movement of pile
Note: Test driving may be considered at the start of a driven piling
contract to assess the expected driving characteristics.
23. PREDICTION OF ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF
PILE
Pile Load Test
Static pile load test is the most reliable means of
determining the load capacity of a pile. The test
procedure consists of applying static load to the pile in
increments up to a designated level of load and recording
the vertical deflection of the pile. The load is usually
transmitted by means of a hydraulic jack placed between
the top of the pile and a beam supported by tow or more
reaction piles. The vertical deflection of the top of the
pile is usually measured by mechanical gauges attached
to a beam, which span over the test pile.