Grape phylloxera is an aphid-like insect pest that feeds on the roots of grapevines. It originated in eastern North America and was accidentally introduced to Europe in the 1860s, where it destroyed many vineyards on that continent. The microscopic louse feeds on and damages grapevine roots, ultimately killing the vines if left untreated. It can spread between vineyards via contaminated boots or vineyard equipment, or naturally over short distances. While devastating to European vineyards initially, the wine industry was saved by developing rootstock grafted with American grapevine varieties resistant to the pest. Preventing further spread relies on cleaning equipment, treating plant materials, and limiting human movement between infested and non-infested areas.
Deuteromycotina is a polyphyletic group of fungi that reproduce asexually by the generation of conidia (asexual spores). Because these fungi lack a sexual reproductive cycle, they do not have a known sexual stage in their life cycle. The categorization of Deuteromycotina has been debated, as the lack of a documented sexual stage has made determining their evolutionary links with other fungal taxa problematic. With the introduction of molecular biology tools in recent years, several Deuteromycotina species have been reassigned into other fungal phyla based on genetic similarities. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycotina that are commonly used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of antibiotics and other chemicals. However, genetic analysis has led to the reclassification of many of these fungi into different phyla.
Deuteromycotina is a polyphyletic group of fungi that reproduce asexually by the generation of conidia (asexual spores). Because these fungi lack a sexual reproductive cycle, they do not have a known sexual stage in their life cycle. The categorization of Deuteromycotina has been debated, as the lack of a documented sexual stage has made determining their evolutionary links with other fungal taxa problematic. With the introduction of molecular biology tools in recent years, several Deuteromycotina species have been reassigned into other fungal phyla based on genetic similarities. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycotina that are commonly used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of antibiotics and other chemicals. However, genetic analysis has led to the reclassification of many of these fungi into different phyla.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. What is Grape Phylloxera?
Phylloxera is also a genus in family
Phylloxeridae
Grape phylloxera is an insect pest
of commercial grapevines
worldwide, originally native to
eastern North America
Phylloxera is a microscopic louse or
aphid, that lives on and eats roots
of grapes. It can infest a vineyard
from the soles of vineyard worker’s
boots or naturally spreading from
vineyard-to-vineyard by proximity.
3. Phylloxera is one of the most
destructive grape pests
worldwide. This small aphid-like
insect has a complex life cycle
that involves survival on the
roots throughout the year and
on the leaves during the
growing season. The sequence
of events in the life cycle is
different for the foliar and root
forms of this insect.
4. Causes of grape phylloxera?
These bumps are galls
caused by the grape
phylloxera, an aphid-like
insect with the rather
intimidating name of
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae,
that once endangered the
grape industry in Europe.
5. Where did Phylloxera come from?
It came from the United States
Phylloxera may have spread through the
unintended actions of “Count” Agoston
Haraszthy, the man who started Sonoma’s
oldest winery, Buena Vista Winery, in 1857.
In 1861, Haraszthy traveled to Europe
tromping through the vineyards in France,
Germany and Switzerland to collect
samples. He brought back cuttings of 350
different types of grapes and started an
experimental vineyard in Sonoma
6. What are affected by phylloxera?
Grape phylloxera damage the
root systems of
grapevines by feeding on the
root, either on growing
rootlets, which then swell and
turn yellowish, or on mature
hardened roots where the
swellings are often hard to see.
Necrotic spots (areas of dead
tissue) develop at the feeding
sites on the roots.
7. How did phylloxera get to
Europe?
In the late 19th century the phylloxera epidemic
destroyed most of the vineyards for wine
grapes in Europe, most notably in France.
Starting around 1860, a tiny yellow louse called
phylloxera (pronounced fi-lok-SUH-ruh)
decimated Europe's vineyards, brought to the
continent unknowingly by Victorian-era
botanists through American native vines.
The pests had free rein on a continent where
they never should have set wing.
8. Effect on wine industry
At the height of its spread in
Europe,
phylloxera destroyed more
than 2 million vineyard
hectares and almost
brought European wine
production to a halt in
severely affected areas.
9. Phylloxera trapping
Another method currently under development for detection of phylloxera is an emergence trap. This
method of trapping can be used in spring and summer months as crawlers move from the vine roots
onto the soil surface.
The trap involves a bucket or similar container which is moistened on the inside surface and then
placed upside down at the base of a grapevine (Figure 4). The container is pegged to the ground to
create an airtight seal and encourage a build up of humidity within.
As phylloxera crawlers move from roots to canopy, some will emerge within the inverted container
and move up the inside walls. Condensation on the inside surface of the container catches the
phylloxera crawlers.
When traps are retrieved after 3 to 4 weeks the accumulated condensation can be collected in
ethanol or methylated spirits and inspected for phylloxera using a microscope. Suspected phylloxera
should be verified by an expert.
Prevention
Spread of phylloxera to new locations is generally a result of unintentional movement of the insect by
people. Phylloxera can be transferred on grape and grapevine material, through equipment that has
been used in infested vineyards and by people on their clothing or footwear moving from infested to
non-infested vineyards.
Signage discouraging entry into phylloxera-free vineyards should be observed at all times.
Planting material should always be purchased from certified nurseries in phylloxera-free areas, and
should be hot-water treated in accordance with state regulations.
10. Acknowlegdement
I would like to thank my food
and beverage operations
module tutor, Mr.koustav dutta
the opportunity to take up this
assignment and helping me
complete it to the bestof my
ability.
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
To make the presentation I have taken source from the
following websites & note :
www.google.co.in
www.wikipedia.org
Note