Philosophers who influenced the development of liberalism
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SamThomas Hobbes believed that humans seek peace but will defend themselves by any means necessary, forming social contracts and governments to escape a "state of nature". John Locke believed that humans are reasonable and tolerant by nature, and have a right to revolution against oppressive governments. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that individuals must join together in societies to live freely and comfortably, and that the whole of society is greater than any individual within it.
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Philosophers a ssignment
Thomas Hobbes believed that humans seek peace but will defend themselves by any means necessary, forming social contracts and strong central authorities like the "Leviathan" to maintain order. John Locke believed that humans are selfish but reason allows them to resolve conflicts and form nations, with revolution as a last resort. Jean-Jacques Rousseau saw society as greater than individuals and believed humans join together into societies to live comfortably while preserving their freedoms.
Philosophers
- Thomas Hobbes believed that humans were inherently selfish and driven by fear, so a strong authoritarian government was needed to maintain order and security.
- John Locke believed humans were reasonable and intelligent, with a natural right to life, liberty, and property. He advocated for limited government that protects citizens and their rights.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that humans were born equal but become selfish due to competition for status and wealth. He argued people should participate in government directly through voting to determine laws that benefit society over individuals.
Liberalism Philosophers
The document discusses three influential political philosophers:
- Thomas Hobbes believed humans were selfish and needed an authoritarian ruler to maintain order. He saw the need for individuals to give up rights for protection and security.
- John Locke believed individuals were capable of reason and disagreed with the Church's authority. He advocated for a social contract where people received security and protection of property from the government, which should be accountable to the people.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau opposed Locke's views of human nature and private property. He argued society and government should secure freedom, equality and justice for all regardless of the majority will.
Philospher research
Thomas Hobbes believed that human nature is driven by self-interest and the desire to avoid pain. He thought that without strong central authority, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" due to conflicts between self-interested humans. Hobbes advocated for absolute government control to maintain order and prevent chaos in society.
The passion to be reckoned upon is fear
This document provides an overview and analysis of Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory as presented in his work Leviathan. It discusses Hobbes' view of the state of nature as one of war and competition where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." To escape this state, individuals relinquish rights and authority to an absolute sovereign who establishes order and security through laws and punishments. The document argues that Hobbes' social contract is based primarily on fear - the fear of harm, death, and disorder in the state of nature forces individuals to consent to civil society for protection and peace. Overall, the social contract allows the sovereign to use punishments and laws to enforce order through instilling fear rather than
Presentation1
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher born in London. He studied at Magdalen Hall, Oxford and traveled through Europe as a tutor. Some of his major works included Leviathan, The Elements of Law, and De Cive. Hobbes believed that in a state of nature without government, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." He argued people consent to a social contract and strong sovereign rule to escape this state of nature. Hobbes made important contributions to social contract theory and political philosophy.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. He studied at Oxford University and traveled throughout Europe, experiencing different forms of government. Hobbes believed humans were inherently selfish and without rules or authority would live in a "war of all against all." He argued the best form of government was an absolute monarchy that imposed order through a strong central authority figure like a king. His most famous work was Leviathan, published during the English Civil War, where he made the case that people could not be trusted to govern themselves and needed an absolute ruler to maintain peace and security.
Locke and rousseau
This document compares the philosophies of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. John Locke believed in natural rights and a social contract between government and people, where government's role was to protect rights. If government infringed on rights, people could revolt. Rousseau felt society corrupted people and government must save everyone through laws benefiting the majority. Both supported limited government getting power from the people, but early Americans favored Locke's ideas over Rousseau's potential for tyranny of the majority.
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Philosophers a ssignment
Thomas Hobbes believed that humans seek peace but will defend themselves by any means necessary, forming social contracts and strong central authorities like the "Leviathan" to maintain order. John Locke believed that humans are selfish but reason allows them to resolve conflicts and form nations, with revolution as a last resort. Jean-Jacques Rousseau saw society as greater than individuals and believed humans join together into societies to live comfortably while preserving their freedoms.
Philosophers
- Thomas Hobbes believed that humans were inherently selfish and driven by fear, so a strong authoritarian government was needed to maintain order and security.
- John Locke believed humans were reasonable and intelligent, with a natural right to life, liberty, and property. He advocated for limited government that protects citizens and their rights.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that humans were born equal but become selfish due to competition for status and wealth. He argued people should participate in government directly through voting to determine laws that benefit society over individuals.
Liberalism Philosophers
The document discusses three influential political philosophers:
- Thomas Hobbes believed humans were selfish and needed an authoritarian ruler to maintain order. He saw the need for individuals to give up rights for protection and security.
- John Locke believed individuals were capable of reason and disagreed with the Church's authority. He advocated for a social contract where people received security and protection of property from the government, which should be accountable to the people.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau opposed Locke's views of human nature and private property. He argued society and government should secure freedom, equality and justice for all regardless of the majority will.
Philospher research
Thomas Hobbes believed that human nature is driven by self-interest and the desire to avoid pain. He thought that without strong central authority, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" due to conflicts between self-interested humans. Hobbes advocated for absolute government control to maintain order and prevent chaos in society.
The passion to be reckoned upon is fear
This document provides an overview and analysis of Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory as presented in his work Leviathan. It discusses Hobbes' view of the state of nature as one of war and competition where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." To escape this state, individuals relinquish rights and authority to an absolute sovereign who establishes order and security through laws and punishments. The document argues that Hobbes' social contract is based primarily on fear - the fear of harm, death, and disorder in the state of nature forces individuals to consent to civil society for protection and peace. Overall, the social contract allows the sovereign to use punishments and laws to enforce order through instilling fear rather than
Presentation1
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher born in London. He studied at Magdalen Hall, Oxford and traveled through Europe as a tutor. Some of his major works included Leviathan, The Elements of Law, and De Cive. Hobbes believed that in a state of nature without government, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." He argued people consent to a social contract and strong sovereign rule to escape this state of nature. Hobbes made important contributions to social contract theory and political philosophy.
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. He studied at Oxford University and traveled throughout Europe, experiencing different forms of government. Hobbes believed humans were inherently selfish and without rules or authority would live in a "war of all against all." He argued the best form of government was an absolute monarchy that imposed order through a strong central authority figure like a king. His most famous work was Leviathan, published during the English Civil War, where he made the case that people could not be trusted to govern themselves and needed an absolute ruler to maintain peace and security.
Locke and rousseau
This document compares the philosophies of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. John Locke believed in natural rights and a social contract between government and people, where government's role was to protect rights. If government infringed on rights, people could revolt. Rousseau felt society corrupted people and government must save everyone through laws benefiting the majority. Both supported limited government getting power from the people, but early Americans favored Locke's ideas over Rousseau's potential for tyranny of the majority.
THOMAS HOBBES’ MECHANISTIC VIEW OF THE HUMAN SOCIETY
This document provides biographical details about Thomas Hobbes and summarizes his philosophical views. It discusses how Hobbes was influenced by Galileo's mechanical view of motion and the English Civil War. Hobbes believed that all human actions and the development of society could be explained through bodies in motion, with one event causing another in a mechanical process. The document then examines Hobbes' analysis of motion in physical and human bodies. It explores his views on cognitive powers, passions, and the state of nature. Hobbes argued that in the state of nature life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short" and that the creation of an absolute sovereign was necessary to establish peace and security.
Rousseau's Theory of Social Contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Swiss philosopher born in 1712 who published two influential works in 1762, The Social Contract and Emile. In these works, he outlined his theory of social contract which argued that people form societies and consent to be governed through an implicit agreement, surrendering some freedoms for the stability and protections provided by the state. This social contract creates a sovereign, the general will of the people, and binds citizens to work for the common good of society over individual interests. Though criticized, Rousseau's ideas greatly influenced political thought and the French and American revolutions.
Thomas hobbes 1588 1679
This document provides biographical information about Thomas Hobbes, an English philosopher born in 1588. It discusses his major works such as Leviathan and De Cive, which dealt with moral philosophy and the law of nature. The document also lists many of Hobbes' publications during his lifetime, including books, collected works, and articles. It appears to be drawing information from several bibliographic sources to provide a comprehensive overview of Hobbes' life and work.
Hobbes, Locke, And Rousseau
The document summarizes the philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau regarding the state of nature and social contracts. For Hobbes, the state of nature is a state of war where life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. He argues people form social contracts and sovereign governments to escape this state. For Locke, the state of nature is characterized by perfect freedom and equality under natural law, though it can descend into a state of war. Rousseau posits the state of nature has freedom and force, and the social contract forms a general will where people agree to be compelled for their own freedom.
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4. Montesquieu - Division of government power into three branches(Separation of Powers)
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Philosophers for Social 30-2
Thomas Hobbes believed that humans are inherently selfish and egoistic, and that a peaceful society requires an absolute ruler with total control to enforce laws and prevent chaos. However, he also argued that subjects retain certain natural liberties or rights, such as the right to defend their own lives, that cannot be transferred away.
John Locke disagreed with Hobbes' view of absolute rule and believed that humans form societies through social contracts for impartial justice and protection of private property rights. Locke emphasized that governments are appointed by and responsible to the people, who hold the ultimate authority. He argued that the most important individual right is the right to own private property, as it stems from one's own labor.
John Stuart Mill warned
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From Thomas Hobbes we have the first political philosophy in the English language. Called "Father of Atheists," he was the first person to "scientifically" argue for human equality!
Liberalism
The document summarizes the beliefs of three philosophers - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - regarding human nature, society, and government. Hobbes believed humans are selfish and life without government would be a state of war, so a strong sovereign is needed. Locke believed humans are born equal and have rights to life, liberty, and property, and the government's role is to protect those rights. Rousseau believed humans are born good but corrupted by society, and the general will of the people should guide government.
Philosophers
Thomas Hobbes believed that in a state of nature, life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short due to people's natural inclination towards violence and self-interest. To escape this, individuals must surrender their freedom to an absolute sovereign who maintains order and security through rule of law.
John Locke believed that individuals are born free and equal, and have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people form civil societies and establish limited governments.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that while humans are naturally good, the development of private property and unequal social structures have corrupted human nature and increased inequality. He advocated for direct democracy with elected representatives to balance the
Philosophers who influenced liberalism
Thomas Hobbes believed that humans were inherently selfish and without a strong central authority, society would descend into chaos. He argued people should give up their individual sovereignty to a powerful ruler who could provide security. John Locke deeply opposed authoritarianism and believed individuals had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He thought the purpose of government was to preserve individual rights and property. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed humans were born good but corrupted by society. He advocated for prioritizing the general will of citizens over individual interests and promoting equality and liberty for all.
Comparision of idealogy john locke & thomas hobbes
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both social contract theorists who believed a ruler was necessary, but disagreed on the type of rule. Hobbes believed absolute rule by a king was needed due to humans' natural brutishness. Locke believed people were born blank slates and could govern themselves to some degree, having rights to overthrow governments that failed to protect their rights. While both acknowledged God, religion played a small role in their philosophies. Hobbes saw humans as fearful animals needing a master, while Locke saw them as capable of reason. They differed in their views of human nature and the role of government.
Social Contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rul.docx
Social Contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people should treat one another that rational beings will agree to accept for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others agree to follow these rules as well.
Hobbes
runs the logic like this in the form of a logical syllogism:
1) We are all self-interested,
2) Each of us needs to have a peaceful and cooperative social order to pursue our interests,
3) We need moral rules in order to establish and maintain a cooperative social order,
Therefore, self-interest motivates us to establish moral rules.
Thomas Hobbes
looked to the past to observe a primitive “State of Nature” in which there is no such thing as morality, and that this self-interested human nature was "nasty, brutish, and short" -- a kind of perpetual state of warfare
John Locke
disagreed, and set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right—and sometimes the duty—to withdraw their support and even to rebel.
Listen to Locke's audio on the lecture tab and read his lecturette to be able to answer this thread.
Locke addressed Hobbes's claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to "some men" not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action to themselves punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature.
Which philosophy do you espouse?
In coming to grips with the two and considering your experience of society as it is today, think out loud about what you experiences as the State of Nature, and tell us what you would be willing to give up in exchange for civil order and personal security?
You might consider what you have already given up in exchange for security as well as what might be required in coming days.
.
7th lecture
The document discusses social contract theory as proposed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes viewed the state of nature as one of constant war where life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." He believed people formed societies and ceded power to sovereign authorities to escape this state of nature. Locke saw the state of nature in a more positive light but argued societies were formed to impartially judge disputes. Rousseau believed people were inherently good but formed societies to fulfill their moral duties and achieve true humanity.
Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan Essay
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Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Essay
A state of nature is a hypothetical state of being within a society that defines such a way that particular community behaves within itself. English philosopher Thomas Hobbes proclaimed that, A state of nature is a state of war. By this, Hobbes means that every human being, given the absence of government or a contract between other members of a society, would act in a war like state in which each man would be motivated by desires derived solely with the intention of maximizing his own utility.
He claims that acts of kindness, charity and benevolence are always actions that the performer believes will result in a beneficial consequence for himself. Hobbes basis for this argument lies in the concept of...show more content...The most highly organized social network is called a commonwealth, a web of contracts between members of a community, which according to Hobbes is synonymous to the formation of an entirely new person of which each individual is but a working part (Leviathan 2, 17). Hence the title of Hobbes most famous work, Leviathan, which is a sea monster that lives off of the sea of individuals. And who is to rule this commonwealth?
Hobbes answers that there needs to be a sovereign, to judge and enforce the laws of the contracts (Leviathan 2, 18). This sovereign, who is either chosen by the creators of the covenant (institution) or who forces people under his rule (acquisition) has the final rule in enforcing the laws.
Essentially what Hobbes is saying by all of this is that human beings are not fit to govern themselves. The notion of the social contract serves the purpose of saving us from ourselves because, according to Hobbes, h
RESPOND to each post150 words EACHPOST ONEAs a result of havin.docx
RESPOND to each post150 words EACH
POST ONE
As a result of having a different perspective than Thomas Hobbes and the state of nature, John Locke also views the need for enacting a social contract differently. Locke did not see humans as warring in a state of nature as Hobbes had. Instead, Locke's state of nature could be explained as a perfect place where people had the freedom to choose their own paths in life so long as it did not infringe upon others.
Locke viewed people as being kind toward one another as a result of the Law of Nature, which was a result of virtues from God. Under the Law of Nature, people were equal and would be treated as such because of their morals stemming from their belief in God. By the same token, Locke acknowledged that having liberty in the state of nature was not synonymous with a "license" to do what we pleased, as, "no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions…"(Locke, section 6). Only when a man has done something wrong can another man have power over him in the state of nature and this power cannot be used excessively, and only using calm reason and conscience (Locke, section 8)
Locke also understood the need for private property for men. Private property was the combining of a person using his (her) own labor along with the natural resources in nature to produce something. When a person used their abilities to produce something, they should have the right to that final product. However, a person could not claim more than what should be considered their own "fair share." In other words, owning excessive private property would now breach the Law of Nature. Because of the desire for private property and the want to maintain it, men would give up the freedom of the state of nature, relying upon a government for protection.
To me, Locke's state of nature is more in line with my own thinking. People are not naturally evil and warring, but instead more virtuous, whether stemming from beliefs in God, their own upbringing, or just naturally moral. As a result, the only need for people to enter into a social contract is to settle disputes and not for self preservation as Hobbes suggested.
Although I accept (interpret?) the notions of a state of nature from both Locke and Hobbes as theoretical, Locke's description seems closer to what I understand as reality. His description of the importance of property is not only unique from Hobbes', but also makes sense. People "like their things" and do not want them taken away. This seems very natural in society today. Locke's views were instrumental not only in our "re-establishment" of the state of nature when the American colonists declared their independence, but was also instrumental in the writing of the Bill of Rights.
POST TWO
Locke view of the state of nature is that mankind is "a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (iep.utm.edu)." In other words people ar.
· Minimum of 1 scholarly sourceIntroductionSocial contract the.docx
· Minimum of 1 scholarly source
Introduction
Social contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people should treat one another that rational beings will agree to accept for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others agree to follow these rules as well.
Hobbes runs the logic like this in the form of a logical syllogism:
1. We are all self-interested.
2. Each of us needs to have a peaceful and cooperative social order to pursue our interests.
3. We need moral rules in order to establish and maintain a cooperative social order.
4. Therefore, self-interest motivates us to establish moral rules.
Hobbes looked to the past to observe a primitive “State of Nature” in which there is no such thing as morality, and that this self-interested human nature was "nasty, brutish, and short" – a kind of perpetual state of warfare.
Locke disagreed, and set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right – and sometimes the duty – to withdraw their support and even to rebel. Locke addressed Hobbes's claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to "some men" not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action themselves to punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature.
Initial Post Instructions
For the initial post, address the following:
· Which philosophy do you espouse?
· How much authority should be granted to governments (e.g., the right to kill (death penalty/capital punishment/use of deadly force)? How much would you give up in return for safety?
· If you side with Hobbes, do you support at any point recourse if the government violates its own contract (if so, you probably have a bit of Locke in your thinking)?
.
thomas hobbes
This document provides an overview of Thomas Hobbes' political philosophy as outlined in his work Leviathan. It discusses Hobbes' social contract theory and the emergence of the sovereign authority. Hobbes argues humans surrender their freedoms and form a commonwealth, with the sovereign given absolute power to maintain peace and order. The document also summarizes Hobbes' views on human nature, the different forms of government, and criticisms of his philosophy.
150 word response for EACH post POST ONEThe general will is .docx
1) Rousseau discusses the concept of the "general will" which refers to the collective wants and interests of all members of a society decided upon together. This allows citizens to forego some individual freedoms to a government in exchange for rights and protection under that sovereign power.
2) Rousseau argues that for the general will to truly represent everyone, it must apply to and be decided upon by all citizens equally. However, he acknowledges the general will may differ from the "will of all" which is just an aggregation of individual interests rather than the common good.
3) Rousseau suggests the general will is best suited for smaller, less diverse states as very large nations may become unmanageable with
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who lived from 1588 to 1679. He studied at Oxford University and developed theories about political philosophy and human nature. Hobbes believed that in a state of nature without government, humans would be in a constant state of war due to seeking power over others. To escape this, humans form societies through social contracts that establish sovereign authority like a monarch to maintain order and peace. Hobbes argued this absolute authority was the best form of government to restrain people's natural inclinations towards harming each other. His most influential work was Leviathan, published in 1651.
The Political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who argued that people were naturally self-interested and could not be trusted to govern themselves. In his most famous work, Leviathan, he proposed that the absolute monarchy was the best form of government because it concentrated all power in the hands of a sovereign, like a king, who could enforce order and security. Hobbes believed that without a powerful central authority, humanity would revert to a "state of nature" characterized by insecurity, conflict, and a "war of all against all."
Week 1, Lecture B Do We Need A GovernmentOften we use words .docx
Week 1, Lecture B: "Do We Need A Government?"
Often we use words like freedom and liberty without ever thinking about what these words mean. We assume that we all mean the same thing by these words; however, in reality, we all live by different personal definitions of freedom and liberty. Our definitions are not based on a dictionary but are informed by our unique personal life experiences. Consider the diversity even in this course. How might someone understand words like liberty and freedom from a background, culture, age, gender, or even race that is different from yours? Each of us has a unique story that has brought us to this point – and each of our stories is intrinsically valuable and important.
If we think about this level of diversity – how and why do such different individuals come together to exist together in a society?
The State of Nature, or Life Without Government
Simply, freedom and liberty are not the same thing. Let’s consider what we mean by freedom. For our purposes, freedom is doing whatever you want to do, whenever you want to do it.
If everyone had absolute freedom and could do whatever they wanted whenever they wanted what would our world look like? What would our relationships with each other look like?
These are the questions that political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke asked. These are also question that our founders asked as they pondered the creation of a new nation. They called this condition of absolute freedom the State of Nature – a state in which people lived in absolute freedom with no social structures or government.
For Hobbes, life in this state of nature looked very terrible. Hobbes described the state of nature as:
“In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short…”
Additionally, Hobbes suggested:
“For before constitution of sovereign power, as hath already been shown, all men had right to all things, which necessarily causeth war.”
For Hobbes, freedom was each individual having the right to all things. If you have new car, in the state of nature, I have right to take your new car – even by force and violence.
Hobbes is saying that in the state of nature, or trying to live life without government, no form of cooperation between individuals is possible and thus there will be no grocery stores, no computers, no smartphones, no art, and each individual will suffer a very quick and violent death.
The founders of our nation shared Hobbes’ fairly pessimistic outlook regarding human nature. James Madison famously wrote i.
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Philosophers for Social 30-2
Thomas Hobbes believed that humans are inherently selfish and egoistic, and that a peaceful society requires an absolute ruler with total control to enforce laws and prevent chaos. However, he also argued that subjects retain certain natural liberties or rights, such as the right to defend their own lives, that cannot be transferred away.
John Locke disagreed with Hobbes' view of absolute rule and believed that humans form societies through social contracts for impartial justice and protection of private property rights. Locke emphasized that governments are appointed by and responsible to the people, who hold the ultimate authority. He argued that the most important individual right is the right to own private property, as it stems from one's own labor.
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From Thomas Hobbes we have the first political philosophy in the English language. Called "Father of Atheists," he was the first person to "scientifically" argue for human equality!
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THOMAS HOBBES’ MECHANISTIC VIEW OF THE HUMAN SOCIETY
Similar to Philosophers who influenced the development of liberalism
Liberalism
The document summarizes the beliefs of three philosophers - Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau - regarding human nature, society, and government. Hobbes believed humans are selfish and life without government would be a state of war, so a strong sovereign is needed. Locke believed humans are born equal and have rights to life, liberty, and property, and the government's role is to protect those rights. Rousseau believed humans are born good but corrupted by society, and the general will of the people should guide government.
Philosophers
Thomas Hobbes believed that in a state of nature, life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short due to people's natural inclination towards violence and self-interest. To escape this, individuals must surrender their freedom to an absolute sovereign who maintains order and security through rule of law.
John Locke believed that individuals are born free and equal, and have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people form civil societies and establish limited governments.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that while humans are naturally good, the development of private property and unequal social structures have corrupted human nature and increased inequality. He advocated for direct democracy with elected representatives to balance the
Philosophers who influenced liberalism
Thomas Hobbes believed that humans were inherently selfish and without a strong central authority, society would descend into chaos. He argued people should give up their individual sovereignty to a powerful ruler who could provide security. John Locke deeply opposed authoritarianism and believed individuals had natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He thought the purpose of government was to preserve individual rights and property. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed humans were born good but corrupted by society. He advocated for prioritizing the general will of citizens over individual interests and promoting equality and liberty for all.
Comparision of idealogy john locke & thomas hobbes
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both social contract theorists who believed a ruler was necessary, but disagreed on the type of rule. Hobbes believed absolute rule by a king was needed due to humans' natural brutishness. Locke believed people were born blank slates and could govern themselves to some degree, having rights to overthrow governments that failed to protect their rights. While both acknowledged God, religion played a small role in their philosophies. Hobbes saw humans as fearful animals needing a master, while Locke saw them as capable of reason. They differed in their views of human nature and the role of government.
Social Contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rul.docx
Social Contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people should treat one another that rational beings will agree to accept for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others agree to follow these rules as well.
Hobbes
runs the logic like this in the form of a logical syllogism:
1) We are all self-interested,
2) Each of us needs to have a peaceful and cooperative social order to pursue our interests,
3) We need moral rules in order to establish and maintain a cooperative social order,
Therefore, self-interest motivates us to establish moral rules.
Thomas Hobbes
looked to the past to observe a primitive “State of Nature” in which there is no such thing as morality, and that this self-interested human nature was "nasty, brutish, and short" -- a kind of perpetual state of warfare
John Locke
disagreed, and set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right—and sometimes the duty—to withdraw their support and even to rebel.
Listen to Locke's audio on the lecture tab and read his lecturette to be able to answer this thread.
Locke addressed Hobbes's claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to "some men" not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action to themselves punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature.
Which philosophy do you espouse?
In coming to grips with the two and considering your experience of society as it is today, think out loud about what you experiences as the State of Nature, and tell us what you would be willing to give up in exchange for civil order and personal security?
You might consider what you have already given up in exchange for security as well as what might be required in coming days.
.
7th lecture
The document discusses social contract theory as proposed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes viewed the state of nature as one of constant war where life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." He believed people formed societies and ceded power to sovereign authorities to escape this state of nature. Locke saw the state of nature in a more positive light but argued societies were formed to impartially judge disputes. Rousseau believed people were inherently good but formed societies to fulfill their moral duties and achieve true humanity.
Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan Essay
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Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Essay
A state of nature is a hypothetical state of being within a society that defines such a way that particular community behaves within itself. English philosopher Thomas Hobbes proclaimed that, A state of nature is a state of war. By this, Hobbes means that every human being, given the absence of government or a contract between other members of a society, would act in a war like state in which each man would be motivated by desires derived solely with the intention of maximizing his own utility.
He claims that acts of kindness, charity and benevolence are always actions that the performer believes will result in a beneficial consequence for himself. Hobbes basis for this argument lies in the concept of...show more content...The most highly organized social network is called a commonwealth, a web of contracts between members of a community, which according to Hobbes is synonymous to the formation of an entirely new person of which each individual is but a working part (Leviathan 2, 17). Hence the title of Hobbes most famous work, Leviathan, which is a sea monster that lives off of the sea of individuals. And who is to rule this commonwealth?
Hobbes answers that there needs to be a sovereign, to judge and enforce the laws of the contracts (Leviathan 2, 18). This sovereign, who is either chosen by the creators of the covenant (institution) or who forces people under his rule (acquisition) has the final rule in enforcing the laws.
Essentially what Hobbes is saying by all of this is that human beings are not fit to govern themselves. The notion of the social contract serves the purpose of saving us from ourselves because, according to Hobbes, h
RESPOND to each post150 words EACHPOST ONEAs a result of havin.docx
RESPOND to each post150 words EACH
POST ONE
As a result of having a different perspective than Thomas Hobbes and the state of nature, John Locke also views the need for enacting a social contract differently. Locke did not see humans as warring in a state of nature as Hobbes had. Instead, Locke's state of nature could be explained as a perfect place where people had the freedom to choose their own paths in life so long as it did not infringe upon others.
Locke viewed people as being kind toward one another as a result of the Law of Nature, which was a result of virtues from God. Under the Law of Nature, people were equal and would be treated as such because of their morals stemming from their belief in God. By the same token, Locke acknowledged that having liberty in the state of nature was not synonymous with a "license" to do what we pleased, as, "no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions…"(Locke, section 6). Only when a man has done something wrong can another man have power over him in the state of nature and this power cannot be used excessively, and only using calm reason and conscience (Locke, section 8)
Locke also understood the need for private property for men. Private property was the combining of a person using his (her) own labor along with the natural resources in nature to produce something. When a person used their abilities to produce something, they should have the right to that final product. However, a person could not claim more than what should be considered their own "fair share." In other words, owning excessive private property would now breach the Law of Nature. Because of the desire for private property and the want to maintain it, men would give up the freedom of the state of nature, relying upon a government for protection.
To me, Locke's state of nature is more in line with my own thinking. People are not naturally evil and warring, but instead more virtuous, whether stemming from beliefs in God, their own upbringing, or just naturally moral. As a result, the only need for people to enter into a social contract is to settle disputes and not for self preservation as Hobbes suggested.
Although I accept (interpret?) the notions of a state of nature from both Locke and Hobbes as theoretical, Locke's description seems closer to what I understand as reality. His description of the importance of property is not only unique from Hobbes', but also makes sense. People "like their things" and do not want them taken away. This seems very natural in society today. Locke's views were instrumental not only in our "re-establishment" of the state of nature when the American colonists declared their independence, but was also instrumental in the writing of the Bill of Rights.
POST TWO
Locke view of the state of nature is that mankind is "a state of perfect and complete liberty to conduct one's life as one best sees fit, free from the interference of others (iep.utm.edu)." In other words people ar.
· Minimum of 1 scholarly sourceIntroductionSocial contract the.docx
· Minimum of 1 scholarly source
Introduction
Social contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rules governing how people should treat one another that rational beings will agree to accept for their mutual benefit, on the condition that others agree to follow these rules as well.
Hobbes runs the logic like this in the form of a logical syllogism:
1. We are all self-interested.
2. Each of us needs to have a peaceful and cooperative social order to pursue our interests.
3. We need moral rules in order to establish and maintain a cooperative social order.
4. Therefore, self-interest motivates us to establish moral rules.
Hobbes looked to the past to observe a primitive “State of Nature” in which there is no such thing as morality, and that this self-interested human nature was "nasty, brutish, and short" – a kind of perpetual state of warfare.
Locke disagreed, and set forth the view that the state exists to preserve the natural rights of its citizens. When governments fail in that task, citizens have the right – and sometimes the duty – to withdraw their support and even to rebel. Locke addressed Hobbes's claim that the state of nature was the state of war, though he attribute this claim to "some men" not to Hobbes. He refuted it by pointing to existing and real historical examples of people in a state of nature. For this purpose he regarded any people who are not subject to a common judge to resolve disputes, people who may legitimately take action themselves to punish wrong doers, as in a state of nature.
Initial Post Instructions
For the initial post, address the following:
· Which philosophy do you espouse?
· How much authority should be granted to governments (e.g., the right to kill (death penalty/capital punishment/use of deadly force)? How much would you give up in return for safety?
· If you side with Hobbes, do you support at any point recourse if the government violates its own contract (if so, you probably have a bit of Locke in your thinking)?
.
thomas hobbes
This document provides an overview of Thomas Hobbes' political philosophy as outlined in his work Leviathan. It discusses Hobbes' social contract theory and the emergence of the sovereign authority. Hobbes argues humans surrender their freedoms and form a commonwealth, with the sovereign given absolute power to maintain peace and order. The document also summarizes Hobbes' views on human nature, the different forms of government, and criticisms of his philosophy.
150 word response for EACH post POST ONEThe general will is .docx
1) Rousseau discusses the concept of the "general will" which refers to the collective wants and interests of all members of a society decided upon together. This allows citizens to forego some individual freedoms to a government in exchange for rights and protection under that sovereign power.
2) Rousseau argues that for the general will to truly represent everyone, it must apply to and be decided upon by all citizens equally. However, he acknowledges the general will may differ from the "will of all" which is just an aggregation of individual interests rather than the common good.
3) Rousseau suggests the general will is best suited for smaller, less diverse states as very large nations may become unmanageable with
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who lived from 1588 to 1679. He studied at Oxford University and developed theories about political philosophy and human nature. Hobbes believed that in a state of nature without government, humans would be in a constant state of war due to seeking power over others. To escape this, humans form societies through social contracts that establish sovereign authority like a monarch to maintain order and peace. Hobbes argued this absolute authority was the best form of government to restrain people's natural inclinations towards harming each other. His most influential work was Leviathan, published in 1651.
The Political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who argued that people were naturally self-interested and could not be trusted to govern themselves. In his most famous work, Leviathan, he proposed that the absolute monarchy was the best form of government because it concentrated all power in the hands of a sovereign, like a king, who could enforce order and security. Hobbes believed that without a powerful central authority, humanity would revert to a "state of nature" characterized by insecurity, conflict, and a "war of all against all."
Week 1, Lecture B Do We Need A GovernmentOften we use words .docx
Week 1, Lecture B: "Do We Need A Government?"
Often we use words like freedom and liberty without ever thinking about what these words mean. We assume that we all mean the same thing by these words; however, in reality, we all live by different personal definitions of freedom and liberty. Our definitions are not based on a dictionary but are informed by our unique personal life experiences. Consider the diversity even in this course. How might someone understand words like liberty and freedom from a background, culture, age, gender, or even race that is different from yours? Each of us has a unique story that has brought us to this point – and each of our stories is intrinsically valuable and important.
If we think about this level of diversity – how and why do such different individuals come together to exist together in a society?
The State of Nature, or Life Without Government
Simply, freedom and liberty are not the same thing. Let’s consider what we mean by freedom. For our purposes, freedom is doing whatever you want to do, whenever you want to do it.
If everyone had absolute freedom and could do whatever they wanted whenever they wanted what would our world look like? What would our relationships with each other look like?
These are the questions that political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke asked. These are also question that our founders asked as they pondered the creation of a new nation. They called this condition of absolute freedom the State of Nature – a state in which people lived in absolute freedom with no social structures or government.
For Hobbes, life in this state of nature looked very terrible. Hobbes described the state of nature as:
“In such condition there is no place for industry, because the fruit thereof is uncertain: and consequently no culture of the earth; no navigation, nor use of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving and removing such things as require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short…”
Additionally, Hobbes suggested:
“For before constitution of sovereign power, as hath already been shown, all men had right to all things, which necessarily causeth war.”
For Hobbes, freedom was each individual having the right to all things. If you have new car, in the state of nature, I have right to take your new car – even by force and violence.
Hobbes is saying that in the state of nature, or trying to live life without government, no form of cooperation between individuals is possible and thus there will be no grocery stores, no computers, no smartphones, no art, and each individual will suffer a very quick and violent death.
The founders of our nation shared Hobbes’ fairly pessimistic outlook regarding human nature. James Madison famously wrote i.
Philosophers
Thomas Hobbes believed that security was more important than freedom and that people are selfish by nature. He argued society should be structured with an absolute monarch who provides security in exchange for citizens giving up their freedom. John Locke viewed humans as rational and believed people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He advocated for a democratic government that protects these rights and is accountable to the people. Jean-Jacques Rousseau saw humans as inherently good but corrupted by society. He envisioned a communist government with laws set fairly by the people to allow them to live freely and comfortably.
Why government 1
This document provides an overview of a lesson plan from iCivics on the ideas of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke regarding government. It introduces key concepts from each philosopher, such as Hobbes viewing humans as selfish and life without government resulting in a "war of all against all," while Locke believed humans have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. The lesson plan includes readings on Hobbes and Locke, activities for students to compare their ideas, and guidance for teachers to lead discussions on the social contract theory and whether the philosophers would agree or disagree.
Hobbes, Locke, And Rousseau
The document discusses the philosophies of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau regarding human nature and the formation of government. Hobbes viewed the state of nature as one of constant conflict where life was "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." He believed strong central government was needed to enforce order. Locke believed the state of nature granted natural rights but that government was formed through social contract to protect life, liberty, and property. Rousseau argued people are born free but become chained by society and government; legitimate rule requires consent of the governed under the general will.
6Politics and Social ContractsPolitics and Social ContractsF.docx
6
Politics and Social Contracts
Politics and Social Contracts
Flora Gorham
Phil 1001
Walden University
Politics and Social Contracts 1
Abstract
We read and study about American History, The Declaration of Independents, The Constitution of The United States of America, but have you ever been curious where the writers of these documents discovered the ideas and principles that set the standards for such documents. The truth is many philosophers are responsible for the basic frame work of the most celebrated, studied, and referenced documents our government has ever produced. I am going to discuss three of the philosophers in the following paper. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau, their beliefs in social contracts and human nature have served as framework for many areas in our American History.
Politics and Social Contracts.
Understanding morality, human nature, and social contracts will help you understand the framework for many of today’s political decisions as they have built upon each other throughout history. First let’s look at our roles as citizens according to Hobbes, Loucke and Rousseau.
Hobbes believed that humans were unconstrained by laws or social agreements were living in a state of nature, selfish, destructive, and unprincipled. Without social contracts human lives would be nasty and very unpleasant. Loucke was a bit more optimistic regarding human nature, that humans being rational creatures were governed by natural laws and entitled to certain inalienable rights, known as life, liberty, health and property. That humans will come together to ensure their natural rights. Rousseau was more focused on human compassion, all humans are naturally compassionate. Look at these beliefs, and then think about society today, do you know someone that truly represents each one of these beliefs regarding human nature? Possibly even look back though your own life and the stages of growth you have experienced, I know at various times in my life I could have very fittingly been described by each of these descriptions of human nature.
Social contracts are believed to be essential, in order for humans to thrive and prosper by all of the philosophers, yet each of them had a slightly different view of how the social contracts affected society. Hobbes believed that social contracts were necessary to allow humans to coexist successfully in society. That humans would recognize the need and enter into the social contract willfully in order to enhance our own lives. Social contracts were necessary in order to establish justice and laws. Loucke believed that humans would find it to our advantage to come together, form a political state to maintain and ensure our natural rights. Throughout the years our natural rights are more commonly referred to as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Rousseau focused on human compassion to include empathy and sympathy for fellow members of our society. Our human co.
Philosophers
The document discusses several philosophers and their ideas about government and political theory during the Enlightenment period. It describes Thomas Hobbes's view of the social contract and belief in absolute monarchy. John Locke believed in natural rights and the idea that the people can overthrow a government that does not protect those rights. Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote that government should express the will of the people. Baron de Montesquieu promoted separating government into branches with shared powers. These Enlightenment ideas influenced the American colonists in their rebellion against Britain.
Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes was an English political scientist who lived from 1588 to 1679 CE. He believed that without a formal authority, humanity would be in a constant state of war and conflict due to our natural inclination towards gaining power. Hobbes argued that people come together and agree to submit to an absolute authority, such as a dictator, in order to ensure protection and order within society. He believed this absolute authority was necessary to defend people from external threats and internal disputes.
Similar to Philosophers who influenced the development of liberalism (20)
Comparision of idealogy john locke & thomas hobbes
Comparision of idealogy john locke & thomas hobbes
Social Contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rul.docx
Social Contract theorists say that morality consists of a set of rul.docx
RESPOND to each post150 words EACHPOST ONEAs a result of havin.docx
RESPOND to each post150 words EACHPOST ONEAs a result of havin.docx
· Minimum of 1 scholarly sourceIntroductionSocial contract the.docx
· Minimum of 1 scholarly sourceIntroductionSocial contract the.docx
150 word response for EACH post POST ONEThe general will is .docx
150 word response for EACH post POST ONEThe general will is .docx
Week 1, Lecture B Do We Need A GovernmentOften we use words .docx
Week 1, Lecture B Do We Need A GovernmentOften we use words .docx
6Politics and Social ContractsPolitics and Social ContractsF.docx
6Politics and Social ContractsPolitics and Social ContractsF.docx
Philosophers who influenced the development of liberalism
- 1. Thomas Hobbes:<br />Thomas Hobbes believes that we are all people who follow 2 rules, that we seek peace and follow it. And the second law is by any means necessary we must defend ourselves from the rest of the population. He believed that human desires and actions arise and are experienced as discomforts and pains which motivate us to act in a way that can relieve the discomfort. Hobbes believed that because we were unable to rely on ourselves as individuals that we formed a Leviathan, which is essentially a group of people arising to be one “Being”. This Leviathan still needs somebody to speak for the entire group however, and even though some people may not like the current leader they are still governed by their belief that they need a single authority.<br />Hobbe’s beliefs for the future are that we will join together into separate nations to make life easier and to have a more easy peaceful life style, however if this peace is not acquired that they will wage war on each other to reach it.<br />John Locke:<br />John Locke believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance, and that human nature allows man to be selfish. He believed that because of this man came together as a whole to resolve conflict, however he also beliefs that revolution against the central power is not only a right, but in many cases an obligation for the betterment of man. According to John Locke’s ideal we would all come together as one massive nation, comprising of all living people spread across the earth. <br />Jean-Jacques Rousseau: <br />Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that the society was greater than the individual, and through the individuals involvement in society one could succeed, unlike Hobbes and Locke he did not believe that human’s are naturally selfish people. He believed that each man was born free, however because he had this freedom he was prone to be in frequent competition with his fellow men while becoming increasingly dependent on him. By abandoning their natural rights and joining together as a society they believe that individual’s can preserve themselves and remain free. According to Rousseau man has to join together to live as comfortable as possible, and in the future society will reflect this, joining together into societies to live together.<br />