1. The project involves the design and fabrication of a laser operated robot for pipe inspection. It will have a three finger mechanism and use LDR sensors to detect cracks in pipes using laser light reflection. 2. The robot will be controlled using a microcontroller and transmit video footage and sensor data to a laptop or mobile device for monitoring. It aims to inspect pipes in a fast, cost effective and safer manner compared to manual inspection. 3. Expected outcomes include a functional prototype robot that can accurately inspect pipes for defects and conditions while remaining compliant with inspection regulations to reduce environmental impacts during operations.

1. Project phase - 1 Presentation-2023
DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore-560078
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Approved by AICTE &ISO 9001: 2008 Certified)
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ Grade
Department of Mechanical Engineering
(Accredited by NBA)
Title: DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF LASER OPERATED ROBOT FOR PIPE INSPECTION
Guide Name Vijayakumar N Patil
Designation Asst Prof
Student Name 1. Anand Honappa
Halli
2. Hemantharaju.R 3. Hineeth Kumar
S.P
4. Sanju Sadananad
Meti
USN 1DS21ME403 1DS21ME417 1DS21ME418 1DS21ME469
Batch
Number
- 30

2. Contents :
• ABSTRACT
• INTRODUCTION
• LITERATURE REVIEW
• OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
• METHODOLOGY
• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• WORKING PRINCIPLE
• CONCEPT DRAWING
• DESIGN UPDATE OF THE ROBOT
• FLEXIBLE MECHANISM
• DESIGN CALCULATIONS
• PROJECT PROCESS
• EXPECTED OUTCOMES OF THE PROJECT
• REFERENCES

3. Abstract:
A pipe inspection robot is device that is inserted into pipes to check for obstruction or damage. These robots are
traditionally manufactured offshore, are extremely expensive, and are often not adequately supported in the event
or malfunction. This had resulted in associated environmental services limited. A New Zealand utilize of this
equipment, facing significant periods of down time as they wait for their robots to be the repaired. Recently, they
were informing that several robots were no longer supported. This project was conceived to redesign the
electronics control systems one of these PIR, utilizing the existing mechanical platform. Requirements for the robot
were that it must operate reliably in confined, dark and wet environments and provides a human wears with a
digital video feed of the internal status of the pipes. There robot should as much as possible incorporate off the
shaft components, cheap, and potentially onsite repair. This project details the redesign and constructions of such
robots. It employees there electronic boards integrated with mechanical components and provides video or wave
signal feedback via custom graphical interface although at the prototypes state the electronics has been successful
with cost of less than a length of the original robot purchase prize.

4. Introduction:
Pipeline is the major tool of transportation. Many kinds of pipes are being utilized to construct important
lifelines such as water and gas supply in our contemporary society. Also pipes are widely used in chemical
industries and in gulf countries for carrying petrol, diesel, oil etc. But recently many troubles are occurring in
the pipelines because of natural calamities and mechanical damages from third parties and defects are
occurring in the pipelines. If the defects in the pipe are caused by aging, corrosion, rust and nature calamity
then it is difficult to find out the defects and the place of the defects, and also there is great amount of loss.
Thus scheduled inspection must be done. If we decide to do this inspection manually then large amount of
time, effort and labour is necessary to grub up the pipes that are buried in the ground. If the robot can inspect
inside the pipes, fast and accurate examination is able to do at low cost. Pipeline is the major tool for fluid
transformation. Various kinds of pipes are being used to construct important lifelines such as water and gas
supply in our contemporary society. Robotics is one of the fastest growing engineering field nowadays. To
reduce the defective level in the pipe and mechanical damages which are possible. Recently, many researchers
have been studying robotic systems capable of moving freely inside the pipes. The three finger mechanism will
be attached to the robot system to move inside the pipe and balancing the body weight and work with the
help of LDR system to detect the defects inside the pipe. The Laser Pipe Inspection Robot represents a
significant leap forward in non-destructive testing methods, offering a versatile and adaptable solution for a
wide range of applications. Its primary objective is to enhance the efficiency and reliability of pipeline
inspections, ultimately contributing to the longevity and performance of infrastructure systems.

5. Literature Review:
● M.R.NAEEM (2011) wok likely focuses on the design and development of a pipe inspection robot. A
literature survey in this area could involve exploring Naeem’s publications and related research papers
discussing various aspects of pipe inspection robots. Look for details on the robot’s design, functionalities, the
technology used for inspection, maneuverability within pipes, data collection methods, and any advancements
proposed in the field of pipeline inspection. This survey will provide insights into the evolution of pipe
inspection robotics and the innovations contributing to more effective maintenance of pipeline infrastructure.
● Bi Bi Kadejatul Kubra (2020) In a prototype made by their objective is to clear the blocking part by the
means of milling operation. Their proposed model is a wall press type robot. Compared to this model our model
does not clear the obstruction rather it sends the footage of pipe channel inside to the user about the blockage by
the means of continuous data transmission by the camera module. Their model cannot detect cracks and breaks
where as our robot will send the whole footage thus enabling the user to identify any obstruction, cracks or
corrosion. Hence, the user would be able to do something above it.
● Peng Li, Mengjun Fang (2018) in this paper they have used screw drive helical wheels operated robot and
they used it for multiple use like horizontal pipe, elbow pipes and cross pipes ,they have done lot of calculations
with varying different angles ,but they have used n number of linkages and only two side of the wheel system , it
is difficult to balance the self weight of the robot while working for that reason we are divided the angle by three
and arranged the wheels at 120degree each which can balance them self.

6. ● Mrs. M. Shobha ,B, Srinivas Rao(2023) In this prototype, to tackle the challenges they have proposed a screw
driver type wall press adaptable robot. It has rotor, stator, and control unit. This model does not have any camera
installed, their main goal is only to fit the robot inside the pipes and it only works for ranges 127mm to 152mm.
● Atul A. Gargade1 (2006) presented different angle fore leg system to control the robot with various angles of
moments, in this mechanism movement is copied from both the inchworm and the wall press type in nature. In-
pipe inspection robot are able to move freely inside the straight pipe, T joints, elbow of different diameters by
using electronic parts we can develop IOT version in future.
● Varshil . H Patel , Prof.Neel M. Joshi (2023) In this paper two wheeled type in pipe mini robots are proposed.
And very important design goal of these robotics is adaptability, here their robot is that friction between the pipe
and cables for communication system but we are using dc motor to each wheel and the speed control can be
possible and robot moves smoothly in the pipe.
● Ankit Nayak, S. K. Pradhan (2014) Here they used single actuator in screw drive mechanism with one DOF
and this robot is ranging from diameter 127mm to 152 it can possibly move in vertical, horizontal and inclined pipe
and they used model of IPIR based on screw drive mechanism. To operate a single robot for both vertical and
horizontal may be lot of difference is there so we are specially focusing on horizontal pipes.

7. Objectives of the Project:
:
The construction of the robot will depends upon the number of links and the LDR system is the
main source to detect the crack of the pipe, the robot wheels are operated by the help of four bar
mechanism .
Therefore, the objectives of our project are:
1. To make an adaptive robotic design having three finger mechanism Cylindrical structure so as to
move smoothly through the pipe.
2. Add gripper or claw and LDR system to which it can contract and expand according to necessity
and can detect the crack detection on the pipe using concept of reflection.
3. To interface it with the controller unit, sensor unit and display unit and camera is mounted over
it with the laser light . Also laptop and mobile is interfaced for visual display.
4. This reduces the time and the cost of replacing the cracked pipes

8. BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER
SUPPLY
ATMEGA
16
MANUAL RESET
DC MOTOR
MOTOR DRIVE
DC MOTOR
ESP32CAM
RF MODEM
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
CO2 SENSOR
LDR
MOTOR
DRIVE
DC MOTOR
DC MOTOR

9. METHODOLOGY
The robot will perform the following steps for performing the task:
1 .The robot firstly goes down the pipe with by adjusting its three finger mechanism according to the
dimensions. It is controlled by the operator using keypad of laptop
2 .The video camera mounted on it gives the insight view of the position and LDR Is also placed.
3 .The robot then grasps the target by contracting or expanding its gripper according to the requirement and then
after grasping it continues moving and then starts detecting the crack on the pipe.
4 .Sensing is also done by the robot which is monitored on terminal display.
5 .The robot holds the target tightly and brings it out of the pipe safely. IR sensors are used to detect if there is any
harmful smell the affects the flow.
6 . And if there is any crack detected on the pipe then it sends the information to the user.

10. Working Principle:
Figure - Block diagram of working principle

11. Working Principle:
• Deployment: The pipe inspection robot is deployed at the entry point of the pipeline.
• Navigation: The robot moves through the pipeline using wheels , guided by sensors to detect
cracks and navigate efficiently.
• Camera Activation: Once in position, the robot activates its cameras, equipped with lights, to
capture images and videos of the pipe's interior.
• Image Processing: Captured visuals are processed onboard or transmitted to a control center,
where image processing algorithms identify and analyze anomalies such as crack.
• Laser sensing: when laser light reflect back to the LDR sensor senses the light & gives the output.

12. Concept design

13. Design Update of the robot:
Fig A. 3D Structure Of Robot Fig B. Front View
Fig C. Side View Fig D. Top View

14. Cad Simulation of robot

16. Flexible mechanism:
Fig a. The Horizontal View Of The Flexible Mechanism Of
The Robot
Fig b. The Top View Of The Flexible Mechanism Of
The Robot
Here in this there are three sets of flexible wheel mechanisms are integrated in the robot, and all their structures are
completely same.
• Each of these flexible wheel mechanisms consists of three units: the driving mechanism, the linkage clutch mechanism and
the wheel units, shown as in Fig. a and Fig. b, respectively.
• In order to be more compact and more flexible, a screw rod is applied to replace the traditional spring axe, which was used
in Young (2010) and Young (2012), and an improved 4-bar structure is designed for the linkage clutch mechanism,
compared with the design in Fa (2015).
• Every wheel unit is composed of two sets of wheels and every wheel set consists two wheels.
• Each wheel set is driven by a DC motor, which is equipped with a worm gear box, as shown in Fig. 5.

17. • The force relationship between the force on the wheels and the pressure on the sliders is shown as in Fig. c.
• Through this relationship and the pressures measured by the pressure sensors, the pressures and the friction
forces between the wheels and the pipeline inner surface can be calculated.
• The friction forces are caused by the pressures, and suitable friction forces ensure the robot moving smoothly.
• Therefore, these pressures and friction forces are critical to the dynamics of the robot.
Fig c. The force analysis of the
linkage clutch mechanism
The length of the bar PE is l . The length of ME and the slider bar SE can be
considered to be the same, which is represented as l ‘. The torque on point P
relative to point E, which is Tp , and the torque on point M relative to Point
E, which is TM, are equal, described in equation (1)
Tp = Tf …………………………………………………..(1)
The torque on point P relative to point E can be calculated as:
Tp = FP ·cos θ l +Ff · sin θ l
= Fp ·l ·(cos θ +µ · sin θ) …………. (2)
where Fp is the pressure on the P point, Ff is the friction between the wheels
and the pipeline inner surface and µ is the friction coefficient. The torque on
point S relating to point E is:
Tf = F1·l’ …………………………………….(3)

18. Therefore, F1 can figure out. Then through dividing F1, the force on the slider bar F2 is:
F2 = F1 · cos(α − 90◦ ) ……………………………… (4)
Because α = 180◦ − 2θ, F2 can be represented as:
F2 = F1 · cos(180◦ − 2θ − 90◦ ) = F1 · sin(2θ) ……… (5)
pressure on the slider Fs, which is collected by the pressure sensor, can be got by dividing F2:
Fs = F2 · cos θ………………………………………….. (6)
1.Design calculations of screw rod:
According to these below specification we can use to calculate the required parameters:
mass acting on the linear slider mechanism(M) , Stroke length(L), Maximum transverse speed(N), Guideway
type, co-efficient of friction, Drive motor type . Etc
Below relations and conditions are used to calculate all the parameters:
• Selection of accuracy grade from data handbook
• Selection of lead From the maximum rotational speed of AC motor: l ≥ Vmax / Nmax (mm)
• Selection of screw shaft diameter from data handbook
• Decision of screw length Screw length Lo is: Lo = Stroke + nut length + margin + shaft end length (mm)
• Normally, the overall screw shaft length Lo less than or equal to 70 times of screw shaft diameter d is
recommended. Therefore, screw shaft diameter d is: d ≥ Ls /70 (mm)

19. • Allowable axial load: Calculation of allowable axial load Accelerating/decelerating time is: α = V/ 60 t
Where t is time in sec/cycle
F1 = mg – mα (N)
F2 = mg (N)
F3 = mg + mα (N)
2.Motor calculations :
• FORCE CALCULATIONS F= M* g (Newton)
Where M = mass of the robot in kg
g= acceleration due to gravity
• Load torque T=F*R (n/mm)
Where T = torque in n/mm
F = force in N
R = wheel radius in mm
• Power calculations P=2𝜋NT / 60 (kw)
Where N = speed

20. PROJECT PROGRESS:
The project was already planned to be carried out in multiple stages. In the initial stage, we do
research about the topic and did the literature survey along with that we came up with a problem
statement. After the literature survey, we understand some basic concepts regarding robot
mechanism which including three finger mechanism and LDR system attached to it with in front of
the camera ,,,,,,, .
The motion of the flexible mechanisms are controlled by the MCU based on the pressure data
between the wheels and the pipeline inner surface, which are related to the pressures between the
connector slider and the U-shape slider. In normal straight pipeline without diameter
transformation, the pressures are within the threshold ranges. For some special pipelines, such as
oil pipelines, the friction between the wheels and the pipeline inner surface, which is decided by
the pressure between them, must be big enough to guarantee However, when the inner diameter of
the pipeline changes, the pressures on the wheels will change, and the pressures between the
sliders will transform accordingly. The flexible mechanisms will contract when the pressures
exceed the threshold ranges when the pipeline inner diameter changes into smaller, for example,
there is an obstacle or a corner. On the contrary, the flexible mechanisms will extend when the
pressures reduce lower than the threshold ranges.

21. Expected Outcomes
1. Functional Robot: A working pipe inspection robot for diverse pipes.
2. Accurate Data: Precise data on pipe conditions through sensors.
3. Efficiency & Safety: Safer, faster, and cost-effective inspections.
4. Compliance: Compliance with inspection regulations.
5. Environmental Impact: Reduced environmental footprint during operations

22. BUDGET DETAILS
SL .NO Particulars Cost
1 Arduino Rs 650
2 IR sensors Rs 208
3 LDR Rs 180
4 Temperature sensor Rs 300
5 RF modem Rs 1800
6 DC motors (6)
stepper motor
200 × 6 = Rs 1200
Rs 969
7 H Bridge (3) 400 ×3 = Rs 1200
8 Power supply battery and
power adapter
Rs 1500
9 Mechanical fabrication Rs 6000
10 Total Rs 14,007

23. • Christian, M., Simon, P., Leif, H., Kasper, L. and Zhenyu, Y. (2016). Subsea Infrastructure Inspection: A Review Study. proc. of
IEEE 6th International Conference on Underwater System Technology: Theory and Applications, 71-76.
• Iszmir, I., Adzly A., Khairul S., Mohd B., Muhammad J. and Juniza S. (2012). Development of In-pipe Inspection Robot: a Review.
Conference on Sustainable Utilization and Development in Engineering and Technology, 310- 315.
• Young, Kwon and Byung, Y. (2012). Design and Motion Planning of a Two-Module Collaborative Indoor Pipeline Inspection
Robot. IEEE Transactions On Robotics, volume 28, 681-696.
• Jong, K., Gokarna S., and S. I. (2010). FAMPER: A fully autonomous mobile robot for pipeline exploration. IEEE International
Conference on Industrial Technology , 517-523
• Aaqib Husain ,Sheik Fazil Amin , Mir Saquib Hussain (2018 ) 'Pipe inspection robot', International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology, 05(07), pp. 280-281 [Online]. Available at: www.irjet.net › archives › IRJET-V5I749 (Accessed: 2-
05- 2020).
• Pooja G.M, Kavyashree MS, Niharika SN, Chandrashekhara G N (2018) 'Inpipe Inspection Robot', International Journal of
Engineering Research & Technology, 6(Special Issue -13), pp. 2-5 [Online]. Available at: https://www.ijert.org/research/inpipe-
inspection-robot-IJERTCONV6IS13101.pdf (Accessed: 2-05-2020).
• Ankit Nayak, Ankit Nayak (2014) 'Design of a New In-Pipe Inspection Robot', 12th GLOBAL CONGRESS ON MANUFACTURING
AND MANAGEMENT, GCMM 2014, (Procedia Engineering 97 ( 2014 ) ), pp. [Online]. Available at: www.sciencedirect.com
(Accessed: 02-05-2020).K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,” unpublished.
• Data hand book (https://www.technico.com/pdf/blog/15%20Ball%20Screw.pdf).
References: