Computers are widely used in pharmacy applications including hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, research, education, and retail settings. They are used for tasks like maintaining patient records, processing prescriptions, managing inventory, conducting research, and providing drug information. Computers help improve efficiency, reduce errors, and enhance patient care through functions such as electronic prescribing, automated dispensing, and sharing of clinical data between healthcare providers. As technology continues to advance, computer usage in pharmacy is expected to grow and bring greater benefits.

1. Applicationsof ComputersinPharmacy
Computerare nowa days usedinpharmaceutical inindustries,hospitalsandinvariousdepartmentsfor
drug information,education,evaluation,analysis,medicationhistoryandformaintenance of financial
records.Theyhave become indispensableinthe developmentof clinical pharmacy,hospitalpharmacy
and pharmaceutical research.Computersare alsouseful forpatientprofile monitoring,medication,
database managementandmaterial management.Itisuseful inprovidingondruginteractions,drug
informationservicesandpatient counseling.
APPLICATIONSOFCOMPUTERIN HOSPITALPHARMACY:
• Asmore hospital pharmaciesmove inthe directionof computeraccess,the professionmustidentify
more clinical applicationsforcomputerprogramming.The use of computershasdemonstratedthe
potential todecrease adverseevents,preserve financial andmedical resources,andimprove patient
management.
• The diffusionof computertechnologyinhospital pharmacydepartmentswasstudiedbysurveying
pharmacydirectorsina randomlyselectedsampleof 501 hospitalsinthe UnitedStateswithatleast100
beds.Pharmacydirectorswere askedtoindicate forwhichof 17 tasksa computeror memorytypewriter
was usedinthe pharmacydepartment.The time of firstadoptingcomputersinthe department was
comparedwiththe predictedSadoptioncurve;adoptiontime wasalsocorrelatedwithcharacteristicsof
the hospital,pharmacy,andpharmacydirector.Of the 417 respondents,308reporteduse of a memory
typewriterorcomputerinthe pharmacy
[pic]
• The computerisbecomingthe keyfactorof hospital pharmacypractice.Enhancementof computer
technologyisessential toassistthe hospital pharmacistinkeepingall relevantdatainorderto provide
optimal oversightof drugtherapy.Asmore databecome available ondrugs,the factorwhichplace the
patientat riskfordevelopingreactionstodrug,pharmacistmustplace lessreliance oncommittingall
facts to memoryandrecognize thatthe computerisa necessarysolutiontooptimizingpatientcare.
• Handwritinginterpretationerrorsare estimatedtocause 9% of all medicationerrors.Although
electronicprescribing(e-Rx)isfinallywell underwayinthe UnitedStates,ithasforseveral yearsbeen
the norm inmany Europeancountries.Asrecommended bythe federal governmentandothernational
healthcare improvementorganizations,the use of electronicprescribingapplicationsinpediatric
practice shouldbe encouraged.The Institute of Medicine hasrecommendedthatall prescriptionsbe
writtenelectronicallybythe year2010. It is estimatedthat20% of U.S. physiciansinpractice currently
prescribe electronically.Currently,there are atleast18 stand-alone e-prescribingvendors,and29
electronicmedical recordvendorsthatfeature e-prescribingintheirsoftware,oftenasanoptional add-
on package withincreasedcost.
• Computerapplicationsare one approachto reducingmedicationerrors.
• Computer-assistedprescriptionwritingrepresentsanew tool inthe practice of emergencymedicine.
• Computertechnologyisbecomingmore universallyacceptedinhospitalpharmacy,andresearchon

2. the diffusionof innovationssuggeststhatacceptance willcontinuetoincrease
APPLICATIONSOFCOMPUTERIN PHARMACEUTICALINDUSTRIES:
• By effective utilizationof computertechnologypharmaceutical industriesincrease productionby
eliminatingnon-value-addingsteps,reduce costsandimprove the qualityof drugs.
• Computernotonlymaintainingthe recordof raw material buthelpful inplanningthe future
productionof drugs.
• Reduce costserrorsand duplicationsof documents,the computersystemcansave data entryfor
batch orderprocessing,paperworkiscompletelyeliminatedinpharmaceutical industries.
• Automatedcomputer-to-computertransmissionof dataeliminatedhumanerrors.
• ComputerCompliance isone of the pharmaceutical industriespremiercompliance service companies.
• ComputerCompliance'smissionistohelpyouachieve higherlevelsof success.
• Ourgoal isto maximize yourbenefits andminimize the costsof complyingwithcurrentGood
ManufacturingPractices(cGMP).
• Representingall sizesof computerandinformation-relatedbusinesses, ourtechnologylawyers handle
variousareasof lawrelatingtothe developmentanduse of computerhardware andsoftware aswell as
online business.Ourinternetlegalservicesrange fromdomainname protection,privacyissuesandon-
line publishingmatters.Forourinformationtechnologyclients,we offerservicesforprotectinge-
businessfromthe developmenttodistribution.
• Pharmaceutical industrieshavingspecificsoftware systemwhichare helpful forthe workgoingonin
the qualitycontrol lab,qualityassurance andinproductiondepartment.
APPLICATIONSOFCOMPUTERIN COMMUNITY PHARMACY:
Pharmaciststodayremainlegallyresponsible forthe safe andaccurate dispensingof medication,but
alsohave the additional challenge,asintegral membersof the healthcare team, to educate,monitor,
and care forpatients.
So enhancingthe pharmacist’sabilitybycomputertechnology.
• Todaycomputertechnologyoffersthe abilityforon-linetransmissionof perceptions,solvingthe
problemof misinterpretedhand-writtenorverbal orders.
• Electronictransmissionof patient- specificclinical datasuchas bloodglucose levels,bloodpressure or
cholesterol countwouldprovide pharmaciststhe necessarytoolsfordirectpatientcare,butat the same
time,allowhealthcare professionaltoconvenientlyshare thisinformationenhancedpatientcare.
• Todayprescriptionsare orderedthroughcommunitypharmaciesbutfilledinhighlyautomatedcentral
locations.Prescriptionsare thendeliveredtothe communitypharmacyforpick-up.Thissystemof drug
deliveredoffersthe speed.Accuracyandefficiencyof automationwithdirectinteractionbetween
pharmacistsandpatient.
APPLICATION OFCOMPUTER IN RETAIL PHARMACY:

3. • A computerize pharmacyservice isdeal forretail pharmacyadministrative andfinancialbenefitsof
computertechnologyhave beenrealizethroughcostreportsandbudgetreduction,andstreamlined
internal pharmacyoperationalthoughmostsoftware packagesare designforretail pharmacywhichare
successfullyimplementforthe needof long–termcare pharmacyservice
• Inretail pharmacistswill be able tointeractelectronicallywithphysicianofficesandaccessclinical
information
• Today'sretail pharmaciesface toughchallenges-surgingdemand,elusiveprofitmargins,increased
competitionfromthe newsources,andall withfewerpharmacists.
• NRx'seasy-to-usegraphical userinterface makesprocessingnew prescriptionsandfillingrefillsquick
and easy.The HIPAA-compliantsystemmakesprocessingclaims,reporting,managinginventoryand
maintainingandupdatingdataeasy.
• Today'sretail pharmaciesface toughchallenges-surgingdemand,elusiveprofitmargins,increased
competitionfromthe newsources,andall withfewerpharmacists.That'swhywe createdthe NRx
PharmacyManagementSystem.QS/1offersarange of integratedservicesandsystemsthatcanenhance
workflowandpatientsafetyinyourpharmacywhile providingthe comprehensivemanagementtools
necessaryforbetterprofitability.
• The advantage of mechanical tabletcounterinretail pharmacy,andthe developmentof methodof
stock control involvingmechanical code readinginretailinghave promptedthe machine whichcombine
boththese functionwithsupportfromacomputer.The wide range of activityof the machine can
provide assistance tothe pharmacist.
Applicationof computeracademic:
• There isan increasingconcernaboutthe future of pharmacyeducationandthe effectonthe
professiondue tothe sweepingchangesinall spheresof humanactivitybecause of globalization.Due to
the technological innovationstakingplace,changesshouldbe planttoenhance the qualityof pharmacy
education.andthe introductionof changesinthe educational policiesof the pharmacyinstitutionsthat
provide knowledgeandlearningtonewpharmacygraduates.
• The fundamental aims of anideal pharmacyeducationprogramshouldbe basedonprofessional
intellectual, socialandpersonal perspectives.the above saidgoalscanbe fulfilledbymodern
infrastructural facilitieslikegoodlaboritescomputerizedanddigital library,goodlab equipmentand
instrument.
• Informationlikecomputerizednetworks,bioelectronics,biotechnology,computergraphics,diagnostic
imaging,computerizeddrugdevelopmentandtrendsinthe developmentof new drugsanddrug
deliverysystemsare knownbypharmacistsinanera of advancinghealth-care technology.
Applicationof computerinRESEARCH:
• Usingcomputerhelpstoalleviate time-consumingandmonotonoustaskof cutting,testingand
retrieval of fieldnotesand/orinterviewtranscripts.

4. • Computersare a useful aidtothose whohave to-work-totightdeadline.
• Programscan cop withbothmultiple codesandover-lappingcodeswhichwouldbe verydifficultfor
the researchertocop withwithoutthe aidof a computer.
• Some software canconduct multiple searchesinwhichmore thanone code issearchedmuchmore
quicklyandefficientlythanbythe researcher.
• Programscan combine codesincomplex searches.
• Programscan pickout instancesof pre-definedcategorieswhichhave beenmissedbythe researcher
duringthe initial analysis
APPLICATION OFCOMPUTER IN HEALTH PROFESSIONS:
• IntroductiontoInformationTechnology - Hardware,Software,andTelecommunications:The first
three chaptersof the firsteditiononcomputerliteracy,computer hardware andsoftware,and
networkingandtelecommunicationshave beencondensed,keepingonlyinformationessential tothose
interestedincomputersandhealthcare.
• SecurityandPrivacyinan ElectronicAge - Dealswiththe problemsof securityandprivacyof
informationinelectronicformandonnetworks.Bothgeneral issuesof securityandprivacyinan
electronicage andproblemsspecifictohealthcare are discussed.New issuesof securityandprivacyare
raisedbynewlaws.The readeris introducedtothe HealthInformationPortabilityandAccountability
Act of 1996 (HIPAA) thatprovidesthe firstnational minimumstandardsforthe privacyof medical
information.The bookalsodealswiththe effectsof the USA PatriotAct onmedical privacy.
• AnIntroductiontoMedical Informaticsandthe Administrative Applicationsof Computers - The use of
technologytoorganize informationinhealthcare.The readerisintroducedtothe traditional
classificationsof clinical usesof computers(usedindirectpatientcare);administrative usesof
computersusedinoffice administration,financial planning,billing,andscheduling;andthe special
purpose usesof computersineducationandpharmacy.The chapterhas an expandedsectiononthe
administrativeusesof computersdiscussingthe computerizationof tasksinthe medical office,the
electronicmedical record,andbucketbilling.
• Telemedicine - dealswithtelemedicine anditsrapidexpansion.Telecommunicationsandconnectivity
have made possible telemedicine,fromthe simple sharingof patientrecordsorX-raysovernetworks,to
distance exams,toremote operationof medical instruments,toteleconferencing.
• InformationTechnologyinRadiology - digital imagingtechniques.Digitalimages(CTscans,MRIs,PET
scans) are more precise thanthe traditional X-ray.

5.  FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS:
1. History of Data Processing
2. Types of Computers
3. Components of a Computer
4. Computer System and Business Computer System
5. Backing Storage Devices
6. Unit of Memory
7. Viruses and Anti-viruses Issues
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES:
 SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN:
1. What is a System?
2. Steps in system life cycle
3. Data Gathering and Data Analysis
4. Designing a New System
5. Development and Implementation of New System
6.
 DATA PROCESSING:
1. Data Processing
2. The Data Processing Cycle
3. The Collection and Computing of data
4. Manual collection of data
5. The main methods of data input
6. Devices used to collect data
7. Data Verification
8. Data Validation
9. Output and Recording of data
10. Types of data processing systems
11. Types of Computer Operation
12. Batch Processing and Real-time Processing
 APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY:
1. Patterns of Computer use in Hospital Pharmacy
2. Patient record database management
3. Medication order entry
4. Drug labels and list
5. Intravenous solution and admixture
6. Patient Medication profiles
7. Inventory control
8. Management report & Statistics

6.  APPLICATION OF COMPUTER IN COMMUNITY PHARMACY:
1. Computerizing the Prescription Dispensing process,
2. Use of Computers for Pharmaceutical Care in community pharmacy,
3. Accounting and General ledger system.
 APPLICATION OF DRUG INFORMATION RETRIEVAL & STORAGE:
1. Introduction
2. Advantages of Computerized Literature
3. Retrieval use of Computerized Retrieval