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pharmacology adnan2.pptx
- 1. pharmacology Adnan kahil |Rana chaarani | toxicity
- 2. Agenda Step 1 • category Step2 • Indication and contraindication Step 3 • Side effets Step 4 • Dose
- 3. Classification of nephrotoxicitydrugs • Pain medications • Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) • Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers • Antihistamines • Antimicrobials • Statins • Proton Pump Inhibitors • Cardiovascular Medications
- 4. • Antiretrovirals • ChemotherapyMedications • Drugs of Abuse • Contrast-Induced Nephropathy • Herbal Products • Immunosuppressants
- 5. Pain medications Indication • Likeother OTC pain relievers, acetaminophen temporarily relieves minor aches and pains due to headache, backache, the common cold, minor pain of arthritis, toothache, premenstrual and menstrual cramps, and muscular aches, and temporarily reduces fever. contraindications • caloric undernutrition. • acute liver failure. • liver problems. • a condition where the body is unable to maintain adequate blood flow called shock. • acetaminophen overdose. • acute inflammation of the liver due to hepatitis C virus. Side effects • nausea, stomach pain, headache, hoarseness, loss of appetite, itching, rash, dark urine, clay- colored stools and swelling of the face, throat, tongue or limbs. Dose • For Children chewables 1 tablet • Children’s 5ml • Infants 3.75 ml TYLENOL® (acetaminophen)
- 6. Aspirin ® Indication •Aspirin is indicated for temporary relief of headache, pain and fever of colds, minor pain of arthritis, muscle pain, menstrual pain, and toothache contraindications • patients with allergic to ibuprofen and NSAIDs • patients with asthma/ rhinitis / nasal polyps Side effects • Abdominal or stomach pain, cramping, or burning. • black, tarry stools. • bloody or cloudy urine. • change in consciousness. • chest pain or discomfort. • convulsions, severe or continuing. • decreased frequency or amount of urine. • difficult breathing. Dose • Normal dose 300 to 650 mg orally every 4 to 6 hours as needed
- 7. Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatorydrugs (NSAIDs) • Advil ® (ibuprofen) Indication • Advil is used to reduce fever and treat pain or inflammation caused by many conditions such as headache, toothache, back pain, arthritis, menstrual cramps, or minor injury contraindications • in patients with salicylate hypersensitivity or NSAID hypersensitivity who have experienced asthma, urticaria, or other allergic reactions Side effects • Nausea. • Heartburn. • Dizziness. • Swelling in the arms or legs. • High blood pressure. • Kidney damage. • Stomach ulcers or bleeding Dose • 2-3 years 5ml • 4-5 years 7.5ml • 6-8 years 10 ml • 9-11 15 ml
- 8. Aleve ®(naproxen sodium) Indication •indicated for temporary relief of minor aches and pains and reduction of fever. contraindications • You should not use naproxen if you are allergic to it, or if you have ever had an asthma attack or severe allergic reaction after taking aspirin or an NSAID. Side effects • Upset stomach, nausea, heartburn, headache, drowsiness, or dizziness may occur Dose • Take one tablet, caplet, gelcap or liquid gel every 8 to 12 hours while symptoms last. • Do not take for more than 10 consecutive days for pain or 3 days for fever unless directed by a doctor
- 9. Antidepressants and MoodStabilizers Prozac ®(antidepressants) Indication • Acute and maintenance treatment of Major Depressive Disorder and Acute and maintenance treatment of obsessions and compulsions in patients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) contraindications • Patients should always check with their doctors before taking any medication with Prozac. Serious drug interactions include: NSAIDS, aspirin and warfarin: Drugs that interfere with hemostasis may increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding when taken with Prozac. Side effects • Feeling sick (nausea) • Headaches • Being unable to sleep • Diarrhoea • Feeling tired or weak Dose • 10mg • 20mg • 40m
- 10. doxepin® Indication • Oral doxepinis approved for the following indications: Treatment of depression and/or anxiety. Treatment of depression and/or anxiety associated with different conditions, including alcoholism, organic disease and manic- depressive disorders. Treatment of psychotic depressive disorders with associated anxiety. contraindications • overactive thyroid gland • manic-depression • suicidal thoughts • alcohol use disorder • closed angle glaucoma • heart attack within the last 30 days • torsade's de pointes, a type of abnormal heart rhythm • prolonged QT interval on EKG • abnormal heart rhythm • abnormal EKG with QT changes from birth Side effects • nausea. • vomiting. • weakness or tiredness. • dizziness. • increase in pupil size. • dry mouth. • mouth sores. Dose • The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
- 11. Antihistamines • Cetirizine ®(second-generationantihistamine) Indication • is indicated for treating seasonal allergies in adults and children two years and older. Cetirizine is also safe to use in the geriatric population. contraindications • Cetirizine is contraindicated in those patients with a known hypersensitivity to it or any of its ingredients or hydroxyzine. Side effects • headaches. • dry mouth. • feeling sick (nausea) • feeling dizzy. • diarrhoea. • sore throat. • sneezing or blocked and runny nose Dose • 5 to 10 mg orally once a day
- 12. Antimicrobials Penicillin®(Beta lactams) Indication • indicatedin the treatment of moderately severe infections in both adults and pediatric patients due to penicillin- G-susceptible microorganisms that are susceptible to the low and persistent serum levels common to this particular dosage form in the indications listed below. contraindications • include a previous history of severe allergic reactions or penicillin and its derivatives. is also contraindicated in patients who have had Stevens- Johnson syndrome after administering penicillin or a penicillin derivative. Side effects • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, abdominal pain, and urticarial. muscle spasms, fever, chills, muscle pain, headache, tachycardia, flushing, tachypnea, and hypotension. Dose • The usual dose is 33.3 to 87.5 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) (15.1 to 39.8 mg per pound) of body weight, injected into a vein or muscle every four to six hours
- 13. ZOVIRAX® (acyclovir) Indication • areindicated for the treatment of herpes simplex virus infections of the skin and mucous membranes including initial and recurrent genital herpes contraindications • is contraindicated for patients who develop hypersensitivity or who are hypersensitive to acyclovir, valacyclovir or any other components of the formulations of ZOVIRAX® Side effects • Numbness or tingling of the hands or feet. • Leg pain. • Sore throat. • Skin rash. • Dizziness or weakness. Dose • 800 mg every 4 hours orally, 5 times daily for 7 to 10 days.
- 14. Statins Indication • is aprescription medicine used to lower levels of "bad" cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein or LDL) and to increase levels of “good” cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein or HDL) and to lower triglycerin as well as to reduce the risk of stroke and heart attacks. contraindications • include those with active liver disease, including those who have elevated hepatic enzymes, pregnancy, and women who may become pregnant or who are breastfeeding. Side effects • muscle weakness in your hips, shoulders, neck, and back; trouble lifting your arms, trouble climbing or standing; or. liver problems--loss of appetite, stomach pain (upper right side), tiredness, itching, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Dose • The usual dosage range is 5 to 40 mg/day Zocor®(simvastatin)
- 15. Lipitor ® (Atorvastatin) Indication •LIPITOR is indicated: As an adjunct to diet to reduce elevated total-C, LDL-C, apo B, and TG levels and to increase HDL-C in adult patients with primary hypercholesterolemia (heterozygous familial and nonfamilial) and mixed dyslipidemia (Fredrickson Types IIa and IIb) contraindications • in patients who consume substantial quantities of alcohol and/or have a history of liver disease. Active liver disease or unexplained persistent transaminase elevations Side effects • Feeling sick (nausea) or indigestion. Stick to simple meals and do not eat rich or spicy food. • Headaches. Make sure you rest and drink plenty of fluids. Nosebleed • Sore throat. • Cold-like symptoms, such as a runny nose, blocked nose or sneezing • Constipation or farting (flatulence) • Diarrhoea. Dose • 10 mg to 80 mg once daily
- 16. Proton Pump Inhibitors •Pantoprazole® Indication • Pantoprazole for injection is indicated for short-term treatment (7-10 days) of patients having gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) with a history of erosive esophagitis, as an alternative to oral medication in patients who are unable to continue taking pantoprazole delayed-release tablets contraindications • Pantoprazole is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the drug itself, components of the formulation, and/or other Benz imidazole PPIs, including omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, esomeprazole, or dexlansoprazole. Side effects • headache • nausea. • vomiting. • gas. • joint pain. • diarrhea. • dizziness. Dose • The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so.
- 17. Cardiovascular Medications • Zestril®(ACE inhibiters) Indication • Zestril is indicated for the treatment of hypertension in adult patients and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure lowers the risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions contraindications • ZESTRIL is contraindicatedin patients who are hypersensitive to this product and in patients with a history of angioedema related to previous treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and in patients with hereditary or idiopathic Angioedema Side effects • a light-headed feeling, like you • might pass out; fever, sore throat • high potassium- nausea, weakness, tingly feeling, chest pain Dose • tablet • 2.5mg 5mg • 10mg 20mg • 30mg • 40mg • oral solution 1mg/mL (Qbrelis)
- 18. DiovanⓇ(valsartan) Indication • is indicatedfor the treatment of hypertension, to lower blood pressure in adults and pediatric patients six years of age and older. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions contraindications • low amount of sodium in the blood. • high levels of potassium in the blood. • low levels of a type of white blood cell called neutrophils. • renal artery stenosis. low blood pressure Side effects • high potassium; • headache, dizziness, feeling light-headed; • flu symptoms, tiredness; • cough • stomach pain, diarrhea; Dose • tablet • 40mg • 80mg • 160mg • 320mg
- 19. Antiretrovirals • VIREAD(Tenofovir) Indication • VIREADis indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) in adults and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older weighing at least 10 kg contraindications • low amount of phosphate in the blood. increased blood acidity due to high levels of lactic acid. Franconia syndrome, a condition of the kidneys resulting in excessive urination, thirst and vomiting. acute kidney failure Side effects • stomach pain, nausea, vomiting. • diarrhea; • fever, pain; Dose • tablet • 150mg • 200mg 250mg
- 20. Materials Materials (detailed list)Quantity (be specific) Item Amount Item Amount Item Amount Item Amount Item Amount Item Amount Item Amount
- 22. Data/Observations Include Observation basedon the data from your experiments 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4 Series 1 Series 2 Series 3
- 23. Conclusion • Brief summaryof what you discovered based on results • Indicate and explain whether or not the data supports your hypothesis
- 24. Works Cited • Includeprint and electronic sources in alphabetical order