This document provides information about various topics in pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of how drugs exert effects on living systems. It discusses the discovery of niacin and its role in preventing and curing pellagra, a disease caused by niacin deficiency. It also discusses the discovery of nystatin by Rachel Fuller Brown and Elizabeth Lee Hazen in 1950. Several other pioneers in pharmacology are mentioned, including Dorothy Hodgkin who helped determine the structures of penicillin, vitamin B12, and insulin.

1. Pharmacology
Omar Israel S. Madelo

2. Definitions:
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs exert their effects on living
systems. In most of the pharmacologic specialties, drugs are also used
today as tools to gain insight into both normal and abnormal function.
Pharmacologists work to identify drug targets in order to learn how
drugs work.
Drugs can be defined as chemical agents that uniquely interact with
specific target molecules in the body, thereby producing a biological
effect.

3. NIACIN / PELLAGRA
•Pellagra – a disease which affects the skin ,
mucous membrane , central nervous system
and gastrointestinal tract.
- it is a vitamin deficiency disease most
frequently caused by a chronic lack of niacin or
excessive intake of leucin.

4. Symptoms:
Mouth Ulcer Skin Lessions

5. • Abdominal Distension
• Diarrhea
• Memory Impairment
• Mental Confusion

6. John Goldberger
He spend his life seeking answer of the
main cause to Pellagra.
He correctly theorized that the disease
is caused by malnutrition.

7. Conrad Elvehjem
He found that nicotinic acid or niacin
prevented and cured pellagra.

8. Niacin

9. NYSTATIN
- drug that kills various kinds of fungus and used to combat Dutch
Elm diseases in trees and to restore artwork damaged by water
and mold; also known as “Fungicidin”
- a polyene antifungal medication that is derived from a
bacterium, Streptomyces noursei. It was discovered by Rachel
Fuller Brown and Elizabeth Lee Hazen in 1950.
• Named for N.Y STATe Department of Health
• Patented on June 25, 1857

10. Niacin :

11. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF DRUGS
• Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin
- cracked penicillin’s complex and misleading structure in 1946
which helped in the creation of semisynthetic penicillins.
- she announced structure of vitamin B12.
- solved the puzzle of the structure of insulin in 1969

12. Paul Ehrlich
- determined the dosage of diphtheria, antitoxin of Emil Adolf
von Behring.
- theorized that certain substances could act as magic bullets,
attacking only the disease-causing organisms and leaving
the rest of the body unaffected.
- discovered the effectiveness of the Trypan dye in treating African
sleeping sickness and his Salvarsan against Syphiliss organisms.

13. DIPTHERIA
• An acute, highly contagious bacterial disease causing inflammation
of the mucous membranes, formation of a false membrane in the
throat that hinders breathing and swallowing, and potentially fatal
heart and nerve damage by a bacterial toxin in the blood.

14. ANTITOXIN AND TRYPAN
Antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific
toxin. These are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria.
Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill
bacteria and other microorganisms.
Trypan Blue is the stain most commonly used to distinguish
viable from nonviable cells. Viable cells exclude the dye, while
nonviable cells absorb the dye and appear blue.

15. POLIO VACCINE
• First vaccine effective against Poliomyelitis and provides
immunity against polio.
• Discovered by Microbiologist Jonas Edward Salk.
• Developed on June 23, 1995.
• Albert Bruce Sabin in 1960
• Introduced the oral vaccine.

16. WHAT IS POLIO?
• Also known as Poliomyelitis from Greek words,
“itis” inflammation, “polios” gray and “myelos” spinal cord (Inflammation
of the gray matter in the spinal cord).
• It is an infectious viral disease that sometimes results in paralysis
caused by polioviruses which has been referred to as “Infantile
Paralysis”
• Chiefly affects children and young adults. The infection may pass
without creating severe or noticeable illness while in some cases, it
penetrates into the central nervous system, affecting the cells that
control muscle function.

17. LASER
• A device that creates and amplifies a narrow, intense beam of
coherent light.
• Invented by Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes for the
purpose of developing a device to help them study molecular
structures.
• First built on 1960.
(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emmision of Radiation)

18. THANK YOU 