This document provides summaries of presentations on garlic, moringa oleifera (shajna), and castor oil. For garlic, it describes its botanical classification as Allium sativum and characteristics including leaves, bulbs, roots, and chemical properties. It notes garlic's various pharmaceutical uses and concludes that garlic is consumed worldwide for its health benefits. For moringa, it describes classification, names, distribution, features, pharmacological studies, and concludes it is a nutritious and medicinally valuable plant. For castor oil, it describes extraction from ricinus communis seeds, industrial applications including manufacturing of soaps and lubricants, and medicinal and food uses.

1. A PRESENTATION ON GARLIC, SHAJNA,
CASTOR OIL
STUDENT ROLL
211020
211027
211028
211040

2. GARLIC
INTRODUCTION:
GARLIC IS A SPECIES OF BULBOUS FLOWERING PLANT IN THE
GENUS ALLIUM. ITS CLOSE RELATIVES INCLUDE THE ONION,
SHALLOT, LEEK.
THE BOTANICAL NAME OF GARLIC IS ALLIUM SATIVUM AND THE
LOCAL NAME IS RSHUNA
CHARACTERISTICS FEATURE OF GARLIC:
LEAVES : THE LONG, SWORD-SHAPED LEAVES ARE ATTACHED
TO AN UNDERGROUND STEM AND THE GREENISH-WHITE OR
PINKISH FLOWERS GROW IN DENSE, SPHERICAL CLUSTERS
ATOP A FLOWER STALK.
Allium

3. BULBS : THE BULB HAS A STRONG ODOR AND IS TYPICALLY MADE UP OF 10 TO 20
CLOVES.
STEM: IMMATURE SCAPES ARE TENDER AND EDIBLE.
ROOTS: GARLIC HAS A RELATIVELY SHALLOW ROOT SYSTEM AND IS SENSITIVE TO
MOISTURE STRESS, ESPECIALLY DURING BULBING (ABOUT THE END OF MAY TO MID
JULY).
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GARLIC:
• CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
• DIALLYL THIOSULFONATE (ALLICIN),
• DIALLYL SULFIDE (DAS),
• DIALLYL DISULFIDE (DADS),
• SUGARS, L-ASCORBIC ACID,
• CHLOROPHYLL, S-PROPYL-CYSTEINE-SULFOXIDE ETC

4. • PHARMACEUTICAL USES :
• ANTI- OXIDENT,
• ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE,
• ANTI-MICROBIAL,
• ANTI- CANCER,
• ANTI-DIABETIC,
• ANTI- VIRAL,
• NEUROPROTECTION,
• ANTI-INFLAMMATORY,
• ANTI- TUMOR ETC

5. • CONCLUSION:
• GARLIC, FROM CRUSHED TO CAPSULES, IS CONSUMED
THROUGH-OUT THE WORLD. HERE DEMONSTRATED SOME OF
THE BENEFITS OF GARLIC FOR ITS POTENTIAL USES IN
PREVENTING AND CURING DIFFERENT DISEASES, AND ACTING AS
ANTIOXIDANT FOR MANY RADICALS. FRESH AND POWDERED
GARLIC ARE POPULAR FOR FOOD FLAVOR AND SHOULD
CONTINUE TO BE USED. TODAY, WITH THE EVER-GROWING
RESISTANT ORGANISMS, TAKING OF GARLIC EXTRACT REMAINS A
POWERFUL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT.

6. MORINGA OLEIFERA

7. MORINGA OLEIFERA (SHAJNA
• MORINGA OLEIFERA, KNOWN POPULARLY AS DRUMSTICK TREE, IS A TROPICAL PLANT
GROWN FOR ITS NUTRITIOUS LEAFY-GREENS,
• FLOWER BUDS, AND MINERAL-RICH GREEN FRUIT PODS. IT IS A WELL-RECOGNIZED
MEMBER IN THE MORINGACEAE FAMILY OF
• TREES.
•
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT
• KINGDOM: PLANTAE
• ORDER: BRASSICALES
• FAMILY: MORINGACEAE
• GENUS: MORINGA
• SPECIES: MORINGA OLEIFERA

8. • DIFFERENT VERNACULAR NAME :
• BENGALI: SAJINA, SAJNA, SAJNE
• URDU: SEHJAN
• HINDI: SHAJOMA
•
DISTRIBUTION :
• NATIVE TO INDIA, ARABIA, AND POSSIBLY AFRICA
•
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA:
• MORINGA OLEIFERA IS A TREE THAT IS SOMETIMES CALLED THE TREE OF LIFE OR A
MIRACLE TREE. MORINGA OLEIFERA IS A
• SMALL, GRACEFUL, DECIDUOUS TREE .

9. LEAVES: THESE LEAVES ARE TRI-PINNATE AND USUALLY 25-60 CM LONG.
FRUITS :
IN APPEARANCE, THE MORINGA TREE'S FRUIT RESEMBLES LONG, THIN BEANS OR PEA PODS.
DURING VEGETATIVE GROWTH THEY
ARE WHITE IN COLOR, CHANGING TO BROWN WHEN THEY REACH MATURITY
FLOWERS :
THE FRAGRANT MORINGA OLEIFERA FLOWERS ARE CREAMY WHITE IN COLOR, WITH YELLOW
STAMENS.
SEEDS :
MORINGA SEEDS ARE OBTAINED FROM THE PODS OF THE MORINGA TREE (MORINGA
OLEIFERA) OR THE DRUMSTICK TREE. FRESH
AND RAW MORINGA SEEDS ARE QUITE TENDER, BUT AS SOON AS THEY GET DRIED, THEY
BECOME HARD AND START RESEMBLING
SMALL BEANS.

11. • PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES :
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
• ANTI OXIDANT
• ANTI MICROBIAL
• CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY
• ANTI HYPERLIPIDEMIC ACTIVITY
• ANTI CANCER ACTIVITY
• ANTI TUMOR
• ANTI ULCER
• REDUCE ARSENIC TOXICITY
• HYPERTHYROIDISM ACTIVITY

12. • CONCLUSIONS:
• MORINGA OLEIFERA (SHAJNA) IS A WONDERFUL TREE IN PLANT KINGDOM. IT IS NOT
ONLY THE POSSESS THE RICH OF NUTRITIVE
• VALUES (E.G VITAMIN, MINERAL, PROTEIN, ENERGY, CARBOHYDRATE AND
ELECTROLYTE) BUT CONTAINS A LOT OF MEDICINAL VALUE
• WITH IMPORTANT CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS ALSO. THE PRESENT REVIEW SHOWS THE
TOTAL DESCRIPTION OF MORINGA PLANTS AND
• THEIR CHEMICALS COMPOSITIONS, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES,
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND HOW PEOPLE ARE
• BENEFITTED AND HOW MANY EXPERIMENTS HAVE BEEN DONE BY THE DRUMSTICK.
DIFFERENT RESEARCHES AND STUDIES FOR
• DRUMSTICK APPLICATIONS WILL BE CARRIED OUT IN THIS REGARD.

13. Moringa oleifera

14. CASTOR OIL
• THE BOTANICAL NAME FOR CASTOR IS RICINUS COMMUNIS WHILE THE LOCAL IGBO
NAME IS OGILI UGBA.
CASTOR OIL IS A TASTELESS AND ODORLESS VEGETABLE OIL THAT IS EXTRACTED BY
PRESSING OF THE SEEDS OF THE CASTOR PLANT, SCIENTIFICALLY KNOWN AS RICINUS
COMMUNIS. CASTOR SEEDS ARE RICH IN TRIGLYCERIDE, WHICH IS WHAT MAKES THEM
SO VALUABLE.
• HOW TO EXTRACT
CASTOR OIL CAN BE EXTRACTED FROM CASTOR BEANS BY EITHER MECHANICAL
PRESSING, SOLVENT EXTRACTION, OR A COMBINATION OF PRESSING AND
EXTRACTION.

15. • MECHANICAL PRESSING:
• IN THIS PROCESS, THE SEEDS ARE WARMED IN A STEAM-JACKETED PRESS TO REMOVE
MOISTURE, AND THIS HARDENING PROCESS WILL AID IN EXTRACTION. THE COOKED
SEEDS ARE THEN DRIED BEFORE THE EXTRACTION PROCESS BEGINS. A CONTINUOUS
SCREW OR HYDRAULIC PRESS IS USED TO CRUSH THE CASTOR OIL SEEDS TO
FACILITATE REMOVAL OF THE OIL
SOLVENT EXTRACTION:
• COMMERCIAL SOLVENT EXTRACTOR IS USED FOR EXTRACTING OIL FROM THE CASTOR
CAKE. USE OF ORGANIC SOLVENTS SUCH AS HEXANE, HEPTANE, OR A PETROLEUM
ETHER AS A SOLVENT IN THE EXTRACTION PROCESS THEN RESULTS IN REMOVAL OF
MOST OF THE RESIDUAL OIL STILL INACCESSIBLE IN THE REMAINING SEED BULK

17. • WHAT ARE THE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF CASTOR OIL?
•
CASTOR OIL AND ITS DERIVATIVES ARE USED IN THE 1.MANUFACTURING OF SOAPS,
• 2.LUBRICANTS,
• 3. HYDRAULIC AND BRAKE FLUIDS,
• 4.PAINTS, DYES,
• 5. COATINGS, INKS,
• 6.COLD-RESISTANT PLASTICS,
• 7.WAXES AND POLISHES,
• 8. NYLON, AND PERFUMES.
CASTOR OIL HAS A NUMBER OF MEDICINAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND PHARMACEUTICAL USES. IT’S COMMONLY USED AS
• 1.AN ADDITIVE IN FOODS,
• 2.MEDICATIONS, AND SKIN CARE PRODUCTS,
• 3.AN INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANT AND
• 4. BIODIESEL FUEL COMPONENT.
•

18. THANK YOU