This study analyzed the facial features of popular R&B artists from 1946-2010 and how they related to general social and economic conditions in the US each year. Facial measurements of the artist of the #1 R&B song each year were taken and compared to a General Hard Times Measure (GHTM) that assessed annual economic and social threats. Results found that during more difficult times, artists with more mature features like smaller eye heights and larger chins were more popular, while less threatening times favored artists with babyfaced features like larger eyes and smaller chins. This extends previous findings on other genres and supports the hypothesis that environmental security influences media preferences.
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Running Head HEAVY METAL MUSIC1HEAVY METAL MUSIC.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: HEAVY METAL MUSIC
1
HEAVY METAL MUSIC
Heavy metal music - A promoter of drug abuse and reckless behavior
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Introduction
Since its early beginnings, heavy metal music has been source debate and controversy across the society. The origin of heavy metal is traced back in England and the United states towards the late 1960s and the early 1970s (King, 2011). The Blue Cheer group based in California was the first band given the title "heavy metal band". The musicians introduced a fresh sound and stage character to the music industry. Their stage performance was also associated with what the public viewed as outrageous acts (Martin, 2013). They were seen as the mock-up for afterward heavy metal bands. They dressed in black leather coats, along with wild guitar solos (Levine, 2009).
The strong subculture
The term “heavy metal” was coined from Steppenwolf’s song "Born to Be Wild". In this song, the musicians use the phrase “heavy metal thunder,” hence people termed all type of music using such style as heavy metal (King, 2011). During those days, bands that qualified under this category included ACDC, Metallica, Blue Cheer, and Led Zeppelin, among others. All of them had similar stage characters and musical styles (Levine, 2009). They employed exceedingly fast tempos, and rapid guitars and drums. The psychedelic rock and blues-rock are frequently quoted as the roots of heavy metal music. Only that the musicians developed a thick, heavy, drum-and guitar-oriented sound, typified by highly amplified twist and rapid guitar solos. According to Levine (2009), of all rock & roll’s innumerable forms, this type of music is the most intense in terms of theatricality, volume and machismo.
One of the major characteristics of heavy music culture is the language and communication. Most of the songs, no matter their origin are predominantly in English. Artists from Italy, Japan, Mexico and Finland write their songs in English (Weinstein, 2001). This could either be due to the origin of metal music in English-speaking nations or a way of appealing the large population of metal fans in the United States and Britain (Lacourse, 2001 & Stack, 2004). Interestingly, when bands take stage in non-English speaking countries, the crowd literally sings along with the band in a language they do not even speak. It is implausible type of music that surpasses cultural barriers. For instance, from the video footage of the song Japan as it is played by the band Judas Priest to a crowd of thousands of fans shows almost every person singing along with the musicians (Levine, 2009). Through cheering, crying and facial expressions, the crowd is crowd is very emotionally moved.
In addition, when listeners and fans discuss and rate bands on the Internet, English is the predominant language. In spite of having people from non-English speaking states such as Switzerland, Finland and Japan, approximately 87.5% of online forums dedicate ...
5 Heavy Metal Music Preference Delinquent Friends, Socia.docxblondellchancy
5
Heavy Metal Music Preference
Delinquent Friends, Social '
Control, and Delinquency
SIMON I. SINGER
MURRAY LEVINE
SUSYAN JOU
COMMENTARY by Simon Singer
I first had the idea to look at the relationship between delinquency and music
preference after reading a New Yorker article in 1986 about Los Angeles subur-
ban gangs. Within that excellent article by the journalist William Barich (1986),
I saw a dearly articulated hypothesis. I didn't need to go much further than that
to develop a theory about the possible effects of music on delinquency.
It so happened that the next year I was asked if I wished to do a "needs as-
sessment" for a large suburban community. There was New York State agency
money available to conduct a survey for which I was given discretion as to how
to define the proposed assessment. I wanted not only to meet the agency's goal
of evaluating the concerns and interests of the town's youth, but also to assess
the extent to which youth were involved in a variety of delinquent behaviors.
The idea of linking music preference to self-reported delinquency through
the survey technique came about when we needed to figure out an incentive
that would lead to the participation of youth in the survey. We received a good
deal on music coupons from a major retail record store in the area. To close the
deal with the record store we asked that the store cashiers record the actual
'
music that was purchased on the returned incentive coupon. The survey also
asked music preference, and we felt that along with actual music purcha e
Sourcr:Journal i?f R~earch i11 Cri111e and Delinquency. Vol. JO, N . J, Auhl'\J\t 1993, PP· JI ]-JlQ
1 1993 · bl . I ·
' · Jgl' Publications, Inc. Reprmted by permtS~on of !:>age Pu 1 at10m, n1;
Thh article ",l \Ub~tantial revi~ion of a paper onginally pre ented at the: I 99U annual mect-
1~ of the American ociety of Criminolot,,,y, Baltimore. We thank Robert Af,'IlCW,
M1ch.1el F IJ . . 1·, •rsions of this ar-arre , and Lionel Lewi for their helpful c mments on car 1cr vc ·
tide D f S · I SUNY-Butfalo, Ii · iren rorrc ·pondenl'.t's to imon J. Singer, Department o Ol'.JO ogy, ·
utfaJo, NY 14260.
109
PART Ill SURVEY RESEARCH
110 -- . sure that would make the articl
btrusive mea
would provide an uno .
onvincing. al . howed that the main effect of heavy
more c . he an ysis s . bl · ifi
The first step 111 t . £'. ther important vana es was sign ca~
olltng ior O l
preference after contr . d . teraction effects based not on y on what
However, we hypothesize in llent work of Keith Roe (1985). Roe's stud"
1 n the exce . h . f 1 . ·1
P
roposed but a so O h of multivariate tee mques o ana ys1s to
h d for t e use . d h pointed to t e nee . h' b tween music preference an attac ments to
out the possible relatto?s ip ere able to do using the techniques that Aike
d
ts This we we . . . n
school an paren · d d in their book on testing interactions with n-.,ul
(1 ...
Media has become more and more important in our society today, in the United States but also in other developed countries of the world. Since media and advertisement were created close to about a century ago, several changes have been made in terms of how people and products are advertised, and its consequences on the society.
7
Running head: Research Paper Draft 2
Donald Lipford
English Composition II
Columbia Southern University
Research Paper Draft 2
Introduction
Radio and Television have the highest probability to generate both negative and positive effects, and many researchers have considered the impression created by television on society, mainly on the young people and adolescents. Given that a child’s level of development is a very important factor in defining whether the radio or television content will have negative or positive effects. However, not all television content is considered bad, but the specific programs displaying the negative effects of introduction to inappropriate sexuality, violence, and aggressive language are wanting. As a result, parents and physicians need to support continuous research based on the positive and the negative impacts of media on both kids and adolescents. According to Chrispin (2007), Science and technology make Television and its content more important in the present world. Thus, kids are exposed to every media content at an early age. Although television is sometimes an attractive thing, it grounds some problems and effects of the young generation (Chrispin, 2007).
Apart from just programs, Dafe (2010) also depicts the roles music plays in determining the society morals. The reaction of the audience depends on the music content. Art is also one of the determinants of societal morals. According to Holmes (2008), there is a variety of techniques through which art creates some immorality. Bad art is brought by bad music, violent movies, and TV shows, in the society. Parks (2007), assert that the present media do not have skills to demonstrate things right. On the contrary, Jian (2011) argues that Arts have an obligation to shape good morals in young people and the society in general.
According to Price (2008), Price clearly demonstrates well-used continuity, balance and intensity to clarify how morals could be founded on strong grounds of the society. This paper focuses on topics such as TV shows morals, the role art plays in Spreading morals among kids and adolescents and the effect of bad Art in the society today.
Research Paper Draft 1
Chrispin. (2007). The Radio and Television. New York Times, pp. 1-24.
Chrispin is reaching out in the fact that radio and television play very crucial role in impacting the life of the crying people. The parents are advised do on their ultimate role in shaping the life of the young person. Considering the programs that are being aired every day in our televisions, children and youth are the highest losers. When they grow in such environments with such exposures, they are capable of growing up with unworthy behaviors. The author is interplaying a.
Essay On The Future. 013 Essay Example Future Plans My Goals Trueky Com Free ...Melissa Gordon
Future Essay | Essay on Future for Students and Children in English - A .... My Future Plan Essay | Doctor Of Philosophy | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. Free essay about future plans in 2021 | Essay, Essay writing tips .... 008 Essay Example Future Career Plan Sample 617907 ~ Thatsnotus. Looking towards the future essays.
Running Head HEAVY METAL MUSIC1HEAVY METAL MUSIC.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: HEAVY METAL MUSIC
1
HEAVY METAL MUSIC
Heavy metal music - A promoter of drug abuse and reckless behavior
Name:
Institution:
Date:
Introduction
Since its early beginnings, heavy metal music has been source debate and controversy across the society. The origin of heavy metal is traced back in England and the United states towards the late 1960s and the early 1970s (King, 2011). The Blue Cheer group based in California was the first band given the title "heavy metal band". The musicians introduced a fresh sound and stage character to the music industry. Their stage performance was also associated with what the public viewed as outrageous acts (Martin, 2013). They were seen as the mock-up for afterward heavy metal bands. They dressed in black leather coats, along with wild guitar solos (Levine, 2009).
The strong subculture
The term “heavy metal” was coined from Steppenwolf’s song "Born to Be Wild". In this song, the musicians use the phrase “heavy metal thunder,” hence people termed all type of music using such style as heavy metal (King, 2011). During those days, bands that qualified under this category included ACDC, Metallica, Blue Cheer, and Led Zeppelin, among others. All of them had similar stage characters and musical styles (Levine, 2009). They employed exceedingly fast tempos, and rapid guitars and drums. The psychedelic rock and blues-rock are frequently quoted as the roots of heavy metal music. Only that the musicians developed a thick, heavy, drum-and guitar-oriented sound, typified by highly amplified twist and rapid guitar solos. According to Levine (2009), of all rock & roll’s innumerable forms, this type of music is the most intense in terms of theatricality, volume and machismo.
One of the major characteristics of heavy music culture is the language and communication. Most of the songs, no matter their origin are predominantly in English. Artists from Italy, Japan, Mexico and Finland write their songs in English (Weinstein, 2001). This could either be due to the origin of metal music in English-speaking nations or a way of appealing the large population of metal fans in the United States and Britain (Lacourse, 2001 & Stack, 2004). Interestingly, when bands take stage in non-English speaking countries, the crowd literally sings along with the band in a language they do not even speak. It is implausible type of music that surpasses cultural barriers. For instance, from the video footage of the song Japan as it is played by the band Judas Priest to a crowd of thousands of fans shows almost every person singing along with the musicians (Levine, 2009). Through cheering, crying and facial expressions, the crowd is crowd is very emotionally moved.
In addition, when listeners and fans discuss and rate bands on the Internet, English is the predominant language. In spite of having people from non-English speaking states such as Switzerland, Finland and Japan, approximately 87.5% of online forums dedicate ...
5 Heavy Metal Music Preference Delinquent Friends, Socia.docxblondellchancy
5
Heavy Metal Music Preference
Delinquent Friends, Social '
Control, and Delinquency
SIMON I. SINGER
MURRAY LEVINE
SUSYAN JOU
COMMENTARY by Simon Singer
I first had the idea to look at the relationship between delinquency and music
preference after reading a New Yorker article in 1986 about Los Angeles subur-
ban gangs. Within that excellent article by the journalist William Barich (1986),
I saw a dearly articulated hypothesis. I didn't need to go much further than that
to develop a theory about the possible effects of music on delinquency.
It so happened that the next year I was asked if I wished to do a "needs as-
sessment" for a large suburban community. There was New York State agency
money available to conduct a survey for which I was given discretion as to how
to define the proposed assessment. I wanted not only to meet the agency's goal
of evaluating the concerns and interests of the town's youth, but also to assess
the extent to which youth were involved in a variety of delinquent behaviors.
The idea of linking music preference to self-reported delinquency through
the survey technique came about when we needed to figure out an incentive
that would lead to the participation of youth in the survey. We received a good
deal on music coupons from a major retail record store in the area. To close the
deal with the record store we asked that the store cashiers record the actual
'
music that was purchased on the returned incentive coupon. The survey also
asked music preference, and we felt that along with actual music purcha e
Sourcr:Journal i?f R~earch i11 Cri111e and Delinquency. Vol. JO, N . J, Auhl'\J\t 1993, PP· JI ]-JlQ
1 1993 · bl . I ·
' · Jgl' Publications, Inc. Reprmted by permtS~on of !:>age Pu 1 at10m, n1;
Thh article ",l \Ub~tantial revi~ion of a paper onginally pre ented at the: I 99U annual mect-
1~ of the American ociety of Criminolot,,,y, Baltimore. We thank Robert Af,'IlCW,
M1ch.1el F IJ . . 1·, •rsions of this ar-arre , and Lionel Lewi for their helpful c mments on car 1cr vc ·
tide D f S · I SUNY-Butfalo, Ii · iren rorrc ·pondenl'.t's to imon J. Singer, Department o Ol'.JO ogy, ·
utfaJo, NY 14260.
109
PART Ill SURVEY RESEARCH
110 -- . sure that would make the articl
btrusive mea
would provide an uno .
onvincing. al . howed that the main effect of heavy
more c . he an ysis s . bl · ifi
The first step 111 t . £'. ther important vana es was sign ca~
olltng ior O l
preference after contr . d . teraction effects based not on y on what
However, we hypothesize in llent work of Keith Roe (1985). Roe's stud"
1 n the exce . h . f 1 . ·1
P
roposed but a so O h of multivariate tee mques o ana ys1s to
h d for t e use . d h pointed to t e nee . h' b tween music preference an attac ments to
out the possible relatto?s ip ere able to do using the techniques that Aike
d
ts This we we . . . n
school an paren · d d in their book on testing interactions with n-.,ul
(1 ...
Media has become more and more important in our society today, in the United States but also in other developed countries of the world. Since media and advertisement were created close to about a century ago, several changes have been made in terms of how people and products are advertised, and its consequences on the society.
7
Running head: Research Paper Draft 2
Donald Lipford
English Composition II
Columbia Southern University
Research Paper Draft 2
Introduction
Radio and Television have the highest probability to generate both negative and positive effects, and many researchers have considered the impression created by television on society, mainly on the young people and adolescents. Given that a child’s level of development is a very important factor in defining whether the radio or television content will have negative or positive effects. However, not all television content is considered bad, but the specific programs displaying the negative effects of introduction to inappropriate sexuality, violence, and aggressive language are wanting. As a result, parents and physicians need to support continuous research based on the positive and the negative impacts of media on both kids and adolescents. According to Chrispin (2007), Science and technology make Television and its content more important in the present world. Thus, kids are exposed to every media content at an early age. Although television is sometimes an attractive thing, it grounds some problems and effects of the young generation (Chrispin, 2007).
Apart from just programs, Dafe (2010) also depicts the roles music plays in determining the society morals. The reaction of the audience depends on the music content. Art is also one of the determinants of societal morals. According to Holmes (2008), there is a variety of techniques through which art creates some immorality. Bad art is brought by bad music, violent movies, and TV shows, in the society. Parks (2007), assert that the present media do not have skills to demonstrate things right. On the contrary, Jian (2011) argues that Arts have an obligation to shape good morals in young people and the society in general.
According to Price (2008), Price clearly demonstrates well-used continuity, balance and intensity to clarify how morals could be founded on strong grounds of the society. This paper focuses on topics such as TV shows morals, the role art plays in Spreading morals among kids and adolescents and the effect of bad Art in the society today.
Research Paper Draft 1
Chrispin. (2007). The Radio and Television. New York Times, pp. 1-24.
Chrispin is reaching out in the fact that radio and television play very crucial role in impacting the life of the crying people. The parents are advised do on their ultimate role in shaping the life of the young person. Considering the programs that are being aired every day in our televisions, children and youth are the highest losers. When they grow in such environments with such exposures, they are capable of growing up with unworthy behaviors. The author is interplaying a.
Essay On The Future. 013 Essay Example Future Plans My Goals Trueky Com Free ...Melissa Gordon
Future Essay | Essay on Future for Students and Children in English - A .... My Future Plan Essay | Doctor Of Philosophy | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. Free essay about future plans in 2021 | Essay, Essay writing tips .... 008 Essay Example Future Career Plan Sample 617907 ~ Thatsnotus. Looking towards the future essays.
Essay On The Future. 013 Essay Example Future Plans My Goals Trueky Com Free ...
Pettijohn_R&B_Poster_APS2015 (1)
1. Facial Feature Assessment of Popular U.S. R & B Music Singers Across Time
and Social and Economic Conditions
Terry F. Pettijohn II, Jamie N. Glass, Gabriela R. Brito, & Jason T. Eastman
Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina
Abstract
Introduction
Method: Data Collection
Top R&B Billboard Artists and Facial Measurements
The R&B Billboard song of the year and artists (see Table
1 below) from 1946-2010 were first identified and
photographs capturing complete, front, facial views of
individual artists or group band members were located.
Two judges independently made precise facialmetric
assessments (see Cunningham et al., 1995). Averages
were used for duets and groups.
General Hard Times Measure
To test the hypotheses, U.S. social and economic
statistics (unemployment rate, change in disposable
personal income, change in consumer price index, death
rate, birth rate, marriage rate, divorce rate, suicide rate,
and homicide rate) for each year (1946-2010) were
collected and standardized to create a General Hard
Times Measure (GHTM). Higher values on the GHTM
indicate more threatening social and economic
conditions. The GHTM has been used in past studies.
Results
Discussion
Selected References
Contact Information
The current study hypotheses were supported by trends,
although traditional levels of statistical significance were
not reached. We found a negative relationship between
the GHTM and R&B artist eye height measurements and
positive relationships between the GHTM and R&B artist
chin width and chin area, as well as cheek thinness.
These outcomes suggest R&B singers with more mature
facial characteristics were more popular during more
difficult social and economic times and R&B singers with
more baby-faced characteristics were more popular in
good social and economic conditions across time.
This pattern of results replicates previous archival
investigations of popular American actresses (Pettijohn &
Tesser, 1999), Playboy Playmates (Pettijohn & Jungeburg,
2004), pop music artists (Pettijohn & Sacco, 2009a), and
country music performers (Pettijohn et al., 2014).
Although correlational, and based on a limited sample
size, these results suggest that environmental security
may influence perceptions and preferences for R&B
performers with certain facial features, similar to pop
and country artists. Future research may explore facial
feature differences between different genres as well as
the connection between the appearance of the artist and
the content of music they sing/create. These results have
implications for marketing and media promotion.
Results of this research contribute new insight into
media preferences and their reflection of the state of a
culture in a musical genre beyond pop music.
Cunningham, M. R., Roberts, A. R., Barbee, A. P., Druen, P. B.,
& Wu, C. (1995). 'Their ideas of beauty are, on the whole, the
same as ours': Consistency and variability in the cross-cultural
perception of female physical attractiveness. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 261-279.
Pettijohn, T. F. II, & Sacco, D. F., Jr. (2009). Tough times,
meaningful music, mature performers: Popular Billboard
songs and performer preferences across social and economic
conditions in the USA. Psychology of Music, 37(2), 155-179.
Current Study Hypotheses
Acknowledgements
Facial features of the artists of the top R&B Billboard
song for each year from 1946-2010 were investigated
across changes in U.S. socioeconomic conditions. When
conditions were relatively poor, performers with the
more mature facial feature of larger chins were popular.
Results extend previous findings with pop singers,
movie actresses, country music artists, and Playboy
Playmates.
Recent investigations of pop music preferences
(Pettijohn & Sacco, 2009a; 2009b) and country music
(Eastman & Pettijohn, 2015) have been linked to
socioeconomic variables across time. Pettijohn &
Tesser’s (1999) Environmental Security Hypothesis (ESH)
suggests that when social and economic times are
threatening, individuals show a greater preference for
mature characteristics, content, and themes because
these components are more useful in social adaptation
and maintenance. Past archival research on American
actress facial features (Pettijohn & Tesser, 1999),
Playboy Playmate facial and body features (Pettijohn &
Jungeberg, 2004), as well as experimental studies
(Pettijohn & Tesser, 2005; Swami & Tovee, 2012) have
supported this theory. ESH can be used to help
understand the reasons behind social preferences for
music and musicians.
Consistent with the ESH, when social and economic
conditions in the U.S. were threatening, longer pop
songs with more meaningful content and romantic
themes (Pettijohn & Sacco, 2009a; 2009b) and songs
with less beats per minute and less familiar key
signatures were popular (Pettijohn, Eastman, & Richard,
2012). In addition, the appearance and characteristics of
pop musical performers varied with socioeconomic
times such that when times were bad, pop artists
(Pettijohn & Sacco, 2009a) and country artists (Pettijohn
et al., 2014) with more mature characteristics, smaller
eyes and larger chins, were more popular compared to
good times. Small eye size and large chin size are
components of a mature face (see Zebrowitz, 1997),
which is associated with the attributes of strength,
dominance, competency, expertise, maturity,
independence, status, and shrewdness; important
characteristics in social and economic threatening times.
The appearance of rhythm and blues (R&B) performers
have not been investigated.
When social and economic conditions are more
threatening, R&B singers with smaller eyes and larger
chins (mature features) are predicted to be more
popular. When social and economic conditions are less
threatening, R&B singers with larger eyes and smaller
chins (baby-faced features) are predicted to be more
popular.
We thank Coastal Carolina University for travel assistance to attend
this conference and present our findings.
Terry F. Pettijohn II, Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Coastal Carolina University
P.O. Box 261954
Conway, South Carolina
29528-6054
Phone: 843-349-6447
Email: pettijohn@coastal.edu
Presented at the 27th Annual Association for Psychological
Science Convention, New York, NY, May 22nd, 2015
r P
Eye Width -.01 .48
Eye Height -.10 .25
Eye Area -.08 .30
Cheek Thinness .159 .13
Chin Width .138 .17
Chin Length .198 .08
Chin Area .179 .10
Note. All tests are 1-tailed. N=51.
Table 2. Correlations between R&B Artist Facial Feature
Measurements and the GHTM.
Overall, in more difficult social and economic conditions,
R&B singers had slightly smaller eye height and eye
area, slightly thinner cheeks, larger chin length, slightly
larger chin width, and larger chin area measurements
(see Table 2, Figure 1, and Figure 2).
These relationship patterns were similar when removing
groups, lagging the statistics, and considering different
time spans.
Year Song Title Artist
1946 Hey! Ba-Ba-Re-Bop Lionel Hampton
1947 Ain't Nobody Here But Us Chickens Louis Jordan
1948 Long Gone Sonny Thompson
1949 Hucklebuck Paul Williams
1950 Pink Champagne Joe Liggins
1951 Sixty Minute Man The Dominoes
1952 Lawdy Miss Clawdy Lloyd Price
1953 (Mama) He Treats Your Daughter Mean Ruth Brown
1954 Work With Me, Annie Midnighters
1955 Pledging My Love Johnny Ace
1956 Honky Tonk Bill Doggett
1957 Jailhouse Rock Elvis Presley
1958 What Am I Loving For Chuck Willis
1959 Stagger Lee Lloyd Price
1960 Kiddio Brook Benton
1961 Tossin' and Turnin' Bobby Lewis
1962 Soul Twist King Curtis
1963 Part Time Love Little Johnny Taylor
1964 Where Did Our Love Go The Supremes
1965 I Can't Help Myself Four Tops
1966 Hold On! I'm Comin' Sam/Dave
1967 Respect Aretha Franklin
1968 Say It Loud - I'm Black And I'm Proud James Brown
1969 What Does It Take To Win Your Love Jr. Walker/The All Stars
1970 I'll Be There Jackson 5
1971 Mr. Big Stuff Jean Knight
1972 Let's Stay Together Al Green
1973 Let's Get It On Marvin Gaye
1974 Feel Like Making Love Roberta Flack
1975 Fight The Power Pt. 1 Isley Brothers
1976 Disco Lady Johnnie Taylor
1977 Float On Floaters
1978 Serpentine Fire Earth/Wind/Fire
1979 Good Times Chic
1980 Let's Get Serious Jermaine Jackson
1981 Endless Love Diana Ross/Lionel Richie
1982 That Girl Stevie Wonder
1983 Sexual Healing Marvin Gaye
1984 When Doves Cry Prince & The Revolution
1985 Rock Me Tonight Freddie Jackson
1986 On My Own Patti LaBelle/Michael McDonald
1987 Stop To Love Luther Vandross
1988 I Want Her Keith Sweat
1989 Superwoman Karyn White
1990 Hold On En Vogue
1991 Written All Over Your Face Rude Boys
1992 Come and Talk to Me Jodeci
1993 I Will Always Love You Whitney Houston
1994 Bump N' Grind R. Kelly
1995 Creep TLC
1996 You're Makin' Me High/Let It Flow Toni Braxton
1997 In My Bed Dru Hill
1998 Too Close Next
1999 Fortunate Maxwell
2000 Let's Get Married Jagged Edge
2001 Fiesta R. Kelly/Jay-Z
2002 Foolish Ashanti
2003 In Da Club 50 Cent
2004 If I Ain't Got You Alicia Keys
2005 Let Me Love You Mario
2006 Be Without You Mary J. Blige
2007 Lost Without You Robin Thicke
2008 Like You'll Never See Me Again Alicia Keys
2009 Blame It Jamie Foxx Featuring T-Pain
2010 Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready) Alicia Keys
Figure 2. R&B Artist Chin Area and GHTM Across Time.
Table 1. R&B Billboard Song of the Year and Artists
(1946-2010).
Figure 1. R&B Artist Eye Area and GHTM Across Time.