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pesticides utilisé en désinfection du sol en arab.pdf

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ElHassanMayad1

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‫ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬  ‫ﻴﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺒﺏ‬  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٣ ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٤ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺍﻕ‬  ‫ﺍﻵﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺠﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ١ , ٥ ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﺘل‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﺘل‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ " ‫ﺒﻨﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺨﻴﺎﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻠﻔل‬ ، ‫ﺒﻁﻴﺦ‬ ٧ ‫ﺍﻴﺎﻡ‬ . ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺒل‬ ٣٠ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻑ‬ .  ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻁﺎﻁﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻭﺓ‬ ٢١ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻁﺎﻁﺱ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻤﺵ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬  ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺏ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻝﺢ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬  ‫ﻴﻘﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻯ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻁﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ٧ ‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﻀﺎﺭ‬ .  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ .  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻴﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺩﺓ‬ . ‫ﻨﻴﻤﺎﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬ ٤٤ ‫ﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ١٥ % ‫ﻤﺤﺒﺏ‬ .  ٦ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬ - ٢ ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻤﺎﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٤ - ‫ﻴﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻤﺎﻜﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ١  ‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﺫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﻱ‬ .  ‫ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﻴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺎﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺒﺼﺎل‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ .  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻁﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ٩٠ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل‬  Vydate ‫ﻓﺎﻴﺩﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﺎﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٢٤٠ ‫ﺠﻡ‬ / ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺔ‬ . ‫ﻴﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٥٠٠ ‫ﺴﻡ‬ ٣ / ‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٣ ‫ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﺘل‬ .  ‫ﻴﻘﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺒﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺸﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺒﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺫﺒﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ 
‫ﺍﻝﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٣٠٠ ‫ﺴﻡ‬ ٣ / ‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ . ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺎﻴﺩﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻜﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬  / ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻤﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺴﻔﻭﻓﻭﺭﻴﻙ‬ ( ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺼﺎﺓ‬ ) ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٣٠٠ ‫ﺴﻡ‬ ٣ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺎﻴﺩﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٥٠٠ ‫ﺴﻡ‬ ٣ ‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ‬ . ‫ﻴﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻁﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ٧ ‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻠﻔل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻲ‬ ٣ ‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎﺭ‬ .  : Metham sodium – Vapam ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻜﺭﺒﺎﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٣٧٠ ‫ﺠﻡ‬ / ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﺸﺎﺸﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴﻁ‬  ٦٠ – ٥٠ - ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﻠﻤﺒﺔ‬ ( ‫ﻤﻀﺨﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺽ‬ ٣٠ ٣٠٠ ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ / ‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ . – ١٥٠ – ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ Methyl iso thiocyanatc ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻠل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬  ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠل‬ ‫ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ٣٢ ‫ﻡ‬ - ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ١٠ ٨ ‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ . - ‫ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺠﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻀل‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ٥  ‫ﻴﻘﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﻬﺭ‬ .  ‫ﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻝﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﺘل‬  ‫ﻭﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ . ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺯﻭﻝﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٠ , ٥ % ‫ﻁﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻱ‬ . __ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺨﺎﻤﺴ‬ : (% 98 ‫ﻴﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻭﺍﺕ‬ ٢٠ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬ .  ٦٠ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬ / ‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠ‬ ‫ﻭﺏ‬ . - ٤٥ - ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻨﺜﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ‫ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ‬ ٣٥  ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻼﻤﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬  ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﻁﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ . ٨ ‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ - ‫ﻴﻔﻀل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻐﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ‬ ٥  ‫ﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻭ‬  ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻭﻝﻴﺔ‬ . : 1-3 Dichloropene ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴﺎﺩﺴ‬ : ‫ﺘﻴﻠﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻨﺩﻭﺭ‬ % 91.7 ٢٠ ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ / ‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ . - ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩ‬ ‫ل‬ ١٥  ‫ﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻝﻭﻙ‬ . 
‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﺸﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺘﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺨﺹ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻤﻭﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻠﻪ‬ .  ‫ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻩ‬ .  ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻤﺜ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻨﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ٣ ‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺠﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬  ‫ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ‬ ٥ ‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺘﻪ‬ .  ٢١ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ . - ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ١٤  : 1-3 Dichloropropana ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻌ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ : ‫ﺘﻴﻠﻭﻥ‬ ٢ ٢٠ ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ / ‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ - ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ١٥  ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻀﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻝﻭﻙ‬ .  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺭﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ .  ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺨﺹ‬  ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺴﻘ‬ ‫ﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻁﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻝﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬  ٢١ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬ . - ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ١٤  ‫ﺘﻴﻠﻭﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ Telon+ ( 1-3 Dichloropropene ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜﺎﻤﻨ‬ : ‫ﺘﻴﻠﻭﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ : ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ % 61.1 Chloropicrin + ‫ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﺒﻜﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺜﺎﻴل‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻌﺔ‬ ٤٥ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﻭﻤﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺜﺎﻴل‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ .  ‫ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻭﺭ‬  ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ‬ . ‫ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﻠﻭﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘل‬  ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻝﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ . ‫ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ٣٠ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﻭﻤ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ .  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﺘﺎﺀ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺸﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻲ‬ . __ ‫ﺍﻝﺼﺭﻑ‬ ، ٢٥٠ ‫ﻤﺘﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬ . ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻏﺴل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ .  ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬ ٣ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺒﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ‬  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬ . 
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﺎﺴﻌ‬ : ‫ﺘﻴﻠﻭﺒﻴﻙ‬ : ‫ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻠﻭﻥ‬ + ‫ﻜﻠﻭﺭﻭﺒﻜﺭﻴﻥ‬ : ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺤﻘﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻐﻁﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ‬  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺨﺹ‬ .  ‫ﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ ٤٨ ‫ﻜﺠﻡ‬ .  ٢١ ‫ﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ‬ . - ‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ١٤  ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬ .  : Formaldehyde ( Fordr ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻋﺎﺸﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺭﻤﺎﻝﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺭﻤﺎﻝﺩﻫﻴﻥ‬ ( ٣٧ ٥٠ ‫ﻝﺘﺭ‬ / ‫ﺩﻭﻨﻡ‬ . - ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻌﺩل‬ ٥٠  ‫ﺘﻐﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻝﻤﺩﺓ‬ ٨ ‫ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺨﺹ‬ .  ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺘﻜﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻭﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ . ‫ﻗﻁﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﻘل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ٥٠٠ ‫ﻡ‬ .  : Soil steaming ‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺸﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺎﻓﺢ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺁﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻁﺭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻴﻤﺎﺘﻭﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺫﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺸﺎﺏ‬ .  ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ .  ‫ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨﺴﺒﻴ‬  ‫ﻴﻠﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻔﻀل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺨﺹ‬ .

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