Pengantar Biproses Pertemuan 1

1. PENGANTAR BIOPROSES/
INTRODUCTION TO
BIOPROCESS (STK-3229)
Pertemuan 1
Rivaldi Sidabutar, S.T., M.T.
Program Studi S1 Teknik Kimia - Fakultas Teknik

2. Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah (CPMK)
Setelah mengikuti perkuliahan Pengantar Bioproses ini,
mahasiswa akan mampu mendefinisikan dan
merencanakan konsep bioproses dan aplikasi bioproses dalam
proses Industri serta mampu memahami dan menggambar
kurva pertumbuhan mikroorganisme

3. Sub-CPMK
Sub-CPMK1:
Mahasiswa akan mampu mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan
pengertian dan konsep Bioproses, apa kaitannya dengan disiplin
Ilmu Teknik Kimia, bagaimana aplikasinya dalam proses industri, dan
persiapan media pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dalam bioproses

4. Objective
1. Study aspects, scope, performance, and application of
bioprocess
2. Preparation of microbial growth media
3. Curve of microbial growth
4. Measurement and calculation of the number of microbes

5. Reference
1. Ketchum, P., Microbiology: Concepts and Application, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1988.
2. D. Dwijosaputro. Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi. Penerbit Djambatan 1990.
3. Krueger, et al., Introduction to Microbiology, Mc Millan, 1979.
4. Frosbisher, et al., Fundamental of Microbiology, Saunders (Toppan), 1974
5. Bailey dan Ollis. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, Mc Graw Hill, 1987
6. Aiba, et al., Biochemical Engineering, Tokyo University Press, 1973
7. Cooney, Fermentation and Enzyme Technology, John Wiley, 1973
8. Wang, D.C., Cooney, C.L., Dunnill, P., Humphrey, A.E., & Lilly. M.D. Fermentation and Enzyme
Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Singapore, 1979.

6. Schedule and evaluation assessment
Schedule :
• Class A and C : Wed, 1.00 – 2.10 p.m
• Class B and D : Wed, 8.00 – 9.10 a.m
Evaluation assessment
Evaluation Assessment is carried out on each learning achievement with details:
- Problem Based Learning (individual ass)
- Tasks (ind/grup)
- Ujian Pengukuran CP

7. What do you think about
BIOPROCESS ?
Short Quiz

8. Student
answer
-

9. BIOPROCESS
A combination of biotechnology and chemical engineering
The branch of science of chemical engineering that deals
with the design and construction of production processes
involving biological agents. Biological agents can be
microorganisms or enzymes produced by microorganisms.

10. Bioprocess study aspects
Biological agents (microb
es, enzymes)
3
1
2
Utilization by technology
and industry
Produced products and
services

11. The scope of BIOPROCESS
Laboratory scale: microbial selection steps or
enzyme performance description: 1-5 liter
fermenter
Pilot-plan scale: optimization of bioprocess
conditions/variables: fermenter 5 – 500 Liter
Industrial scale: considering the economic
calculation: fermenter 500 – 5000 liter

12. BIOPROCESS PERFORMANCE
1st
2st
3st
4st
Identification of products,
substrates and
intermediates
Stoichiometry of process
Bioprocess rate kinetics
Reactor design/modelling

13. Physiology: cell
processes and
activities of an
organism
02
Biochemistry:
chemical reactions
and processes in
cells
03
Genetics: the
genetic material
in cells
04
Microbiology:
understanding of
microbes (types,
structures and
components of cells)
01
Bioprocess needs research assistance

14. Microbes in bioprocess
simple genetic material
Reproduction is rapid
The size is small, so
the ratio of area to cell
volume is high
relatively does not
produce toxic waste
(safe for the
environment)
Can grow on a variety
of media

15. What is a BIOPROCESSENGINEER??
 Technically trained to understand, design, and
efficiently handle bioreactors.
 Ensures that a favorable sustainable state or
predictable outcome of a bioprocess is achieved
 Differentiating from other engineers, training in
biological sciences, especially quantitative and
analytical biological sciences, and green chemistry

16. Example of
Bioprocess Implementation?
Short Quiz

17. Bioprocess applications and products
01 Medical field:
02
biopesticides, animal feed, xylase enzymes,
compost and fertilizers, Nitrogen fixing bacteria etc..
Agriculture:
03 Chemical Industry
antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins, steroids, hormones,
antibodies, interferons etc.
Ethanol, acetone, butanol, organic acids,
biopolymers, surfactants, perfumes etc.
04
Alcoholic beverages, fermented dairy products, PST,
organic acids, enzymes, antioxidants, sweetening
agents, dyes, aromas, etc.
Agroindustry :

18. Enzymatic
Feedstock Bioprocessing Product
GAS
LIQUID
SOLID
PRODUCT
LINES
Cell culture
Biocatalyst Bioreactor
Recovery
product
Feedstock Bioprocessing
 Gas
− Syn. Gas
− CO2
− Organic vapor
 Liquid
− Organic
− Sugar solution
 Solid
− Biomass
− Consumer Waste
 Immobilized Enzymes
− Ambient to Extreme
 Fermentation
− Immobilized
− Free cell
− Ambient to Extreme
 Bioreactors
− Continuous Systems
− Membrane
− Batch or Fed-batch
 Separation
− In situ
− Secondary
 Media
− Gaseous
− Aqueous
− Organic
 Pharmaceuticals
 Fine chemicals
 Specialty Chemicals
 Feedstock
 Bulk chemicals
General
Bioprocess
Product
Link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eKdZ0dVCCo

19. Objectives
• Define microbial growth
• Distinguish between binary fission and budding
• Classify microbes into five groups on the basis of preferred temperature range
• Explain microbial growth at low and high pH
• Provide a use for each of the four elements (C, N, S, P) needed in large amounts
for microbial growth
• Distinguish between chemically defined and complex media
• Justify the use of each of the following: anaerobic techniques, living host cells,
candle jars, selective, differential, and enrichment media
• Review some direct and indirect methods of measuring bacterial cell growth
Microbial Growth

20. Definition
• Microbial Growth Defined:
1. Mother or parent cell doubles
in size
2. Divides into two daughter cells
• Microbial growth is defined as
the increase in the number of
cells, which occurs by cell
division

21. Thin section of the bacterium Staphylococcus,
undergoing binary fission
Budding

22. Bacterial Growth Curve
Illustrates the dynamics of growth
Phases of growth
•Lag phase
•Exponential or logarithmic (log)
phase
•Stationary phase
•Death phase (decline phase)
Compare growth in liquid and on solid media

23. Microbial growth: Increase in cell number, not cell size!
Physical Requirements for Growth: Temperature (cardinal temperature)
• Minimum growth temperature
• Optimum growth temperature
• Maximum growth temperature
Five groups based on optimum growth temperature
1. Psychrophiles
2. Psychrotrophs
3. Mesophiles
4. Thermophiles
5. Hyperthermophiles
Microbial Growth
Fig. 6 .3

24. Physical Requirements for Growth:
pH and Osmotic Pressure
Most bacteria grow best between pH 6.5 and 7.5: Neutrophils
Some bacteria are very tolerant of acidity or thrive in it: Acidophiles
(preferred pH range 1 to 5)
Alkaliphiles grow between pH range 9 to 11
Molds and yeasts grow best between pH 5 and 6
Hypertonic environments (increased salt or sugar) cause plasmolysis
Obligate halophiles vs.
facultative halophiles

25. pH

26. Chemical Requirements for Growth: Oxygen
O2 requirements vary greatly
Table 6.1: The Effects of Oxygen on the Growth of Various Types of Bacteria

27. Chemical Requirements for Growth: Carbon, N,
S, P, etc.
• Carbon
•  Half of dry weight
• Chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources
• Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus
• Needed for ?
• Found in amino acids and proteins
• S in thiamine and biotin
• Phosphate ions (PO4
3–)
(most bacteria decompose proteins)
• Also needed K, Mg, Ca, trace elements (as
cofactors), and organic growth factors
Vit B7
Vit B1

28. Culture Media
• Culture medium: Nutrients prepared for microbial growth
• Have to be sterile (not contain living microbes)
• Inoculum: Microbes introduced into medium
• Culture: Microbes growing in/on culture medium
• Chemically defined media: Exact chemical composition is known (for research purposes
only)
• Complex media: Extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants, e.g.:
• Nutrient broth
• Nutrient agar
• Blood agar

29. Types of Culture Media
• Natural Media: In nature, many species of
microorganisms grow together in oceans, lakes, and soil
and on living or dead organic matter
• Synthetic medium: A medium prepared in the
laboratory from material of precise or reasonably
well-defined composition
• Complex medium: contains reasonably familiar material
but varies slightly in chemical composition from batch to
batch (e.g. peptone, a product of enzyme digestion of
proteins)
Commonly Used Media
• Yeast Extract
• Casein Hydrolysate
• Serum
• Blood agar
• Chocolate agar

30. Agar
•Complex polysaccharide
•Used as solidifying agent for culture media in
Petri plates, slants, and deeps
•Generally not metabo- lized by
microbes
•Liquefies at 100°C
•Solidifies ~40°C

31. The Growth of Bacterial Cultures
Binary fission – exponential growth
Budding
Generation time – time required for cell to divide (also
known as doubling time)
Ranges from 20 min (E. coli) to > 24h (M. tuberculosis)
Consider reproductive potential of E. coli

32. Serial Dilution and Standard Plate Counts
•Standard plate count: One method of
measuring bacterial growth
•Agar plate: A petri dish containing a
nutrient medium solidified with agar
•Serial dilutions are used to dilute the
original bacterial culture before you
transfer known volume of culture onto
agar plate

33. • Pour plate: made by first adding
1.0ml of diluted culture to 9ml of
molten agar
• Spread plate: made by adding
0.1ml of diluted culture to
surface of solid medium
Calculation of the number of
bacteria per milliliter of culture
using serial dilution

34. Question
In your opinion,
how do you calculate/measure microbial growth?

35. Direct Measurements of Microbial Growth
Viable cell counts: Plate counts: Serial dilutions
put on plates CFUs form colonies

36. Additional Direct Measurements
1. Filtration method of choice for low
counts
2. Direct microscopic count: Counting
chambers (slides) for microscope

37. Measuring Microbial Growth - Overview
Direct Methods
•Plate counts
•Filtration
•MPN
•Direct microscopic count
Indirect Methods
•Turbidity
•Metabolic activity
•Dry weight

38. CONCLUSION
1. (Muhammad Faiz)
- bacteria have 4 growth phase (log, exponent,
stationary, and death)
2. (Anastasia)
- Bioprocess is application of two department, ie
Microbiology and Chemical Engineering
- Bioprocess have 4 step : identification,
stoichiometry, kinetics, and design.

39. Next week :
Objective:
1. The control of microbial growth
2. The effect of microbial control agents on cellular
structures
3. Compare effectiveness of moist heat vs dry heat
4. Kinetics of microbial growth

40. THANK YOU!