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- 11. l~~t2.4..W.. :~J ,q:jlS'..HJ ct..UI~JJ ~ r>LuJI ,ru~' ~.;t..aJI ~1 <i'1L.u.; 0-A ~ ~ LWI L.J.>JI ~bi..9 ~l~?JI o).)?JI J..? yt6' ~.>i ".JA :~ .:Gi y~I j.!4;.!J t~_,.1.1 ul~ ~~~~I ,, ~1..9 '5~1..9 ~I~ 0-A ~l~?JI ;;Jb?JI t..i>-9 J6:,J_, ~4! :~t:i .~I ~J~J J>.l..UI ~ a.!q.!t;, ;;tlJ a.!~.!:ll ul.>;j.1.IJ .>J~IJ - ~ .).! ,:;,.!J ~l~?JI OJb?JI J..? ~lj ~I V")..UI ~ r~ ::Jo .~l~?JI ;;Jb?JI J~ ~ <J->?~I J~~ c.:rk ~to..9 ~~..9 ~)...lA, ;,;~ ~l~?JI ;;Jb?JI ul~t:; ~4! :~IJ ~I uLA.J,;JI ~ ~...1.......1u j.f,jj ~ ~L;.JI tlbAJl..9 L..oWI L..o...WI ~bi ;;~I ul:~_jll ~ o.)~ u~G. ~ iill.JS'J ,;;~I ~I ~j.LJ:l~l..9 ..u~IJi.oJJ..Ul~~~l~J:f9J~IJ~IJ~~~JA~I ~ ~~~ ~ IJ..14Lc.I LJ:d.lj.1.l 0i y~l l.JA ~ w~ ~ ...LAlJ . l..L......i.J_jAJ ~l~?JI. ;;Jb?JI J~ ~ ~ w>lS'J Snow _,.L-...uJ Miles ~LA 0-A J~ ~..9 ~L;.JI tl..b..4J1 ~ ~lj~I 0i Snow~ .;~~I .lJJi ~ :a.:,JtJI u~I ~1 ~-ul~?JI ulJ~I ~.! ,,,4;.' 0J.AJa..i.! 'qsi'·'?" ~~I Defenders 0~1..Ul-r Analyzer 0_,1.6.J.l -'T' Prospectors 0J.;.::.<;...tl _, ul.;~I J~ ~ aJw ~ ul~ ~ ~i ~I.;~ ~1 IJJLJui ~i WS' ~.~ti.°"·",... WI~ .Reactors·· '-Ll:i..ll 1··1- 1.-=1t-l~I - 'l'I .'J-W ~-...:;.) .:..9 '-'_,............ ~ ~ -·- ~~ ,, - - 01. lj.!.i;i_, lS~J t 4.!q ·ai lsJ~l~! Cl:JwJ u~I "~ ~ ~ J;.l...lA j~I ~ u~l~?JI "~ ~ ~i ~ ~ _jA ~fill ~JWI ~ LA d..:l>l..UI aj;.L:!.JI ~ WljCA ~-' d.:ub?JI ;;~~I ~bi~ ts-"= ~ ':?"4µ1 ~JL;.JI r~ISJIJ Internal Fit ~l..UI rjljLJI ~Jib: LA Ji ~.;L;.Jl..9 ~ ~l:.J.4 ~lb u~I uiJ "-....J~~..9 cU;..l...lA w ~..9 External Fit
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- 13. ~t:;J~ ~ WJl~iJ...s ~J ,ct..lJI 0::ihi ul~I ~ ~ o.;JLg Li l..Lj! ~ - <i'11 oJ~4 Ll~!J o~IJ t~4 I< .,,0 ; F'~I ~..u::JI .J~ ~ l..Lji,:s o~I ~bf o~LlS' ytU ~~ l.Libl.;9011.5_?-f a....1.o4 JS'~ t~' ~ ~~~ . -~ a...Jl.a.4JI l.JI A ~ti . -~~I 4.Jb::u..u~I U.,L..._j, • ~ • i . . ,LWI "-4..G.JI r.:r- .. J .. .:J""" r.:r- J . . . . LJA • (.) ~..J ~~?II y_,.._.!JI (j ....!.ol cJ.> ~l_,.l.IJ <)k_,JI (j,.!.ol Aj,4.iJ <i'1' ~_,JI ~~I -~'J o~I ~ ".JJ~ <JAJ:! ~~ jl..iJo <.JA ul~LALI ~~ F'~I ~..UI L4..G.JI 0! 1.5...U ~~ 0i j.At ~YJ y~I 1.J.A ~ l..Lj!J ul~I F ~<GI.;~ 0---0j.J..J ~ ~ ~l_,JI e_)lb~I a......uJ ~~I ~I?.!~ o.>:'~IJ ~IJ~I y~I ...u_;, l..Ljl ·...>-"°WI ~J~I ~I u~ J_p.. o~I uWll JS:.:.J .J...1..&.o LA ~4--1 ...u_;, ~ [b:,~ llij.11 ~I Jjl_,J.I <.JA oJLi:u.u~IJ a.J~I u~ u4~1 ~Lu..o ~ ~L;JI <.:..~~~I i.SJ°JJ u4L.1uJ 4µ y~I u~j3 <.:..~ .. - o~.;JI oJ~I ~ J~I ~j3J ~I 4.:q ;1 ~I~ I~ w:.:.UI u---uJI .J4S' .j.!lS::JIJ ~LlSJI ~ ~ ~I ~...U 0~ _,_J l~J t~_,.l.I J_p.. ~l.;-ll ~ ~~.'"4 y~I ~..J ~I~ y~I ~..;..G ~..LI.I LJ.>JI ~fo 0fJ ~.J-U'_,J.l ".J.A ~ ~ e_)lb)U .as'~IJ ~Jyill ~~I ~I?.?/ ~J ~Ji "~J cll~i ~ l..Ljj~~L~0i Jy,~uL....lb. 0 11<.JA~I ~y l.Lljb ...L....AlJ 0iJ L,~1.5p.i~y~jl..4llu~ ~J'~~lul°JwL....b.011~ ~_;.:; - .. : I. ~ti Ll, ~1 I ~b Jl:g ~Jl Jol.a.J',)11 •WG .... a..u. ~ti d..i.UI ~~ ..~..H.. - ~ Jc.-T . .?..>-J -~ c.:J~J~~j~~ lAJ c.:,,~~~~i~J <ii~.J..&.o ~ ~l~I 1_,JL ~ <iiL..ui ~IJ...UI ~ uu FJ - ~~J ~ ct.UI ybS' ~J a..n~ · A·'' - · i~ J~F'~ ~ - <.JALS' .J...UI ~~i ~~I Lli . b t.~ l.j -<-· w '-?"'"""' ~Jt.;r! ~..J - ~~J l+.tJi~~_,ijJ-JL.Q.JI a....J- l.WJ~0i ~::iJS'<.JA~i~J L~ c.:,,~ ~~1 Jbl.i..l.IJ u:~I <.)A j.At Ll.AJ .~l.,;J4 4.:ic ~~I ~IJ - fJ fJ ~l>LJ4 ~L;.. 0S.Ji w~I ~ 0§J 0iJ ~~.JJ =~, l.J4S'J l.J~ ~l_,.JJ "
- 14. o~~ as:.LJ.I ~~<?I~~_,...,JI ~IJ ~~~I ~1>'14J <:r..r.JIJ <::r4~f'I ~ Ll,jlJ .~I ~J ~J ~J Q:-4~1 o.J..6.C. ~J-'4-'-"J ~_;--c:wl LJ:-4»'11 r~l>. ~J-LllJ ~4 ~ ~.Lll ~.;JI jl_,.kll 0A ~ ~IJ L_;bf'I ..Li~~ ui ~I ubw 41.JI _-;: ~ ,d.J':llb - t.t ~ · •.:... t - - LuL._j, · t ~.J.4ill - c..;r-IJ . ~ ~ ~ ~.Y"'"' ""~ • • u ~ ~:;JIJ uJl411J r#'J yb~I ~ ~.r.JIJ ~~f'I ~~J ~ ~ as:LJ.I .~_jll 41.JI_, .~L.u,jf'I ulA~I_, (snow) · ,...., ..~ .....t '->~I ulJ ..JAA cU~ l4J '->~I J ~ -· · ..A.j Y-'-"J~~ • f' . . :.? - ~ u ~4JI ~ <?' Q:AL.;o.l.lj d..GA~IJ o~..WI ~.:i_;J 0A ~'~ye: y~I 1.:ui ui y_,b:i ~ ~~~ ui ..S'~ c:G~ ~y~I 1.:ui UJJ~ ._g.J---'-" LWI L..G.JI o)~1 ~ ~I ~.>Ai c:Gi_, 'f'WI tlb.411 ~~~~..Li ~L~it.I_, u~~f'I ·"~J~J-4 cUJ
- 15. ~..w ~ ·(..)-" ~.)~~~'~ Foreword By Prof. Charles C. Snow ~~ a./:JJ ~4- J~~I o)~?l ~ d.:JS'J w~ ~jA ;;.:i:;Lui ~J Mellon Foundation Fellow, Smeal College of Business, Pennsylvania State University Alan_;.:Lo w')JT t.t;)l.o_; C4 ~Raymond Miles j.J:Lo~.J-4-l...JJ wi ~Lo~ r''W· rl..~i ~~~I~ w~i ~Henry Coleman wUfi ~~J Meyer tS tS tS .. tS ·~J~J~~~,'l'~"J~4~~~~'~?lloJb?/IJ~w~ ~b~ J..C.L..u ~Snow _,.u.uJMilesj.J:Lo~J~.J.ll ~l~?/I ~~~wu ,(Managrial Strategizing) ~l~?/I oJb?/I w~~~ I q8q .;;.,.' wo·o~l l.:ui ~ ~J .(Organization Theory) ~I~~ ~IJ~U ·b.!b~iJIJ ~ ...lA ~ :. ·) ~ w>L·-~' · · .. ~~ · w~ :. ~I l..UL-..ul ~ .. ~ . ~ .... ~ ~~ 0A ~ .. J 40 1'9~wlu.4i)~ ... o..........JJ.>.b·L~<~t·~-~~·lJ~,(~ .. .. ~ .. • ... :J-',.,_..,., (.) (.) .. (.) .. .. I • I(" • I ··- .. ( I·..•, I I - .. I • ) .. .... .. I • ( I . :. .. 4.c. L..LL.o <..)"" ~ ~ ..)'-lJ . f;. ...u.J w~ clJ:. ~ ".) " f I ,, Q clJ:. L..LL.oJ w .!"I •• t I ,, AJ I :,.~.<;,,,ti~ ~j w~~ ~l~?/I wlJ~' 0-A an~ Jot4>i ~ ~i ~(The Prospector,Analyzer & Defender) ~l...UIJ J..-.bJ.IJ (~I) ~ ~i ~J ,~b wl~ ~ ~..ul~?/I wlJ~l L.>A Jol.4>i ~ Ll:s~ ,, R .. wr11 ~ wl.! q ...11"~0-A ~ uu . eactors ~I ~J~J JJ~ 151 (u,,k.Ll:Ll.1) tS .. .. Q .to;;JI 1< d, 1 q,J'.~-.>ts'.1.;; ~1 .., ~1. ~~~as. _:._,1 ~' .. 1 (.;t".. ~ ~ uu '.) ~_j-UI ~ '..J-"""'"" ..... ~.. ~-'Miles ..>J:Lo w~ ~ L>-AJ .~..ul~1 Lw~Li: ~.J.JI ;;Jb?/I r~J C4 rf;.ljLi wi 4lALlJI as~1 ~I~?/~ 'l' ct.ii ~w (r' CAt rlA:.) Snow ~~I uiJ (External Fit) (~.;l-~.JI rjl..~1) ~~Lo Ji ~J~I ~I (~Lui rjl_,:&.11) ~'~?!' C4 ~~ 0i ~ ;;Jb?/I W~J a qto;14 ~ ~6W ~ a~.!:tl C4 J1~4 r~ljLi wi ~ ~ ~ uiJ (Internal Fit) .(Dynamic Fit) ~_r>JI rjl_,:&.JI ~ ~ ul ~Lo Ji L.>Aj.ll ~ J,.uil.U.JI I~ :~)ill w~..ul~?/I tl~i ~ ~J J-lfa ~ )~4 J.W w~~ ~(The Prospetors) w~I Ji wJ:..=;.<; ...tl - 1f. " If. ~ " ')/JI 1.!.1~4 b..~ w~ ~IJ .o..1:?~ JIJ--"-"IJ wl.!;;;;J ,ul.o..G..J ,u~ ,,..
- 16. Ji ~_,.b:LJ ~.l~J~~t ~ l.l~I J~4 J:;;t4 '-41 '~~ ~Jl.4.o · ~~4 a.L.all ul~ ~IJ..144 ~ J-""" ~~ ul~ ~~ Jo_,.b;._,_,i~Ful~ulS'~~ :(The Defenders) 0.,...e..U - ~ 0.JJ ul~ ulJ~J ~ 0~ ~1 .~1~~.>J_,.bJ ~ ~ ~J.J.41. ~w • ..~lt a..alJl ~~ l ·.A 4!. ~~ti • < - . ~ti -, ~I C'""~ - . ~ ~ ~ ~ '?""' ~-""" ,a.!;.!:bit ~~I ~1)+4 rJ;.; ...; ulS'~ ~ :(The Analyzers) 0.,lbJ.I - - ~_j ...;11~..)JI~ 0-'"4~ ~t_, ,1~ Jii_, ~i ..s:~ F ~ ~-' ...i...J.~t L· -L uwl.S:AI ul~ 4J ul.U.o:i · ~ ~ ,-;~q ul....u.o ·.. -"".t - y- ,_,.,.._. ~ .~ - c.J-'"4 - ~- -· ~ .o.J:~ u'-4..b.J ~~ ~~J~'i1_,itl~)'10~,~L:i~~'J_,b<JA~~t~~4_, ~ ~J'(r'°'°'' 0J.,».iJ~LA)J~ul~~>WI u~~)'1t~i0f~ 0.,lbJ.IJ .o.J:~ ul.!;o;.>J_,_b:i~ ~~I~ ~~I 0J...U~ ~;, .=;.<; ... ti 0i ~~~>&JI ytU0~~ ,;;..s:~I JI-"""~~~.; ,=;.<; ...J ~ 0~ ;;..i:;~ul~~ ~~Ji ~..)~u~J;s<J-4 ~~~Jl~~I ..)~~U J~I uwl.S:A} ~J ~ ~J..144 ~ ~ o..).;-AU oJ.J.41. ~J .~.;.. .~~~~~~~~~~~~J..s.AJo.J:~a.!;;;_,i~~~ 0~ 'tl.>:&~'i ~~J~~ Wl.4.J ul~W ~JJ0yi .=;.<; ... ti~ ~J ~ u~/u>l:..u:i J>...)! ~ ~J..144 ~WW ~l~Wl 0~ LJ:l.bJI ul.!;;;t J..::>c-Y ~ ~~ 0-4 0.,...e1..u1 .J5.>J-o9 ,(~J) ~IJ ul.!;;; r'~4 0-4 a.:t4)'1~~0~ ~i ~ ~ ~y>.i ulS'~ lAJ# <.f'll u~J .o~LO~i 1~0lJ~ ~>L.o 4-..uJ~ ~UI ;(;)WI ..)~I J~ ~~lj o.;b)'I ~~ rts ..l-Sj aca.!'~ ~J .(Miles-Snow) (Shortell and Zajac, 1990) _,.L...uJ J.l:La [~~t ~..)~IJ .W ,(Doty, et-al,1993) ~I~~ ~y>.t [jW ~ ~.;W.4 [j~ J.? ~ .;l.b:!i_, ~~b ~~~?/I L>A JoWi ~btJ a.!.;.:t:..,JI ~~I L-ul.;~ 1-'"4l:! ~-ul~?/I tl~i.;.!.!;;~~ .(Hambrik, 1993.De Sarboet-al2005) ~ ~¥. a.!'?"..UI~)' L>-4 t~ JS' as~__, (Zajac and Shortell,1989) ~ji o.lW:.}J
- 17. [~J4lfl rl~I i.S.J.AJ(Olson et-al, 2005) (Slater et-al, 2006) ~~I as"~I .(Zahra and Pearce, 1990) , J"~I ··t_-: -:ti L.;JI ~lb4ll ulS' :. .-~ L.J -- ~I I~ ... t;.. .... - J.4.J lj L~ <..:""' J (..)"° L ~ r..:r- .~ • ~ f.l Rhys yl.:AS' 0~ ·.·! ,,.JI l~J .4-AWI u~I ~[~~I~ a;.l.S:A! J~ ~l.:AS' ~ and Rews, George Boyne, Jennifer Law and Richard Walker · , [~_,4s 1-"4...L;.; rc·I ,~4.JI 4c~ i.>A ~~ 0J.l LJ:4.Ij..ll ~'1JA 0U ,~li.U ~ 4-A..bJI u~ ~bl~ ~1~?11 oJb?ll ~b ~IJ...U (Miles and Snow) , , ~ '4~ c.!ll.lA ,~y..o .JA ~, L;sCi ·(.)"°L.;JI t~I ~ ~ ~ Lal.4i ,LAWI ~~I )ts'~ Defenders ~l..U.IJ Prospectors~IJl~.; .:;.<;.,,t I c.!l_,.L.u - JUJI .l_H 0-"°~ ~.:.u1 u1 ,cL.:Jl LlL.o_,:; LA~ ~J, um ·((,)"°L;.JIJ rL...11) ~ ~ ctjf' a ,:;.<; ~lj...UI D~ 01-9 ,4w ~~~(Reactors) u.,.kLi:L.tl ~l ~~ ~ L..i;.; ,,,4 ~ ~IJ'4 ~I ~I ulA..G.. o~i r~ o.lJ..WI u'1L,JI ,~l_,.JI ~~I ~t;,j ~~ - 0.,.kLi:J.1 ~i - J.-..U,JI oJ...H 0-"4~ 0-A J.-;..J.A ..~ · :. LJI '---= -:ti • L..Al.I a.t:&A~I ,oJ..1.>J.I "l:L.i.lt • ..~<tt ~~1. I" r..:r-~. ~~ LJ:A J J ~ 0-4~ • "-:~ 4-AWI 4-A..bJI o~i ~~J.A01J .a 4.!S 1~~~0J~~~ ~-ul~?ll OJIJ?ll u~J u~l~l J.l_,.bJ ~ ~J~ 0i ..iS~ ~"'i ~y~I I~ uJJ~ ~Jo--" .D.lJ.l.)A cUJ ,~I~ ..>Aj cl,j~ ,rWI t~I .l~ ~'-:-'-'-"Le:; 0
- 18. Desarbo, W.S., DiBenedetto, C.A., Song, M. and Sinha,I. 2005. Revisiting the Miles and Snow strategic framework: Uncovering interrelationships between strategic Management Journal, 26, 47-74. Doty, D. H., Glick, W. H., and Huber, G. P. 1993. <Fit, equifinality, and organizational effectiveness: A test of two configurational theories>, Academy of management Journal, 36, 1196-250. Hambrick, D. C. 1983. <Some tests of the effectiveness and functional attributes of Miles and Snow,s strategic types>, Academy of management Journal, 26, 5-26. Miles, G., Snow, C. C., and sharfman, M. P. 1993. <Industry variety and performance>, Strategic management Journal, 14, 163-77. Miles, R. E. and Sow, C. C. 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. New Yourk: McGraw-Hill. Miles, R. E. and Snow, C. C. 1984. <Fit, failure, and the hall of fame>, California Management Review 26, 10-28. Olson, E. M., Slater, S. F. and Hult, G. T. M. 2005. <The performance implications of it among business strategy, marketing orientation structure, and strategic behavior>, Journal of Marketing, 69, 49-65. Shortell, S. M. and Zajac, E. J. 1990. <Perceptual and archival measures of Miles and Snow,s strategic types: a comprehensive assessment of reliability and validity>, Academy ofManagement Journals, 33, 817-32. Slater, S. F., Olson, E. M. and Hunt, G. T. M. 2006. <the moderating influence of strategic orientation on the strategy formation capability-performance relationship>,Strategic Management Journal, 27, 1221-31. Zahra, S. A. and Pearce, J. A. 1990. <Research evidence on the Miles-Snow typology>, Journal of Management, 16, 751-68. Zajac, E. J. and Shortell, S. M. 1989. <Changing generic strategies-likelihood, direction, and performance implications>, Strategic Management Journal, 10, 413-30.
- 19. ~i.J.4j .J) ~~.J iJ.. 44<QJ Prefaceand Acknowledgements <Y~u~ ·"'~rl~i~~l~LJ:4JJJ.lul.A~lyt&SJ11~~ ~ t~ r"· ··-CCA rl~~I J~ IJAtg Walker fiJJ Law j-IJ Boyne The Fledgling ~~1 ~1 ~~~1 J..? l.!.U~J ,Walesj.L~ ~_,JI a.!· a~ (~~1 ~1) r~ ~,.!.;;; ~lS:Al t~l 1.J.A ~ ...l!J ,National Assembly yJ ~ ~ly....._u,?JI 'tJ).l?JI r~ ~1.iu..J .~I J.L..J a..o~ ~(Best Value) JJ~I ~L.u~I ~Best Value (~~1 ~I) J..? t~I l.J.A ~..J r..tuJI l.J.A Economic and Social) ~?/IJ ~.lLAa'l'I '=.J~I ~ LJ.A ~1 LJ.A .l...1.......£l ~ 's·.!~ rU .i9 y~l 1.J.A ~ o.lJlyl uwl.:tJI uiJ Research Council (Es Re ~ ~...GJI ~J ~ly....._u,f'I ~ Llj...UI ul~ ul.S'J 'u~~l ".J.A ulJi (Strategy and Service lmprovemet In Local Government) a .!.,,_t 1~.,WI YJ Boyne 0--.J~J Andrews JJJ.J.._,,jf LJ...ci JS'~ c.!JJL...j, '-?i - ~ ~ ~IJ r • •1 ~ r • • 0-4 'tJ~I J)t>. l.!.U~J ,~ ~ J~ 0-4 Walker Law >-5JJ a_~~~ J~I LJ...cifiJJ 0---J~ ~J ,( • • •n-Cn°' ~J ~I ~.J-4-:') Advanced Institute For .4.AWI a..o~ '=.J~I DJbf' r..1.4Ll1 ~I LJ.A ..)~4 Esrc/) ~J (( Management Research Public Service Research Fellowships Grant331 -25 -0004 ~J ~I) o~~I ".J.A rLA)U ~..)<?JI ~I ".J.A Epsrc .(and 331- 25- 0006 ,~_µ1 'tJ~~I ~ J~IJ ~I~ Boyne <J.J~ ~ JS.J ...L...lJ l.J.A fiJJ <)J~ '-?j - ~~J '.)~'l'lj tL-1.......:1?11 o-k Dj..#..)J ul.S' ~Walker fiJJ wi J~ c.).A l.!.U~J ,yt&SJI l.J.A ~~ <i'1' o~~I ~IJ (Boyne & Walker) ~ .J..iA r~J .~µ1;a..ow1 D~~I j:-1.li ~~I ..L.411~1 ~~J '~~I ~ ~ ~ ~4 IJAtg Walker fiJJ Boyne ~~J Andrews JJ.J~i ,I~ ~_;g How Public Management Matters: Strategy, ul~ .4.AWI o.Jl.lf'~ r~'l'I ~ly....._u,?JI :(~ 0---4) Networking and Local Service Performance -23-Res-062) ~I ~.J-4-:' Ci.......u,IJ...UI ~J ,~I d....-4...GJI j:.biJ (Ci.!<: .~.JI) t~l l.J.A .J.!a;;rU ..,LgJ ·r"·'·Jr· ·1~L:.0::' "'~' ~c.!.L.J~J ,(00389 Texas ~~ A&M "-a.44-- 0-4 (Kenneth J. Meier)~ ~ ~ a.Ji.Aj.14 w
- 20. 4...A4- LJ.A (LaurenceJ. O'toole Jr.) J_,_.JJi ~.;_,lJ (Cardiff) ~.l.;lS' LAA4-J ,j-4..1.d:i ~ o~L-."1. ulb)UJ.;~~~4 u_,4lj.l ~~ .i!J (Georgia) l:P.-.;.?. - .d.AWo~~4~~ffla..ul.;.l~~ ~1.;..u1 ~1->+HJ ~~~'~Lu~~ 4AJ)UI U~J...l......1.1 ~ t~ ul (Common Room) ;;.JJL...u~ d..>.~ ~~ ~ c.:.4i ~_,ll l.'..1.A J)l;.. l!i4~J u~Jl..UI ".'..1.A ~..) .i!J ,(Cardiff) ~.l.;lS' 4...A~ (Aberdare) ..>:!.l.>:'i d.J:.t9 ~ - - b~i u~ c.ill~ 1~ ~J .;;~1J 15~10-4 ;;~J U~J abt ...JI J4k~ ' - - ~ ;;~'l'I "~ 0-4 ~l~i cYo~ ~ .i!J .y~ l.'..1.A ...s~ ~ IJ-4-AL..u .i9 ps- AmericanAcademy o.;bf' ~JA~' ~..)S'~I t~' c.ill~ ~ ~ ;;~ u..~j.A BritishAcademy of ;;.;l.l~ ~..b.,.._r.JI ~..)S'~ ~JAJ of Management o.;bf' ~~i ..)..:io.:iJ d.AWI o.;l.lf'I ~~~ ~J..UI ~~j.AJ Management International Soceity For Public Management Research and Public 4...-AWI ~~IJ u~ at ,,,t ...t u~ ~J ,Management Research Association <i'1' ul_.r4ij.l.IJ uk.~~ ~i) ut=1l.Ull ".'..1.A LJ.A .Al ;.!at;<?' ;;~L....uJ. ~_r1.I ;;~~I u~ c.!.1'.;.lJ ~ ~l.;.4J ~ u~ .i9J ,{o.;_,s'.:U ul Qt;,;q' siQJ.Q·, o.;bf'~y~ l~~~l?.f~_?.~ ~I .i9~iJ'Y~I l~~d..>.J>b.ll JoumalofPublicAdministrationa:µJ~l-d.AWlo.;bf'~~IJ Public Administration and Public d.AWI o.;bf'I ~J Research and Theory J>b-0-4~1 ~ LlJ~~ .i!c.J:4WI ~ui ~MangementReview '-J~' I~.~ ~I ~·A .~.)~I~' - 1J ~ ..:t. ~' ~1· ~' . i.r- u - . - IJ-L'-" ~ - 'J-' WA ~ (Miles &Snow) ~J~LA ~ rWI Jllo~I <JA o.J-tfi [~~~I ~I ~l.r?'l <JA <J:>-~J .(l.o)~o.lyi.ALll4A~"~J°Jµ 0-4~ ~~J('WA) l!iLll.u '-'--: o.l~L - LuJI ~ . ~ · ·.<' ~ l.a........u - ~ c.ill.:U ~ ~ -· ~~ ~· ~ '-?"""~J • ~ • ~ c.ill~J ,~l.UJIJ ~l.>'ll u~ o.l.J.L&.1.1 [~~I~ ~L;. ,;;~~a.bl ~~1 o.;bf' ;;~t ~~~_,:Li<?' ~I ut9)WI ~ ~ W <?' u~WI ~l~~I ~t ..)~~~,~li.Jl"~J .Snow ~JMiles~U~l~f'I Charles Snow~ ~.J~J Raymond Miles ~Lo ..Li_j4>_.; 0-4 ~ ..>:!J.4J4 ul~ rr ··A.;: Q • "2.l ~ ~.lJlS' 4...A4- ~ ~t ~.J.JI >4ij.ll ~ LS'.;~ <J:!.:illl • :I .• ~ -·~~·J ~j :~ A~t , l<' .• t~~I - ~ .J-1-'-"J .r-::"" • .)~ ~ .) - ~ ,..... J ~ - . - 1..)-'--'-A'' Miles and Snow: Organization Strategy, Structure Process: A Reflection .On The Research Perspective of Miles and Snow '"
- 21. J..l=lA ~.i9 <?JI~~LiJ.I - ~.lJlS ~ _;-4;_;.tl ~i - ~WJI 4'~ ~J ~~LA~¥. LA~l..tii lAl:9 <?JIJ ,~l~f'I o).lf'I J~ Snow ~J Miles L.tJ.411 ~J '°'v· rl~i J)l;. ~ o~f .>--Jfa J~ ~.;~i ~ as-J~4 ·~~IJ ~l_,.JIJ ~I - 1 ·- . W..)• A~ t - -- ~~11.l.A . j . Lr,j ,JI6 ~ti a..wo)L;.. .... ~ ~~ ~~J~~. u i..S.>-J ~ J r~i~":-'~11~0~i ~<JtjAt Ll:siJ'rW1tL.k.4.l4~b~1Ja QJ;.,;11 . ···-'I J6:..1.I l.l.A . ~~I U~L ~.r.-' • c.r - " . '°' Rhys Andrews George A. Boyne Jennifer Law Richard M. Walker Cardiff and Hong Kong, February 2011
- 23.
- 24. Ring and Perry,1985, Perry and Rainey) u-oL;.J tl.b.a.ll ~ 4-&A '?'4~' .(1988, Boyne 2002 ,;;~~ JJ-'-"~ aJ~ J~ t.!k;,,.; ~ "'=-4fi.>JfLW ul.JQ..Ll w~ J~J u~ wi ~.) ,SJ.4J . ~' ~b~4 .)~ J~' ~~ wl ~ ~'~ ~_,.i. Ji - ~ ~ wi ~I 0A LfjiJ ,L..J~I ulk.L.u ~.J.l lA 4JLC ~fi.>J/LW ~~l4l'J'~~l.)J:Al4o.)J~~.J.l~~'~wiJ,~J:,~J~' ~ ~ ~..u~?J uJl:PJ 0A at ...t... rWI tl.b.a.l4~~ '~~C4J -~~yJ u~~ ~ ,;;~~ ulA..G.~y JLA u~IJ ~I~ ulJ~~ cl_J~ wu -o-s_.»iC4 uJlL&.14 Ji In House JjL....A..Jl ulA.J.>J t-t..jYJ ,~~ 0A .)~ - - $ ~J~I r4~.lHJ ~~?JI LJ:.> u~I ~ ~ ~ 0A ~J >L_,b I~ ~J ~ i,#j:!i Lo~I w~ ,a..JJLa.14J (Mintzberg et-al 1998) bl,;JI uS'~ t~.J.A t~.,ll '~ ~ ~ wiJ ·rWI tlhl14 ~b~I ~ ~t_,.:&.u,?JI >:Pb J.P- ,; ~· ~ lA~ '?'4§>JI tl.b.41J Cl.ALA ~~?l ~S' I~! ~ ~~ ~4 lisl..~i~ lA~~ lA 1~1 ~~I ~i ~J:JAJ ,u-ol>JI t~lul.JQ..Ll +i~_At ,1 rrL4itJ ,Cl.4.J.>JI t-t_jj&l o~ u~..>=J ~I~ .)l_~~I ~_)o ~ 5~i ~~ ulk.L.u 0A u~~ Lfji Ji')~~ ......·.,;.. ~IJ ~I ,~ a.!k.!b;..J ~~_;Jo~ ~4J ~~ u~l~?JI y_,.b:i ~ ~ ·,.!,;;; ~~' 0A ~J 5~_;..UJ ~ ~J '~ ~ d..AJ~ .)_,.63 Lfji Ji - - ~~' t~ 0A ~ Jt '~_;..Ltll Ji~' .b.!b;. 00 J ~_;Jo~ ~'~?1' ,u~jLAJ 4'~ 1.5_µ! vuL...u~ •;, .:..<; ....! 'Y~I I~ ulJ 5~_;..LtlJ ~I >:Pb ~l~?l oJb?ll lS.J.l wlS' ~l ~~I~~~~~;r.l.4.i..J 5LWI L.J.>JI ~bi~~ Ji ':T-4'::1 ~,~b~l_,,~_ul~?JI :u6-tb. 0 tl~L~l4'~~~~~~U u~I 0A r::ej:LJ wl ~ l~Ll .~~I ~~I d.S>Wl ~~I ~I t_~ ~~ ~iJ 5a:i_,l.a:i..4 L..G. V":!:w ~ wl ~I ~l~?JI u~ ~§>JI .~fi.>Jl/~WI L.J.>JI ~bl J~ lS..,,.>.i ~ j;.l.J.A lS~ ~ j:;LuJ.I 4'~ .)jj ~~LL, <?'J ,a.! "'.!<;Y y~I J~ '.'.!;.>=JI~ r~ ~~ ~ ~ ,t.41-..!,;;;~U#J~ ~i u.fiJ,u~l~?JI lS~J ,a.!4.!to;;t ~ ~b~I ,~, ~.J.JJ ~_;JQ..;JI l.L&:ul4> r~ ,d..c~ ~ 1~ .:G..J..s..J .a.!4.!t;.;;tt ~~'J
- 25. J.i'"lt J.wM,rt w ,rWttlh414 L~ ~t~?Jt U:SLS' ljj L4.C ~lJ ~ ~ t-'-"Jt ~ /LWt L~t ~bt ab~~ ;;..l~_,J.t ~t.J.41J ~~ ~L.o! c.!lJj ~ -~.,WI (41Mtt~t .. J~LA)9'·o·V>ilJt~I - ~t Lo - • - !>-'-"" - - - - • - !>-'-"",. ~ What Is Organizational Strategy? ~Lilt · ·~<i i · -.:.t · - Lo ;;..l~ ~t ~I - "}} ~..llS'~t jLu.Jl · I ,..- ()A~ J ~ ~ - . - '.)-'-'-",. - - [ (.), ~ ~L.u_,JI (Y) .o..'si ,,.tt a.JL.uyt Ji ~t~?Jt ~..L&Jt () :4:ill - ~t~?JI a~ (') .~t~)'t i.S~ 4J~ ~~ '°:?.:.UIJ ~..L&Jt c.!lJj (Strategy Content) ~-ul~)'t i.S~..>->->4'1 (Strategy Processes) 4-A~t ~I~~ [j~ ~) ..l~ Whittington ('t'· · ') wJ-~;.!;.!J w~ ,c.!lJ.:.U J~J Analyse and JA'IJ J:6::&.14 r~I (Classical) '-:?~t (') ~L>JI t~4 i.tl:ilJ~ J~ ~ ~ aJ:B i.tl:;.iij ~I Evolutionary '-:?..>->_,b:Jt (Y) Command ~l£.A ~ (t) (4 .!1.,,,u ~l~I ·., ...~ ~i) Systematic ~~t (') wfa.-:=i.!i:!J '°:?i - C~..J .)~I ~.1-'-"J ~ LJS') Processual ~ J-,Ala:i.JIJ ~~1 ~~ ~t '°:?~ ~iJ~4[j~l ".J.ALJA ~IJJS°C~ - LJ.A Cl.c~ ~~I Ji ~JI ~ ~._>11 ~~~I ~ LJ:fil ~i Ji a..utJ..l ~ ~ ~i Lo!) a~t LJ.A ~I~~ i>A ~tJ t~J (~1~'t [jLu.Jl LJ.A ~i r-""°~ ~~)'t i.S~ ~ ~i ,~_,JUI~ LJ.A ~tJ (~Jl.b wi a~t ~ ~ '°:?.:Ut i.>..U.I ~1) f""I~ ~ ~ c.illj wi ~..H '~J~t ~wj&ll ~ rjlj&ll Ji ,;;..i:~ al).~~ ~tJ ,J~t ..).!.!;; ~ 0.)~4 r.¥i - ~L.Ul.9,U-'14..4J-Ltlo" ~I - "}]~ - · "}}.,u .~Wt~ L;Jt " • '..r ~ .J.&.! - • - '.)-'-'-"" :.>A-J ()A .IJ :J . - . '.) a~J ~1~)'1 i.S~J~l~''fw=ol~'t ~~I '°:?J~I LJ.A ~t ~IJ a:µt a>L.,.::JI J~ ..H'-" ~ ~ c.illj LJ-4 J.9~4 ~J ,a_~I~?JI .J-A ~~~ ~ ~..J~lfa.a~~l~LWl0~15._iJ~J -~ ·('-')~I~~
- 26. ('-')~ ~1~1-1 ~ - ·-~· ~ a!7_.;1;w.~1 l5~ Strategy Content a!7!;1;w.~1 ~1...lAI / u">l~i Strategic Aims ~l;w.~1 .:..l.:k Strategy Processes u-a~~I ~G.l ~y.a::JI 0-4 L ~ i..1)-:LA uaL>JItLbAJl:i w W:...J.Iu-".>l4;J ·(<l:91~1 t91Y.IJ Fl jly.ui l>A Jp:;.11 o..!.lJjj J~J) ~ d.....al>JI ~1~)'1 C'° ~lt:J:i 0i o.).c ~ (d...oWI) ~§>JI wW:...i.1.10µ ,o..!.lJ~ ~ ~ cL..._jjJ ~lh.L..... ~ c..:r=JI ~J ~4-....JI w~.J.1.1 J;9 LJ.A ~ ~J c..:r=JI ~l..u.~I ~~~I i~J ,~UI ~l.)~l L>A i~ i.>..l9 ~ ~jiJ-~4J~J ul.9 ,WIAJI d...o_,s:..:,dJ (I.A..)~ ~I) ~4-....JI W~j)U ~ly............)'I ~1..u.~1 .:.G.b 0 i ~ ~ ~L>J Iw~IJ a_~ly......_....)'I ..s~ _;') f:!,,__;l:J/.>=.J.1iJ L?i f'l~i ~ o..J.;U.ll d.S:.WI ~j..:S"~l 0l5 <Gi o..!.lJjj J~J •01.' ,.. ..,JI~ ~4-JI l.:U. l.:U. J~ ~ .d...oWI wl.o.J...>JI Efficiency o~La5J Economy .)L.::.::.:9~1~f''0..A · ~~I ~j..:5~1 ~i ~ t'°'vv rlc ~Jb.11 d...o~ <.,->~I ~~~I ~ o).)G d...o).....:...!I yUI o).))'I ~ i ..l..A.l .wL....,.J...>Jt ~(Effecti veness) '.'.' ..... o..!.lJ~J 'f-4~10-4~ ~ty......_....)'1 ~l..u.'1 j..:5~1 .>~~wl.)~~I ~J •U:!~IJ ..1.:>-l~l 0->-4JI wl:l-l:' ~ ..:.j..1.:>- ~I "-=1.WI ~UI d...oj'il w~l..ii a~7' _.:; ly............! ..sj:=:.-o a...iw1w LAJ...>J1y...LA.4 ~ 0 i tsy.1.1 0-4 0 l5 ~ <.!.LJ.JJ ·~1...9~ ~ 0i ~I LJA w~J
- 27.
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- 29. J.i:ll J.w:Wll Lawrence andLorsch, 1969, Scott, 2001; Thompson,) ~L4&>.'il ~ ~ ~ ;;~IJ ~ ~ji 'i ~~ J....jWI ~i.;JI ~1 u'i~'il ~ •ii ...;J (1967 - - ~ .. - ulAfi.:.JI L:sl:?-1 ~ '=""'11 J.._.;.1..U.I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~J .~~~I ~ ~l._r.1 ~l:?-1 ulA~ ~_,_JUI.)-!);. l>AJ .LWl/~µI ulAJ.>JI ~ .,,.....::J cl.ti- ~I~·<- 'I;;· ~l/u'its'·'I · a.L,L=LA ti ·j ,,.. '! .L~. w ~'ii - i_,--w ~ ~ <.)A - • .JJ c.r- ~ r ~ ~l.u&jl ul..41~1 ul~ ~IJ..4>i "'4.J '=""'111..!.LtiJ ,~ ~IJ..4>i ls:t ..b~I ;;~~l/u'its';JI ,~I~ -- .:.UI ( .lS:.1.1) ·.-:-fl · - ·-1.!Jl...c.A ....t - 4.u:.~I ~~ - ~ ~ c:T ($~ ~ lJ-i>->41 ~J - . - ~J Ji~,~ Ji ~J-4 wts' Ji ~l~~~I Ji Wu_;.14 wlS:.1.1..ill~0tS ~1~ 'JI - 'JI ~L:s._r.1 ;;~1 ~4 d.;J~I Blair~~~ ~i wlAI ,c.ill.:.U Jli4 . ~ Blair, 2002; Orsr,) L~ ~:JI D.JJ..J-..JI ~..ill~ <JlS'J ,LWI LJ.>JI ~ ...~ ...l!J a.:w1 .J.LJ ulA~ ~ ~lj._r.JI l.:U. u'i~ ~ ~J ,(2002, 2003 ~WI 0o4 ~.li ~.>-'fa~ LWI L~I ~ ~ 4_~1~}'1 ".:U. ufi.J ~ w ,(ul:?-~I) ul:J~I J.a.jJ ,(~IJ..4>~1 ~JJ ~b~I ;;.Jbl ~_;-b ~) ul_J.~;JI ;;.l:.)J~I.? ~J ,~ .,,..,..-JIJ ;;.ll:.4JI ~~ ~ ~fi.:.JI uLJQ.al CGJ.>-4 I~ ~I J.:b:JI .JLl.lJ ,(LWI L~) f'J;.; ,..q .J~IJ ~W.I ~->1> ~ ~ ( lj .. 'I . ) ~I A - tI . . j t1 ~ ~ -'- ·.'l'I a.wIL ..<- ti . L:, .. ti ~ ~ ~ • .:r:"" ~(.) C,;- ~~ - ~ ~~ ~ u~ JG...ll '4lA ~jlb ;;_# uLJ.ol.o 0h ,~b~I ~ ~ ..u:.L.cJ '=""'11 ~ 0u .(Walker and Boyne, 2006) ul ;.! ,,.?:1JI l.!lti ~ ~ ~bj "'4.J .-. cct.!t 'JI ts .J~ LWI L~I u~ ~~I ;;)J~ ~l.;J.I JS' ~..A: l~IJ ~ Walker and Enticott,) ;;)J?JI r~hi ~l;..JI ~fi.:.JI ~l..r.JI ~ WIJ "--:-11 rWI~ .~µluLJQ.al a.ul.J...U LA;;~u'l'~'l'I ~~ ...l!J,(2009 Greenwood, Hinings, and Ranson 1975a,) u~l.JJ ~J, .lj-U~ rll r' lV• a.!'l.!1;,;;11 a~.!:" J~I ~ r.,.a: ..ill~ 0t 1~c,J Y.>q.!t;,;;l ~1 ~ (1975b ;;~IJ ~ji ~J ~~I ~ll.;JIJ ~IJ ,~l..l.4>~1 ~ u~ '=""'11 ~~IJ Green) uL;sl~IJ a~.!:JIJ.Jl..~I FJY!<l.!t;,;;tl t.>~I LJ::i al~I ~ a.ul.J...UI ~bi ~ ..A~~.LJI Y!q.!t;,;;JI t.>jA.>JI 0i ~ j;l.l ~ljit-4J .(Wood, 1987 b~ w!S ,(Andrews, et-al, 2005 ~I) f:'...l! f'~ ~µI ;;~~l/u'ilS';JI Pettiarew et-al) ~I - 'l'I 1.... :.1~ u~I u~ · i ~ ~~i."" · i b.. - • - 1..)-'---'-".. c.r- _)-)..r -· u - J t,,,;I.? 'b.!b~I ..ill~~ l>AJ ,~I u~ ~1 J~ ..i9 ~~I ·b.!l ,,.; uiJ ,( 1988 YV
- 30. Ji 'C~ ~1~Jj:i ui ~L:u LJ.A ~ u~~I LJ.A J~J ,~j.1.J ~~fl .(Boyne, 2001, Clapham, 1984) ~~ ~ ~ clJj~ Miles) ~J>':LA[j~ ~~~ ~~?l'J a~.!:ll ~lb/rj1J3ul .. - a_~..~?1' ~~~.;~r~~I LJ.A ~JG..~~ clJj~J(& Sanow Miles) ~J >':LA 0i Fl_,.! 0-A ~~ ,clJj ~J .~Lu u~IJ ~~I ~ -~<'~~ - ~I ·--~~-.-~t~'1 ~ 1AtuLJ::ut ·i ·~(&Snow ~ -.-~, ~r.r ~ - ~"&' uu .. Y..H:' ~ 0' ;;i;;2 - _,.L.uJ >':LA ~i - ~i ,clJ.JJ J~ . ~'J'.i <i'31 ~~ L~1-'"4 y~ J..ulZ.t.fL:r'""L..uf.J ~I oi ~~J~ ~Stalker (1961) .iSJjC--uJ Bums .. 1' * .. ~_Jo_;iii ... o~~~i~~~0j~~,o_;;;; ,,.o~~~ ~ 0i ~Prospecting~' .::.<;.,,~ ~~l 0i ~ ~J . ~ ~ · ~t;. a..Jw j 1 •. -<- · i · · · · J.1. o.J.S'" • ~ • 1. ·-di •< :. . ~ _ ~J .JJ~u ~u~ J -'"4~ -· ~~ ~ u~ ~.J-A ~ oJ.; 0~ ~i ~J >':LA ul .::.el.LA C~J ·~ .;~ J?.J ~» Preactors LJ:kLi:A.l 0i W':-> ~ .~_;.>JI~~ iJ--A ~l:i ~l~J ~~ <J..AjJ ~ ul.At YJ~4 ~ ~ 0i ~ 4i ~~ _,t F ~..LI j:'tA J~ Jl ~i'A~J ~_p- uj ~ 01J ,(Cr,' WA ~J>':LA) ~.;L;J YJ~ J.>..bl ~j 0-A clJjJ '~.)l;.. ~~ 0-A ~~ ~ ~ u~ "~ .((~J#' I.LU:;~~ ~~ l)j9i clJj 0~ ,J~~' L~ dJ~~ya.!4.!1;, ;;ti u~ ~J 1' 1 A-:~ ul 4 t;,; 4 t · ~'-LA ..t~:-: • .~ ~ ~ .J.J lbL:i ~ '"tt..l ...!j .J-1--'-A'J J-": ~ ~_J .. -· .) . • ~ J JJ> (Dess and Beards, 1984) jJ~J~J~ ~i J.;J ..llJ ,~.;-a.JI 1......A ~Munificence c_:rlU ~..LI _,i J~I uj ~~ a.!~.!:ll J~f.JI ~~ Scott,)u~~>lo·.· ,,.....~J~~J .Dynamism~~_,Complexity .4:LA~L '--'1lb..s (~ -•~: .. · .el) .~q -•~ :q i LI .. ~ t • ~ (2003 Xxii r · · - .)~<JAi.? ~r .)~ J .. .:J_JJ u, ~_,.!as'.;~ uj u~ ~J ,a_;,~L2.J ~ ~ ~ <i'1' J>-bl4 ~ly:; ~ a.:i~~ ~~ ~J u~I u~ J~ clJj ~ ,~W._, .. " * - lt ~bi wrk a~.!:ll J;s<J..AJ~~Ji~ LA~ ~.;Jl 0µ ,clJ.JJ .~~a Qt;,;o LP' - .. (aQ1;,;0H) ~...U i:.b.;JI 'A .A :.G:i ~tt ... Ltt ~ '- _:. .• t .. ~1 - ~ ~~ ~~~ ~u~ .a.! ,,,,,,_;.1.J ~' a~.!:ll LJ.A ~pG:i ~J ,(a_~,~?1' ~ aJWI "~ ~J) cljjj <..:r.".;l.>J J~~' 0-A ~_,.il >l5 .)~~' ~ y~ '~ ~ ~ .L.,;..t,_, .. .~bf.J_, ~l~?JI ~ ~ljj-11 r~ ~
- 31. : 4.4l.aJ't4.4.JJ.Jt ~t~iJ~ ~'~' ~)lj~ rWI tlb..aJ4 ~I i:.bi ~~I wlPJ..ll I a.:icoi ul.S:.Af'4 ~1 ~I~~ (Y) ,~.;l>JI ~I(') :~ wl~I LJ-4 ~ wu~ ~ ua~ Llj!J .(Boyne, 2003b, 2004) ;;.;b)'I w~I..~! (') ,~l..UI ~~IJ ~.;l>JI a-;.::tl ~i ~J~I ~_,.al~ J.Al~IJ wl:_µI ~I l.JA L'2> Di ;; b~I w~I - I ~ ·:i.11 - ...otl . " - tLL; ~ ,~I 1.: b !.) J '.) ~ - . - 1..)-'--'-A'~ - • ~ - r.:r- e:_- ~J <..>-'" -~I i ~ u.J'ta:u..J't ...~ ... Easton · - I) (Open Systems) a:,.. - · ~ ~.<' - ti wLJo..UI - - ' u~~ ~ - ~ ..>--+l.£J ~i cll~ LJ-4 jli ~J ,~.;l>JI ~~~I.?.;;~ L>-4 wl~bl ~ (1953 ~iJ a.:a.:o>JI ~I y~i LJ-4 ~ LJ-4 ~~ ~ - wLJo..UI ~i - ~4 cll~J(4h-JI ~~I u~I ~ LJ-4 ~L;.) ,_;p..i u~ ~ ~ u~ ~ ~"i ~.;L>JI a-;.::tl u~ ,~ L>A~i ~J .4u1J ~~' .l.;I~ ,ulA~ a:,..w1. r - •~ - r.~I · - ~ti d..Wi.11 ~I ,J ~I : · t· · • 1..:?~U--LJ4.l ~'i'9"" - -· J ~~LJ-4 ;;~Lis:.JI ~ J~I Jo~J [bjf'I L..GJ w>l>...1.1.1 i:-1~ ;;~ljUI 4UI .l)j-1.I u4-~I wl~ui<.)1~~1 ~l~l ".JA~~L.u b~i u!J .~LillJ .LWI L..WI i:.bi LJ-4 ~ 4>.).;4 j.AI~ i:.~ 4UI .l)j-1.I ~lji i..>j:u.u.AJ L..WI (Texas School Districts) u-u~ uhbl4A ~.;.!A uL.ul.;.l ~Ji ,cll.JJ Jl:LA JL.c. i..S~J _>& ~ wl~ ~LAi ~ wLJo..UI ui ,~ffI d.:J.>J.I uLAµIJ ~.l"il J>...UI ~J~ L>-4 Jj-Ll.I A~i .l~ ~ rl;S,.. "~~)[~~I~ t__,.;:; ul~J ,. a.:··oH i:.b~I ~J~0--4 li1~wi ~1 LJ-4~(~~~1 ~~1 r~i..>J......AJ Ji ~l.JJI '-8:ibl..Hl LJ-4 lAl) ~i 4lA ub~I ~ _,_J wLJo.i..ll ".JA u~ ~4J ~~4>.;.lllw~ui~I L>-4 ~~~~,(~~I ;;~~l~u)L_p-J IS Andrews et-al 2005a, Meier) ~~I ~l..o...G.JI ~.J..4J ~ 4~1 LJ-4 Jl..c. ,_;~ • IS ~JL;.JI ~I~ ~WI 4#._»JI 0i ~..u.. ~LulJ.l c.j4f ..L..lJ ,(and Otoole, 2009 .(Andrews and Boyne, 2008; Boyne and Meier, 2009) ·;, .:··o i:.bi wrl! .l_,4; .,igl..::Lll ~~J) C'-"J.A ~ J~I Jo~ ~ti L..ul.;.l ~ cLii ~..H ,J-!l.4.l.4J
- 32. L:u~ ~~ ~b~I~ p}U J.ALli u~ ,(~~I tlk414 ulo~I ulS~ 0-A y~I l.J.A ~ fi~ l.Ll~ ,~J .(Boyne, 2003a; Hodge, 2000) .lS'j.A ~J ~J ~.r-JIJ ~IJ ~UI ~.JJI ...;~ a:JJ~ ~~~I ub.J.>J.I ~ ~b~I ~ ~J~I ulpjll o.J.A ~J ~ ~l~?JI ojlJ~ c;~1 P~I Jj.£1 • ·--~ti~· . '-F'~ - ~ ~UJI Institutional Environment u~I.; ·0 i·"a.! ,,,,,:_µ1 a~.!:11 ~J Ashworth et-al,) ~_,s:.:..JI uLJQ..i.11 lAJlkl ~~~I ~.;WI~~ u~ut- ~I uj4-_,l- a.! I !!!ljll Ji u~jll ~JJ~_j .(2009 (~Ji)~~I ~J~I ..;_,All 0-A ~~ ~ ~b~IJc.:4.!to;;tl l.!l_,1-uJI 4?-Loll y~l J;s ~Legitimate~~ (~lS) ~la 4to; 0 U~-J -~~I 1~1 · i · ) ;;~~1 .... ~11 ~~ U>.l.JJI '.-:w -~ts 1~1 ~w"""~' ..»- ~J r:- r=4 - - ~ --~ " :.:r Powell JJ4J Dimaggio ~Lo ~J ulJ '(~_,.ti r=4 Ji~ a..a..,fa. jl..D ~lS :~ ~b>. ~ ~ ~t; ul~ Jo~ d.:i~ pb:i u~I ul u'i~ 1983 d:.Jb?JI u~IJ JSl..~I ~ ;;.J.3~1 ~I ul~l 0-A ~w ~J) J~I (') ~I ul j-AJi:JI 0--A ~I J;.k.110-A ~WI) (Mimetic) olSW-J.I (Y) '(~>UI (Coercive) · ·....~ti ('), · WI ~1. t~...-. olSb i ~ '·'>l,;.. · - UJ-l_,.............J ~ ~~ J - "ft"' ()A~ u~I u~J .(d.lJJ.ll ~~~I a.J~LuJI u~J ~l_j-LIIJ ~I~ 4~) ul.:U4 ~~I Jo~I 0_,s:J ui ~I OA w~ ,a.JJJ.ll 0-A ~.R ~~I uL..ulJ.JJI 0-A ~ ~ 41 Ja,o.;JI ~ ui ~Lo r=4 ~i.;JI l.J.A w .~,~':!j -~ u~l~?JI ~ ~ljJ u.4i ~I 'f'WI tlb4ll ~a.! I fl ,,:_µ1 Jo~I JJ> Frun kin and Galaskiewicz,) ~I JJl.,.ll ~ uL..uJWIJ ~~IJ ,a.! 4.!t;,;;t .(2004; Meyer et-al, 1987; Rowan, 1982, Tolbert and Zuucher, 1983 ...lSJ .~b~I ~~I Jo~I pl uL..ulJ.JJI o.J.A 0-A ~i JJ..A:A: ~ ~ ~J ~J..1.:' ~l__,J. ;;~~I ~_,s:.:..JI oJb?JI ~ J)l;. ~_,s:.:..JI ul 4to;t1 ,-,.,;.,;. ...lSJ ,(Hood et-al 199,Power, 1997) (~JJ a 4;.~ ~1.J-4 ~l).;~'il ..Ll~ ,t.!.U.:U u~'.!;;.;JIJ ~l_,.4110-A ;;~~ ~ ~>t,b:,I ~ ~l__,J.I o.J.A ,-,!! ,,.; J)l;. 0-A t.!ll~J ,~_µ1 a~.!:H JJ> ~L...JI uL..ul.;J.ll Ji ~I ~.;J ~ "•
- 33. s:.bi ~ ~JJi ~4::1 ~bj ~t ~I Jo~I o~ JLl. ~lS' 1~1 LA Lc.ul.;.l .LWI L.,,.;JI :4 qr.;; ..U~t.Ut ~~t ,l.u:?-ljj ~I ~.;L.;.JI ub..1..->J.4 'i ~µ1 u~I s:.bi Jib: 0i ~ - - Jl.4&>.'ild.J.t!..:._:g~ul.u.ll :.- ,a..J;.IJJ1 1 ---~~~t :.tu 1.~ ~~ -· ~J - ~ • - ..>-' -0'! . ,~j.1.IJ ~I ~~ o>=-'-"l ab~~ u~I 0i Contingency Theory o.J.A L·-'Aj l< _:._. • LA::u • i '- i · a...J.>.IJJI I-~~~ • i · < - ·I -".~t r:o~ ~~ u U-:"' 0A .. "(to' - - u u--:! ~ a.:4.:t;,;;t1~~l0 4,o;;J .(Donaldson, 1996a) ~bi ~0iJ~I ,~l~?JI u~l ,rWI t~I ~ s:.b~t J.? u~l.;.l ~ ~.;.li ~I a_~l~?JI u~ ~t;J ~ 01(Boyne,2004) oJ~IJ ,~~IJ ,JS'l:fJIJ J.?~li:p4J.li.ill:i~i,;, ,:..<;, ..·,i_9~L;,j!_,,y~l l.J.A~LlA~~ :.t; L.. ".<°' • L;,jl ,~.:u ~~'l'L ' I._ .:.ti 1.J.A . tb.JI ~,.,:::ti . "~WI I~ ..>:J c;-- ~..>-' ~ .~ ~ 0A ~ , - ~ . . :~ y~l o..u.1 ~jJ ,LWI L.,,.;JI s:.bi ~ ~IJJI '=""4.!t;,iill ~I . - - - , (Miles&Snow)~J~lA[j~~ ~ wfi,A 1~~1~ :~_,l 15~l~~Jis:.b~l~~pjAJ.o~~J'~l~?Jlo.;b~ J~ ~ ~~ 4§.: ,..)S' lS?i uL..ul.J.l &.!.Jl.i.AJ ,~l~?JI u~J - - ~I - 'ii · ~I ulbl..:3 'ii t~ ~i ._< .. ~I - 'l'I o b'il ..... ~~ u::i .. . ~ c;-- - ~..>-' -· .. ~~ ~ ~ 0-4~~~ ~ 4~t &.!.Jl.i.A0~ ct:kJ .(Chandler, 1962) ~IJ ·'=""4.!t;,;;tl s:.b~I ~ ul~I ~jj 0-4 ~J.:?- ~I 0i lfl)l;.. - , ~~I ~L.o ~ 0-4 LAJ.l rWI tlb4J1~Ci.:4.!t;, ;;ti JS'~I ~ :~~ .:.'.:.;;; 0-4~i1.;L:?- JJ+.! ...U1 s:.l~?JI 1.J.A 0i ~ ~.JJ '0J...>:...U.l .;~J ~l.,JI ~J ,L.LoWI 15_,411 L.>J.fi:i Ji ~L.a:tll ~ ~ i.>?i ul....>.~1 - ~~l~l~rJ;.; ,..;~a-~1~1~1J.:.:•i~ .(Boyne 2006) LWI L~I 0~,~~lo~~l~~t~l~iJJJ-!~~~~.JJ :~~ - - - ~l ~.;..1.:' ~ LAIJJ rU ~.J.....JI ,~IJJI y 4.!t;,;;ti ~I~ ~I 01..9 .(Boyne, 2004) Cl.AWi Cl.A.,,.;JI s:.bl J.? ~I uL..ul.;JJI ~ ,(~.;-I.I J~ ~ ~L;.) y 4.!to;;ti ~I pi~ u~ ~Lu b~i
- 34. lA Jb.:i rJ6~~ D~ ws:J ,~b~ ~l.4A ~ ~~ ~ d..Jjj - * - • I .-:l..J.4C. ~ - ~ .t' - . A~ .b ~-:..I<'··' j~ ~S' ::ii ""(to' - J - . - 1..)-'----'-' ~ ,;7~ i.r- ~ - ~ .) c : "lA ::i • '!. ··-~· J6:.l '~ . ~' ..) .•~t • l,;,j_g ,4...&k, ~ [~~ . c.r .) ~:;-'~ ~ - J .~_,s:.:,.Jlu~l~bt~_,~IJ~l~~('WA)~J i4.4Latt 4A~t ~t~~~l:t ~~ ut~ ~~~t iJt~~t faW 0tulqt;..;Qu ..u_.;i Lo 1::i1 a:;~ ~t ~ L~ ~~fl' o.;b~~ ~.# ~ ~l~fll J~ d.!AL-:&JI o.;bfll u~..)l '-?~J .i~ lAjbi ufi..: ~I a..Jw '.: :.-: ,,.. ~I - ~Io b>U ~I :.tJL ~.,;.J. r ~...U - ~ ~ <..r- - • - 1..)-'----'-' ~ ~ c • - J-:!:l • i.:J ~ .;W_, o~'-1 ..)~ ~l~fl ul ~I~ ::it ,(Mintzberg et-al 1998) ul;J ~ uiJ o~..,l u~W ~ ~ cl-J::i ~.;J ~ ~Lui:;_, ,~~ u..1>-J/~~t ~ ~ ~J ~jJI ~ d.:JbflJ ul.b~ ~ y~.:Gl r~J · t.·-4f,~a.b - ~I~ - !..) ·il.&A · ..:;_~",i .~ (,jA ~ - • IJ-'AJ J - . - 1..)-L-'-" ~J '-' ~ :.;- J u~-..9 .(lnkpen & Chowdhury, 1995) ~~~I~ '5~J u~ y~ c * c Jl:i.A ,~µ1 o.;bfl u~..)1 ~ ~1 a.! Q.!t;.. ;;t ~I~~ ~~fl.;µ ~ 0µ ,~~'-~fl o.;bfll ul ~~Li: ~.:.U (I-Joyce 1999) ~...?. l.!ll.:.U uA~ ~µ1 ulAJ.>J o.;bl ~ j~ ul ~ ~'-' o..)....LLA ~l..L...Ai uj obi * - - .r..U,I I,..~ ·- H.b."-"·~t ... -':.t.r..U.I I,.. :. -l.-:~·l· £l:JI ,;7 <..r- • ~J i_,.-J~,;7 <.,r-~""(t-1 Uu-4 :i.;bfll u~ (Streib 308 ,1999 ~~J Poister ~..J:') '.' ...~J ,Ji14J .j.J_,bll Results Orientate ~tu.JI~ ~_,:JI uj o.;bfl ~ ~ d..:JWll u::i ~fi.>..11 ,~~fl :i.;bfll ~ :i.;.J.41.1 ~ ui ~_,s:.:,.JI u".iS'_,JI ~lb:i ,Management ~ dJj ~ ~jiJ ,'-4.._jJo_,JJ ul.bL.!J.l JS'~ <i'1' 4.: .../~I o.;b?JI ~J .~ - "ii ~I o..J..O.i ..L-: - • - IJ-L'-" ~ • _J..J ~ ~ - - c ,~ ~b)U ~~ .J-41 ~..iJ-All ~~?JI.;~ ~~J ,dJj~ oJ~J U~J ~'~fl' '5~ u~ ~ .~S:Jt .;...L4l4 r.~-'3' ~ ~ dJj u~ - t ti* ~ * ul ('~~~ ~ J) ll>tkl ~~ l.!llj01 "1l ,L...ol4;~1_,~1~?1' ~b~4 CGJ.J-41 ~-u'~?l' o.;bfl ~L..ul ~' .:;.<;,,. .JA y~ ~ ~ ~J.A - ~ I~ ~_r1 ~ <i'1' u~J ~-u~fl '5~ lA .(• ".:··ot ~b'l' Ji) <}W ~ ..)~ '-""L...ut ~ r~ J'J--uJ' '~ ,~w' ~~' ~bt ~ ~1i..G.lJJ0i .dlj F-J3 ~ ~ ~lJ ,u~~ Y'Y
- 35. J...,~1~1 ~':ii i:.Ll~I ui~J~~l~)'I ui ~l.4.i.lljj...:i~I ~J~I ~yill ul u.;Ll.i ..llJ .~I~ a.!q.!t:..;;H ~b>.J4J a.! ......j.IJJ ~I u~4jAlSJ4 u~l~~i.!l_v:LAi:.Ll~l~J~ui~L;Jltlb.4ll~uL.ul.;...UILl-4~1 ul •(Bowerman and Helfat, 2001) l+JIJ~l ~ ~t:J.J u~I ~~I - J-- ---~-<- ···-ti "l ~ 'I 11 ...:.~~ltl ·1 A<. - - -1 - "''I :.•- Of ···4~.cl.!q.!JO''J~ U~'=J."4U~~~~! _H:JU Ji~ c.ill~J ~l...UIJ ~.;l;JI ul~I ~t:; Ll-4 ~ c:L,f Ji ci:.b)U jj-AA d_a.WI ub~ L:u:.':ill . -~ ~~I .J.£J - , ·~~'WI ~. ~ •~ :.t:; ~~I - -· .) • ":?"""" • ~ u:'"""' ~J ~ • - - ~ i.!1.>UJ ~~)'I u~J i..>~ ~ LLAlS' ':ii~ i.!l~ u~ ,a.!q.!to;;HJ ~ ~jLA ~1 w00.;.--'-4 Ll-4 ~~)'I ~j'JI u~ ulJ ,~I~~~ - - - ~ ~.) r.J.4l ,a.! q.!t:.. ;;JI a.!'i.::ll ul~I ~ ~ ~IJ i:.Ll~I J.? ul-uil.;.l .~_;.All "~~4-o J¥.;; (Causal Mechanisms) Ci.::: ,,. uL:!Ji .l~Y. ~ ~D ~~J c...9~1 f'L....JQ..;JI u~ ...L.:9 u~~I d.J:i 0---4 o...L..>.IJ uu •i:.b~~ ~l~tJI a,.1;,.,11 y~lJiulAyl i:.L..i..oty~i clS'.;.J:Ji"~<.iLJI ~I~~ J.:.lj'J ~w ..ll i:.Ll~t ~ asJ.>L4c...91.JA~ d..1¥..>A ~'~tllJ .a.!a.!;'11 u..ill~ 1~ ~J .(Chun and Rainey, 2005) ~!_,JI ~."4J u-i->:..U.I ~ Ll-4 ~.l ~i-~lu~~l~Ll-4~~+li~l+.!Jl~~lu~l~)'lu~ ~i ~~J <:r1l.o ~.l ~1 ~.ljJ ui jAWI 0-4 ,a.! !Cl,,j.114'i.!:ll ~ - .l~I ul~ ~1...u1 ~~I i..>_,.411 u~ 1~J .~i ~..i.;. i:. Llt~1 <.i.lJi ~ o-oJ ,a qt:..; JJ ~J .i:.b~IJ ~l~)'I ~ a..L.o.JI 0-4 ii:.J.:?- ~~ui jAWI LJ.A ~JL;JIJ . t.·-~t ~tu ~._Ct ~w. i ·< ~· ~ ~~ ubul - >LI. L9 ,c.!lJ~. ~ ~ f::' ~ w I..>--: - ~ ..... ~ • w. ~ J_,.bi b:gJ ~ ~ ~W.1 ~!_,JI u~l~)'I ul~ uLJQ..UI ui ,c.!.U.:.U Jl:lA u4-~':i/I ~ a.!:l;t J>..b,ll, a 1;;.,. f::'_,.a:; ~J ,~I u4-~I ~~I~ 'A-.~~ ~ti~ a:, U.O a..J;.l...UI uli:.1 ':ill LW uLJQ..UI o~ -- ..l9 .a..J~ ~<..;r-W • ~ .. ~. <.>"... f'J-'2-S !J - • ~~I~ ,~1~1 i.s~ ~lkA uLJQ..UI o~ ~i JJb.:i ulJ ,1.5y,._i u~ u~ ..l9 o.l~ ~1~1 ~ u~ l~J .i:.b~l 1.5~ ~~ ~ u~IJ •i:.Ll~I ~ ~bj ul~ ~DJ 4.:JJi .JDi (] ,4...i.A&<-'lu~I ·--~1- ':i/lob':i/l·i6-&~u1; ·~1~.:.t1 .. ~ ~~ -·- ~. ~ .. w .r- '"(f-1 ~ .. 'J-M-'J ,~l~)'l~ul.!~':111~1 ~~I ~w1~ ':ii i:.Ll~l~ul.9)tO.':illuiJ
- 36. a'~'~w~~1~jjJ .a~'J!S~'a1:la~1~i.S..Uw~1:l1 '~ Green)~.:U Jlio .~µ1 a~t JJ>- aL.u,J.l ;;~ ~ 0-4 ~1~?J1 ~ J...4l1 .lJJ 't~..UtJ ,(.. . .!: ;;U) '-9 ,:;.<;...~, i.S..LA ~ allJ.>S .l.?.J (Wood 1987 ' - ~' - ~1. A a!iw a~~1 ~t .J.>. - .4.J~ ·'-:~' a..J.:,.J.t aLLA·<'-t ~ -·- ~.. 'r - .JJJ ~ .. - - ~ ...,.- ~ ~µ1 a~~_,.u a: ,,,;t4 JWt d-l.JSJ ,(Stevens and Mcgowan, 1983) ~ ,J:!J..Ut t.iA ~ w Q .:o;lj (Wechesler and Backoff, 1986, Ohio) ~Lt.Ji ,'-9 ,:;,<; 11·~1 ~ C~~1 ~1 ':?.l_j:i C'Jl:P- a.J.;::;1 ..1:9 wfiJ wf 'lA a......6,...)A ·~J..114 Jl ~~a~ r~ wfJ ,J...4Jt o.lJ Jf ,t9..U1j L..416u.Jt Jt :Wt oJb?/1 wl» w~ (Bourgeos 1984, 591) t~J-':' ~u.,__, ' '--'t ''=L.u Lu;..t. J~:l ,'-9· ·-~''. J,a~~' · Wb~~w' u-- '-'"' !J .) - i.r- !J ~ i.r- - ~ - • ' - - a~JtJ F-' ~tr~ wlJ ,ah:" ~->41' ~ ~' .lJt."'° ~Li:J r~ i'1' a.!Q.!t;,;; a~~~ Jl:ii t.i 0fiJ ..1l ~-u'~tll al:l 0~ ,~4J .;;Jb?/1 ' l ••• :.~t' .•<'-: • ._('t ~··-~ _• •·- ~I • I ••ti t• ·t·• a~ J~ 0~ ~ ~ ,~ .d.!Q.!h .. ~~ ~ 0-4~~ J d a ·"'<! •L,Jt~ ~~ti' oJb?JI ~ ~t ,;;~~t at~t o~ .-.b~' ~ Cjl.a:Li ~f •.·: '"!~~'>'--"-"ti' o.)b?J' (.Jf ~~ ~ ,J~t ~~j ~~' .l~ ~w' ~ ~~ jt a.,.al:i a.J_,.a..o ~ ~tj ,~µ'a~'~ ~ LA..l>.J ~'>'--"-"ti' wl ,~J .a.:Q.:t;,;;HJ al;.!:H a'~'.PlJ~~t ~ a..4.sfa. ~1.l~4 ~JI~~ ~tJ ,~b~' ~ i'1' ~'..U'J ~JL.;J' ab~I ~a6.l~~'~0µ{J-Al~1')~~J~4J .o~~.>tf:.Jo~~ - ' ~ lrst ,'-)l:ASJ' 1.iA · a..wlt ._j, l.J.J.1 ~ · a.. "" b..ut - ~I · t ~ • 'J . <.)A - • 'if""" • - <.)A ._..,,.... - • - ~.. <.) .~JWI Jt ~' ~ ~t al:l ~ 'JJ.bl' ':?~J ,i.S..LA ~t ~1 S'-:J~t~ a~I (.JlJ Cl.AW' Cl.A~' ~btJ 4.:Q.:t;,;;H 4'i.::1' <.J.::t 4l~I ~:&JI~'~~ .oJbtll i!:>~ ~a.! ·..lb a.J~ Organizational Environment a .!Q.!t;,;;H a~' ~'jj i'1' o.l~' '-9~4 ~',JI J'.>9?1' LJ-4 ~.;JI~ ,JS' ~J i.S~I ~ ~lS:.l.' a~I ~ a..............IJ ~J..l:' .J.AL..1&J ;;~ll .l.?.JJ ,~µ' - - - c aL.ulJ..UI LJ-4 '~ b~ (JI Lr?-Lil' LJ-4 ~~ ,a~I ~ ~ljj ~.:UI u.AJ_;.£1' l.S~J .i:,l.l~4 ~>Le. ~j 'rWI tl.Wl' ~ a.:Q.!t;,;;H a~ G-.!t;,;; i.S~t
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- 38. ~I [J..cJI !LU~us:.! '~~I ·b)0 ;..:J1 ~ Lj~I ~l~t'I Fu~ .;l:i'511 o.:U:. a..uib.l u.4i ~J .LWI L...G.JI ~b ~ ~ u~ ~I~t'I y~J l.:U:. · u:,1 •.as' - :. d....Jw ul~ ul :.t; · L~ l.!J. -~ti 1.7-. L .. ~I ~u ~- ~~ ~~--~ ~I Contingency Theory J~~I ~ ~ L.~Y. ~,~I <J--A ~~I 41 ufi.: ~[.;..cJI u~rl..~>U w.l~ 1.:u:.J d~ ~>t:i~~JJJ:LA ~~ ~~I ·b.:b.!.:.::JI uiJ ,'-91 .~.<'i,,.~I ~ ~ ~ ILU~J ~b~I ~ d..::i~l a.__g>k - " ,, ...1..AI :. 1r:w1 o·· .t · ... li.jL .~l...U.I · ul~ ~. ~ ~b~L Lb.JI '- -~· Y-"-!~ """it-'~..)-LU U L- ~j r..:- · · ..... ~ j.L~ ~I ulAµt ~ ~...U ~I ~10----4 ~Y u~l.4.t. A~J ~~1 !LU~ U>k ~I - ~I~ 1... l.;.JI '--!ti.-~~.< -~tt ·.&< ···· .(Wales) J ..... 1..)-'-'-",. .. <.r- ~ ~ r..:-~J-"" (.)~j o..>-4 y~I 141 a.:,,·.:,,JI ~~I uU .LWI L...G.JI ~bi_, ~l~t'I ,.;~ ~~b~I ~~I y_,.Lui)ij:~ :J~~(~l l.:U:.~)o.l.?..JAi.>~i ~I ;.b; ...1li.jj ~ ~ ~~l~f'I ,.;~ ~ ~.)Uo ..>-4i ~I pi JAJ ~IJ..tll a.b4j uu 'C'""~ o~I ~L;.JI t_l.b.4ll u~.li ~ .l~~I i.>~i J~ i.>~J ,~I ~Lui~ l:.J6. ...1..A~I rl..lLil ~~ ~ ~11.:U:. ~ W L">UI ~I ·~ IJ.A I... '-9 -· li.j~ ,ILLJ~ . I~~1 .~b~I ~I .. ~I '.) .. u-- <.r- ~ " ~~ ~J J ..... lj-L--'-'J,. o'511 - tl.£.j :. , I-'I t. - !ti . ~ 1 .~ :. 6 Ll.A c.'4i ~•1 ~ ..cJI a..u~I u~L .) e:..- ~ t!'J-' ~ r..:- ~ '-:?""" ... :J J .. .. . r..>>l:cJ 0i ~~I LJ.AJ '~Y~ ~~I ~.>4l a:_;1y.1 as-~1_, a1;;; ...11 0-A~ Lrs!J ·<J:.; .~.<'i,,rcdt~4~WI ~b~I ~~..J...LJI ~I u~ ,, ,, Ll:i)l,l4A. ~ 4..JI Ll.b .. ~ lA ~~~I ~~I ..::."li.j , Lu..t .. 6.~ · d..J~ . r..:- .. " '.JJ 'J .. " ~ u- ~ ...~ . ~ -~.J-LJI " ~ l.:U:. ,~b~IJ ~l~f'IJ ''=7 4.!t;. ;;tt JS'.=.&,ll LJ::i U>WI L>-".lLuJI ~I rJ-4.t..J ,u~I J;.b ~I L.o~l.,..Jl "~~I lJ.A l#J~~I uw~ ~J ~J ¥>1.IJ a1;i cc·ll .;o'Stl ~jS'_;.j li.j!_, .a.!: ...;ti ~_,.ll ~.J..l.:t ~ lA a....a~_, ~~.>31r~l(Y),)~IF~as'.;LlJI(') :~b~l~~~~~4J F uu ,~~~ ~b~I_, ~_,..ti~ U>WI J.? .l.?.Jll J:.J...UI uu .ab' ...1t 0 i ~li.j ~-' .L...G.JI cJ: ...~ Wb ib:l>-4 ~ c.>.>S'..>-4 ~-' ~..>-4 .;l_;-:411 ,, .. bl>. oJ.;4 a.:4.!t;,;; ~~ ~ ~.;lk 0§..: 0i ~ ~b~I_, JS'.=.&.11 ~ U>WI u~J:('CVA)~JJJ:lAu~ ,a1~4_, .~l~f'I a~Ji.>~ ~4 r~)~I FulS' 1~1~t ~ ~.JJ.lt.pJJ'-9~~.; /i.<;.,,tlu~ui ,..,
- 39. J.J':lt J..a.4..ilt ~ i.ill~ul ~ '~ ~J y~l ~ u~I Cc.llS' l~lJ '~JA)Ul ~ ,L~I ~.JZJ ~1~1 J_,6. ~J ~~ ~_,1.b.ll ~l ~_,JI ;;.Jb?ll ":?~..U. a·- .. ~,. uLL4.a.H ew~< ul I· :t •,a<-: • ·- .·....a..U.I u~ · ~ ' ·W.l.J ~ _ J :.;-j-4 .) ~ u.,.- u:>' j-4-LJ u_- U,. ~ .~ '$1 ($ ~..J..d:i ul.)1_;9 ~ ~i ~rs.) a.u.)w w-s~..U.I .)~ ~ ~J-1-" i.ill~ I~ lbbv..9 ~~1 ~L..uf rl.J;.;, .,,4 {u~l) o:U.)_,;:.~ ~..9 . '-&¥~..9 L~l .~_,:, u~l.4.o 0A ;;I;,,.;,,,,~ ul..A~J ~J.lj.A ~ ~Ll.l ~J-1-" Ll.li W' 'c.'WI ~'~a.: 4.!t;, ;;ti u~l ~ .JY:. ~ ~J-1-"J ar;.::H ~L.Ls ,~I~ :~i~ ~ i.ill~ J.W ~J--1-"J .~b~lJ a_~l~?l4 ~~ ~l J.>.bll l~ ,as'~l ~l ~UI ...Ul i J.LJl ~ ~ J-fi_ - a..i..wl - J ..9 - ..9 - ~ ..9 • ~ _I..)-'-! - Ji ;;~l .)o~I c.,,..-k ~~'.:afiJ 84.:4· 0 1J ~l~?ll ~~ ~ ~ ..Aj: l~J ,~ u)ld..i:£Jl oi4f u~..;4Jl yfa ~_J •~l~?ll ~j'>J. a:g_,...t ~lJ r.:4 ·0 itlJ ,~ji>J.l ~~~?JI ut:g)W ~ ~...U ;;_;!_µJI ~..LA~ ~ 1 1 a..o•- " ~I "-._:,..Jl....o ~ W' l'-Jtcs:.Jl • ".....:>JI l:U ,, 0 'a L-: - ~ er - '.r--' J - . . i..:r- (.;"'.. ~~ ~ ~ ,~l...uJ.l a:g)Wt ~l.u:o1 ~ ~b~IJ~.i /;.<;,,.Jl ~~~?II ul:S>Wl ~...u u~~yfa J,J_)o ~ i.ill~J ,~, ;;.).) ul 4l;,j4t ·.·: '".! ..llyi ":?i .l_?.J r~ .~, - '11 u~ <-JW. a..u~t ~ L.u.u.J.., ~' 1.:.1..u. a.fiw - • - 1.)-'-'-U.. - • - J - J [.) . . - ~ 1.." ~ .< - a. .... ,,~, 1ahJI. ~~~Lu '1,,j~ LuJt 1. - !If · ·lil1 ~1 LAi ~~~ - ..,.... -· v- - .. c.' ~ 0-4~ ..J..d:i . _]. l:9 ·'I ~I Lu J..O.J • -~- .~.:.~'I ( · .WI) l:9 ·'I ~I ul......ak. f::' "?""" '-T- '..l"' • <..:r4 ~ ..9 U.j-l '-T- '..l"' • - Hood et-al 2000,) ;;~~I .)~I J)l;.. i.ill~J ,:;~I ~4 LWI uw~I ~,~~I :;~~I~ a.:1.:• .=;.;ti ar;.::H ~ ~o :;.;Al.Jo '1,,jjJ ,(Power, 1997 Checks & Balances u..)ISJIJ ~I rl.Joj 4bl U.)# ~L..o.JI ~l~l ui ~ ,, •' a~lA...G.. ..J..d:i ~a(' - 11 ;;• ~I• IA_,~ ~L.:::,1 a.a.lSJ ·~~":I a"•i '11 '+1 r ~J - ~ ~ c::--:- . J - ~ ~ ~ ~t:g_.rJI tlitiJ ,.b.:b;..:JIJ ,~l.;J.l ~ ~~ ~~ J~ ujtWI ul u=;·.:i.iitl r'~' ~ ;;~LuJl U~.)WI ~~10u .~b~I u~JAJ ~lj.:.1.1 .Regulatory Mechanism ~jtWl ~l 4.:Ji ~j.S'~ Ll.llJ 1ulA~I r .:t;, 0 t (') :~~~a 4t;,;4J ~~ ufi'.J u:i.iiJl (Event) CG.lb.. ui ~Ll.l ~J ~I u~ji ~~ ~-J (Y) ,:;.l..?._,J.l -l.Jl_,1' -lJ~ ~ ;;.)~ .ll~?JI ~;!;.! a:g)W~ _:._.~;.~If ·t -U~'"-~ •aL.": - :U. -~ "..L£.U -~ U '-:T"'°.j-l - ~Y~f-U_J ~. l::4~ ~<)jtWJ~l~ 1~1 lAf .~b~IJ1u~IJ1~l~?ll~~~
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- 41. ~Wt~t ~t~Y~4.. "'4i:!ta1:'1t u~t Boy iland)~I al.ul_;.l~J ,o.;btlt ~a.! ....!r;.J a..J~a.!Q.!t:..;itl a'i.!:tl~ .l..?.J ,~Go. (Contingency Theorists) J~~I ~ o=o~_, .(Gove, 2006 a.!Q.!t:..;;tt a~~IJ a'i.!:tl lp..# <?11 ~I cc~I ~~» LJ:.s 0~4-o ak, 4'i.!:tl~~_µ~_,__,~l 1~~~J .(Donaldson,2002~1) ~.J..Jt o=o~J ,a.! .,,,.~,J a.!;att ~'..?. 0:.S~J 'rWt tl.b.a.J4 a .!Q.!t:..;;tt ~' ~4 r~J ,a...-owt u~4 ~b~lj a'i.!:tl D.::I al>lail .l.,?..,.ll ~' d_.WI 4..4-<- tt al..A..G.. ..1.d:i ~tl-t~I al·b.:sl t... ~~tt d..Wi.11 ~I l:ii - ~ r ~ c:- ~ . t.:r- - ~ J - -· .) - ~I.;~ 4.:tbll J~I ~.A~~~ '~J~l..A [~~ ~ b~IJ .j.LJ:t .LWI 4..4..WI ~bt ~~'~ti' o.;btllJ a'i.!:" ~.;-11 .;l:i~I ~~1 al.;l:P-uJi:.t~ o-s~..U.I ui ~ Miles&Snow ~J~LA .l~.J Jw_,i~~~l~u~uilll.JJ .a'i.!:t4rsiqt:..;oal)lc.J~ - - o.;b~ ~.; ~.J..A ~ c.ill.JJ ~~I a~~t ~W a~IJ JSL..:!fl4J ~J~l..A ul '~J .d,!Q.!t:..;;tt u~~ o~ LJ:.o~ J~ c(,f_, '~'~ti' ~'Sii a~J ~~J ,a~t~l ~ ~ ~l+i-JI ~ ~ ~b~t 0t 0~~ ~I l~u~'~b~t~a.!Q.!t:..;;tta'i.!:ll~i~' .=;.<-....u~J .~I~~ (Dess and Beard, 1984) .l..)--:!2J ~.l lA.;_,.b <?1' a'i.!:ll ~ [~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,d..:ofi>..31 aLJo.al ~~ <?1' ~I ah• .=;.;JI ~~I~ o=o~ ~.J..Jt uu ·rLtlt tl.b.a.JI ~a.! .....j.1.t a'i.!:tt J~ o~~' a~t ~~ ~ ~-'"""' J:!j.JJI '~ ,LWI 4..4..WI ~bt ~ ~Jl.IJ a.!;ott a'i.!:ll ~ti J~ .l.,?._,.ti ~U.o r~ ~ l..,qS' ,~b~IJ a'i.!:ll al)lc. J~ u~.;-9 ~'-':t ~ ~ ,~IJ-4 ~ .~~~tt d..Wi.11 l.41.1 L ''--''~--~·--~ ~tt~b~I -· - ~J - ~ f=A ~ ~ - ":T ~ ~ •~L£A ~J r..1.dJ ~-'"""' ,~~' ~ ~bj u~ '>4~' ~~ ~J '" ..~~ntt u~t .. .. ... uu .~IL..J~~~.;t~JAa.!Q.!t:..;;tta~l'-""'Li9J~u1 (?i ~~ ~) c;A a~I ui '~J-4 ~ ,wfi~ (Boulding, 1978) ~..U~ u~ ,L.J..dl.I ~;~Ji .a qt:..;qu o~4J.I .lJ~I ~~(Everything Else)
- 42. 1 --~~ ~~ La:! Ll.O J · - -:tt ~ wb..1.>J.I · · - l.L~ '"(t&.I • ~ • r - - - ..? ~.JJ '-r" - ~ ~i ~ .~ yltbJw4--~ ~t_,.ull_,,Uh.t ~I Ji.o ,LsJLA...G.J ,~I wlb~ J~i 0A ~~~I ~j..l wb..1.>J. ~ ~y w~ ~ .. - - - ~1-"! .. L • -:fl~.t • ~.ta.h.i~I · .,A~t ·~-,.!" • t~ - ~~ ~ '-:T'"' - 'J- ~J - 'J- • LJ:J .,-. u-- ~y>- ~ . l&Jlb~J ~ t.!l_,L.u LJ.A ~~~I ~I y~i ~~ d.J:.j-L.o Ll_;.b Organizational Theorists wl 4t;,;t ~J~J ~ '5~4 c--ui'-' ~~~[~~I (~I) l..!.1.t ~ LJ.A 0lJ .~I ~ F..H ':?.:.UI_, (Michael Porter, 1980) .iJJ~ ~LA~ ~4- ':?.:.U (Five Forces) . j .~.al -.A ···fl a.1S:.J.A l~- .,;JI ylb.4JI 1 -A- I "'.t a..1L.u.JI .. &·t~tt '5y>- J J c..9_,_...... - U-- ~ L '"tHP." J: '-:T'"' - -· ..r- ~ 0jsl4llJy~.!!tlJ~J~~~/_,'':?.)~"}II_,''="'""""~! J:.b:=JI ~, ~Y_,.c...>-4 <.r"Luii J:.6.:i _}AJ jJ~lJ 0~.?.(Johhnson and Scholes, 2002) ~ ~4-- t.s.:.UI - c. - ~ - ' - .a.!4.!t;,;;J! w~I jljTJ i!:.Jl..l>.)U l.b.:tl>'-4 ~ b.J-'-" ct.LA~!' <..!;. 0 ; t~ .r.JJ .. -"'.ti 1.t-"'.'1 ,~I J ·L.Zil · ~ ·I .t~ ~ - t< .:... t. - .:.t 1.J.A. _i: "-: ~~ ~ -· ..? (.) (.) - - ~ (.) .)~ u--'"": ~ ~J ~~~(Dess and Beard 1984) .l~J ~.l [~~ : ~J ,~ ~ yJ~ ~j..l ~I J_p- (Scott, 2001) w~ ~ r..14i <i'11 ~Lil.I ~J ,~I .Institutionial Theroy (Dess and Beard, 1984) .l.J---:!dJ ~.) 01-! ,J~"}ll w~ ~ .l~"}l4J ~J.ll (') :~ wLJ:utl t.!l_,L.u ~.)~I wl~ a.! 4.!t;,;;JI a~.!!u ~I.?. 4:i>t:; 01.l~ - ~~'~~)Complexity ~ P') ,(-lJ_,_11 oJ~) Munificence yJUI )~I f"...U:.JJl~I) Dynamism 4.#..r=-JI ('r') ,(,-.; .=;.;Jl_,_)5~1J 't,__..ull ylb.4JI. _i: -: •.L"'.'1 a..u~I :. la:&1J aL:9 Ll-"'.'I · ti ·~1.,.J.A ·('--a.4£.a!l · --:tt L ~~ - U~ . ~ LJA .JJ ~ • 'J-"""""'J ~I ~~J ,oJ..1.41.4 ~.,;JI ~WI ~b LA ,~.,;JI tlb.4ll ~ l.:is'_, rWI - w~- "~1- "}lo b~~L~ ·~~~,'=··ti ....:.-:t i.:r- - • - ~.. '.) " • • - - ~ <>' - • ~ ~ J - - - O.).l:9 '-fji ~ w~I D-iA r~I 01-! ,1.!.LJ~ ~ ~J ·~L.;JI_, rWI tL.b.AJI ~ -lJIJ _}A LA Ji.o ,~I~ J..? '5Y,.t ~ ~l.J.A J..? J~t y~ ~ r~ ~I ~I l.J.A ~ JJbUJ (Institutional Theory) a.! ... ·1-f. ~I ~..1.:' ~lJ .Institutional Theory a.! · ·· 1-f. ~I ~~}U d..Lo~I ~IJJ.l4 _}A ~j.11 ~ ..l>.IJ ~J ~4- ~ ~y ,j~?JIJ ~jiJI U:O~J ,l.!.LJ.JJ ~~I ~:9_,,JI w~I 1..!.1.t l.!.U~ y-WJ ,a.! .,, ..:;.i.1 a~.:!" ~:9_,,JI ~I ~4-
- 43. '<:r.'ll..>11 ~jLJIJ ,w_,.jWI.;1~1 Ji~~ ~.:UI ':?'<1.!t;,;;JI J4-J.I j;.b o..).J.>.11 J)l;.. 0-4 4J~ u~I ".J..4. ~J ,(Scott, 2001, 52) ulkL!i..Lll ~ ~ ~IJ - .-~ a.n~ Uo · · u~I ,,. W ~ ~. ___& 4..Luib 4..u:.40.I •<L..i.A ~ ~ c;- (.)-".) .. I.) • ~ .. .. !-' .. . ~ .. .. - - ~~' D.J..4.cJi,A w~i ~J ,(Dimaggio & Powell, 1983) ~~I ~Ji~I ub.J.>.11 1~ ~J (Boyne, 2002) r~ '?"4~ .)~~I wi ~->*3 ~~ as'·~ t Ia.bL.AJI a..ul9 ·tt ~I~ ,d.....A&<~ tt u~I '~t · ·.. -:ti a..u ·w1 '.r-- . ... 'jJ .. .l.JJ .. ~ '"8-' ~ ~ .. ~ .(Matin, 2010) ul.o...GJ.l ~~ji u~'.!;:.;J ~IJ-4 ~ ~6. ~~I~ ~I •Wl~·'I ·~I~ L..JI ~I ·i~I · :... w,~I · '?" ~ <.r . J r t w .. ~ ~ .. ~J ~>WI ~l~I wu ,(Audit Explosion)(Power, 1997) «~l.;ll _;l.~.~I» a...._,~ ~~ w~I ~(Dess and Beard, 1984) ..)~J <.>":!..) '4:k ~..,...:;~I~ ~LLA ~ ~~J 'f"WI t~I <..>jA.>J. ~~~I~ ,~j ~ C:~ .a.!<1.!t;,;;JI ar;.!:11 j;.b u~'.!;.;;JIJ ~l.;-11 ~.J-4 i(' ~At) l..Jo:!-IJ U"':!l ~~.J-4l '".!i.att ~t ul.k~ ~.r-JI .l.;l_,.1.1 O~J Ji o.;...W 0-A ~' ar;.!:tl J;..b c.:rlUI ~.JJI w..A - - wi ~ c.:rlUI ~.JJI <J...--4 l:J~ <.S~ WU (Castrogiovanni, 1991) a.!1.!; ,:;.;JI .. - - ~i LiS' (Dess and Beard, 1981, 55) I.;~ IJ-4i LA.;l~IJ ~I~~ fl .. Cyert and March,) <:r1UI ..)fi_>11 LA.JJ~ ~I ~~I 0-4 u~I ~ ~I ,..)fi..>11 ~l.;J ~ ~ ~ rWI t~I ~ ~lj-:11 u~ wi ~.JJ ,(1963 ul~~~~~wi~µlul4t;,;4J~J_,.bo~~L.LAuµ u~,Uh.Lll ~~I o~llc.,:rlc.r~u~ ~.,:;~ ,~.JJJL.i4 .o~J Lu6. · 1•• uL4.J..>JI ..14:iJ 0~1 ·.. ul ~ ..1-J .. "-i.A .<~'I u~I ~ . . uu ~ .. ~ .) .. :j-J .. ~ .)J . t$ ts ~) ~ r~ ui ~ ~.:w1 ~~' ~JJI .JA o~.,JI ~l~?J ~ ~~1 ~fi> ..).;_,.I.I~ wlJ ,(Hirschman, 1970) ul.o.)~I ullJi ~ ~~J (u~I ~ ul~I J~ ~~J ,~~ ul~ ~~I u~I ~ [.?'">--4j ~~IJ <:r1WI ~.J-4 wi ~ ,~UI ~.JJI u~ ~ u'1~1 ~ Non-MarketSources))a;g~l.;-:-i:. ..).;l_j-1.l~~~wl~~j..ll ~J .~I~~~ ,...;.~.;tlJ t_,.u.JI yr;.!:tl ~I ~..J ,((Bozeman, 1987 ul..o...Gc.JIJ ,Jl..9-'-"~10-4 ~IJ a I ."I,,.! uWo..i...ll .ii.,, 4;;->-"'°L.WI o~ ar;.!! t
- 44. ~1 l§.)Y- LA.A(Stake Holders) (Dess and Beard, 1984) a .... '·0 tt y~t_, <:?'i.!:H .-.; .:;.;t ~'fo.J ,(Dutton et-al, 1983) ~W ~' -lJ'JA ~ ~t Jo.i&:o Dess and Beard,) t""''-' ~ ~JJAJ (>l.J-1:0 ~~ clo..l>. c~ r.J.4i ~ [tu~ c~_;tl ~WI 0-4 ..u,j: c.ill~ wl ·.·: "'! ¥~1 cl.W ..U~ ~J ,(1984 ~ ~ w.VS~ ~~' wS' '~1,~L4l4J .~I d...o..Wj 4.:0:.Lll?l' cb..1....-o?l'J wl .(Startuck, 1976) ~.)~l c.;_isJ "1.LJ~ (J':c ~ wl ~l &ro ct.j~ ,~ t'~ Lo ~l.C ti>l ·.·: ··: o.l~ o.J.4..A u§:s ~~ c~ ~_,:; ci'1' 4'i.::1' ·~'-' ~ ~ (~') w~l 0-0 ~.,.u..o (c~~) {.;~~' r..u:.) ~.;L;J JI~~'~~' J..LAA a.!'i.!:" as'~' 0 4 ,.,,,_, JA LAS"_, (Emery and Trist, 1965) j:iiH c.ill.JJ (y~~' _,t) J:iiH ~~1 r..u:.J ~ ~_r>J w~ ,(Environment Complexity) '=''i.::H ~a: wil4 JW [tu?l ·h.:b.:...:lJ.J ~_,.Lb.l.I -l.;.,1 ~ 0-4 ..u_j: c.ill~ wl •.·: "'! L..G.JI ~~ cl.4.i,j ci'1' ~L;J tlb.4l cS'->1U ~ ~J ,(Dess and Beard, 1984) ~~ L..WI c~4 a.:;nJI a'i.::ll ~a.: ·0 .:'b c~~ w~ ,~Lu~.)~' JJ---M' ~ ~ - - - - - - LAS'(d..U~I a..u.6' .~t. ~ ...:.~tl Jl!i.A) 'a. ·4 '. ·'- ~. -~'l - ' ~b 4.....o·<'~tl - -·- '..}-"" "'?"'~ • ~ '.r--' 4""':! ~ - ~ ~'-' ~>1' LAµ1 ~ .;'~' F-'·h.:b;wt ~ l§J~ JJ..l.! r.,,_4i ~t a.:'i.!.' cG.!.:•; w-.o cl.Sl~l c.._,~ w~ ,c.!.lJ~ ~J .(Nutt and Backoff, 1993) ~~ ~..u wl ~ ~µ' d...o.J.>Jl <::r4..l..d.A ~pt c~ w§:s .i9 a.a.oh;.. Lljl.o ,(Ginter et-al, 2002) d...o..Wl ~.J.4i ~ ~ C...l>-1 _,t ;;~~ JlJ-'-"t [YY ~ .(Institutional Environment) rW tlh414 ~jJJ a'i.!:" w~ J.i:WJ 1~.!;4;ttf4.4Wt2A~t~!)A a~Ll:at~t y~t ~0-0 c~l ~ ~J>d.ll cb~ cl1:i a.! ,,,,.:;1 a'i.::H l§~ • • • l l _, .d < • •t • • I - • •• t,.. • I • t • J' <::r4.J"'"· ..,40~~ • ···u ~ lA~c.:r-J ·~J~" .,..o 1.4 o ~l.b..JJ tu aI !!!! .,!fl~' o lS ,~, ait.Jl o • • .<"~-: • .J.ll 4-o..Wl v:-1 WA • [ - ir -· u. - -· ~ u_,.-w cJ:! a'i.::1 4 ~~ ~l> wu '~~4 Li>~..u.J cb~'i4 ~' wJ~ 0-4 (a.:b:·ot) ~ll->-1 cb~ tLuJl_, ~J c.S.J.A ~ 'f'Wl tlb.4.J4 a.: ..,. :;.Ll ~_,,(Bozeman,1987)c~~~.J.4ic~~LAµ ~.>4i~ ~L..u~. u -..<" t<" _:._. • • - 4.....o·<" ~'l c~l · l,S, l,;Jl ~Lb.4.Jl.J ~Li.w:> · -<"- ':u- ~ u---"-! ~ - ~ u. ~ '- . ~ '.) u-u-- ~ <i'1' ~'..1.A~' ~ ;;1~~ ~lk~ ~.,:&.>'i w~ W:!.J.l' ~~I n
- 45. "' ~~ ¥ ~l~I~ ~b.l>..1.1 "~ j:&A ou .(James, 2000) LA~~ CJ~ ..lS_, .aJl..u.JI_, 4:.LA~4 4L:J.J ~WI lo~ ,rWI tllMll ~ ~6J.1 (4.:b: ·"'I) 4.;s~WI ~ll_;JI ~ w-u~ ~j:J 4i.>:?-'il ~1~1 ~;;~I ~4 - "' - ~L;. ~J .~ll_;Jl o~ ~ J~ ~l CJ~ W' ,(Hood et-al,1999,2000) .L~I ~J.>J_,.lo:; ;;bf ~fi.:i.JI ~~I~ <.-'7·.:•o;tt_, ~ll_;JI U>:ioi lo~ LJ.>JI ~bf~ ~l_,.l':/I_, 4ij.P..':/1 .l..L.c ~ i~ 0lS' LAA ~~I J-A':/I_, ,~6J.I a.Ji .(sf -~-.-::.-:It . I!.~. • lS' ,~IL·<' - '1 ~I d_,L:,. •1 Jb. _A • - ~~(.) '-' - .,.,........._, - .. 'J-' • ~ L~I ~ · ..l'il ..L>JL I~-:t'}ll - .(sf d_,~<·'IL.<-" ..Lob ..__.l - '"" ~< - ~ cJ.A (_,.J • r'..JM-' f.I ~.r ~ .. ~J-J ~ ~.>J ~LA..b.~ i.;J · 0~4~1 olS'J .(Rhodes, 1981) l.Aj~I ~ .UcL,_jfJ ~J ·w-u)..UIJ (~..UI t~..UI) ~..r-JI ~Wou ,a,k~I c.ill~ ~ ~ ,D.lJ~ ~ ···- ...ti ...t6:.J.I: _:._.~.:.-:u CLWI ~LA..i;JI t~l' · UI ~I J)t;. (.)~JU""" • ~ - ~ ~ ~1~1~.{U~c-. '":col~ (NHS)~_,JI ~I ~L:._;Jl~Lo.b.J t--""SJI l~J .~bl• 4.:jcoiJ~_,.a:; ~Llu<JA~l~~.;!IJ~' "' - . -" ~ · , · ..t!.. t IL...JWI ~lll.4;.)U d_,bu..-.ul · a ·b ..oJI d_,ll. ti~. . ~ ~ ~~.. .. •• .J.H ... -~ i,;-- - - - - 4.:· q~ bl_, I~,-. ...<c ~IJ ,(NHS) ~_,JI~ .... ·0 tl ~~_;JI ~LA..b. J~ 4ifo ~l.;.,.b:&JI "~ ~ ~ olS'J .(Audit Society) (Bower, 1997) ~1.,,J.I "' "' - •~ i.>i - LAL:. 0§.: 0i_, ~~ 0i_, ,a.:oµ1 ~~1 ~l.lt w-u~ <JA ~'}I cL.,.jf .. "' OS:- ~l ~! LJ.>JI ~~ ts..U l.aljl.o wlS'~t ~ll.; ~ ~j:J 0~, l.LS:A_, _,f ~I ~J ~~':11 w~l c.ill~~ ~ '~~ ~J ~~~~_;lo -o~l.4U ~~4 ~1~~ ~l.;-lIwlJ ,;;,)~I <JA ~.)'ii ..L>JI ~1..4.o ~ <..r4fi.:> 4"uJ-isj:J ~~J -"' "' Jl;..)! . I A • WI yl.b.4JI . A ~Li.ll ""° .. c...JLiJ L.4J .. L.4.Jl . I .. ~- .-::.~•1 UU f' L '?"" ~ • .. ~ .. U~~J ~ ~Ll, LJA ,~l.l'il c 4.:jcoi ~ ~ ,~l.WJ ~~ Jt LJ'U~ d.A~ ~~ .a_, .~I~ LJ.?~ ~~ ~ J~ J~I ~~'ii ~b)U ~~I .)~of ~i <JA ~.;l.4.JJ 4.AallJ C~J ~1~ ~b'il J.? ~LA_,1.a..o 4.:·"->-9 ~J ~ ~I.;~ ~j:JJ LJ.>JI c.:r-4..J;.; .,,4 ~~ (t~) J.:a .,,;! ~t ~LA..G.. ~1 L.~ll-"'°.J;.; ...40 lS' l~lJ .(Hirschman, 1970) ~..bJI rl.J;.; .,,1 <JA [JJ-iJI ......:<... ~· -~ ,l ·~·-·a qtojo . 'A·..'!l-:. ~·1 ~..bJI a...u:. .. ~ . re--= .. r"fJ.. ~ (,)A ~~t..:T""" .. ~(.): - ~ ~ - ,Ct.J~I r..L.c ~ ~ YbJ (Vote With Their Feet) ~1.a4 Ct.J~I a.k~ - - 4.:·"->-9 ~ ~J ~ "JJ~ l~J .(Tiebout, 1956) ~l ~~ ~bJ ~
- 46. (Salmon 1987) s:.~~ J~ ~La .l~I ~1 ~.l~ w ~s:.~ ~jll .~ - cLu!, a.Ji I.:&< '1 ~~~L - ~ • - ~~ t.:r c .!..9 L...G. ~- 'l.l --~.:.<1._ .._ - .~..~:.~t a....:,.. .. lt~l~~j·} _d_j-l(.;r' ~ - ~ ~J~~J . ~ - - u ,~j (~J:' ~.)~! ~j ~ LW ~LA...WI ;;~~J lli..H ~4J .~i 4.:ll~lj,AJ .~~'~i.>~.;J~1-"4~wi~,J~'>1'~--' (Best Practice) o.;b~ ~~ a.u:.;WI[jl,4s y_,.b:i J,J_,.b ~ ~ ~ cGi l~ u~ cJ:>- ~{Office For Public Service Reform, 2003 .)ajl) L~ f.:'..l.4iJ t_lb.4ll ~ 'i' q.!to iit l.!l~ ~ ~ ~~.>-4 ~ a.!;..!t;J ~~b ~I .JA J&l L...G.JI Ji·f0iJ ~.)A ~...G~ J.al <JA i.>~..11 w~ ,(Hargreaves, 1995) rW <JAJ ~I~ al)W ~ ~.l ~ ~__,..J ~J 4.:bJ d..j.1)-l u~ LWI ~J ,(Grace, 2005, Office For Public Service Reform, 2003) .:t .:;•.!;;.;! r~ L_. ·f- .. t.... ·~ -~1t·1._ LA ~L ~ 1<:..1.-:.JJ .t!..~.J.la. ,:;.;ot ·f ~(.) c:--::~ .)~ '.) . . ~.)~ ~ ~ - (.) - # - .(Humphery, 2002, 470) ~' y~i ~ ;;~w 0-J->:..UI .;.#~ ~ ~ I~ ~LAJ.>J ~ji ~ ~tg_;JI 4'i.::" ~.; LJ:fi ~~ .l.P.-J ~1 ~ .JAJ .LW ~~'u:;..!;<.;tJ~..rl<JAi_S~J&hJ.l~l~.JA :JJ~I ~ - - .. c. - _l•A-t ~ •.-<-:t;;.l---~I • s:.lb)U l •.A .t!..~. ~t~ .,U.J -:::1-~. •:J ·j ~ (.)~ ~ ~ ~~~ .'.) . ~t..r (.) .~LA~~ ~Wo.i.11 i4.4Wt4.4..u..Jt 9-tl!g".! 4.!»rat u~t J~ ~· J:.Ja.lt ~bl J~ ~ (~J:' fa.) ~jjJ ,~, 0-4 ~' ~..U ~' l.JA t=?""'->= .JA ~1>4 LJ.A) ~~ wlJ .LW L~ s:.bl ~ ,~j.!.IJ ~~~I ~ <?llJ ,s:-1.l~J a~~,~ al>Wl ~' ~4 ~~ f.:'¥i f.:'..14i .JA (~' ~l~f.:'~~.;ll i~J .LA.;~~~~f'I .!q• 0;~l ..L1&...,Jwf ,Beard .lJ-:HJ Dess LJ"l::!.l ~ ~~ ci'11 ~ ar;.!:t .l~i LJ---4 ~ ~b uo ?i:.AJ .s:.b~IJ 4.:b: .oJI ¥1.;ll w~l:! 0::i ;(S)WI ~ .JALli ~ji ~~I~ l.!.lljJ i9-tl~~~·~· uLMl!Jl '5~ ~ rw1 t.~I ~ ~1 ar;.!:ll .;l:ii ~L..ul.;..UI t>-4 a........u1J a1 ...1.,, r~ (Shah and Cook 2008,Wilkinson, 1997 Jl:£A) ~ ~4 bl>. ,(;;..b-~I) ~J ,~ ~J .(E.G Jasinki, 2000, Tamand Basset, 2004) ~I ~~~J tt
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- 48. ~b~tJ A' Q.to;;tt uu.JI .. - ... ~~tp~t ~t~~tUM~ ~J..:;,l.J:Mtt ~l~~t~ ~Pz;U~~1 4..w!J..Llt ~t 4.....:!Jl&. ~ ~bt ~j~ ~l4.J~ 4.:l=- L~ H V ~JJl&.~t ~b)U aiALl. ~JLUd _,.,..)..Ltt - ' (rY ••Y) Andrew et-al (2005) ~"?"""'J u.Jl4 W..i:&A L4Ud ~1.J~l ~~1.>t 4-oj~ ..lA&l 4.4Ud ~'~' 4.......)..LA t. • Croll (2002) J~ ~ ~~' r'"w ~1 4-'lA L4Ud GCSESA(O) 4J~U a....,J..LA vvo.. V"jiJ~-'"°J (JJ.l.;i:. ~"?"""' ~1.>t l,J.oj~ A-C 4.4~1 Gordon and (r' """) Monastiriotis (2006) Wl&. LA~ Jl&. ~I.>t t,.oj)L, wb:l..sl Jol.4i V".)l..LA ". v u~JJ~ - - ~' J:!LAJ t a.Jol4.o ~J~t ~~~' HALL & LEESON ~"?"""' ~l.l4 r'°'"" (2010) LAUd ~~ ~1.>t cl.oj~ ~l&. ~L>1d4.z.z4i ~~/Ll.;d ~LA~ t.A Gutibrrez-Romed ~J~1 alALl. ~ ~1~ j;A.i> - j.J~ ~c:r""' ~1.>t_, Jl&. (Y• ·t.-Y•·Y) (2008) (J~i_, - - 4.4.:d/~~ ~ l,J.oj~ 4..L&A ~Ua.w/4Al.;d ~ 4..-J'-4..o Y•A Lynch ~"?"""' ~t.>1 JUb~l CCY-CC rt&. (1995) u...i:.J 4.Aj~Jl&. ~ ~~JY~ La.bU.O • t'r ~t~.)~~ l.!S~J~' ~ V"~~~.).l.A ~~J~ a.....t;.l.JI ''A-C'O Meier& Bohti (2003) ,- i a.;~ ..s~ as'.)Ll..AJ ~ld ~ 4.la6. ~La... t.V ':?.l~IJ 4!-lJi ~WJl0.4 ~~ Odeck&Alkadi 2003
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- 55. wi ~ <?IJLWI L...G.JI u4~ ~~?JI al~I ~ ~i ~G+JI Martln, c:,J.;l..oJ Andrews JJJ~i ~) aJ:"'-:1 a.:b: ·0 ~~t,g ~ ~..>-4 w~ ~k <?I aL.ul.;..UI L>A ...1:!...WI ~LLA w~ l.!.U~ c.)1 a......9W,fl4J .(20109 2007 ~ l.!.U~PlJ (Chapman, 2001 ~) c).:.4~1 ~_,.ti ~J ,,/·.:iaiJI f:!AL4A Kelley et-) ~~TJ ~J (Case Et -Al 2000 0-J~TJ ~ ~) ~L.u).-4.A .;l:i)U Modeling [~Lµ ~_,.t J~ ~ i~ ~~~I w~ JS' ~J •(al-2003 aL..ul.;.J.ll wlJ 'f'WI tl.b..4ll ~ ':"'Q.!t:..;;JI ~b~I ~ w==·.!iaitl ~~J ~ ;;~411 ~~[~~~~I L>A ~~,~WI L..G.JI ~biJ ~I ~k ~I j.Ak J;...D .;l:iT ~a.JS'.; aL...ul_;.J.ll w~ if?"~~~ ~J ·w==· _:;i;;lt j.A~ Cullingford and Daniels, J~) ~~ ~j J:..1..>-4 ~ alj~?JI ~ ~IJ w==·_:iaitl u~ji LJ::t a.kJI ~ ;;~IJ d-ul.;.) wi ~..H (1999, Shaw et-al, 2003 pi ~<?I o.;~I aL.ul_;..UI ~ ~~J .(Mc Crone et-al 2007) ~b~IJ ~4 ¥w,1 a6-'h· 0 4 ;;~ ~~1,a..ow1 L..G.JI ~bi~ ~J.ll ar;.::tl ~I I~ ~J .(~IJ J;.""'11J ,a.J~L....uJ.I ~)~~I wi>WIJ ~ ~J.ll ar;.!:tl LJ::t al>-Wl ~ ~ ~1-?.?1 ~ aL.ul.;.) ~ ~ t--'""_,.tl ~<?I ~I uL.ul.;.J.ll F~...P.'"i ~J ·rWI tl....b.4J4~ Q.:t:..;;tl ~b~lj uL...ul.;..UI lS~ wu, 1..1.i.l~ ~ ~...P.'"i ..w ~ ;;~IJ '}111~1 ~ l.A..;~I .(Y/Y) JJ~I ~ ~IJ LWI L..G.JI ~btJ ~J.ll 4'i.::tl ~k <?I ,~I tl.bS L>A J,A~4 ~ LWI "-4..WI s:.bi ~ w==·.:iaitl ~t; ~ ~...UI wl - · · .. ~ .J...L.o>Ull uLl~I s:.bj -~-.~.:.~ti a.3.)6- · 4:9.>....JI • ~ • OA~_rtU .. ~ ~~ LJ::I ~ ~ j.J_,.blI~->b.JIc.)1 ~ .)..t-t: ...:9 J.:J..UI I~ '->"L..ui ~.)J..b:A wu .~l:'JI'->".;LU.I ~~1 ~.;J Ji '~~)'I [~~I~_,., ~LlAuw~~.fJJ 'l>".;l...U.I ~~ i a...u:,~'}114.Jk. ti. "~~I . 'Wl I-~ - .~('j ''=Lu&.11 "~~I ..u ~I J .. . - '..)-' "?"'" • (.)~ ~~ u- I.) .. o.J-tfi ~ r..G=i CCI;~ ~jLJI ~ <?' ul........ul.;..UI JS' WU ·lS~t Lk ul..o...G.. ~ ~ 's Qt;,, 4 WU '~~1 ~i ul~ ~.) uwb:&..ol FJ uLJQ..al L>A .o.).J..t:&Aj ;;~ ~L..ui rl~4J lSj'>J.4 ~ ul~ lS_?-f ul~ Jbu.J ,~b~I ~ w=;·.:;a;tl ..b~pi ~ •;, .=:.S'!t uL.ul.;...UI ~ ~J ~l:'JI o.)~I w~I ~bj Daniels (1999) j.J~bJ Cullingford .).;~lS' j;;.~:.t - 1.,..~1 ~..~:.~ti :.14.J"...t~-.14.J·l:i 1...U.4.L.u:.J}l;.· (GCSE) &J ~ ..)-4'-'-" ":' ~ jJ., ~ :J-1 (.)-".) .. 0.4 ~ l.!.U~J ,J-tfi~ a;,J:&A ~>t;.JI j~l ~ ~ ,,,.....:JI~ wi l~JJ ,ul_,.&--u, or
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- 57. ~~I~~~~~ pi Luginbuhl(2009) 0~iJ J~_,J ~J ~J4J'I ~..Li.J.WI <>")..WI~ ~~~I ~w~~I ~~JJ~j&A 15p..f w~·.!;,;; ~~b.. of - o»>iJ J~-'1 i.?f - 1~1J ·OJ~~'~ 15p..T ·r ,ca....u1 ..u1 1 ~~1 -:. ~•1) ~~' · ~ ~L '---~r ~bi L~- -· ~ (.) J .) ~ (,:rW (>A .. • • ~ '+'6'"' ~ - - LA ~I .. ~I Ul~I a..u.JI ~ l.J.A ~ ~i ~~ ~ ..L9 :.bl! l.J.A ~ .. ru - .. .. .. (.)-".) - .. .>t:J o.'"4..l.4JJ (Shaw et-al) (2003) 0~iJ ~ r~..J .~~I ~)b.11 ~.>Pi J~ ~J ~l.tbuA~ ~)Lii ~tu.JIJ ~I~ ~~?II a:g)Wt ~~1 ~i dJ ~J l.J.A ·(~I cJ.A 01. ~lji) oJ~ ~lj ~1 <>".;l.J.A ~ c.ill~J ~!&JI oJ+!JI J~ ~~ ~ ~..cil Ji~ I . . . . . ~~~ d..Lo~I 4b1;%t IV"Jl..UI OU Mc Crone et-al (2007) LJ-s?iJ o~LA a.-t.)J OU l.J.A .~I a.-1.)..ul ~l_,.&...u ~ t.r~ ~J~..ll ,1~1~~ljJ4Jf a__J..1.A( •• ·) ~~i ~~I .-.;,,,~ ..ll ~)..1.A J;..b ~..Jo.cit~~ of o~ ~J..u.1 !.?J-!...1.A of ~jlll (~L:._,...o_,.ll) Jl_,.ll .>J_,blJ oJ~ ~~~~ab I~ ~i LS -~/i·.!;a;H ~ ·<:r1WI ~IJJI ~I~ ~UJI <>".;l..UI ~J 4J'I <>"Jl..111 ~ ~wbuA~I ~bj ~J ..kJWJI · .WJ · · · · cLJ1 ·•~~'I 4-&.4.0 , -~-,~.:.~ti ~ • • f '1 :. l.J.A • (.Jj-1 (.)~ ()4A .. ..J-- .. - :J ~ .. J-1 (.) l.:r' ~ ~ .44}'1 "Jui.>J...>'U c.;s '4 rl.:W ~G.. rt.A JJ.l l+t 0~ ..ll (Regulates) 0~ ,a..ow1 a..o~1 ~tJiJ ~_;.t.1 a';.!:" ~ ~ll)la.11 ~ J:!J..UI ~JJ~ ~J - - i bl.4A.cl a.!4.!t:.. jjJI ~~F:-11 ~ 4:· .'i.;4 Jlj1 dJ ofi:i ..ll w'i·Ji0itl o ~1 ~ ~~ -:1. 1.a .-"·'L"' _;..~.:.~•1 - ·-'a:. "'" ~1·~~1 _;..~.:.~ti a.Jb.. ~ - ,_ ~ ~ -.:r.:-~ ~~ • .) • "j~ .. ~c.:r- a.! 4.!t:..;;tt ~~F:-11 ~ ~' a.! , ., 1J.l Jlj'}lt ".a .l>.f ~1&-o 0i ~ ~~1 .~IJ~IJ ~1~?11 oJIJ)'I 4...ulJJ ~ J~~I ~ ,a.wta...u.rt -.t~!J"~4.!ta;-.itu~t J~~wt J:!l'"1l't ut~~ a..o~1~1Jt~pj:ia .!4.!t:..;;11~~10T~l~~lc,!:,~I~ :J.>.bc,!:,)lj~J9'l~at< ,'i.4 ~b..~jlll~..111 ~~~t-°J .4......oWI .. - - - .J.A~I ou .ar;.!:u ~L,!, ~~~~LA IJJW ~w1~~1.;..u1 0f '~J~I ~ o~I (,... ... • Cc...,.Jlj l<" -~-· ~<" a___...w1 ~Ll.ull J .. QA~tt J c.:r- ~ ~ . v----! J-J-!. - -· ~ ..,.---,..... J~) J~~I cJ.A ~I Ji (Croll, 2002) J~ L.,,..,IJJ ~ ~UI ~..111/J~I J~) o..i.:i-IJ a.-IJJJ {Leeson, 2010 o~J Hall JJrA ~L-.IJJ ~ ~IJ ~UI J~I -.. .. Dynamism (Andrews and Boyne, ~_r>JI ,;-!ii~ I.JAL,!, r..Ld:i ~ ~ 00
- 58. u-o d_j~ ,a.!4.!t;, ;;JI w~ ~I [~WI J..-,A~ .;~I ~1..r!'"U ..,.,...,blJJ (2008 .a..will 4hJl a,j~I .llLl~I Cii. ~~I _,,ti - -· • ~ .) r..:r- • ,~ ~ J.o~4 ~~~~ ~j.1.1 ~I J_p- J_P.-_,.ll J:.WI ~..UI 0i ,~:JI UJ_,.kJI "~J:! ~.:UI .fl ~1.J..ll ~..UIJ l.!lb J>...i:Lll J.ol_,.c. oJ_P.- ~ «li.A ~j u:;,.!;,;;JI w~b. pi 0~LA 0i ~JJ ,(Shaw et-al 2003 ,~iJ ~ Jl:LA) ~ 0~ <JAJ 0~1 "i cG~ 'u:;..!;o;JI ~ ~ _;.s'i ~ 1-'"4.iS (Mc Crone et-al 2007) l>-J?iJ Regulatory ~~I ~~WI ~..UI J~I i.S.J.A ~.;~I ~l r~I ~ ~J:! ~bi~ J.o~4 .;~ ~_jll wl~ ~ ,J:l..UI 01J ,~b~I ~ ~bll Support ·vu.;LU.I ~b~I ~a.! .....:JllJ ~I w~lp~ J:ll.;~I ~J .J.4l ,CGJ:tll L..4J_;-bll u-s?TJ..JJ.J..Lsi J~) ~I ar;.!:ll ~ LA1.J..=S'.>ill ~I ~J .Ll.;..UI wl~~ .(Rosenthal 2004 JliiJ; J~) ~j.l 41 ~.L.AlJ { Andrews.et-.al (2005.aj F ~.)~I 0-4 cG~ ,~b~IJ a'i.!:J ~ ~l..>11 ~ a.lA~ O.)~ ~ JJ so=d.lJ J..? w~~ .)# jil ~J '[~~' wl~ ~a.! I" c ·j.llJ ~I a'i.!:ll ~l.AA .d..oWI d..o...G.JI ~bi~ a.!4.!t;,;;Jl ar;.!!J ~I .;Ci'il s4, 4-tl:ta.i-J't ul:u.J't ~J J~ ul.w.Q. ~tt .. .. ... ~ ~- .. ~ wLJo.al ~ 15..W 0~ <?I u~WI ~ ~b~I ~ w~ ~JJ........>. ~ r~ 0i ~ L_;JI wLJo.al 01 .w~~10--4 ~ta:..)~ J)..9---4 ~WI a:._,L..u:L.o w~ ~l..1>.'; ~Y,I a.oµ1 ~JLi ~~J .~iJ~i wl.A..G.. d..oWI wl 4t;,;JJ o~jtl.I a:..)~"il J.)lj.1101-9 (Bennett, 1982 ,-. .!;.!!) ~~ w~WI ..)~~I .r.,U • L . ·~ .L 'I· LuJ.J · ... ~fl ~1 -~t., :..'b:i •i '-~-'I· J ~ ~ uu ~ w ~ 'J-"" • ..)-) (.) ~ 0-4 J~J ,(Williams, 2003) ~J ,wl.A..WI u-o c.!l~ [:&j'; ~i ~.;..1.4.o ~I J,J..;-b ~ :Jl.:AA) ~WI vu.Jl...L...l. uw~1 f:..1.Ai ~I w~WI 0lS:-Aht wi t.!LJ.:U i.>~ ~_>14j.i.ll Ll.;..i.ll u~~ c9...G 0i Ji ,(a:JUI J-tf:. wl..1&.UI Ji ~I .l.;lj.11Jo~0-4 • ;,.!,;;..:JI ~lS:-Abt 0i ~ ·~.;..LI.I u6::iA"il ~ ~Ubi ~bi J..? c..:)J~I ~yi.110~ illl.J.J .~WI wLA...G.JI 0-4 ~~ ~~ wl.A~ ~~ : a..will ~I :.i jA - -· ..,.,
- 59. =~Q~t;;;u ~1~~~ 0~4-4aJ~ 41 _,1,~ ~1 ~'411 J¥1/~i.ll1wtH2.1 ~b>JI ~ 0i ~I LJ.A LWI wWo..al ~lji '-?.JJI y!!tl'"" .!;;.;JI 01 ¥~ LJ.-4) ~~..>~ ~ '<Y°~I ~J .wWo..al "~ ~~ a;,~1 <.>"~ wl~ L..i.>. ~J.4j ,(~_,JI ~I LJ.AJ '"=-'1WI ~ ~ ~ :Jli4) (o...1>.IJ ...1:9 cG~ ,CG..>Ul.4J .i~ ;;..>~~fa. ~4-~I ~(Standardized) ...L..>.-"4 w~~J;;_#a .:"~w~I :Jli4)~Jl~iLJ.A0LuJ~~0~ Boden 0.lY.) ~~ 4.::;t wlA,J.;JI LJ.A d.......ulJ ~ f::'..s.,;;:; ,(~ ~.l~I ~f ~I 0~ ,~ ~~ i.S~ '-?i c,,1:. cG!J .(Alford, 1969 .l..>~IJ LJ.A 0~ ...l9 ,l.!.lJj.J J~. ~IJ ¥1..~ ~ ~ w~I tJ~ ~ O.)~ ~ .~~1 d.W'...o ~l..HJ ,L..:_;..s-Lll ~..Wl .JS'l.>AJ ,¥~! l.>")..1..-A ~ji '-?..>~I .l~I '1 .l~ · i ·.< •· ~ 4..a.91 • ~ •.:. b wlA...G.- J.O:i • ~, 1·Ul.L c.:r '-? ~ u ~ .. .. ~ ~ f::' u~ I.>! .!J Panzar and Willig,) wlA,J.;JI ~ a.S'l~IJ Wu:.L.All [bj?JI J,J_;-b ~~I~ .~ r~ LA ~J (1977 a~Q~t.;;;11 ~1~~~ ~ ~J-4t ~1 ~1wJ»H2.2 ~l)~'il <)A~ ~.).l0~Y! Q.!to;;tl).;--411 ~L..::, WU ~~I ~l._>J ~~WI "'..>J~ ~ ~:.UI ..>--4~1 ,4~ ·b.:b;..J.14 I~~ Ji;;~ w'i~ 01J .(Dutton et-al, 1983) a .:utl wl:!~ 1-9:.!=:=i ,,.2 ~ 0T ~1 ~~I LJ.l...H..U.I ~...Li ...1:9 l.s,j-*-"I~ ..1....:9 <i'11 ~~I~ ad~~ ~~!-! 0~ ,l.!.lJ:.U a'"!'"[uJ .;;~~ wlA..b. _J-J_,.b:i a.;,~1 J.? ~...?"" 1_,:,fi.: w~ ~1 '-?.)~ ...1:9 w 'y'i.:_.11 ~I~~;;..>~ Ji~..> ~j l_,:,fi_: 0i 0l ~~I f>J.......c.J)~'il r~ 0~ l.!.U:.U ,(Staw et-al, 1981) ~~ a_;,'511 w4-~'ilJ w4~)AJ ~I J.: ...;;u ~~I LJ.l...H..U.I .)~ ll~ •IAAJ alA....WI LJ.A 4.:':a; ...tlJ :'?Q.!lQiiJI ~1~)U ~ 4.1.&.0 ufa '.:1111 ¥..ri-JI wJ H 2.3 ~ - ~ - . - - • :.~- - - f .. t:..•• ::s • • I ~ ~".! "11·1-l' ~~~I ~l.:9yl~.J-:!-lUO,j41L.....J~4.)~uu ~L..::JI ~WI ui 0~4! ~J (Boyne et-al 2002) LJ.l..?TJ 0-J-Y. ~ LJ.A O_J-J_,.b:i ui ~_,:ill LJ.A ,a:g.)~i .J:~J .~I;;~~~ '-9J-'"" ut;..!;a;JI w~W ov
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- 79. ~Wt~t ~t~~~4..~-:.u~~t~~ ~J ,u~ts_,Jl/o~~I ~.J.4j<?I wlA..W4 ~ "-4WI o.;l..)?JI ~~~ts J~ ...W ,JS' ~J ,(Rainey, 2010) wlA..WI db~ r.J.4j <?I a..4J_y.W4 cl...J.:U Joyce,) "-4WI wlq to; qJ ~I~?JI '5~ ~1 o~~I wlj-L.-uJI ~ r~~I -0µ1 l.!.l.l:i ·.·: "'.' (r-~~I Ji J~l I~) Jm (J~ ~J (1999, Moore,1995 Clbl ...JI~ L:k w~ ~ <.J.A ~IJ-4 ~ "-4WI wl qto;tl (Ji ,~~I ~_,i,-o.;b?Jla.....u.;w~~~l-o..)_,~ab' ... ~~..u.1~~,~~1 wl.;1>4JI .a ....L.,tl y~i i.>-4.# ~Cl:· .:;.;4 ~l..1.A1i a.owl wLJo..i.11 l.S..u wi tS tS I~ LJ:4lj.tl <.J.A ~ b_,~ b~ (J~, l.A..4.J (Rule-Bounded) (J~WI ~ wl..?. w..Jl.A_, ~ rl.:9 ,~.:U Jl:L.oJ ,LWI wl qto;aU ~1~1 [j~..>-1...,k:i ~1 ·;, .:;,;;;ti wl.:9_,i J>l,;.. ~l~?JI ~IJ..i.:' (Steven and Mc Gowan, 1983) Wechsler and) ~fi4J~J ui W' ,-o~I wl:!~-'14 ~I wlA~4 ~UI J:~J4 w~ts_, &) ~~I~~ [j~ ~Ji Jo~~~ (Backoff, 1986 ~UI ~I wljl--uJl_J>t.;.. ~l~?Jl l.SJ ;~ r~~I .lbjlJ (Ohio) (J.A I~ (Joldersma and Winter 2002, Joyce, 1999; Lane and Wallis, 2009) <:?"'°J?.j '"4 ~j~ ~)Stakeholders (l..,.. 0 11 y~i ui ·.·: "'.' '~~ ~w l~i (~~~JS') a......o~4 l:k w~ o_# bl;p..i_, LJ.::P~WI_, ,(Lo..WI ~ts ,~_,JI ulj ~J .LoWI w~ts_,JI ~bi~~ wwjj ~..UJ ,~ wl~I (Ji LJ:>- ~ 0J~..UI wl:>-~ o..)l:) ~ fi.>i L.~?JI ..)~ (J.A ~I a~.::ll ~ wl_~.ll ,,~_, ,~IJ.A ~~I o..)k.1 wLJQ..UI (J.A ~ a~.::ll ~ '---: ~ - L ~<-: wl ... w..JllA ·..<-: •i i ,w..J-< :. ti • w.ll · ~ti . & L...i.AJI ~ ... ~~ ~ (.)..,.......I.) J ~ (>A J ~ i.:- .. o~l_):i-4 ~..>-1 wl~I db w..)i .i9J ·l.S...P-i w~ w..J_,l.u, ~ o~j'A wlA.,WI · wLJo..i.l.I ' A'"'.-··- ~t1 w~I .. ~I wl.A..WI 1 A· .J.4j ~t1 -.: ·L.tl . '-' ~.JA ~-' ~ .. . .. '.)-'---'-".. -' "ft! r ~ ~ r..:- .. tS .. Walker,~I) a.owl wLJo.i.l.I ~b1 ~ ww~I ~jj ~I ~j J.olj ~J . ~I a..Jlua.o ~b~IJ ~l..~?JI l.S~ JJ>- ~~I ~J (Boyne and Brewer, 2010 vv
- 80. MilesandSnow)-'"'"'""JJ.l:l.Ar-Joj~~~l~l~~l~?Jli.S~01 ~-ul>'--'-"?JI ~l_,J.I ~~~ ~L9)l.c. ..t.ll.LA 0t ~J>l:!LA ~Ll.sj ,(1978 ~JjJ (Prospectors)~.;.=;.<; ...t IJ ,(Defenders) ~l..UIJ (Analyzers) ~ ~l~?JI i.S~ J.? ~~I 0u .~bi ~J ~LUJ.I (Reactors) J...0.11 oJ.; tr,~ '~J .~I I~~ ~~~~'=7"4.!t;,;;JI ~Ll~I ~J ldlji~~I J.? ~~->9 t~ ~ ,~_ul>'--'-"?JI i.S~ J.? o->9jlll ~~J~I ~¥. t~ L4J clJ :.l41ll ~~"ii u-~t ~t&:, :.l41ll I~ - .~J~I ~I - "ii . .? U"" J r..r ' ~ ~ U"" ~ j J - . - IJ-'-'-"' . ~tu., "-4.4 '... .:...._ 'I - ~ . [..v-w ~ i~.Jj.ylo ~~.J-4l ~tr,~,~WluLJo..UL~b~I ~I - "ii· ~.~~ <ttr,} r . . J - . - IJ-'-'-", ~ "='"""" • c..:r- .Snow (1978) _,.L.w.J Miles >l:!LA rJoj Ji [j_,.4> .:Lil :~I~~~~ ~j_,.4> 0~ ,l.!.lJ.:U Jlio ~l>'--'-"?JIJ o.;b?JI J~ ~(Venerable) o.;~ ~~ clJ ~ Snow -'"'"'""J Miles >l:!lA [j_,.4> 01 ell~~~ (Hambrick, 2003,115) ~~~ Organization) ~I L~J ~l>'--'-"?JI o.;bf'I ~"i~ ~~I p~I clJ Jl8 .'i.;,,."il ~ <i'1' ul_>-11 J~ "~ [jJ-4-LJI I~~~ ~W:,j J=,JJJ .(Theory BusinessJ~~I o.;b?J ~.;Jl.;..1.A.414uG~I ;;~:9~~ ~0U .~ ~~J's .=;.;,,."ii~ ~I ul.;-ll J~ 0l ~Source Premier Database Ramos-Rodriguez and .;~G - j.Jj.;J/J j~/JJ.; U"".'"41..~ Ll.;J 0iJ (' ','VO..) ~till ~_;.:;~~Snow ~J Miles ~LA c:,,l ~4i Ruiz-Navarro, 2004 Strategic Management ~I~?/I ;;.;b?/I ~ ~ tJl s .=;.;.,,I ~I ~I ~ .;~)LI [j~I F .,1gJ .('r ••·J 'O..A ·) ~ ;;~ ~ 1.!L.JjJ ,Journal ,(Moore, 2005) ~~I Jl~i ~ ~ u~ ~J~ ~Jo.# ~1..>-4 ~~I a.b.u_,:LAJ ;;~ ~~ uL...iu.ujAJ ,(James and Hatten, 1994) ..t.J~I ~ l~J ~.!.; /;.; ... t I~J ,(Aragon-Sanchez and Sanchez-Marin 2005) ~ 7 ...JI ~ ul 4to;t1 JJ---> ul-...ul.;..UI c:,,i ~Y.J l.J.....A ,(Shortell and Zajac, 1990) ~~?/I ~' .=;.<;.,ul ~ ui...l....-:1 .J.....l ~..;JI ..)--!):. cl.J:iJ L4WI r ,;.; ,,.; ~' ~~~' 0µ ,i.S_;--;..~1 a .!4.!to;;t ~~4 ~~.;IJ ~;;JJ~Jl_j....j "it~' l.J.....A~Snow ~JMiles~lA[j~j .(Green Wood, 1987, LaneAndwallis, 2004) ~I l.!.lJj ~ ~1~~)UJ) V/
- 81. a.: ca.: Jo;;ti ~~,~~ [j~'1 a..-JJ (Snow) ~J (Miles) ~Lo Jfo ..1.41 jAL:u cGi~i U:Ul..4.i.J ([jJ4i.JI ~i) rUo..al F ..,lgJ .4hco4i ~l.)J ~~b <J-4 11 " ~1 .:a.'i.;. ·Q~c.:&~1~01,)WJ,~LJo..UIWAtYw'~~w~t'4J o-11 ~ji {0~~1) ~iJ r~ i....9.JA ~~ "4J <?JIJ ~~I ;;~I ~~~.,14 <?JI ~Woll! ~J Prospectors 0_,a.'i.<;.,,JI :~ ~..ul~~ 4li4 tlyi ~) ~4~1 ~ J~ rl.Ia:u4 YJ~ ~~J J_,_J4 ~yiJ ~lj'AJ YJjJ ~ d..AWI ~LJQ..UI ~, ;,,:;.<; ...11 uu ,(Miles andSnow,1978,29) a.:~.:!~IJ~J~ jjl~jjLi.JI Ji (AfirstMover) JJ'11.L!._»JI ~i - 41~ ~~WI u~ ui ~ LS~ ~JJ'~IJ.:!-4~' ;,.=;.s:;,,.JltYWA'?'4µ1_;~1~.,igJ ._;l.~~I ~IJ.:!-4 Jlbl ~ j~ u~ .,lg Ji ,(Downs, 1967) LS~l ;;~' L-i~I J~ - - (u-iY.,'11 WA) r.!.L..J~ '::'ca.:Joiitl ~.ZJI ck-.u ~~b ~ 1-illjJ ,la: ,,.4 oJ_?.JA tlb.4l4 1 ;,.=;.<;rntl ~~G.. ~ a..~..ul~?JI ~~J'11.!l~J (Bourgeois, 1981) Jl~IJ J~I ~ljJ 'l>°~'I ;;~~I WA ~i ll~ u~ 0i ~~1 J.P"" rWI .(Boschken, 1988) ;;JcA..i.4" I~ ~iJ 'J~~I ~ ~b ;;~ ~lj ~~~Defenders u__,.dl..11.IJ ~ ~ ~IJ~~I ~~~ ~J ~I~ 1-illj WA~~~ ,J~I ~ oJLi ~~i ~.,.tllJ~I ~ u~~ - w__,.dl..UI ~i - ~J .LA_;'.:;;.IJ ls=u~ ;;~~1 ~ ....... .:J ~.) LWAI U~Y- ~t LiS' ,JIJ---""'I Ji ~~I a:;1~ ~ ~i ~b~ 0~ ~1 'J~4J (Miles and Snow 1978,29) ,WWI~~ ~s:.:· 0•• 0~..J WWI ~lblli.ij ~ ~~ 4.:·u/uJI ~Lo...G.JI ~ J..:!S'>J4 ~~ ~ ufiJ~ il..b_-""J ai9 u~ (Analyzers) 0.,lbJ.IJ .d..AWI a_;ilJ..:!.l.I ~ 1.L!~I ~ ~IJ~I ly~ 0fJJWI WA LJ:l.bJ.l wlJ ,LJ:a.91..UIJ 0j.; /i.S'; ,,.t I WA~ ,;;~~I J~~I J.P"" ~ ~ ~l..i..A 0~1.;: 1-illj WA~~~ (First Movers) Miles and Snow, 1978,) c~4 ~ '-f.ji J~ <?JI J~~I ~J--""":' 0J ip.? ~ ~.J.JI (J~I) ~I J..H..1A ~~I~~~~ (Reactor) u.,kLl:al Loi (29 - ~l:l ~I .. I · ...1.44.J - ,,~<t ..~ ~~. _1- ·-·'!·'I ~ · ·..:.~q Wb · . .. ... ~.. uJ .. rr- ~ ... i..:r- ~ r J ~ uJ..H 1-ill.J.J ~.>A wlS" lj! ~! tY ~i WA ~):..uJ ~t~hi Jc,LLJI r~ Lo JlJ ,~WAJ i....9JIJcA ~LLJI ~JA 01 .(Miles and Snow, 1978, 29) a .:~.:!Jo~ J;9 0-4
- 82. ~ ~iJ '~.).;.JI~.¥1141~ '.'.!"?'"; I,; ~I 0i ~ ,~1~?11 yl:iJ .(lnkpen and Chouldhury, 1995) ~:;Ji ~4i..o ~l..~1 l+il.:U ~..11 ~ LT.~l o~I rl~I 0i J.l~ (Boschken, 1988,18) ~~ 01J l.:.lA ~y'il (Invisible Hands) ~I ~.l~~I ~J°.l ~ 0A ,((Jd.d:i.l.ln ~ ~1~.l~0i -~IJ~I ~~ ~ a;,~1 J.P" ~)/~~ .u~J ~ u~LLA ~_>1o ~ J~I ~! ~ ~l_,_,!JI ~ 0~ "-4WI u~I ~(Snow) J-'-J (Miles) j..:lA .lJJ-U..?. uLl.i:9LL.ll o.J.A ob ~J -~~~ ~.;~I ~L.u~I LWI ;;~~I ~ .l!;11 ~l°.l ~~~I ul.b.LJI 0i~I 0-4 ~i ~~ ~.:UI (Greenwood, 1987) -~1 ~ u!;bl (Y·A) 0-4 0~ ~I ~I~,~ v-bJI l.J.AJ ,«J...4.fl 0J.; ,=;.<;,,.4{1.YC)0~ :l~i:Gl°.l~~~.;->-~l~l~i-a.:n:tl Gt Green Wood) .lJJ-U..?. ~Ll..t.J (:I.'·) (Defenders) 0~1...1.AJ {:I.") (Prospectors) a.JG..~ u!;bl ;;~ 0i ~ ~Reactors~~ 4w1 ~I 0i (1987, 300 Green .lJJ-U..?. u~!;.l r~I 0ts" ~J ~ ~~ J>....1.A 0-41.!l~ ,J~ a.! ·o~I J.:b::JI ~i ~J .~I_, ~~?11 ~~ LJ:.i a:s>WI J~ Wood ~1 J~ ~~~ .)4>JI 0i i.ill°.lj ,~I~ PJ: ~~I 0i ~~I _,.L.uJ Miles J..l:LA "~ ~.:UI C'-"J~I ~~I ~ ~ ~I 0ts" ~ ~I C4 L~l_,11 jA~I_, ~J-4>UI_, ''9L.;.JI ~ !»S'.) ~.; .=;.<; ... ti 0~ :('' ~I ~I) Snow ~~ ~ Walker (2009) ~JJ Boyne 0-'Jr! ~w ~J .4L:. ~.)..l.:J ~I C4 ' ·:j ~ LWI ul q to; q It d..&.:t:..UI - ~I .r·-.- ' J~ Snow · Miles ~ '·LA '"(tJ • • • - • - ~.. ~_,............ ~J J-"': u~I ~J ~.A.)~ 0i ~I 0-4 ~I 4.: "'.!1>-JI u4~~1 ~ °.lJ- ...; .,,; ti ~ L9~ 0~ u~WI o.J.A ~,a .:;.<;.,,tt 0~ .a.!?.!t:.;;JI 4~.::11 ~ ~~ ~.:.UI lAi .~_,JI ul°.l ~ ~ 0~.J ~.)WI a~.::ll C "'~ f'~.J ,Proactive ~I ~J-4 ~.J ,~WI ~_;J~ ~WI~~ ,~I~~~ ,~l..U.I ~ lA.;l~~ ~~ c,.4i u!;~I ~ 01' J!.?~I ~ u~I C4 L.J~ ~WI . t!..-.~. ~I ,~ 4:iJj ~I - I · .J.J "LJ" (Reactor) L.. Ll:J.I LAi .. f'.._:....j • <LAi ~ lj . - . - ~.. (..)j • ~ u- i..;y-- ~
- 83. ,~Lui ~b;.JI ~~.)lb..>Ai ~b~I ui Snow ~J Miles ~LA ~LLJ_, . -~ U.~ - I ~ti ) d...&hJI JI ~I ,~I - ~I .r - 1 -~- D.J>.I ~ti ~ ~ "?""" J - -· .? J - . - IJ-'-'-".. ~~ ~ J '?""" J ~I ,~l_~t/I LJ-4 4:;.)l.bll J:i~I .,.:,u. • ;, .=;.<;,..·, ~J (~l:JI ~I ~Snow ~J Miles ~LA a.!7.u~! t1~4 d.:t.)l..a.A Ci!!tlJ ~l...ul a~IJ al· .:.~ti .,.JA ~ t,.. U~ i.J>.I ~l:LA --·tr,~ (l&A LAi) .a..J:Lll J'... -:.tt ~ -~ J~ .. J-~ ~J Miles ~LA .,.)_,Io ~.:.UI t-'""J~I ~l.4.ill i.)~ f"~ ~ ~~J ,~IJ..4ll d.!4.!to;;JI JS'~4 (8 ,,,,;-,j u~Ll.1.1 F-' .4:;.)l.bll utl~I .,.:,u. J.? Snow ., db ...Jlj#_;J~J~JAa~l~~llylLJ-4~~6.·.·: "'!~>11 ~~~I~ L~ Dfo .:.G..i ~~4 ~.:.UIJ ~WI 1.5~4 <J->~..1.ll ~ ~ ~a~ uJ ;:;.: ~~ u~l..UI LAiJ ,(Miles and Snow, 1978, 41 -44) ,_j l.._:.-: 1.1-~.~L...aJI tl~6.1......u.1..u..11..ill~4,(i,q 1 J;,jjJI~~· 4'.b.b;...:JI ~~~t .. (,.;rc.,~v---. • • • 'J .. .. -" .. ~ .. Mechanistic 4~1 a~IJ JS'4-&JI ~~.>=JI l.:.U. ulJ .~1-il~I~~ D~ al:c::i ~ ~b~I LJ-4 4~ u~ u~l..UI ~ ui ~I 0-4 ~j ':T'".iJ ~at. 0 .;;tl U~I~ llA~ljS'~,~I l.:.U.~ Ll:tiJ .~_µJI~_, ''=7"4.!t;, iitl ~b~lj ~l~t/l 1.5~ i~t.:.~~~~~t 4.S~ ~I~~(~~~) Snow ~J Miles ~LA[~~ ~yl Jl~I u! J..411 D.l_r.> UJA~ LJ-4 ~bi 0-4 ~i ~l..UIJ ,u:--JbJ.IJ ,~.; .~.<; ·,,t I ~bi ui Conant et-al, 1990) Ci..ol:. alS'~ ~ uL...ul.)~ f'~J.A ~i.) 1.:.U.J ,(u.,k.Ll:UI) Hawes and Critten Den, 1984, Shortell and Zajac, 1990 Slater and Olson, ~b4 bj>4A Wb ~ (Areactor) J..411 .ll.) ~JA 0µ Jb.. JS' ~J ,(2001 a~~~.)~ (Hrebiniak, 1990) i.!J.!;.!0-'2>J (Snow) j-L.uJ a...........ul.).:i uu -~ d..i.A~I a~~I aJ6. ~l1i:u.uL ,Snow · Miles "- "U ~.ti~· :.ti a..lS'i - . ~J J-1': - - 'J"' - '..r-' .~1..u1J ~.; .=;.<;.,,11 ~ ~1.:i~1~u_;g~0.,k.Ll:UI J~ ~ J~ ~ ~ u~I - ~ d..Jl....4J ....~tj :.~I 1.... aLd...w t .t • ..<. .i9 ~I .,.:,u. - • - IJ-'-'-".. .. ~ ..>J ~ .. '"&I u~ . .. ~ ., ., -., t~' ~ ~ ~~u I~ I)~;. j.:.Ll:UI ~JA u~ ..l9j ·rWI tlh4ll ~ b~ '~.),.;JI LJ-4 ~I y~~ aJ~I ~LblJ YJ~I .)~ ~ rWI .. ., ~~WI D~~I ~ LJ-4 ~J.) ~1~~ ~~ ~l.~t/l 1.5~ ulS' I~! "'
- 84. Bozeman and Strausman,1990, Nutt and Bacoff, 1993; Rainey,) ~L.;:J (Rainey,2010) ~~ ~J~ u~ly~i ~.; .z;.<;,,.Q!t~ ~JI.LA .(2010 ~~>U uJ.l.l~ ~i ~ ~1 ~ ~ u~l..U.IJ ,;;->1o~ ~ JP,.J.ll ~1 • •..<' ~ ,c,u:i -1 • 1~ • ...u.4ll • ·~ ,_ Ll:&.tl •I A • • • • .:.~t Jo a .:. • ~ t u.JJ~ . ~ ~ !..9-4:' <:.>= _ ~ ~ uu ..r.::-w ~ .(Boyne and Walker, 2004) ~~I ~L..u.L f:.~J'f' .ll..u:&........c.IJ ~J>A.PS'i Best ~~I rj1jAJ1 cGi ~Ll:&.tl ~.'"4 ~l _µ1~,i~1~0A cG~, l~J tl.b..4ll ~ 'i' Q.!t;,;;t f:.b}J u.JIJ.ll ~ LfjLl, 0A ~I ~~1 JIJ>o~1 C4 Fit .Rainey and Steinbauer(l999) rWI ~ f:.b~1 ~ ~u~ ~ji 'i cGi Snow (1978) ~J Miles ~lA u---o_;.,__, ~ ~! ~ji~I ~tu.JI "~t.jiJ 1.J.A_, ,~1..u.1_,~1_, ,~.; .i;.<; ...tl .Olson (2001) 0_,.uJ_,t_, Slater J-4~4 ~ ~1..u.1_, ~a.:;.<; ...~ ~1 f:. b~I ~ ..u>~I 0~ ,JS'~_, t.j.lWI ~I~ Green (2000) LJ.J~J Evans~Ll:l L1J.l~J .~+ill _,t ~ ~ t.jJ~I ~I y14i ui ~j ,;;~ ~:'i_,.14 ~ts~ u-u~l JJ>o~ Hambrick) l.!L_HAl.A u!J l.J.A .~l..U.1_, ~.; ,r;.<ics·Q" ~4 ~_,~I J~I ~1J.!.!;; ~ f:-1.l~I ~ ~1..U.I ~ u~~ ~.; ,:;.<;. .11 ul J_,.414 ~ (1983 ~ uu ·J~'il 0A ~WI~~ o_JAU:J ".J.A ~ ,J_,.uJ1 ~ ~1 ui ~i ;;~ ~:'i_,.11 ~.!.;,::.; ... 4 JJ>o Shortell (1989) J:pJ~J Zajac u..14--lj 4'i.!:t1 ~..D ~I.LU~_, ,a..LoLlJI ~~?JI 0-A 15_?.i tl~i uJ.l ~ ~l..U.I f:.bi Wood Side et-al) LJ.J..;->-iJ u:.lJJ ~ ~--' .i:9~1_, ~ __;S't ~.l.4 ~1 ~JJ~ u:.:.u1_, ,~1..u.1 ~ f:.b~I ~ ui!~ ~a.:;.<;".q ui ~1 ~4 (1999 ~.>JI tlb'il1 ~ ~.J.ll uiJ (Reactors) D:--kL2:&11 t.ji J.Ul1 t.j.l1J ~ uJaa;,: '~.; ,t;.<;I .. t 1~bi ui (Snow) _,.L.uJ (Miles) J.l:lA ~4l:AS' 0A ~_,;.UI ~~'}/ JJ>o ~ uu .k~ ~.) ~ cGi_, ~Ll:&.tl f:-1.li 0---4 ~i ~IJ ~l..U.I_, ...ill:i 1... ~ ·- 'l .....)t WI t_lk.411 1... Snow · Miles ~ '·lA ~ ~ - ~~ I,; r ~ ~-' ~ r - ~.J.ll ~__,,~.;JI tlb'il4 ..u>I~ tJ.A f:-1~1 .-.b:;; ,.. ~IJ ,~~~'ii ,(Snow) _,.L.uJ (Miles) j.l:lA ~~1~1 ~ ~ ,rW1 tlb'ill ~L.ulJ.l 0-4 ~_p.UI 0~~ ~1..u.1_, ~.; .:;.<; ...t10 t_, ''=' q.!t;,;;11 ~b~4 4~1 ·a,::.<;.,,,1~-'"4 J.l.a:u.J .~Ll:&.tl ~ ui!~ ~1..U.1 uiJ Reactors ~Ll:&.t1 ~ AY
- 85. (Andrews et-al 2006a)~I ~IJ~4 ~ ~ ,Jd..a:'J.I ~JA 01 J~iJ 0-A ab_.;; .,.4 ~ '"l:iJi ~~ c;JI ~~~I l~J '[~~I li4J J.!.J...UI uiJ - .~!_~?JI D.;IJ?JI i.S~ ~ rWI tlb4!1 J~ ~L.ul.;...UI 0-A ~ J~I J.J.All ·¥ ~j'JI ~ u~I cGiJ (/'r) JJ~I ~ J:j...UI l.lA ~ ~ ..leJ (/Y')J.J~t 4.4La.tt4..l~t 9't~i ~~~,rt iS~>ai ~~,~~ ~l.)~I~ ~-.J~;il t_,:, ~.Ju~I a..i!J'"'11 ~1,)'1~ ~I + •J,....11 ~ V-0 ~.J-4 PROSPECTOR ~I + ~1£!1 ·~J~I rl~I ANALYZER Jb.11 ~L~lyo~ BOSCH KEN (1988) - ,.:,iJJ--:!~I .~I DEFENDER ~l..U.I i.!.)l;;.l~I~ - d.J~I REACTOR j&.Li:&ll + ~I ~b~ ~l~W:,J ~1..U.I ~ 4-4~ ANDREWS et-al 2005b ~~1 ~1~1.>'1~41 j&.Li:&ll A·~} - + ~b~ ~' ~l~W:,J ~!.....-! ~1~1.>t~41 ~1..U.I JI.)~ j&.Li:&ll ~~! + ~b~ ~I a......&kA 4-4~ ~!.....-! ~1~1.i~1~41 ~..LI.I - ANDREWS et-al 2006a ~b~ j&.Li:&ll ~! ~!.....-! + ~I.)~ ~I a..lo~ a.......;..u ~~! ~~'r~J..i- ~l..U.I r·n IJ~ MEIER et-al (2007) ~b~ ~~~I j&.Li:&ll TEXAN ~!.....-! - ~I + 4.c.~I <::~ J..i- ~b~ a.;sjAll ~1..U.I ~~! j&.Li:&ll
- 86. p~,~~ ~b~I~ "-~-ut.>:i-11 t~ ~Jul.Ja.al ~!;..JI ~l.:i~I~ ~I ~b~ ~l....o.>l ~I ~b~ t~~-l~I J..u.1.1 ~1..1.ll ~l....o.>l Jc.Ll:al ~b~ ~l....o.>l + ~b~ ~I ~l....o.>l t~~}:i'l~"i~ ~1..1.ll ~b~ jc.Ll:al ~l....o.>l + ~b~ ~I (VY)~4.a~ ENTICOIT and) ~l....o.>l ~l ..l.l11~41 ~1..1.ll 4.i~} WALKER (2008 ~b~ Jc.Ll:al ~l....o.>l + ~b~ ~I ~l....o.>l rl...i::w...11 ~b~I ~1..1.ll ~b~ jc.Ll:al ~l....o.>l ~b~ ~l....o.>! ~I ~b~ ~1 ..1.i'1~41 ~1..1.ll ~ L.o~ ANDREWS et-al (2008) ~l....o.>l jc.Ll:al ~J(T4.1) ~b~ ~l....o.>l + ~b~ ~I ~l....o.>l ~1 ..l.l11~41 ~1..1.ll ~ L.o~ WALKER and BREWER) (TO) (2009 ~b~ jc.1.ZJ.I ~l....o.>l ~b~ ~l....o.>l ~I a......;....1.4 ('". t) ~I t~..::J°'i~ + ~1..1.ll l.i~..::Jl..Jo~ MEIER et-al (2010) ~b~ ub:...o'il~ jc.1.ZJ.I TEXAN ~l....o.>l At
- 87. p~,~~ ~b~I~ ~-~~='' t.,:S ~ju~I 4-!J..Lll ~l.)~I~~I + ~I ~b~ r~l..::J~.J.£.A~t tsl..J.1 ~~! Jd..a:UI + + ~I - ~1 ..IJ~I i;41 L.o.,S.:..(' • ' ) ~b~ tsl..J.1 ~!~ WALKER et-al (2010) ~~! Jd4<l.I L)ji>J. Snow ~J Miles ~LA [j~ Walker (2004)->--5JJ ~ L)..li J~ · a· ":t a)L.J.LJI · t ,d...oWI al qt;,;t 1,.. ~I .. ~I WA ~ C.:- .. ~ 1.7'~ i.r- .. . .. '.J-'--'-"~ ,..i>-1 cl-~~- a~l .. 1~1 .. a~l·i· .. '-~~··a~Ll.A J ~~ ~ ..... '..>-'-'-" .)J~ (.)~~ - ,, ,, ( y • -tl~~Ll.A - )~I .. ~I 1 .-.:."".t~~.J.A" ..ul~~ L~.r' f-UJ - · - '.J-'--'-" ~ ~ '.)J · • :J ~lJ ,(Measuring Strategy) ~l~?JI u-u~ u-oL;JI ~I~ "l:s.li ~ ~ ~Ji Walker (2004) fiJJ Boyne 0---J~ ut a.6._;.11 "~ ~ J_,411 rW l>---4 JS' a~~~ 4-li ~ ct.bl.d......ul ~(Analyzer) J.6.J.I ~.'"4 0i ~..4j Walker (2004) PJJ Boyne 0-J~ a..J..W.I ~I ulJ .~a.~.<;,,.tJ ~l...U.I u-o al:s~I a~~ rl...l~c..i..u4 ;;~I a:~.,llJ 1~1 ~ U..;~I ~ ~ ~ ..l! ~ ..l! '~?JI ~I aLAµI a......ui1.;..) ~ a..~l~?JI LJ-":!:L4A ulJ .~tJI ~.ti aw-< -" ':. L"".~ ":ti - ... q ~~ . ...U.I . aL~I . I ~LW:&..u,I - -'..r ~~C.:- c- 0-l...H WA . • WA~. Andrews) u~iJ .)J.;...Wi r~ ,dJ.JJ Jlio .Snow J-i..uiJ Miles ~LA [j~ ~ ~ d...o..G...11 ui ~J ,~1 .:..<;,,.>LJ c.!:J~>U t.)>4-4 ~~.'"4 et-al (2006, 56 ".;l.;u:.4 ~~~I ~.;~I ~I ~fa..>: t~~l uiJ ,~1-'-:l?JI ~l...U.I ~J.4.4 ~b~I ~~ ~ ~IJ ~l_;.11 Jo~J ~I ;;..l.; uiJ 'l.tl;....U. ~.; t~.?. ~ 's.!·q~ ~aw~ JJ~ ~~?JI a~l.;~I a~IJ ,~ ,,......::JI~ (' t ·)()A~ ~i J~ ~ ~.>J...rO=i ~ ~jJ (r· ·A Jr···) ()A ;;~I ~.,L..uJ().J....>:...U.I r~~ al:s~~J ~.JJIJ-4~1,a.! I ·lb~~~ ;;..1>.J ~b}U u-u~ l.!.L..Jj ~ ~ ..l!J .a qt;,;qJ ;;.;b~ a ;.t;Vi LJ-":!:~ Ll.;L4A ,~ al~J Audit Commission (2002) ~l_;.11 ~ u-o jy..l..A '='4.!t;, iill .;;~I ~I~ ~~I ~~?JI aw~~ <r.j~ ~ r_,Ai AO
- 88. ~ ww~ (TexasSchool District) V"~ 4..&bla.A V")J.A w~IJ.3 ~J - ' WW~ ~ldiqiOj4 Y· •O ru~l Y· •• r~<J.4uW~~~~~j~ 1.§.:.UI ~~?JIJ ~ w'i.J.LAJ wwb:4..o'il ~ r4:-LJI u'i.J.LA wl.:.U4) ~b~ ~ ~~'ii ~ll.;JI wlJ.3i ~ (_¥jJ (~)'I k~ r~I w'iwLLl. ~l;g ~ ~ ~ ~ ..l! - ww~I ~j - ~J ·U""~ ~ ;;Jbl <J-4 ~.3~'i1J ~iJ a.16. r · · · ~ t~I 0lS'J .4..&bW4 V")J.4ll ~l..>-1-1 J.? ~~ ~ - .~l~?JI ....s~ J.? ~ ~ ww~I .,~ k~ rl~I ~J ~ a1 0 1 0 ? - 4 ~ ~ w~IJ..UI .,~ ~ u~I 0i ~>Lo f411<J.44,jjJ (~I - 'ii L.:9J ......~q .r~·.1 t..-LtJI · ..l.J~t)o.J.>.I ~I - 1~ ..... ~,V"- .?~~~ 0-4:.r J ..... 1...)-'-'-U - - 01 :~WI Walker (2004)->5JJ Boyne 0--.J~ u!i~ ~ljl ~ ,~~ 0-4 'i~J - ' la.A · -< _-: ~w~I .. ':¥1 · L.b..J;. .... • I '-~- t I · wl Qt;, ;t I ~ u---' ..... '...>-'--'-"' 0-4 .. ~ u ~ 0-4 ~ 0fi:i0i ~~~01~0~:=;.,,11 ¥~1~ ~.:.u1 ....s...u.1 ~l~?JI I~~ LU! i..>--:?-iJ .~~'i4J J...4.tl o.3JJ t~..UIJ ,~ .t:.<irc·'i4 ~-"'"°J-4 ~J Miles j.l:U o.J.>.IJ LIJJ F 'f"WI tl.b.4U ~I J:.J..U4J u-o~I ~..r-JI ~WI ~ljl (Boschken, 1988) ~~ 4.......i..ulJ.3 01J I~ .~_;.ill 14) Snow · ;;.~=-t--~"·I ~ L.u.;.'i~l ..Ula..JWI t.:.IJ.A~ <. ~I .. :.ti 0-4 ~ "'?"""" ~ J-4 j . .. j v-- . ~..>A ':T.J--1 •( ' CA • J ' C" • ) Y!Q.!l;,jjJI ~b~IJ ~..ul~?J' ....s~J.? OJ~~~~ Llj.3JJi 01J LIJ..UI ~lS'J (Andrews et-al, 2006b) 0~iJJJJ...Gi ..s:trll .i! 0lS'rWI tl..b.CJ4 Jd~.!IJ t~..UIJ ,~ /;.<;,,.'ii ~la.A 01J ~ .~?JI ~I L~I J.? J;9 <J-4 Likert-Survey wfi=J 01.J..=A ~ w44-f'I ~ r~ ~IJ.3~ ~~'14 .~ ('.,,.) 0-4 0fi:i:i ~ ~ i.ill~J ,~_,.it o)J?/IJ l:!W' Ojb?JI ~ u-s~...U.I ... - c. - - - ~~'i :.w :w~I .. ':illy ·~L.o.....&~~a..a.u--~'I "'tu.JI ·L .HJ ..... ~' L~ .. -..r- ...~ ~ UU ~I-'"" .3..?.J ~ ~ll.;JI 0~, l~J .~ j£4J JIJJ .J:b ~l...U.IJ '<:r.~1 ~J Jl:>J~,~~1.,,a.:r;.::llJl.?~'<>4a' .,,, ..~~'~....s?i~t~l ~ ~~)' 0l 1.§i.;JI C4 ~ J:j..U ~J . i_j-1-U~I ~ J...4.tl .3J 0iJ ~~I ·rW tl..b.CJI ~ ~i ~ u-ol.>..ll tl..b.CJ ~ ~ ~ A'
- 89. Enicott) a.!4.!Ioiitl ~l_;.:&...u?JIJ;;.Jb?JI ~...u L-t.ul.J.) ~ a!iw ~tu u.).JJJ ,, 0~ (Y· ·l) ~~~?JI ;;_,.J..£1J ;;~ ~ ~ L...c.uL.;g_, .(and Walker,2008 ~li:JI_, '=.""4.!lo jjJI ~bJI ~ O.)b?JI ~LL;~t:; ~ LL.ui IJ>S'J ~j..1.1 ~~~ ulA~~4 ~(Sustainable Management) a.!;;.! ...;iJI ;;.Jb?JI u! .~bt.:il ~ Cwo~ ~l.)...UI 0iJ ,aA::JI jAl~IJ 4=!.)LAa~I_, '~~~I j.Al~I ~ l.!l.,kJIJ J~ · ~b~I . -=·---~~'I ~ ...a..J;..l...UI;; b~l -t;.,~ • L!.LI~ ~i LW 0-4 ~ ~ (.)-" .. fWJ .. '.) ' ~ ~ .. (.)-" ... ~ ulj~f'I I~~ (Respondents) ~-:=i ..tI JIJ--..u. JA J.:>.IJ t~-'"4 j.Al~IJ ~.)~~I_,,~~~I ~l.S.;JI j.J,J.aJ .J~ 0-4 ~~ ci) 0-4 01..~ Sustainable) a.!;;.!·uiitl ;;Jbf'l 0l L-t.ulJ...UI u~i ~J .~I 0~ a.!~.!_.11 Sustainable Performance'=';;.! ...iiJI ~b11 ~~.>:Pb ~(Management ~~.;J4 1-'"4~ - 0_,_4Jj.ll ~i - ~!J ·y-4.!t;,iitl ~bJI ~~Ji l.>"liS ~ ~J 0i ~i IJ~J ~!J ,~~~I f.5..l.AJ tl.S...UI_, ,~! /;.<; ...~I JY"' ~~W ~ J.Ujl .)IJ 1.5...U 0i 1_,~ ~ ~ ,1.5~JI a..~l~?JI u:gl_,.1.1 J-"'2: ~ .=;.<-L.c.u~I lt ,, ,, ul~I 0-4a1 ,,.L .. ~ ~~.;JI 1..PJ:i ,I.A.A_, ·u;;.! ...;;JI ~b"XI ~I~ l~t:; ,, .. - I~~ J.!.!;; wrll {.>AJQ.tl) ".:u, a.!~.!:tl ~~ylj a.!;;.! c Cl iitl ;;.)b?JI ~~I Andrews) 0~iJ jJ.J...Gi lA...WLc..u_, lAJ.,k ~I ~.;+JI uL.ol~~I ~~ ~ C4 ~I ~~.;JI ul~,. ·: ."! ~ ...l9 ul~I "~ 0iJ (et-al, 2006a .a.u...11 ~~I~ ~l ~..~ti ~~I .. . . . . . J -~ L-t.ul.J~ Lo~ Brewer (2009) .J~J Walker .;-5JJ 0~ ,jjw "4:il ~J (.;t 4.!t;,iitl ~ b~IJ Red Tape ~µ1 ~J.;JIJ ,~I~?JI i..S~ ~ U>WI - - ,, -u!i~I a.46. uw~ 0-4 tl..b:! ~ b~I l.!.U~J ~f'I ~I uLoµI ~ ;;.JL..Q.JI .JLJ~I J>_j.:i 0i ~ ~! .=;.<j...)U ~l~?JI wi r~-"=' l..>--flol ~J .).P."J wiJ ,J.Ujl .)l.J ~-"=' u~ ~ ~ L!llj ~ ,~µ1 ~j_;JI ~~WI ~µ1 ~j_;JI ~ ~Ll:JI 0iJ ,~b)U_;-ot ~_j-'-1'~ ·.·: ...j.! ~µI ~j_;JI Andrews) 0»~·.iJjJJ...Gi~-Y ~J .~b~I ~~~0-4~ ~J ~~ ~ tLl...UIJ ~~ .. - ~ti a.kl -,.... ·'I L.. ~I -1 :.t:; ~ · , - I .) . "(et-al 2005b ... ~ .. ~~ c;-- f.fJ~ ~ ~ ~.) "'?"'" ' .)l.;J 0i ~ ~ ~b~I LJ--4 ~~ ~' .=;.<&c.u~l 0i_, ,Representative Buraucracy - . - "' Andrews et-al,) ~?iJ JJ.J...Gt uL...c.ul.J.) ~tu~ Lo 1.:u,_,, I~ 1_.;i J--U,JI ~~..LI.I &4~WI ~I ul~~I ulbl ...110i ~~~~J4>01J .(2006a AV
- 90. '-""~ ~ ,u..w~bi JJ~ ~i ~ ~1 ~ ~i w~ a .!9.;-c w~! 0-A .)-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "~ uiJ ,~I~~~ ~I_,.!. ~~..H ~b~I ~J .((~' ,:;.<ii.u~I» ~ d.:l~ ~.)..i:> J:-4 lal w~ ~ ,Jb. ~ ~ '~ .i>i ~l ,~~?JI wl::i.l~ Ci.!.,,.!r;.;-11 w~I~~ ~.Li~ wL.ul_;..UI "~ ui ~ ~ D~I w_r.Pb.JI 0-A .l...U:. ~ u~ ui ~ 11~~~1» ~1~1 ui ~ji ~~ J.al L.>A w~WI wL.ul_;.l uiJ LWI D_;b~ ~L;.. ~i Lal ~I wl~ ti - ti ' ' - ~4 .)~~~..>A )t ,,..,,;~I w~I ~1-"4 ~ J.? (Bochken, 1988) ~~J -u_,k.Li:U~u~l...s..t.~,~b~l~~_;.l~~l~J'~,; .:;.<; uqU i~J ,~l...U wl.)~1 ~~ i_;~ ~i u~ (Boschken) ~~ u~ ,Jb. .~,;,:;.<;".14 d.:s_;'-4A ~~~I ~b~ JJ~ ~i ~i LA Waker) 1.J->?TJfi°JJ Ll_;.l •.· cu~ ~?JI wG~I L.>A ~ ~ j.l~IJ r~J ~-ul~?JI ~~J ~~)' ,_s~ ~ d:9)W ~J (et-al, 2010 .J.A)I~ ~~I~ _;_,b:i:i ~ ~l_;.l ~l:U u~ ,(~l?.~I ~ ~~ '°:?.:UI) wly.411 r~J ~-ul~?JI ~~ u_,;gl.J: ~ ~1J .ww~ ~~ wlj 0-A ~L.......u IJ~J '(~ u~ ~I ~?.}LI~~ ~-J ~41 '-""~ d...l~J) wl~I ,a.! 4.!t;, ;;t1 w4-~I ~ ~ji ~ !.S.:UI ~~)'1 _r.Pb.11 ~.; .:;.<;...t 1.5..U ui ti - - .J.>.i~~h ·(<.>"~J ~~1~~jA~J)~~1~~1...U1~ ~b}U(Autoregressive) <r31.:UI .ll...s:i_;>U blb· 0 4 1~ ,"--:P~)'I ~~w ~ ~l:9.;1J r~ JL:i...lh> ~1 u1J .y~I I~ ~I~ JW1 Yb~ ,~I ,d.:J~ wl~ ~J DJ.A4- ~ ~ ~ LW1 w~I ui Yb ~I ~b~I ~ d..fi_jL.u ~J~ .J.>. ~1 Yb'-:?)·~' rWI ~ ~b)U ~4 ~LA uiJ t'b·0 4 F~-J (O'toole and Meier, 1999, Staw and Epstein, 2000) wlj~lJ ~ (0-4 ~~Ji) ~i ..1:9 [~~1 ~ wl~ ui u.fi ~i c.ii1.:U1 .ll..Li.;~1 ~ ~b~I ~ ~1~)'1 J-:Pb J.? w~)UI ~1..i:>h> ~ ~ ,~b~I o..lA:.~ ~~ j£.O.JI D.l_; w~I t'b· 0 ll I~ [_;.li ~J .~_,JI 0-A ~ ~~ ~J ~Defending t~..UI ~IJ ~~I~ ~1 /;,S';.,,~1 ~J ,~~1 b~ :.bl ~~>U : I~ ~tu.JI"~ ·.. ;.t~t1 .._______._,,__~ ~ . Ll~l c.,r. ._, ..H:J ~ u_,_.,r ~ ~ _ ~ ~1~ ~(Defending) t~..UI ~,~~I ~b~I ~ l.!.U~J ~_,kll 1.5...UI ~ .~_,kll Ji ~1 ,.s...UI ~
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- 92. kJ ~ll.4> 01J¥l4 ~ Llj~,~ u-oLl..JIJ rWI t~ ..l.A~I ~~J I~~ 01J ,~IJ~IJ ~~~ Snow ~J Miles J.l:!'-4 [jJ-4ll ~ ~ :~.:411 w~yill '-='"'l ":?Jj: rWI tl.b..aJI ~ [jJ-4lll • Q ,J;,;;JI ~IJ~l.J Lb.JI '- -~·' ;,,r;.<icr•tl ~6...A ,",1 H3J 'if" - • . . -~ ~ J - ocf •LJ:1:.LtJ.I_, ~l...U.I ~ 0jl~ ~ ,; .=..<;"'I I 01 H3.2 ·~Q.!to;;tl ~b~4 4~1 ~ ~l...U.I ~-"'° 01 H3.3 .'if"Q.!toiill ~b~4 ~ ~>k Jj ~LtJ.I ~-"'° 01 H3.4 ,4..~..u~,rt ""''-:!l ~ ~l.)J w~b.. ~ o~i ~~Snow ~J Miles ~'-4 [j~ ~fa~ ~ r.J.4i J~i oJ ~I 4.!j.oi ~ J~ [j~ u-uL;e 01J .wld.i~I ~ J~ - ~ wl~I ~~ ~ ~IJ ,;;J..ul.o J~I wlj 0-'_jl-"'° ~ u-u~J ~~ wl~ fiJJ (Boyne) 0-'~ J>...U.IJ J~I I~ 01 .~l.,JI ~~~I r#I J~ ~ ·i ja~~t 1.-.:.~t~WI 1.:...u,1 • -· .......~tll~.~· (Walker2004) u [ ~ ~ . u-- ~~ , - ~..?."-"'° ' ~l..U.IJ ,. ; .:..<; ...11 t~ t.>i ,~1~)'1 tl~i ..b-i ~~I ~J 0~)'4 - ~ - J.? ww~~I 4'i:.;! 0."'4~ ~J 0-'->:!..U.I ~ ~ lt:>J ,~I JI.) _,i J...-6.J.IJ ~I Competing Paragraphs ~.ZJI wl~I ~ d..L..J.u 1_,~ 0i '[jJ-4lll I~ '-4 '-='"'1 J>...U.1 I~ .J~iJ '~8;Qt;.. ;t y_;li ~ '-4 ~ IJ.J....:L:,..I ,~I l+.> .-. ,;;.0 wL..ul.J..LUJ .~IJ ~.J-1:' ~ ulS' ":?:.UI_, SelfTyping wl.:ill ~4hJI ~~ 9 Snow9 Segen,1989 Hambrick 1983) d....i-.r.'-4~~1,~Ll..JI tl.b..aJI J_j-> ~ ("/Y') JJ~I ~~.J .(Zahra and Pearce, 1990 9 Hambrick 1980 (Green Wook 1987) Ll.JJ ~ U-A~I ci'1' ~I w~~-"'° ~.J J>...U.I l.J.f.J Walker, 2004,) fiJJ (Boyne) 0--J.Y. ~~ ~J .~~I ~I wlh.L-.JI JY"' wt~_, ;;.J~IJ d.l.A~IJ ~1...ul ~_,.u.11 w~I '-='"'11.:?Jj: ~ J>...U.1 I~ 0t (237 ":?.>:J.A JIJ.-.u ~ ,J.;.~ ~I I~ wi '-='"'1 ~IJ '~ [j~ ~~~I ~ _,i Dog 4is'_,i Cat~,~ ,~..w ~~ wi ~ ~jLJJ ~.,;JI tl.b..aJI - . ~ ,w4~1 ~.)J~J ·(~>'11 J~ ...L...>. ~ IJI.?. ".:: /;.;ti I~) Fish ~,~WI~ o.J>.IJ ~~1~0i .)µ1 ~ ~ wLJo..ill 0i l.?fol ~·
- 93. -l,b~ . ~~'ibJ. ~Li a.....:.:...:;1 - 'ii ~I A ti . lb.J;. ~I L. ~ <.)A • • • - • - iJ-1---'-".. .r <.)A - ~.) ~ jLLL~ • ~ ... f ~1A~-<IA~l-la.A~~1- 'il~I •• ·~1~ '.r.:- ~ lJ""":'J .,...,.- ~ . . - - . - iJ-1---'-".. ~ u.. iJ l~I ~ a.!ALlJI ~I D)J! ~ ~LJ.a.JI 0u .(Boyne and Walker, 2004,236) J Snow :~~I) [j~I ~ J.>--.b.11 ~i J.? Jl..L.~I ~ ~..>~4 Conant)0~iJ~wfi ~l~~.rJl~t ~4- ...w .(Hambrick, 1983 ~4k..JI Ji Paragraphing ~1~ r.!- I " ;;;JI ~.....4 ~ iO! I .. Q ~(et-al, 1990 ~..>lhll a:s>WI ~ LJ:}~ _,i J4:-o ~.; b.! ,..2 cLii J.:!..i ~ Self-Typing ~l.:U1 ti - (' ') ~ wl~ 1J..>.,.b ~~ ,;yw1 .,~J .a-;.!:tlJ ~IJ ~l~?JI ~ ~ ~i .u:fi'il l>"~ ~,(Snow) ~J (Miles) j:U jA~I [~~Ir~ i~ J~~I D.Jb! :~Llfi...Jl Adaptive Cycle ~I D~bJ ~~_ul~?JI tlyi ~y~I c....91...A~I) d..uJ.Ls.JI ,(lso.!:bi ~ ~l~l ~iJ d.!Q.!t;,;;JI c....91...A~I) (/') JJ~I r..L.4J.J .(~~IJ ~L.:4JI ..>~I) Administrative ~bj_, (~..U.IJ J~~I DJ:.;~ r.J)b ~lj Jl:i.111.JA ~ ~u :~->1o <i'11 ~~I tly~ ~ji Conant et-al U.J...?-iJ~wfi~0~ ,Jb..~~J .J~I J~J~IJi ,~l_;.:L-u,)'1 ~_,.ti~~ ~LQt;..iQU r~I a..b.~ ~ '--4.l>JI ~1 J~ ~ ~LJQ..al l....l.c..o ~.:.illlJ Walker,2004 fiJJ Boyne U.J~ ~ ~ ILLij ~w ~ :~LJQ..al' ;,.!;.01 ~J (Majority-Rule) ~~I~ l>"L..ui ~ )>4JI ~ ~~ J....411 '-pl..>J Analyzers ~J Prospectors o::. ,::.<;,,.4J ,Defenders ~l..LA - ti .,..>~I~~ ~.:.UI [j~ ~~'ii..>~~ b~I ,(<J:kl.U.tl) Reactors .,~~.JJ (Desarbo 2005, 56 ..H.>l.u:J 01J ,(Conant et-al 1990, 373) J....LL.4 ~ ~wfi 0~1 ~,Snow _,;..uJ Miles J.l:LA [j~ C'-"_j-4 c....9~1 ~ l_j-<0l:9 Ci·: ..... ~lk.A )>411 j~'i ~I->-'"'° j:Oi ~1~ ~J (Conant et-al) u---s...?-iJ ti .. .. .~l..LAJ';. /:,<;,,.& lsa.!;,o;~ 1.J.4~ ~I 0-44~~~1 ~ ~~4-1 '--11 ~l,jA< - 6-UI - 'ii 1.-.:.~t a:gj ~l.4; I -~<j I.:. ..LA •A'-~ - • . _4 ~ ~~ -·- ~ .. ~ iJ ~ ~ v-- j-J~~~~ ~1~1 rl~I 0~ D)J)'I ~ ~411 0iJ '~..>b)'IJ <r-'""J.Ls.JIJ '~.)~I .~b~I t,... ~1 - ~1 :.i L.41 a.Jo .. · -~-ti . ~ - • - '..>-'-"-"'.. j-J l>" - ~ .;-::t:. ~.:UIJ (~I Cib ...fl/D..>bf'I y_,Lui) 01~ ('1'/1) ~tJI JJ~I ~J-S.J - ti - ,0__,dl..U.I :~l~?JI ,_;~~I~ r.! ,,,;;;J >l>..LA ,~'ijW ~ ~ .JA .0_,kl.a:J.lj '0J;. ,:;.<;I .. t1_, '0,LbJ.IJ C'
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- 95. ~l) (c.J~~lJ c.J~~Wl,r)L:.?Jl ,d..A..GJl ~ ,;.; ... 4 ,0yblj-ll l.f.Uj~ ~) ~i rWI tlb'i.l4 u~I I ;,.!;.a; ~>Ul ..>-!f:. <>-4 ~~ l.f.Uj.J ,(Boyne,2003 ~~ ~Wl ~ ~tg» Jb.J.I lli ui Jh.L.ll I~ ~.J .'-p~ jl_;-kl ~ i '.!4'?"" "' .. "' .. ~~l ~4JI ~ ·;, .:;.<; ... t ~1~1 LJ:! ~J jl_;.k L..uL..uin ~i ·.·: "'! <>-4 J.J+l.J (Ruekert and Walker, 1987) <1__>:..'il ~4JI ~ ~l..Ul u~l~!J a.:a:tl ui ~.;) ,~l..UIJ' ;,,=;.<; ...ti lli<>-4 LA ~wrll c.Jfi:juLJQ..al ~ui ~I I 1 -LAa1 ~1 - w~ - L-.i ,~l·tt .; ~' a..,.t ~' ~ ·--~ ua-- ..... IJ-'-'-"... • ~ '"(t"' J .,... ~ ~J . . ~ ~ Prospecting) tl:gJ.!IJ ~I /:.<;.,,'l'I ~.;.) ~ j:JJJI ui ~.H '~J ·('7>J~I (Analyzing) J:k:=JI ui 'l'l ,~I J;~ c....L:9_,.t. o)-~1 r~ (and Defendign .Snow ~J Miles ~LA [j~ G.J~l ~ d.#j ~1~1 ~i ~ jA~ 'l' ~(Snow) ~J (Miles) ~LA [j~ ~~I c.J~ ,~I"~ 0i ~1~4J ~l .. >LI ,~I .. ')JI .r.. '- c_..J..c. 1 <' :._. ~<' ~ d..AWI u~I -·- llJ-'-'-". ~J ..... llJ-'-'-". ~~(.:r-. ~~.) ~~~l~?/11.5~·-·'=r ... ~ ~~l.f.LI~J;;~~IJ>.b.;.:•iic.Ji .(Andrews et-al, 2006a. Meier et-al 2007) :~l~?/I 15~~ ~I d..4.s_#I J_j> ~Lal o.J.Al.>-4 uWlZLAul:i.;~..J ~ ~J c.J-4~~ ~l~f'I ui ~1 ~.J: ,a.Lo~I ;;.Jbf'I aL:.>.)i c.J-4 <.jl.; ~l~?/I ui .JA Ll49JA c.JlJ ..;l.~4~ jAk cGi ~ ,d..oWI o.;bf'I a~.)i al~IJ ~l~f'I ~~ ~ 1.!ln c.J--A 15j.i.ll c.J! ·J.!;;; ui 4~~J o.; Qi ,,.4 Conant et-al) c.J~iJ~Lifi "~ ~Lll j>...UI c.J~ '"~i ~")! ~ .d......-4.)~I ~.) ~ ~ (Y· ·o) ~)A.)J De S~bo J-:IJL....u. <.j.) J;9 0--4 oy_,k:i ~'l' ~J (1990 a..L?..ul~f'I 15~ ~J-:1 ~i a.c~ &..)o ~ a~IJ ~~I tA ~l~t'I * r~ ~l~f'I ,.;~ tA jA~ LlA.) l..AJ ,~bf'IJ ~~I a~I tA l+l4- '~ ~~~?/l15~~l.;9<.j.;~lc.J-4cG~,JQ; cc·4~~Jj.:4A Ll.....u..uW ~ :. ·t .~I -·t:..~t.t'. i l.4.o ,~I.. ')JI -: ..L-: d..Cb - '.)---'-" uU ... J r-=--- ...;~ ~ :j .. . .. :.)-'---'-". ~J .. j ~ ~ ~, a,::.<;."' I~I~! uiJ ,( ~/'r) JJ~I ~ LJ:tA 4.: Q.:1;,;;ti ~l.;:u.,u~ '--4J~~4<.j~J-4li.illjc.J1~,J~li...!~lj.)~)U~l.4.o~)&..)o~ j-L.i.u c.J-4 ~~I~~ o.)...WI ~WI c.J! .~j'JI I~ (Snow) J-Li.uJ (Miles) ~LA Mac Gowan) c.Jl..?. l.!ll..AJ Stevens j ;:..:; ...1J Hrebiniak 1980 l.!l~~J (Snow) Intra-Class Correlation Cofficient) ~I J>.b Jo4:i.;')JI jAL£A c.Jl5 ..L..lJ ,(1983 J_j> JLlJ)U i;~! 15~ ~1 ~ ~ (P>.oo1) o.53 i...!' .:;.<; ...")Jt ~w (Ice ~J .Service Departments d........A.J.>JI ul.;bl J>.b (~_,.LI) .)l~~I ~ wl.;.)l
- 96. ,(Defender) ~l...U.I ~~J.?j.L..J ~~I ~~I~~ ~.:UI '5...U.I ~ ~..lA 0S' lj} LA~ (Informants ~~I) LJ::IJ~ ~i a:;~ ~J ~ Miller 1986 Snow and) o;.~I .. .. .. ~Lu~I ~l.bL!i.A.JI 1... ~~ d..A...i.:.JI ~ ' ' ~J .. <.;-- ..)""'.)-!. ~ ~W ~4 (Ice) jAWI 0iJ ,(Hrebiniak, 1980, Stevents and Mc Gown, 1983 ~~1~..u0~ 0t t!_,:Lll OA ~ LJ:k.Li:L.ll 0u .( P>.001) 0.34 0S' ~1...u.1 - ' • ~·.ti · ..:.~ti w l::ull ~ J bl,!, I · & • t!..~~. • 1 a:&.so ~ ~ t-4 .'J. .. .. .? !J,u~f&JJ . (f/f)J.J~I (Conant et-al) ~~!9 Ulu,S~!J.:!,4 Snow~.J Miles~l.4 ~~.J41 ~~#.I~~ !':?J'~tl' ~' · ~ ,{~I a.,l.c, · ti - •t;.. ~ ~LJo..&..o) HMOS .r • i I~~ Ll W.L u, .. .. 'J-' ~ i..:i.J-->- U- .. C4 ~ , . :~~':?'~ ~;;Jbl v-uL..ui ~~~)~~Functional J~/~J~ - t .(D) ( ~} ..~_,J.1-wµ ,~l>J.11JJ~fDepartment _,t ,JWo~I yk ~Departments ulJb)'I ~) ul..A...G.. _,t ~.J--....:i ~ji _,~ ~ - y .(P) a.M....."Jl u~~ _,t JJ~ ~JJ (o.l~_,JI_, ~~I ~jilt_,~ ~1 w~ .~ ~_, ,~ ~ l.!.tl~_, (~) J_,~1 rW.1 ~ ~_, ~ - [ .(A) ..>#l ul..A...G.. r.ui o.J:!~ ~L.;.,.o ~ .l_p,..J-4 J.,..Jf_,t~.J.>JI ~ .(R) u}H LA~ u~I J>.J ~yiJI ~lio OA ~ LoJ.l~ ~ - .l :~!J-~~,...S~t a,j.)W.4 HMO ~I ~L:..;JI ~ ~ ~ ~i ~l.JAf.:JI ~i ~i 01 :J l.LAl.i=JIJ ~~1 ~ ~~f.:JI ~I ~L:..;JI ~ ~LJa.i.A C4 .U:,JlS:iJt ~ ~:gjll - i ul.A...G.. .J.:ljjJ Jl.;0-~J U:,JlS:iJI ~ ~l:gjll ~ ~ ·~~ ubl~)'IJ U:,JlS:iJt ~ - y .;;.J:!~ Jl~l ~ J_,>JJI _,t o.J:!~ ,;;..l:!~ Jl_,_...,t_, ;;~ ulA...G.. y_,..t:u.J a..o.;~t ul..1.......&J.I_, .lJl_,J.IJ .ll~~I wl OA ..L..Sl:JI - [ . (P) ~ J~I ~J o.l.?..JA .(R) rJ~I ~t..r?-)11 ~t;u~ ~~ ul.J:!~ ~t ~ v-u~ L;,jf OA ..iS't:&JI - .l :~t ~ 01""":A - J~~' o~t:J ~t1 ~Lo~I · ~. e • i ~I 4.JL:. ·ti - .t;... ~-: ~ HMOS a,j W.L c.:r- u. i..:iY"" .. .. 'J-' ~ l t f-A '1..l!)~ • .. :.S c.illjJ ~b>JI ~ LJ-4 ~~I~ ~~'i ~~ .(P)J-'"""1l~L...,_,~1 ~~ ~~4.&...vt_,_,~ ~J.lJ•jJ~l~lul.A~- t
- 97. ~~I ~t LJ?~ JIJ---lJ ul.;l.l}/ul.J.>.J ~ (~~) ~ d~ ul~ u'-4..b. - y - - .(A) Jl_,._tJ ul.;bl/ul.J.>.J ~ - - .(D)«o.;~I ~k ~11~ ~IJ WIJJ ~~l!i ,~j.fi..>Jul~u'-4..b.-[ &4 ul~~ Jt ~yi.11 C4 YJ~ ~ i:.'-':i cll~ w~ '-4 ~l&.J ,J~ alb.~ uL.o..b. - .l . (R) ;; b::iJI - tk ~ '.) . i- -· ~I .ll.) (R) J.6..1.I (A) t-91..111 (D) 1 0 :.<; 1 1! (P) :~~ 82-Conant et-al 1990, 381 .;~I ( t /Y') J.J~· ·L·Wt ·u--· A , e 'tt·1."J't~t - -It l:4A U""' ui::--'.J .. .. .. •.. !J-'o'i". ~ 1" J.4Wt YJ.4Wt 'J.4WI i..!~~I ~_g:ilt Wt 1$.J~I ~ • '·V • 'V . ,n- ',n t,CA ~ uL,_,JJ'1 ~~ ~ LU} .;1~4 u'-4..i.;.JI .' .' • ,A • 'y ·- ''iA t,o ~ ~.;--Ufl ~ ~IJ~I w_µ ~ (P) ;;~~I [~WI i:.?.o~~u-o~~~lwl • 'Y· ·,Vt • ''iA- ' 'y • 0'. 0 lloLlJI l.AJL:ic..ul - I · " - . - lj-L-'-". <)A ~.) (P) · wj.#. - ·. Lo I~ · . .'- • ,AY .'" ,H t,'iA <.T -'..>J~ - ~ ;;~~ 4..4..b. ~..,:J u'i4tJ.1 • 'VC • '·V • '·C- '' V o,H ~u~~~~~~ (D) 4-o..i.;.JI ~:JJJl • ' y ·.n • ''it- • 'O..'i O,'i ~jJ oi:.~ ~ o.;b?JI ..)-5.JJ (D) (4-o..i.;.JI) • 'VC • '' 0..- ... ' ' •'i o, 'v D ~t..,11 l.AJ.bl..!&j ~ jS'~ Uj} • '·V- ·,n- . ,vv ' ' • t y 'YV ~ o.l.J......=-:.A u~l 4!...U ~ (R) 4-o..i.;.JI • ' Y- • '. t- • ,AC ·,AV ,AV ~ ..bA9 4..4..i.;.JI ~ji ~ ~ (R) ~.;,;. ~fo.. u'ilS'J ~~
- 98. l" J.ol.all yJ.ol.all ' J.ol.all ...s~~I ~_,:ill l.dll ':?J~I ~ ~ L..i.&L LL4i.AI ~ L_i_j .' ·- • t t - • , V· ·,AV '<,AV ~ -· . (R) d..4..G.JI ~_jj&J oJ;~I - ~ oJ;~ b~ o.)b?JI • o.'".<i,,·i •, ·V- • '. 0- ..~. ·,At '( ... ~0-4Jo~~w~~ (R) ~.)~ i.:.i"l'~J ·,'(- ·,ro- •• tv ',n r, ·r Jo~ ~Ci~~' ~.JJ ~ (R) ~.)L;JI ,W r '~o r,n ~l.'..l.11~1 W,· or, n '(Vt". i.:.i~lt~ .~l4£.ll = R ·t~.JJI = D .~~"l'I = P ,;;JJ..UI J.ol_~I i.:.i~ =~· ~I~ :al:,~ U~Ji .l~J JJ--->- d..lLu,j a .,,a.;.. ~7'; I .JI c.;r-11 ~J ~ ~J Jo~I <J--4 ~~ ~ ~ ~.LJI 15..L..J.I c.;r-llJ ~..G... ~ 0.:1~ ~~~~Wl"~~~i.s~io..>-AL;,4gJ ·~.;L;.JI ~4'=:1 ~i (~...LC:i) ~.:1Ll:J ~~ ~~ ~JA (Snow and Hrebiniak, 1980) ul~ .:1~1 LJ.A ~~Ji React«'.'.!"!";,,..!)) ~I .:1~4 Leading Question ..r>~J .(P>.001) ( 0.41) ~LUJl/~~'il ~w (Ice) ~Lill u~J .U>WI ~IL~l~ul.A...WILJ.::to~jA~IJ~l~l~IJA~Ll.Ac.j~l~l ~ J.ol~~~J=k:Jl~i ~J,(t/'1 JJ~l)cuJ.1 .:1~J.oWIJ:b.:i~ ~,j.L~ ~~ ~..J .ul:i~I ~ uJLl:JI LJ.A Cdlll ~ ('W, ') L~ ~IJJ ~ ~~1 ~.;...UluiJ~~~~~IJJ.o~~~LUl1Jt~...UIJ,~~'il~l4A Ll.;...UI ":a~ ~I ul.A...WI ui ~~~High ~..>-4 ~~~I J.ol~I ~ ~..93 ~(Rotated Factor) .;J...U.I J.oWI ~~i uu .o~ u~l..~1 FY tS ' ~1~ w(· .t)J~ ~ ~1JJJ~1~~ ~~1 ~w1M~1~1 J.ol~~J .(Hairet-al, 1988)J.ol~I cGJ.>:ii ~.JJI ~~~~ub~ ~l :~ "4Jo~ 01 ~ CronbachsAlpha o~ ~.:1~1 ul~~Ll:JIJ~~'il ~Ll:LllJ ~' .:..<;I ·'ii J.-.ol~ ulJ (Nurhally 1978) t-:1tul4 (. 'At) J (. 'A") ~~ C4J ,( • ,'·)~Jo~ ul~ (Cronbachs Alpha) o.)~ ~b ~.:1~1 ~ .;l+0-1 ~l~f'J .(Loeventhal, 1996) i....9~'il ~ ~ ~LlA ~
- 99. j.olJ:. Jo~ .l~!~ ~ ,~l~?JI ~l_,l.10-4 a1 ...!.,,~ u~l 0~ Jot+i.J~I 0iJ (~Ll:LJIJ tLe.JJIJ ~I .:..<; ,,~I~) .lJ-i+}I 0-4 d..c.~ JSJ ...L...,:io..IJ ~~1 ~ (o/r) JJ~1 0tJ ,J .!'=VU F ~ as-~1 ~Joly.JI ".J.......A ~ ~1.J.!':.'!: l4A '(. 'W) t-9L.Ll.lj I;,,:..<; . .JI~ i~ ~~! i.bt+i.;t ~LiA 0l ~ ulA..i.>JI ~ 0i ~ ~ LA.JJ~ <?IJ ,~!~?JI ~l.J-4 ~ J>.l...u .l_?.J ~l_,l.IJ ~Ll:LJI ~~I ulbt+i.J~l 0~ '~.Jl.4.ll~J .~l~?JI ul~ & 0t ~(t-91..4UJ)(· ,l) •;, .=:.<;... Q!t ~4 (· ,tV-) i..S.»-~I ~~?JI ·tle.JJI Ji ~~~4 J~~I &-4 i_;..;o ~i <J:kl.Aal 4>.}.;411 ~I~ ~Ll:LJI 0i (uw4tJI 0-4 a..c.~1 "~~~I~)~ l.J.......AJ ·rWI t~I ~Snow J-L.uJ Miles jJ:lA [~~ ~ld:ill - - - ( o/Y') J.,g~I ~~)'l~~L.j~J::.43.J~IJ.olu ~1..11 . a,"'.S:i - - - 0 I w' · ,rr- • I tV SI , a:.s:i .11 ~l.UI JdALI.I (One-Talled Test) N=90+Ps0.10, s0.01 (~~ .;4'>-1) i~~,rt ~u:.Jt ~l~?JI i..S~ J_p- ~~?JI ul.J~~I ~~ (1/l) JJ~I ~J-1..J ~J ,L..bJI ~bi '->"~~~I ~0-4.J.S'i [~~I r~..J .L..bJI ~bi~ -, ') u~yill ~ts'~~~ k.l ~ ~1 .4~1 i~ ~J-4i ( t-) (' -) u~ · :.'I bL:i ~tu.JI - -- .~I - ~I .r - J (t- - 'J-1 ~ • ~ ~J - . - 1_)-L---1-U ~ ,;~ .? t-91...U.lj I;,,=:.<;. •Qlt Coefficients jAWI 0iJ .~b~IJ ~l~?JI i..S~ J_p- ~ ~ ."-4_,.c...1.A ,-, I '.!J ('1'-) ~_;.All 0! -~~! Jy...1.A ul~j L:P~1 ~ ~~! ~ ~i ~ t-91..4U J.oWI 0~ ,~b~I ~ ~l.Aal J~ ·;, /i.S';,,.JI 0~, Lib~ ~J .~1..ut ~ 0-'9~ ~ W:! 0 .=:.<; ,,.11 0~ 1~J '<..r.~1 ~J ~..J ,~~! ~J ,~~l 0ts" (Coefficient For Defending) t~..ill jAWI 'V
- 100. T - ~ ~I~l~I *Y,VA ·, H"W ~~~' **Y,' ·, 'orv t~..UI '.n • t. ' . J,c.Ll::JI **· ,V· ~~ljAl.a...o **· ,W ~l~~ljAl.a...o (0~~ wl.)~1) + P0.10.10,PsO.Olps0.05** = a;;~)'I dJ~..UI i.S~ ;d.JQ~ ~ ~.,.11 ~~~I~ ~.)i ~ wl_,~ wl~ u-Q ,;..,;; w~~bWI ~ .(V-'(}JJ~I I« ~L.Q.J~»~U,U'~ A ,7,il.l.Jt ~.)~ ~I - ~I. r - • i t l. - :ti l.J.A. ~ d..>,A ·Lt I ~tu.JI :.- f'6-4 -·- ~, l..:l~U ~,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t~...UIJ~t .=:.<; ...~w~l~L.J~,~~l~J~J .LWlwt Qt:,;l Miles jJ:l.o wL.:ol~I ~tu.JI ".J.A ~J .~b~l <J-4 4L:. wl:.f ,,.~ u~->-4 u~~ ~l..U.IJ ~.;.=:.<;,,.t ui ~..4j ~ l:..1.:1i ~.:illl Snow (1978) ~J ~bj ~b~IJ ~.; .=:.<;,,.t ~ <:r.~?/I ~l.b:JI ~--' .LJ:k.Li:i.1.1 ~ ~b~I ~ ~1 J=l...UI l.J.A~__, ,(Andrews, et-al 2005b, 2006a) ~J-UA ~?i wLi..ul.J.) c...uJ>. wLAt i · · -- ~I - I i: .L-: ~11 LWI ;;· )U ~Li;;· .) - . ~J ~ -·- ~'~'-:?""" ~ • • ~ ~J ~.) .)~J ~-' a...o..GJI f:IJ.z.J ~-' ,;;-':~~~~~I_,,~ ~.;-UJI ~ · i ·<- . a...ow1 ;;· ~' · i . A'~-= ~tu.Ji .,.J.A · ~, ·bL .a...o..GJ1 ...l.dJ ·-. -~ u ~ ~ u ~ ~ u, .) . _,,~ f:I ~ ~ a...o..GJI ..i.a:i.lo...UJ>.wlJi .AL-: • 'lS::u~I - lb:uw~I - 1 '!.t_-: f:I - . - j-J~ ~ .) • C4 ~ - . - ~ ~ .~i ~bi~ i.ill~J ~tu.JI l.!.LJ.j~ ~a....:i-.J.>-b.-11 Quantitative Studies ~.:u..JI L..L..A· ;, t; ;....JJ wl.JJ4w.).)Ji~IJ;;~1a.s:.w4a...ow1;;~~l~~?i~wLul.).)~w.).JJ~I
- 101. LJ:k,~~4~~1a..J'1.lulj~j~(NegativeCoefficient)~~lt.A ~..>11 c.r-kJ .(Reacting)(Andrews et-al, 2005b; Andrews et-al, 2006a) (Reacting) J.c.Ll:UI 0i w)l ~ ~..,.;.i o..>-4 ~I I~~ 4j~ 0~ i.illj L>-4 ~ ~ f$ .. u..lS'i ..1.4lJ .L..GJI ~b'l' L:k. u~ ~t:, UJ->-1o0fi.:0i ~I LJ-4~ D_!a .:..<;,,.t 0i ~J Snow ~J Miles~Lo u~_>g ~i ~...l>-1 ~tu.JI ".L..A t~I ~ uL.ul.J.l ~.) <:i'11 ~J ,~I ~bl:i ~~1 a:g>Lc, ~...U ~l.J..llJ t.~1 J..? ~..,.;.i ul-i.ul.J.l u.)...l>. .i9J I~ .(Zahra and Pearce, 1990) uaL;JI "~~ k~ i~ 4. 0iJ 'Y!Q.!to;;JI ~b~IJt_~...UI LJ::i ~~1 a:g>Lc, 'f'WI 0_v.;.T_,_>::LA rl9 .,.lg_, .j-Lj:) ~I ~_µ1 ~LA~ ~L.;.JI ~l_;J..11 ~I ul£bl4A ~ ~l~?/I ~~ J..? Lc.ul.J""-! (Meier et-al, 2007) ~l~?/I c...49.¥.Jib (Defending) t~...UI ~ - o~I u~'i_,14 ~.J.J.11 ,~I )t5 ~ ~lJ ,(Meier et-al, 2010 ~i ~I) r~I "-4.)~ ~.:UIJ yJWI o...l>.J 0~ ~I Lfi.>JI ~ L..GJI ul.JblJ o~I u~'i_,JI <>".Jl..LA uLJol.a.A a..JL.u..H ,...l>.IJ ~..LA ulj uWo.LA ~ Ll.J...UI ".:U ~(Unit OfAnalysis) ~I Jbl..LA ~~I 0i ~I <J-4 ~lJ "'J.:-..IJ ~~ 01~ ~ ulA...G.JI ~J.4J u~ · · -- ul.:UL ~ti uLWJI · ~, I ~ ·- ~~I ~ ·trJ - ~u.) ~J .~ - ulo..GJI ~ al.AWi ~_,;JI o.JblJ u~WJI LJ-4 ~IJ ~4 ~~ ~_,J~ o~ ul.;1_;9 (~..G..) ~ ~IJ ~I .J~J u~WIJ ,JLib)U ~~'11 0lS' 01 ~ • ;,.!.;b::JI Ji u~I t-4l. ~l.i.J.I ~4 f'~IJ o..>-4W.1 ~~ J..? f$ L...G.. ~:Ul uljJ o~ a..4h.L.I.I ~lS' _,J ~ ,o..!>.IJ L...G.. o.Jbl 0lJ . l:J~ i.illj Chun and Rainey,) ~l...LA~I LJ-4 .lJ..l.=t:.A .l~ ~ C~-":'~..>3 ~i ~,LA~ ~ o...l>.IJ L...G.. ulj O.Jbl 0.JL,a:j LJ? '°J...l>. i~ ~I w-o ~j 01..9 .(2005 .~I a.b.luJI j:L.o ,o.l..LL°LA ~!..LAi ulj uLJo.us t.. t f$ f$ • i • A t~ ! '-:? Q.!to;;JI ~b~I ~ l~b l~w t.~...UI ~...U 0 ~__;b ~ J:l...UI ~-..9 ~u .o.l...LLL.1.1 ~'~~' ulj ul Qt;,;~ .J.4.J.I ~_,JI I~~ Cr~') .Jib l.:U 0iJ ,~I ~I o..l>.J 0-4 ~t; ~I"~ 0i ¥ J.JAUI Ji ~I LJ-WI LJ-4 L>-4 ~tu.JI ~J .~l~~jo.l...LLL.1.1 ~ Ll.Jl.a.A ..l>-1_,JI ~~I ulj ul Qto;tl c...49.JA~iLJ.4)~1.J..ll ~I~?/ u.; .::.;.,,t~ ~~i~I ul-4...G.JI ~b~I ~u~J.>9 ~ji '1 ~~ ,JbJ.I _,i,;, .::.<;.,,ti LJ-4 ~""-! (_;-->.i ~1~1
- 102. Fl_,JI L>-4J ,(Zajecand Shortell, ,1989) ~~l ~l~?Jl ~l_,.tl ".:u 0'.::' ~ ~~' ~ J:4i ~ ,~, ":u ...L....J...P ~' L>-4 ..u_j..1. ~6. c.LJL.i.A 0i ~bA~I ~i ~ .).!,::.; ~J '~ ~IJA L>-4 ~' ~tj ~ ~1~1 L~ L~'a~ ~ j L-: _L-: ~t ~ - ~ .r - ,.. :." '-L.s' d tQ ,1;,jjJ ~ J ~ ~~ -·- ~' ,,;7~~.>J~u-"" - - .a.!Q.!t;,;;t ~L..4J4 ~I (Miles)~U~_;-1.I [j~ 0i ~l..UI_,, ;,.~.<; ... ~ <:r.~?JI J.oWI~ ~.JJ ~b)U ~i ~~ ~ ~-ul~l 0~ ,J.b..I.IJ ,(Snow) (1978) ~J 0~ LA l_;.)W J.b..I.l 0i (Snow) (1978, 29) ~J (Miles) ~LA ~l.LJ.J .'='"Q.!t;, ;;ti - ' J.? ~~~Lal ~I.>:~~ dJj L>-4 'i~ ~(First Mover) JJ~I c.L!..r-J.I ... t ~. ~ u:,i.. bu.ll.Jo ~ .~<i 1 A··t ...Lu ~tl.!.1.l:i -: .L .~ o..u..Wt ~~I - ":T" u r . . '.J -~ ~ J ·-'-:?""" ~ ~J - . .J - ' L>-4 'i~J ·U'.!;.,~.<;, ..tJ~l..Ult'°~~~c.LJ.;i'?~~ J.b..I.l[j~r~ W t(L,..bdJ.:UL'.j ~~ I,.. ·--~ - 'i. j~l:,l.r,l,9djj (j" .. i.;r, • • • ~ J - ~ ~ ... - 'J-'-'-'c'' u " "tj .:G.t Lr, •(Boyne and Walker 2004) L:. - l ·- .-- .t - .. :.~ -< ('t.l u ' J-L-1A ~ U"'"':!"'J ~ ~ " " " J.6J.101J ~JA ~~l_j:U.ul ~ ~~ 01 ~~ ~J JS'j: >41.) d...ul_;...UI ".:U J.1b ~l 0-4 ..u_j..1._;.>.i J~J .~l~?Jl lS~ 0jl_,:&.o j;....l.4 (Analyzer) .)~'i4 ~ r~ J.>.lj ~J ~J J.>.l_,JI ~..l.fll ~~ "-=' r~ ~.:.UI lS..UI ~ ~L-.~I ~_;4t:=JI ~ ~fa->3 ~~,~I /:,S:;.u'il_, oJAl.i.11 C:J.J ~J .~It~ ~I - ~ -1 - I~ <t · ___ :q · · .t a_& LA (tl.9...UI) J ":T" ~'J-'-'-'c', ~ ~ ~ u.J.r .r- 'J iul?-~~t .,.lgJ .~b~IJ ~l~?Jl lS~ 0'.::' a.;>W ~~~I ~I l.:U ~ :. Snow · Miles : '-U ~I - ~I -.....~- t LlCi..1.1 j~ '- _.:.q • - I f-l .¥--J ~ -·- 'J-'-'-'c', 1.;1_:r-- - [ ~ ~~ ~b)UV"~J~l~I .)~<:f~l ..).J....:i_;l~~~.;~'iilll::i~I l.A.>J_,.b:; ~ c.;JI ~~.;-4ll ~...UI ~ ~:L.tll ~~J .,.lgJ -~~ Y! Q.!t;, ;;t ,,.. ~I ~I - 'ii ~I- _tt '-~- t :.tJI J 4..aWI o b~I ~Lu.)i. ~ ~ -·- ~' _,.,.....,U-0-- .>-:J ~ '.) ' ... ~ - " ' lt LA_;_,k c.;JI ~ ~ ~.) c....o.,.lg ~1.:.u4 ~~?JI ~UiJI 01J .<:?"Q.!t;, ;;ti ~b~I 0~~ ~1..u1_, ~;. .:..<; ,,,t I 0i ~ .)_;J c.;JIJ (Snow) Jl.-J (Miles) ~LA ":I~ .~b~I ~ ~Li:UI ~ '..
- 103.
- 105. ~t>J't~t ~ti~r~ '-'.,:~.rt ,4..~~~~t~~ w!Jij.ll D~ ~J ,~b~I ~ ~l~?JI ~~pi ~11~ ~ l.S~ u';}4cJ.ILJ-A~4~~.44JI l~ulJ ~~l~?Jll.S~~ 1 8 .;.!.;;..J~ " ,; c ~~ ~ <i'1' J;..b..tl ~ ~l_,JI ~l~?JI ;;_;b?JI w4:i~~ a.! ·c1.:~..rll ,wl)~I ~JAY:-J ,~l~?JI ~.!q• 0i! ~1..>~J ,~l~?JI ~~ Boyne And Walker,)( ~4 ~~~I~ <i'11J) ~l~?Jl 1.S~J l.S~I ~j.fi_;.:411 J)L;. ~ L....riiJ (2004; Hart, 1992; Ketchen et-al, 1996 wj.S'_; 'f'~IJ .JJ-lo ;;..,u:. 0-4 ~l~?JI ;;_;b?JI w~~i D4'J ~ ~IJ Andrews et-al, 2006a;) 1$~1 Ji ~I~ wl:.U4 rWI t~I ~~~I .(Walker et-al, 2010) ~I ~'2u..i..u~J (Boyne And Gould-William 2003 ~~ Ci.AWi ;;j.P.-~1 J..? wL.i.il_;J.ll D~ j:LA ~l..r?"-1 i~ ~ ,l.!.Uj ~1 ~~?14J ;;~JJ.:=c.A 41 ...L ·Ji ~I Ji~~ ~IJ ~J.A ~ lAl ~..> ~_)S'.;J Elbana, 2006, Zahra And Pearce,) ~I~)'I 1.S~ wl_;~I ~l...l:' 0--4 ~)~~I w4:i.l)U a.! rn/~I ~I LJlol_ys .,.b..i ~I~ ui J~J .(1990 _µ-i J;S (Ketchen et-a11996, 231) u~iJ ~ f'LgJ ·(~..ul~?JI ;;_;b?JI ~ · .r~I · .. -~tt ·I .d..._jjw~lb>t..o~l..u~ ·LA~tt · · ~ · .. ~'-.: .. ~ uu •C• u '._)-' u-40: L>--4 ~~ O.)~ 0-4 ~ ...L9 uh ui ~I L,>-4,~l>'---'-"?1'1$j:c:e.Aj ~1>'---'-"?JI . A .J..z,:H.._gll..L.U Ll,j~ ,l.!.Ll.JJ .,_q .r:,;;tt ~b~t ~bJ.:=c.A.; .....;;t ~I u.......u,':JI ;;,l.l':il i.:- ~ c. "::'" - - .. • ..... J---- c. J • jS'_;-11 ~.!q1oiJ l.S~j ,a......u,_;J.ll D~~~ ~db.! 11•!D# ~I I~ .':.,A.!t;.,;;JI ~b~I ~ ~~IJ ~I ~~bf'~~ 1.S~ ~IJ.l.lj dl)WI J..? ~i (Snow) (1978) ~J (Miles) ~lA[~~ ~ ~..>l:'UJ ~ l.Uij .~b~IJ 4.:q.!t;.,;;t w~IJ ~IJ w~IJ ,~l~?JI l.S~ 0::' ~~ ~tJ ~ l.S~J u';}~I ~ LJ-4 .,.b..IJ ~ ~ ~_,L, ~.J-U' ,~t I~ L, ~I .. ':JI .. Wu.b.1:; .. t - -- ~tt ", _ Ut ~b~I t.... ~I .. ':JI (.:r>- ..... ~c IS~ .. f"': ~~~ ~~J ~ ..... ~c ~jl.4, ~l_ys ~ ~IJ (Snow) ~j (Miles) ~lA uts' ...L9j .dl~I D~ d..:6-..>A ~IJ.A ~1 l_;Ll,iJ ,ul~I D~ LJ::' L:9_,:ill ul]))WI Jy-. ~I~~
- 106. J=.-1..l.AJ (Prospectors)~;.,=;.<;, ..~ ~4 ~l~?JI ~ ~ ~jiJ LJ:L:.LUl.11.!l~ u~ ,a.:,.)UJ.4J .(Defenders) ~IJ.41.J ~4-ib.!b;...J _;oi 'L>-'...>:!..UI jd 0-4 ~L;i c..ill~J a~.!:ll J;9 0-4 _;ot UA ~i J~ 4.1..? .)J~ ~)~?JI t_,lll I~~ ~I wLJo..i.11 ui u~ (Snow) Y--uiJ (Miles) ~LA u~ ~J ~ J,~ a.JWI wl-u~~I ·;, ,~.<; ...; ~l..u :~4 .~I ~'l'I .,..~ .·LI3 ,- ... - '.T'" - -· - .u---..;1 ..... -...,,,-- ... J.,,;~--V"'"- w~ C#_rll wl_HtJI J..? w~~ .)_,.b:, ~ ,~b~IJ ~l~?JI ~~J .~l~?JI ~ u-u~ J..? ~~ ,c..ill~ ~..J •~l..~?JI ~~J ~I ~~ -... i t .4 c..ill~ ...1£,J 0 ... .. I l'.Jjl ~~'l'I ~ ~~ ~ :. ~u ~ . ~~~ ':T ~ .. ~ r f--1 (Miles) ~LA l+.i r~ ci'11.)~~I ~~ u~ ~.J.JI J:.Lul ulS' 1~1 ~ ~4 .(Snow)~J s~t~~!g"..t.?-..u~,rt ll~ ~.) ~ ~l~?JI ~~Ji f.!4 ''°;.' LWI ii)~?JI ~We. r~I ~ Bryson, 1995; Joyce, 1999; ~I) ~l~?JI ~~ r~'l'l 0-4 ~i w)! ~I) ~l~?JI ~[~~L>-4 at ,..L,,.)_,b:i~ ~J(Moore, 1995 u4--~~I ~~I [.)...LJIJ ~~I ·b.!b;..::JI u~ (Mintzberg, et-al (1998) ,(Elbanna, 2006) ii)~?JI w~~t ~ c..ill~J ,~l~?JI ~~ ~ u~.>11 w~ ..L44i ui ~I L>--4 wLJ.o..i.l.i u~ d~_y.~ J=.-1..UI o~-0-4 ~i u~J Starategy Absence" (lnkpen)" <(~l~?JI yl:i:i» JJ-414 ~ ~ ,~IJ ~IJ J:.b=JI w~~ ~~I ·b .!b;..::JI uu .and Chaudhury, 1995 .)#~'~.)L;.JIJ~l...ula~.!:llwl 4to;11,;, .=;.<; ...;~->1o~ci'11J~I t.4 ...... :. ~I o:,,,.wl L.>JI .J..J.. .. ~w1 · -ti· ~4..u..ulu.uwl L:. ~~~ - -,,.:' ~.. -~f-U..J~ ~,,., 0A - - .) .. Dror, 1973,) ~IJ-AJ ~_µI ~IJ-4 c..ill~ ~ ~ ,a.!4.!to;;tl c....91..u~I ~~ a:~J..1.=t:A '.·! "'.' ~ ~~ [~~ ~ ·b.!b;..::JI ~..J .(Mintzberg, 1994 ·b ·b~I LI ~ . I.:;.. • .•< .. ~t10 ..<q Ci..4J. Lt! I· ~ti ylu.o 1.!JI .ll .. U-- ~ ~ ~ UY~ "?""" '..J..J-- ~ J.) '..r-' L .) ~ ·b.!b=c::JI ~ ~ ~ ~ Y.)~ rWI t~I ~ ~ •(Elanna, 2006) ~j.l.I ·b.:b?c:ill t-"""l_,.11 rlJ;.; ,,,'l'I ~ ·b.!b~I I~ Jo~ J~J ~~I ·(r' W·) rl~i J~ a .!""ti Lfi.>J4 ;;~I ~4 (Corporate Planning) r~ ~ ~ L~ ~iJ ~4'::1 ~~~Io~~ ui ~10-4 d,_jlJ .(Boyne, 2001, Chapman, 1984) r~I •t
- 107. r_;..b: cGlJ ,~WIo).l?JI ~~~~~~I Jl ~l~?Jl ·b.!b:i:::JI 01 ~.!4 .oilt [~l.4, a:;~ c.!.U~ r.;-b: (Johanson, 2009) 0~~.?. 01 ~ .JJ.b o~ ~J (Strategic Design) ~..ul~?JI ~ 01J ,~l~?JI ~~lSl- - .. ~l>JI .l)_,J.I o~~ ~WWI _µ1 ~J ~ 1..# ~ ,JJ~I [~~I - ~Lu.o ~ ~ c.!:.Jl:LJI :. 'l.Ul:i -1 .. "l'I -<'-itl ,(Barney 1991) as-..~.IL .. .. . .. ~ .. ~~. ~J ' 'J-""*'. u~Ll.A-tW a..u l.:Jlo b"l'I ~IU)WI ,as-1 ..~-'' ~W~I - "l'I .).JA ~- iJ .. iJ '.) • J .. . J ~ [ .. . .. ~. a.!4.!to;;JI a~.!:ll o.Jbl J..? a.!"'.!~.J ulA~I ~l~?JI o.Jb~ (Moore, 1995) - wrll (Moore, 1995, 280) 4J~LLA ~I_.# .J.JA J ;; "':!J -~.Jl>JIJ ~l...UI cG!J •~I .J~~ J:.4= ~l~?JI .b.!b~ln :ctJ~ ~l~?JI ·b.!b.;.-JI .. ~ u~I ~ ~~J: cGiJ .~I~~~;.~ J$J IJJ-'-" f'~ 0l JJb: "l' ~I 1. · .... • i · · ~ti ~I u"l'b.. ,~I lAi ~t1 ·· :.11 ~·'I '"(t:J r~ '-' ~ "?""' .. J r "?""' ~~ J .. .. '..)-' ~~~(Moore) .J.JA~f'_,:a..,-..9 .11<>°>'1JI J~IJu~I e;:4J.olA:ill .;l~I l~J -~.JA~I o~I 1.:A.~"l'.,Jl;i ~l~?JI .b.!b.:..,..'.jjl J~ Q~I ~ ;? - " .. ~~I -John Bryson) 0~1..>:' 0.?. ~I~ FIJ ~ ~J: ~I 0-4 ·b.!b~I 0i (Bryson, 2010, 255) 0~1..>:' J.-.S'j..i-J (Bryson, et-al, 2010, 199 - ti • - · · .... ~ti LI~ .u ,. . 1~ ~ '",.. 1. •. wb1 LAW 1... -1 .. "l'I ~~ -'..r-'"'~-..9 .... ~~ .. J u---:~~. ~ · · -, 1.-=tl · · -,....1.;q ~---~'!, -1- "l'I ..<:.~ti .. t_-: .. j.J..)-A-J .) ~ ~ ~ r-:-- J ~ ~ 'j-A--'-'J. ~ j.J~ o~~ ...dl~J ~ ~~1F4wj.J.J--J ,~J>l.IJ YJ~I ,~14w .~I~ ~.JLlJ.1 .ll~)U ~j.ll ·b.!b%:JI a..Jb.. ~ QJ>. LA Ji4 ,~~I ·b.!b~I .:i.!.;;; u~ 01 .).!'=:.;J -~~J~u~wrl!O.lk .l.JLi ,(,W· )rl~l~o~I as:LJ.4 0i wr11 J.L-J ~~I ul.bl.uJl/..:..il.Jb?JI ~J .Jo.!b?:.::JI J..? ~.J,,JI .ul~I Boyne) ~~I J.oly.Jl;i ~.Jl.4.o ~ yli:&jl ~ '4~ ~i ~I u~I 0i ~ ,u~~I "~ ~..>:'J ,~~I ·b.!b;u.JI u~ ~J .(et-al 2004 - - .ul.bLli..LJIJ ~l.u~I ~~ 4--~~ f'~ dJ~ a:1~ ~WI o.Jb?JI u~.li ~ ~.¥1 ~l~?JI ~I [~~.J#J The) (~4.J?JI) LJ:--bl4~1 ~ J-AJ ·.J~"l'I ~l.,JI (' 'o') f1~ ~ t..b.4JI ~.Jl~I F 0i ofo ~.;Jo ~IJ (Science of Muddling Through ~J+.t [.J..LJI <.)1(Quin,1990) 0-J..fi ~I"~ .Jfo .,.LgJ -~_;..Li~ rWI
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- 118. ,, ul~ ~ ~~l.l~4 44c:l ~~I ·b.!b~I ~~ ui J4i.>..11 0-4 ~1 :H4.4 .~l...U.I ~JA ,, ~JA ul~ ~ ~ ~l.l~4 4~1 ~I [.;..Ltll ~~ ui J4i.>..ll 0-4 ~1 :H4.5 ·' ;, ,=;.(;I !It ,, ~ ~ ~b~4 4hu ~~ ~l~?JI ~ yl:C ui J4i.>..ll 0-4 ~1 :H.4.6 .~LULi ~JA ul~ s4-.> ul - ~·ll~ LL! .. • .. !..>-'-'-".. .. (,,)t" .. uw~l~uJA~0-AU~'~l~?Jl~~Ji~u~c....9~'}! .;l~I ~~ J>....U.I t.l+JI ~~~~I ~...LI.I~ ~i ~ ~1 ~J ~ '4--J~ ·~~I l~~~~l~ylul~l~?Jl~lAJ~.;1~1~ ~~~I"~ ~J Logical Incrementalism ~I [.;..Ltll J.? u'}!I~ ~ ·b.!b•>JI ub~~..1>-1 ulJ .(Y/t)JJ~l~l ,~WI uL.ul.;..UI~ ~ji ~r1~4~1~1~uL..u~lo~~-.)...UJ4.!abioJ..ol~J~~I ci>~l ·b.!b.:....J.l ~LOA ulJ ,(Y/t) JJ~I ~ ~ J-1b ~ a.!,,..!r;.>11 uwfi.11 f.!<l' 0 ;t a.!Q.!to;; u~ rlJ;.; ,,.1 ~ ~ c..:r--31 ~Rational Planning ~..1:1 u~..ul~?J ul.;~ ~~J ,(Hart And Banbury, 1994) ~l~?JI (Ice) JI ulJ .(Baley et-al, 2000) c....91,,,lA)~I ~J rl~IJ (Bailey et-al 2000) ( • ,A") ulS' CronbachAlpha JI~~ ulJ ,(P>0.001) 0.53 ulS' .b.!b;..:JI <.>":!:W ~~I ulJ ,(Nurhally, 1978) .)WI ~IJ.:!.o ~~~~'}!I ~Y- Lo l~J o~I c....9~1 ~ ~..u:ill o~ ~ lfji ~~I ~_)...uU a.! ·u/iyl ~ ~J ,(Hary And Banbury, 1994) ~yl a~t. 0 11 y~i C4 u~JWIJ .~I ~_)..Ltlt J.? ~.)o <i'11 ~~I~~~ ~WI"~~ Cronbach ~ ul.).:A C4 ~ (P>0.001) 0.39 ulS' [J..Ltll '-""~(Ice) JI uiJ " - ,, " ~~ ~LULi 01 ~~J ,l~IJ .(Loewenthal, 1996) 0.59 0-4 J..ol....oJ Alpha ~ ~U ,~l~?JI ~_,.I.I~ J:~ ~.;.;JI a~.!:'4 ul.;~?J ~ ui J~'}!I I~ [_,_J_,lJ .ul.;l~I F ~I~ J-.>,J..o ~LLA 0§..!. ui ~..,:at u--.o '
- 119. "-:->~ J~ Choudhury(1995) ~.>Aj~J Inkpen ~1 ~ L..Lui:"JI ~ ThEre Is ~l.;jl ~ ~~1 ~ ~ji "i :b.;4-tJI th..faJ ~l.~?JI .No Discernible Strategy Process (Y/t)J_g~I ~1- ~Ill~ W-4 - • - !..>-'-"'. - ~ YJ.oWI 'J.4WI ~~~' ~_,:ill ~I '-'u_,.Li ~.J4-aJ.1 ·,VA ',n o,rA ~ ~.; ~'~! a.:'?'_ul~)'I ~~ 0! (R) lz.;l.:i! ·,Ao ·,Ai '..' o, 'A ~.) J.....:!.b.:i ~~'~ti' r_,__4i (R) 4.o~I ~4-~'1 ·,Ao • 'A'i ' ''i. i ,Ai (R) d..1:..1-;1 ~1.:,~_ul~l r_,.a:i ~ ·,VY ' •tr i,"A ~IJ..A~l~~.ld~~l~~ (R) • , V' ',n i, V l?o~l-'"4 ~ ;;.;1.:i)ll/4.o~I ~ ~IJ..A~I (R) ~~I o.l~I LJ.bl_,J.1 ~4-~'1 - ~ ~i~~' - '11 -- • , 'o o,t" ~ - • - 'J-'---1-U. r.J-'1J (Ll) (:A ~~_,Lill~ ~~)'I >'_,.b:j ~ ',n 0. •" ~!J:.J-4-'?'A Jio [.Jt.;..JI0-A 4 .,_.oJ yb..ol (Ll) u-oWI/~_,.b.JItl..b4JI ,H r. '" (N) t.as'l.;.ll ~ 4.:'?'_ul~l ~ ~jj '1 '. a..u...JI - ~ 'w
- 120. ~IJ ~ y~<>"~ ~ ,~jlA J-A ~ '~ ~l~?/I Y~J ~~I ~yi.11 ~..>~! ~l:Ull "~':?~.PJ .~~! ~i ~~l~?/I ~.!Q'o;J - ~1 '--'w. ·i :. L4.> ,(r-t) ~ . .:.tt 1...1-i........& ..l4i 1 .·.~ ,Ll La.l.L .(r-t) .. . .. u ~ . .. ~ f' ~" ~ .!J .'=7Q.!t;,;;JI s:.b)U ~i u~ ~ r...W ~ ~l.J.:L.u?/I .(t-t) JJ~4 (1-t) ~yi.11 ~! (t-t) WA ~yi.11 ~~~JI.LA .~~! ~ cll~ uiJ 'uJLl:°JI Ji~~~I WA dJUI ~(Vt) ~..>4i [~~I C~..J " ,; x u~~I ·b.:b;._~l.l» ~WI uu . ~yi.J ~~ 1...1-i........& ~ ~tull f'...l.a:iJ I~ .~~J-A(t-t)~yi.110~ ~J '~~! ~4~~ ~4'::!~1..U.I ...LA..J ~ .":.~.q :.)U ~WI •.,..~- a":fl • < •• Ll~I dAAA 4-ubl a:g~ •la [J ~ j-J • • ~ '.r-'"' ~ .. "--o-J ... . .... uu a~u ".JAJ .(o-t) ~yi.11 o...W~ ~ IAAJ ,o..>b?/I ~,;.. ,::.<;,,.tlJ ~I ,; - .,..,...Li.Jl,•..ua:g)WI Lb.l~.J.J~I ,:;,(';,,,~1,-,i~ ti~ l.:j, Cf rntdAAA ~....1 v_-: . . -~ - .. v - (.;r", ....,..-- ~ • • • ~ ,; i ;$ ' ' JoW.lulJl.L.A .~~J-4~ ~(1-t)~yi.111_;---:>-IJ .s:.b~IJy cb;tl .Ll~I ~i -- "}} I ... LUJI x '--'WJI ... ~ . d..&.:tu:il .. ~ - ' .. ~ (,.)"'- • - J-!:L'-4 - l,)A ..... :.)-4'-'J, (Y'/t)JJ~I 4.4la114.4 ,.:.t1 l~t ~I .. ~Ill~ ~ ~ !.9 ..... !..>-'-"'. .. T~ ~I ~l~I ·,rr- • ' • .,.. i- ~~I ,b.!b~-JI '' i- •,•°'Vi- ~l[.;..cJI +,Ao- •• ''. 0- ~1- ':lll1...1W. ..... ~.. - **· V· ~~ljAla.A ' **· .n ~l~~ljAla.A iV=~I - ~ (w~~wl.;~I) (Two Tailed Tests) :W~)'I LJ"l'...UI ~1J~~~1 :Ll::i_p:.lA .**Pp<0.01 +P. O.lO~s0.05 ~FY.I[~~~ ~~i F ulJ~ ul~ ~ u~~WI ~ .(V/r) JJ~I ""
- 121. T~ ,ro **t, ·A {t/t)J;~t ~t~~~'-5'~txl_~-cJ~)'tll~ J:.J.1 ~l~I • '.·A~ ~l..U.I X <:?~I ,b.!b:uJI ·, · ·rv ~~'ii X ~I ..411 - ~_) .... 'r Jd.a:A.11 X a_~l~f'I y~ **· .v~ ~~ljAl£A **· ,Vt ~I ~..L::tU.11 jAl£A tV=~I - ~ *P:S0.05 J **P:S0.01< (u~'.l ul.)~1) :~~f'I d..J"i..1..11 ~IJ~ ~~I :a.fo~ ~.,.u ~jWI ~ ~..)i <i'31 f S',..:lJI ~IJ~ ~l.r..W-ll ~ ~~bWI ~ .(V/Y)JJ~4
- 122. F'J ~ ~'.J.A ~ ~' [j~I ~ ~J .dJ:~ ~bj ~_;.>.t ;;~ fS dJj <>'° ":1~ ~,~.;..;JI a~.!:lt a ol;•dl ~~ ~ wl~I ~, ;, .=:.<t c>.o4.l~,J6.~~J .L...G.Jl~~J~I ~b~~IJ~.)1~ ~ p~4 al~ lj ~Lli:tlt Jt ~1 0~ ,;;JS_j.4 ..Hf:. a::H ¥ ~.:.u1 ~...u.1 0t ,~1 ~_;gt~~' .b .!b?c::Jt 0 t ~LuJI ~~~1 F W~J .,,:sJ ,.b.!b.:.:::JI ~ - fS Miller And) Friesen, 1983; Priem;;~ ..Hf:. ~.;L;J a~.!:t ufi'.J 6?- l~l:i <J.::1 ~4c:l al~ .)~J ~1 ~_;.>.i wLuil.;..:1 w.;~i J.4e ,~ ~J .(et al, 1995 Frederickson, 1984, Capon et J&.o) ~b~I ~J .b.!b;._:jlJ ,;;~ w~ ~l~I pi~~":} ~~1 wLuil.;..:1 ~t.?.1 (¥ y~.,>ll <>'° 4.liJ) ,(al, 1987 1· i..W · . ,~b~I ·~t .b .b;.~1 · al)WI ,,.. 6 L;J ~~I J..&! • ~J Jc.T .. ~ ~ ... .) ... ~l~?JIJ a~.!:ll LJ:.i Jd..a:Lll ~ ~~ ~ t:'WI ~'~~'<>'°~I .~b~IJ ct.JI '--A":t .. La I,.. i :.c. ~huJl.r.. •.A<. ·t~i ·<-fl• 4.li .... ~.:r-- ~ ~ ~JA .. ~~u~u .. ~ <JA J ~I wl.hluJJ ~;;bi ~_jjj c>.o ~ J:-9 ~.!>. .iSJ .~I l.J.A ~ ~bj c>.o BEst»«~~ ~l»'-"q ... 0 _,L..GJI ~ rJo.j~ ~~":JI ~ui ,_j.lJ-'=' dl~J ,_j.lJ..JJ ~1 LJ:.i ~~I~ ~)b;.~ ~J~I d.LA~I .!>.i l.J.AJ -<<Value WelshAssembly))j.L-'='~~l~IJ~4~J~lpi~ - .. - c>.o ~I~;;~ j.S'..>-4 cc~~I ~In rJo.j ulS'J .((Andrews, et al, 2003 w~ --:tt • w,,jlu.JI .. ,~I . -~ · - -t~ ~ti : ·)l.4..JI. b .b;.~I ~I ... 'J-"" ~ -· ~ -· r...:-~~ c.r - . ~ ~JJ wl.;l:>JI f:>~ ,~IJ.ll w,,jts:.A?JI Ff:>~ ,~_;.>.i wLJo..L.o ~ L_.;b?JI ~l.,_U)~4 ~ ~ ~IJ ~I d..b;.. yb.!b;._:jl r..lQ..LJI l.J.A ~..J .~~~I Boyne, Martin) wj~?JI ~~ ~ ~?JIJ ~blJ ~ ~ ~ y1b:UJ .(And Walker, 2004 ~lS'J 'j.L-'=' ~1L~tJ:-90---4 Y~ ..Hf:. ((~~1 ~1)) rL....Jo:, 0tsJ r.J:. ~ ~.; ~W! c>.o ~J J:-9 r..lQ..LJI ~~Ji .i9 ;;~ ~~ wl.;b} The Wales) LJ.! ,,......::JJ jJJ..J (!:-4,,j..H '-""q ,,. ~ _;.>.~ r..lQ..LJI Jl~I ~J .(r.. r) - .~)l.4..JI ·b.!b;.Ll ~ ~F..>: rL....Jo:, ~J (Programme For Improvement (d..6...>-4 ~~ts ~i Ji) '-8:!.J.l ~11.J.A ~ +..... ·o ~~I wl.;b?JI 0i ~..J ~I~~ wb..l>JI ~J .. b.!b?c.::JI ~ L.;b w~ c>.o u 0 ;.::JI
- 123. -:. - A'I. ~~I 1...Jl...........i..YI ~ . I :.. /;.<!} . ..lrg . L.Ui ··~-ti ~ ~ • .. • • ... ~ (>J_) _H:C. i.S~ J J..? 4.1~ u~l.J-l c.J~ ,~ [~~ ~ l,j~ L.Ui ~~J ,~~I ·b .!b;wu u~ J.!.!;; .JUT~~~ i.S~ .Ji o.Jb?JI ~bi_, ~l~?JI ~ 4.....l>WI [l._~"}]~~J~(u~)~Ll.ouL.ul.)...Ul.,:UJi,A~J .L...u~I .LL.JI o· ~L ~I .. '}]I,-~ 4..0.:UI ~l·-'I · ~ ...... IJ-'-'-'e'.. ~.. • .r:w ~ c.JlJ ,~~c.JlS ~L..WI ~bi c_:,k.~I [.J~I ul~bJ..?~blJI ~f1J o· -~ ...q ~I- ti ~I - '}]I· :.,,....t ~L..'""11 ~l·-'I '- ~< .. ~t1 ul...cJo.L.tl ~ . '.r J ..... IJ-'-'-'e'.. c-- .. .. . ~ <..r- ~j-J "?""" 'Y.14.!t;.,;;tl ~bYl ()A~-li _,i ~i u~~c.Ji ~I ()A~ ,ul.)1.;-A.U jJY ~I J~I c.JlJ .~~I .b .!b?cU.JI c.JJ ;:;.! c.J:.:UI ..illl_,i C'4 a_j)..4.l.4 ~~J ~J: ~..9-'-" ,~~IJ ul~J-llJ ~b~I ~l4A tl~i ~~~I ~_;~I .~I .. '}]I - ..........;t 1.:.. ...UI l.J.4, ul.a..u J o.J...&.AA UL.=ol ulA·'- - ..... ~ .. ,~u-- . ~ ...... ~ J-l'-=!:u..J ,~b~l ()A a;,..GA u~ ~l~?JI u~ y~ L!Jl.J-l?/I ~..J ~~ .Jl:>- ~l~f'I y~ 0i Chaudhury (1995) L.£.JA-l~J lnkpen ~1 .. lt "' "" - ... Y.'4.!t;.,;;ti~bl'l~~lu~~l~..lJ:c.Jl~l).~~~~'~l~()A ~(Reacting) Jd~.JI ~I u~-li F ~.;-LiJ .(c.J~4JI) ~bj '.· ,,..,.~ fl f$ j>-...1.A y~ c.J~ JL.l4J ,~I~f'I i..s~ ~~ ~ ~ «Lemon» c.J~I - .. ~ ~ ~.:UI «Lemon» c.J~lS J~ ~J-'-" (4.!=:=..ul~?JI) f.!4 cojt FIJ - r~ 4.JWI .,:a~ d..:.>~f'I ~tu.JI rl..u.jl c.JlJ .~l_~?JI u~ ~~ L~ ~bi ~1~-lj:i0i ~I 0A <?I ~l~f'I ~ tl~i J..? Jlj-uJI ~i J>.1...1.AJ ~-4 ~ ~ 0i ~ J!a; ...11~u~l.J..l0i J~ .i!J .~i ..llji <?IJ FJIJ ~..,JI tl~~I (JW) cll:l ~ ~ - ~~?JI ~.!4 coj1 (lg..l Bailey) 4.1 c.JJ.?.TJ ~ rt~I ·.· !!'~J ,Hart (1992) U.)LA r~I ~ (.J~YI) ~ .)~~~[~Leµ _,i ~~ _,i ,¥La:i J>-1...UI c.J~ 0i _,i (et al, 2000 . 8;;.!:bi
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- 125. Office of PublicService) LWI L..J..;.JI ~1 ~J .(a.:,J;-llj ~b?ll ~~I ~ ~ uL,..>l.wo~I 0-A i..)..u:. u~ ,(Reform, 2003) (Walker And Boyne, 2006 .. .. a.s'l·-~·tl ,~~I :.-~~ ~1- ~l.r ... " ... :.~ti · ~ ..:.-~lta.Jb !.)-'-'*' ~ ~ • ~ ~ ..... !.>-'-'-".. ~~ ~ ~ j-=1=-1 ~ ~ Boyne, Martin And Walker, 2004; LWI u~I ~ ~I ~ ~y:Jj ~J ,Office of Public Service Reform, 2002; Walker And Boyne, 2006 ~I ~ ~I j.L..J ulAfi> ~ 0-4 (o~~I) CE-4~1 l.JA' 0-A ~~ ~ ~J .(..dWI 0-A ~4) J~ W" ~I clD u~~ ~J ,~~I ~I 0-A JJ~I o_;bt'I u~ ~ ~ o.)j~ ~ ~~I ~~I ~ u.JLL.e J!.H ~ ,JL,.. JS' .LWI L..J..;.JI u~ ~ ~jJ ,jA~4 ~b)U ~~?11 (Snow) ~J (Miles) .>l=LA u~ ,~I I~ L.J.4.4 ~ ~~ ~ ~J .. ~ .u~I tl~~~Ld.:u.JI l<'.Atl.JJa_u ~I .. ~l.r .. ·jLlJll,j ~ '.J .. (.;r', ...... J~ . • ~ ..... ~ .. 1 ..:d-~u ~-ul~?ll ~ u~J ~-ul~'il '5~ 0::-! ~lj;-11 ~ ~ ~t~l LJ::.! ~I ~>WI JJ>- u~_;:s w~I l.LjjJ 'U"'..)LuJI ~I~ ~jJ ~IJ .a~.!:llJ ~IJ '5jL=-J.l LJ::.! ~l_;:JI SJ.4 ~WI ~I· ;,,:;.<;,,,.!J ,ul~l o.JA ~j-Ll ~i ~~,(Snow) ~J (Miles) Y=LA ~j~ ~_;~ t ;t.!"-~ uu :~ a_~_ul.;:u..u?lt ~ '5~i a.b..;J. o~~I ~~,I~ ~J .~_µ1 a~.!:JI .(Implementation) ~I Ji ~I
- 127. b(i.6~)4,jj 1-Jw I<:... ~I - ~I -: ..L-: i ~ .t~~. ·l$' f"'"" t..;r- ~ -·-~~ ~J - ~u i:.IJ~I ~ ~ w~l_~f'I ui 'Fl.,JI <.JAJ ."::7Q.!t;,;;JI r~I ~ ~.J-!?"J 0~1 ~w ~,JS' wrkJ .JUJ4 ..'21).!a;; ~ ui a.JG..~~ u Q.!t;,;;tt J_,.a.l4 Nutt (1999) ~ r~ ~ :~I~ i~ o~ ,:. ,,..!t ~LJo..al 0i ~ ~4 ~..»-a.I~ ".J.AJ ·~ f1 ~ w~l..~f'I <.J.A _# u1 ui J+'-" ~J ,LWI wl Qt;,;qt ~4 ~..;.. ~i wlj u~ ~.) ~ ,wLJQ..al jW o..1.JI ·- a:,.. ..1.J .r ..u14i •< :._· ~ LWI wLJo..Lll cll:i · Le clWLAA ~ ~ .. ~ •.) .IJ '-:' - ~ r '-'~ . uLJQ..al ' :. !-: • <t ,~L;JI wlS' · .:..tL ~ .. ~'I ~I - ~Io IJ~I ~Luii ~~ ~. LJ-J<r -·- IJ-'-'-'J~ '.) ~ ·- J ~.)~ ~ l.gji ,-./; ci'11 ~L.u~I wl~ 4>fill .J..:Li d.k~ ~J ,~I~ LWI .(Fedie, 2002, 287) ~~ w~ J~ ~~I 0---4 ~l.'21 ~ ~l>'--'-"f'I o)..)f'I J~ ~ ulS'J, I.LA jAl.,..JIJ "j.!.;;; ~..J ~l~f'I )_;9 F ~)) ~ ~J ci'11J ~l>'--'-"f'I J~ ib.! '"! ~..) 1.!.Il..L.41 u~ ,JS' wrkJ .(Elbanna, 2006, 2) .(('i~p_µ ~I f$ " - .t~··I) ~I - ~I .. . L_ L..ul.4i ·ts' ~~I _t;.. .... • t jLj ..;;;11 ~ -·-~~ ~~~-"4 .. - '-' r ~'-'~ ~ .. LWI wLJQ..al ~ a_~l>'--'-"?/I ~,.!.;;; J~ ;;.)..?._,.I.I w~..)~I u! ·(c.il_>-11 ~I ~ - ?- ~ s:.b~I C4 ~I w~ ~L;JI ~I rl...LLil ~ <.J-4 ~IJ, l.'211.J.A ~ o..)J~ ,(O'toole,2000 ~_,JQ.jl)~l..~?/I .J.!a;;J..P'"j.J_,lociJ ~u4:iJi ~jiJ .~tJI ul.o~ ~%J ,(Pettigrew et al, 2001 ~)~I ;;.JIJ! J~ o..>-& w4...)iJ o..)J~~wlj"~'JL>.JS'wrkJ .~l>'--'-"?/I .J.!:.;;J~.J~~I~ ~J~l~r-Lu14~~~.:uJI :i.!:.;;u~..)iu!J,~l l~<i: ,,.;14 o.JIJ! J~J ~l>'--'-"?/I j.!:.;; J~ w~..)~I <.J.A ~_,.;JI% u!J, ~IJ a Qt;, ill .i:.IJ~Lw~I~ .rjjl ··-~'l~I ti ·I--· ~I • .. .l..H '-:' ~~ • <.:r'~ u~ .. ·bb~J.J ~I :.~ti , · .... .:.~ti ,J~'l'I» '1.,jj ~I .. ~I ~ ~ .. J ~ J ~ J - . - 1.)-1-'-'J~ - ~..J .,.LgJ ·wL.ui Ji J>.b o..l.A.:' l.!.lJj .)~I ~J ,(Noble, 1990, 120) ((a-~_ul~?/I '!1.J (Long) ~.,J l.!.lJj ~ ~ ~ :uat.;.. ~ i:.IJ)U ~ '1.,jj ~I y_,i.u,i ~~ J;....U.1 ~~I Ll.J..) ~ j.! "}.Ji~ uh~~ (n' ,r· ·t) ~1>9J YO
- 128. c:Gi ~~?l ~u~~i l.:f>"-'3J .d..u~ ~ j~ ~ '1..4~ <-§~ t~4 clJjJ (Bourgeois and Brodwin, 1984) ~ ~ ~L.u~ ~ ~_iJ <-j~I y~~I ~LA ,J6. ~ ~J ,~YI ~_;.bll ~ ~_;..Gl4J ~.;Jo~ a.;i~I 0-4 ~ ~~ .J.!a;;J ~.!q .0 ;ll ~ a.:i;.l...u u~l ul 5~~ ~b~I wr11 ~~J: j.l:LA ~...li2: <i'1' ~ ~.,1:)..1 ulJ ,(Snow) ~J (Miles) j.l:LA [j_,4> J~ ~1.,11 ~ ~~ ~ r~I¥ ui <:;·?:;.! u~I "~ ui ~,(Now) _,.i.uiJ (Miles) ts .. ~1~1~~0:.>LAL4i~~~~~b~IJ.AJ .aqto; 0 U~l~?JI '-~I - ~I -: ..t_-: l:ii, t._.:.tl I~ ._i; .r -· 5~1 w·t...j ~I ~ - • - i.J-'-4", ~ J ~ ~ ...;_r;c...uj - • ,_,_....., J .a:9)WI "~ ~ ~ ~~?J ~JA ~ ~.'14:' <i'11 J.rbllJ ~b~I JJ~ ~~I ~J .J>.J-4;;~ J>L.>.LJ.A ~~I o.J.A~ ~~?JI JJbW~J ~~ .J.Al~I ~I~ r~J ~b~IJ ~I y~i ~ JS'_;..j ,~I I~ LJ-4 .LWI L.J.>JI ~biJ ~I y_,L.ui Jy-. u~~J ~ ~ [~J ;;~~.,ii ~ ~l~?J' ~y.1~r...li2:0i ~ '-i~' ~' ..>J_u' <-§~ ~_; q; ...·• ~ JJ>- ;;~J.l>J.I ~~I ~~I r~J ,~b~IJ ~ y_,L.ui ~ a:9)W ~ ~l:U~J~~J .~~tu~Ull~.?.-Jl~~~J .d.JLuJ.lo~ ~1~)'1~.,llJ,~ly~i0:.>a:9>WIJJ>-~tJJl~.:..;.,,·.J,~~?J .LWI L.J.>JI ~biJ ts ,_ LA I a.fl .f~~. ~I - ~I~ • ~ a.b.. '! .. L~t - ~ ~ ~' ~_J ' - • - i.J-'-4", - ~ - - ~ 'J-4 ~ ~ u~l~lul)) :(Noble 1999, 119)J:iyJll ~J .~b}U4=WJf'&A~ Lgji ' ts • .((r~ ~I~ j} as'~ ~4J~ ~b1 ~~~~I~ ·-·4q· 0 - u~..i: ~_>:..U.l t).A ~ ul (0 Lson et al, 2005,47) uJ?.iJ u~Ji JLlii J:J.4J ~~ ~i J.Ull :~~I uiJ ,d.:5'jJI ~1~)'1 t).4 i~ ~i ~.:UI ~I ui Apoorly)) ufi:i ui U ~ ')}1 ~Lo~ b.!0 ;; LA.J.!a;; ~ ~1~1 ulJ ,FJI u..o t4?JI I~ ~~J ,((Execute Strategy Is Merely Avision Of What It Could Be .;;~~.,ii u~~~l 0~ ~ u~J ul~ ;;~ ~ji c:G~ ,~I ~t JJ>- , t - - - .. J.J..iJ u~~~ u ~J ~ l~J IJ.4j 01 ')}!,~~?JI ·,.!;.;; u~~i <:r4Li:i ~~J ~~J ~ ~ ~~ clJj 0l (Noble, 1999) J:iy r~-.J .~~ ~ 4:9~
- 129. ~I J~ ·cGI l.JA .~I - ~I ~J ~ o..u...u:.~-t!..: 1.:..1.J.A .1..)-A ~ u ---~~ .. ~ 'J .. ~u-- ~.I!. ~ti I.:. 1..ul ~ . . i I... ~.-~ti . . <--=~I uLi.J - J ulu.l}U ~ ~ ~u ~ i..;--w ~~ .. ~ ~ ... .~I - I aJ.o.;J :.LA '--!-: 1 A:j .r .~--'I (Contol) ~l:9 'A:j 'AA - -·- ~~ .)-'-'J. ~ ~ i.jJ: ~J . ~ ~ ~..,....., u~ <J-4 ~ ~ .JJ~ ~ ~ cGi c.illj ~.lJ..l..:c.4 Jj lSi>-31 l.J.A 0i J.l~-J u..ull JI ~I ' Q ,t;.,;;JI ... :.~ti~ Wb ~ Ll ~1-i.b.b.;JI . i ,.J...a.azJI .. -· ~ J '27'" - ~ • • • .. .. J u J .. j.!:.;; J~ C'""IJ ~ J~ Wi.J~ ~~ ~ cGi _,~__, .(Noble, 1999, 120) I A .. L (~I .. ~I ~) ~ . ~ I. - !ti l.J.A . tr,~ c.ill.:.U ,~I .. ~I ~. -·- ~~ .. ~ ~~ t.T ' J -·- ~' ~~I ~.J-4 ~~I ~J ~l..r.JIJ ,u~~I ~J ~~ ~ ~ .(Harrington, 2004) ~I J.olS' .. & ..ut·- .t!..~- · c:LJI .t!..~. ~I· i 1L&ulu.l~1.-.;.~.;t · i'-'"'"'"" ·.•<. ..i! .r- -~.)~~ .. '~ - u .r- ... ~ .. u..,,-: J a.!. 0 ;.....:&, ul:9~J ~ u~ ~ ~l~I o.l...LLLA ~ J~J ~ (~Ll,,j) -l.?.J ~(Noble, 1999) J.si> ~.;-Li ..i!J .(Thorpe and Morgan, 2007) 4..b~ ~J '~.Y=- .)~ r-1~1 ~ ~ ~~ U>WI ulj u~l.J...UI <J-4 .l...U:. ~1.Jµt ulj u~_,_tll <.JI~~~~ U>WI lj ~I (Nobel) J.s_,:, a.!.o;.~1 _;Jo..;.ll U~JJ ~I~ ~l:9ylj '=""Q.!J;.,;;JI ~I ul~b <.JI~) ul~b) 4.!·a.:...~1 µ1 u~JJ ,(~b~I ~ u~~I ~ ul~bJ ~I ,~I 1... ~··"-ti · -:1. l.JA · l . ·(~b~I 1... ~I ul.6'·t...tf ' - ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~.HJ ~ - ~ .;.! .~':!J •~ ~ al>WIJ ~Ll.£11 0-4 i.l...u:. ~~ [~~ -l_?.Y ~6.. ..LI~ ul o.Jbf'I J~ ~ ~6.. ..LI~ Jly ~ cGi ~1,JW (Okumus, 2003, 871) ~Ji l...J.I. ..j I... I. - .:.tt l.J.A . . . ~< . . ~ '-Ll, j . ..t-~t ~I .. ~I .i_,-- ~~ t.T~~j-JJ - '-'""' [!j-4-1.>.J~ ..... ~' ~ uLJQ..al "' ;_.;; ~.:.UI ~J..ll ,~ (lmplemetation Style) ~I~ ~I • 6::c.,, cGi ~I l...J.t..j .............ei .,GI,._~ .r..1.>.I • t . -= · .L~1t ~I - ~I · · .. .)J . - - . ,_,__ ~ ~ .:' ' uu ~ - . - ~' ~ - ~~ [j~ ~fo. ILLJjJ 'f'J.4j ~ ~ ~~I ~ <i'11 ul.l..L>.11 0-4 ~ o.l_?..,11 ~I y_,.L.ui [j~ ~~~I .J.!'~':!J . ..1.>.IJ ~ <J-4 _;6'l ~--' ' ' - '~J-4 ~JI ~J-4 d.&~I ¥ ~.:.UI 1.SJ..ll :~~I ~Ll.c. o...u:. -l_?.J ~! l:!Jb.. Long and)~~ Ji~~ ul.bLlijJ 0-J~ ~I_, f.!Q·aitl ulS' ljl ~J 0-4 i~~ ~I~ ~I y~i '-'~--' .(Franklin, 2004, Thompson, 2000 ~I u ...,t;,~t ~",."A ~L 1..L .J.Ai ~A. - - ~t ,a..u...u-. tt L-: bl - .. '.»- -0-- ~ '.). . (..)'J~ ~ ~ '-::"' J - - '.u-' "tt-'.) ' ~tJI ~~~I (Lindblom, 2000) r.J-4~ ~--',(Hill and Hupe, 2002) 'YV
- 130. ~ aJ_,6 ~Ll,0A ~I J>.1...U.4 ~WI ~Lill J_p- uL..ulJ.l o~ l.!ll.A.A_, Bourgeois and Brodwin,) ~I ~l~f'I :.,.!.;;;_, ~ j>.l...l.4 ~ ~ _,i ~[~WI ".J.A FjiJ .(1984, Hart, 1992, Hickson et al, 2003 ~I· ..:.~ti : • .:.1. ~ ~ 1 A~<'t ,uLJo..Lll. ~ ~ - · i ·<' -· ~•1 ~I ~L..ui ~ ~ '-""'"" ~ '-""'"" .YU ~(.;T"'-' - ·- - ~ - - • •...<' ... ~ ,~ .L.- ~ ~tt Jo ....:..q L.d .t::..~tl ·<'-· ~ti u~ r - ~~ r "?""' ::ll-'""'"' J ~ ~ ~ "?""' J4>J~ .11u~J~IJ q,J ·bb.:.J I» ub-lb ·0 11 (Hickson et al, 2003) 0_v..;.T_, , ~1>4:'~0i ~ ~~hi.:Gi_,~ aqt;.,;qu 0~L.t'> d.:t~ q,J~I 0A l.J.A uiJ 'l&l .lJl.,.llJ rl+ll ...l:!~J ,~b~I ~l....aj c.....91.a~I ~.!.!;; ~ ~I Hickson) r~I ~ L&J ~ ":J ~I ~I u~I ~ J_,.;g ~ 0i ~I ~ ~ ~ ,~l~?JI ~ j.:S'j:&.JI ~ ~JI q,j ~...l.4 l)IJ ,(23-et al, 2003, 1822 uiJ (Leaming By Doing) ~I ~i ,~I J~ <JA ~I I.JS'_, 'f"LA}U ~.lJ :~~I y~t ~(Bourgeois and Brodwin, 1984) l)J-J.lJ..HJ IY.'"JJ-;I [~~ (Collaborative) l.!lJLlJ.lfuJl.Lal ,(Change) ~I ,(Command) JA~I ..GWI .>:...LI.I JJ.l ~i ~1 JA~I [~~J.!'~':!J ,(Cultural and Crescive) ~~ ~Lul.IJ 0A u~_,:JI J~ (Rational Actor) ~)U...11 ~I JJ~ r_,.a: ~.JJI ~~I ~i) W.O..U4 l)J_F..}UJ .(Bourgeois and Brodwin, 1984, 243) a.b.h.ull JSJA "-L.4 .PS'i (Doers) ~ IJ:.:l4.i.A ~ ~1 0_,J~ i:J:.:.UI_, .lJ~ JJ.l (~.,.11 .>:...LI.I JJ.l ~~I [~~ aJ6. ~ .PS'i j.:S'j:&.JI ~--' ,(Thinkers) l)J~ ~La:JI_, ,~l_p-JI JS'~ ,~_,.ti ,~I~ ~WI~~ o~ ~~~I YA
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- 132. ~m ~.J ,~,~ ~~J f"'-"6. &,Llaj ~i ~ ~~>1' J:~ ~i ~ ~ " 0i w~.;...U 0-A.# ~..) ...ilj ,~L:e.;-1J ~Job J&.A wl.!;;;; J>l,;. 0-A ~J-4 ' --,, Job . i' '~ - ' l.i.l .J..aA.Lill l.U~I l..:. ...U. .~a., - - ~~' Dl-A ~ u (..)-'""" ~ - - u-- i.:r- ~~ wl~ a.b.;.. '-'-l. -:t ..wJ a.b.;.. tl ~ - 'l'I I -~ .t · ~ J.d...ua:i • t ·<-· J.~...s c.:r ..... '..)-'-'-'J .. ~J-":"0: u~ Chustz and Larson, 2006; Hrebriniak and Joyce, 1984; Pinto and J&.A) ~.;J .(Prescott, 1990 wlJ wlb~ ~ ~..UJ ~I ~ 0i ~ ~y.1.1 ~~..;JI wi ~ ~~..;JI Cl...u.;w ~ ~lyl w~l~)'I wi JA y_jl.u,~I I~ ~j.A ...SJ.>.1 F) ~~bi c.;rl! ~..)J: I~ JA ,~ ~J (Ansoff, 1991) ~IJ-AJ ~ 'i(~ " ~ l.!.ll..&A • L9 ,~I .. 'l'I wL.La....1 ·~1 l..:. ..l.cJj. e..LJ.a:°J ••..t • u.. - ... '..)-'-'-'J.. .. <-:T Lr"'" ~ .. .)~ ~J-!J - " " ~ - ~ LJ.A.P-'l'I ~_;-kJI ~ j;.-..1.A ~~~~I~~~ 'l' ~ ~ y_jl.u,~I I~ r~ <i'1' wWo.al wiJ .~ ~...;...G.JI J;.....U.I LJJ:. .I . .:u..a..A:JI .......,A~tl . -~<j L~ i. .. I - ·...U • i d_J .r: ...q a.,~< u!J _ J ~ a::' J-'-1 ~ ~ u J .. ~ ~J-4 . lS'' -~, I.:. ...U.I . A··"" t.4 ,,,,,. ~ '.:u..a..A:JI ... I .......~ti I._;. • i ..::."l..i.J ·~ :.t !:t . u <..r u-- ~ 1..1_-:-- ..r- .. J ~ ~ u v-- .. ~_,... L)A .(Ha~brick and Ca~ella, 1989; Mintzberg, 2000) ~I~~.)~ . i -~"i Llla.4,, ....~; . i I_, • (' - • wLJo..i.tl . i I - .·-- .. w~I "~Jo., . u J j-'-1 - • - u ~ ~ u ~ .. .I.) ~.J ~...;...G.11 y_jl.u,~I ~_jA-:lJ .(Montgomery, 2008) a~.!:H ~ wl~ YJ~ Bourgeois and) L>J.J..)J.>-!J I.?..;~ JJb.J -~J-A)UI ~ J:4i 4µ1 0~ ~wi ~ '':T"Ll:UI [~~I ~~~1-..>:...U.I 0i ,JW (Brodwin, 1984,257 " • ~.J-A ~-ul~)'I ~' y_,.b:; ~ ~J-4:> ~.:U ...s...U.4 ~L;JI c:GwJ3 LJ.A c1~ c:@.;~» fA.;~4 ~...UI ~~I ~~i .;J..) 0~ ,i.ill.:U d.:g~)'4J Rajagopalan and) w~l~)'I .J.!a;;J.J-l...# ~~(Active Participants) ~ ~l~lS' y-~.:t;,;;tt ~I 0-A ~_,.ti &,1~1 ~.J .(Rasheed, 1995 c_;rAJ w~I~~ ~lji-tl ~I c.;rll i,.S..)~ ~ ,~...u:;J ~.::.; 0~)'4 ~...u...;...UJJ .(Rainey, 2003) <?...;J (Nutt, 1999) ~ ~J ~ .~ ~ r.J~ .;1>4JI F ~~_,.ti as'.;~ 0i ,(Floyd, 1990) ...U~j (Woolredge) " " " - " ~ 'i~b~I ~J: ~...;...G.JI y_jl.u,'l'I JA ,'lf4}J .~I ~blJ ~'l'I ~4
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- 154. j.;g di~_, ~Il.JA LJ.A JJ~I ~~I~ ~.;-ll r~ ~l~I ~ ..1.9_, l.JA ..1£.:' F ~ .'s·o.!~J ~l..>-4J ~WI ~..,,;JI ~b~ ~~ ~ ...lAL._j, .l_P.-J ~~?JI l..S~J a:JS'.;-ll J_p 4ui?tl_, aai ,,.ti .J.:i~I J_p w~~I di~ ~..J..>JI ~b ~b~ ~~?JI Ll46..:i ~G:> ~J.4i J.;g di~_, ,~b~I ~ w~IJ • ~L a_wt ..;--J..J-! .. fl - • ~ ,,,, ~.) ~jA w~I J>.b _;1.;-411 F ~ a:JS'J-4>UIJ ~.;-ll dJ~ ..1..:3 ~L9.;JIJJ-4~1 JS'~~l..l!~~J .~':?i J>.b~~~I wL9>WI ~ a.!Q.!t;,;itl wl~l..r?-?JIJ ~I LJ.A ~Jo~~ ~jll ~J.ll_, r~I )~I ~ JS'~I .,~ JL.o 0~ ,r.J:. ~ ~~J (O'toole and Meier, 1999) - i . <i'11 ~_,..JI ((~l»~LJo.1.1, ~_, :4.! ,,,/!)-11 ~b;JI <JA ~I~~ ~4?JI ~I JL.o ,a qto;tl ~~i ~1..1.! ~Ll:i: ~I «~-lUI 4'i.!!tl ~~» - r~ <i'11 ,~I wlkLl'1ll ,~t:iJ ·[G:>?JI ~ ~WJ LJ:!...Jb?JI ~J <i Q to; qlt Dalton et al,) ~I ~~i l.!l_,.Li~ U""J.J..1.A ~ 1.JA~ ~ 0.i>:..U.I ~ ,,,;JJ 0i ~! ,a.!Q.!t;,;itl JS'~I ~ ~ 0~ ~,,;JI LJ:.ULA 0i ~J ,(1980 di~_, ~L>J1 t~' ~ ~1~ LJ.A ~i ~~ ,rw1 t~I ~ L~ ~~..u.1 wLJo..UI ~ ~ ,dl.:.U Jl:i.AJ .(Structural Issues) ~I~~ ~4 ..>-4°4 ~l .;.!tii ~ wl.:.U4 '+siJ ,~_,:,rg w.:.J~J r~ w~WI LJ.A ._#~~WI 0i ~I <JA ~~ ,a.:,.JW4J .(Rainey, 1989 ~I) ~L:uJI wlb ,,.t LJ.A ,«~I wlloL:u..A.11» ~ ~L9.;JI <JA d..DLA.A ~.J-l 0~.J~ rWI t~4 <.).J~..U.I ,~,,;JI t~I wts'~ <.).J~..U.I JL.oJ '.Jl.;-411 ~ as'.J~ ~I w~I JL.o ~~I~~ - .Jl.>4fl ~WI~ as'.)LlJ.I w~ ':?i - Wb di~~~ 01J ...>-4~1 ~'+> ~ wl.)l.;-411 ,,,;~ ~ ~ ~ ,,,, .ll~':JI ~~~J~~~l '-4....Jllo_,Jl LJ.A~~wLJ:ill.I ~ ..1..-LiJ ~~ L,l..i.&,j ~ a.!Q.!toiitl ~10~ l.AAJ .(Hage and Alken, 1967, 77) ,~_, .(Dawson, 1996, 111) wL9)la.JIJ.JIJ.l~I_, ...u:.l_,.all <JA ~l:i.A ~~Ir~ ~b~I ~ p~ ...L9 ,~ljll4 ~i ':?.:.UIJ ,a:.;1-l?JI ~L9_;lj i.hsWI ~I JoL:u..A.11 0~ OY
- 155. .. ., ~~I)~~ LJ:IJl:.>S'..>-4 )~I~ 0~ ~I a.!: ...;JI ~.)..Ulj 'yq.!J;.,;;t .(Hage and Alken, 1967 ~L;.. .. ., <J'"<'~ ~.J.JI y_,_Lu,~4 l~jA ~ ,_;1~1 F ~ ~..)A)UI_, ~.;-ti 01 ~ ...l9 a.J~ u.illj J~ ~U .~l-Ul~IJ uL..u~l ..v-4iJ .)).,.ti ~I~ {Push et al, 1968~1)Y"q.!to;;t ~~I~~[? J~ 1 6;t;.,,.>lA ~ J~ ~I~ ~.;-ti~.).) 0~ ,u~I ~ <Y~ a: ...a4_, ~~I ~I ~l.?.-J '.)l~I F ~ d5.)Lc!J.I ~.).)J((~~.;JI 4bl ...14)) Carter and Cullen, 1984; Glisson) jA~4 ~I~ ~I ci...JJ3J ~)-4-4 0A i~ i.)~ 01 '~J .(and Martin, 1980; Hage and Alken, 1967, 1969 r..S..1.A ~~.;JI ~J ~L.;JI_, rWI t~I ~ 'i' q.!t;,;;ti ~I J..?- uL.ul.)..UI .(d5).c!JI ~.).)J ~~.;JI d.hluJI ~i) .)~~I"~ 0A JS'~~ J.i~ L>-C ~.;-ll Allen and La Follette, 1977; Carter and Cullen, 1984; Dewar et al, 1980;) Glisson and Martin, 1980; Hage and Alken, 1967, 1969; Jarley et al, 1997; ~.J.JI r..S..U.I ~1 ~~.;JI d.hluJI ~~J .(Negandhi and Reimann, 1973 ~ ~ 'y-4.!t;,;;ti F4 4hJI u~I ~ «.!.LJjJ )>4JI ~ d.hluJI ¥ <Y'.)La:i •~I 4.....uLu..u -- ._g •-· ~ '~ • ti JoI · ·1a,.. ..u -.:'-~-: I · ~ tI . J: d5 LlJ.1 · i - ..)-J~'i:~.r ~ .'.). ~.)'J-1""" 'i: '.) u ~.,.GA u~J ~_)411 Jb ...JI l,).A a.:Jk_ ~.).) ~j-ll ulj ~I r..SJ.l 0U ~I r..S..U 0i ~ ~ '.).)1.,.r.1_, uL.u~4 d..a.ol.;JI ul)~I F ~ d5.)LlJ.1 <)A F ~ 4k. as'.)~J ~_>+11 Jb ...ti <)A ~..GA~.)..) ~..>-4)U4 ~~I Y"q.!t;.,;;JI ~I 0~ ,_;1~1 F. .)1~~10.A J:.rg_,i ~IJf'~ lj~ '~J .)~I i~ss~1 <.>q.!t;.,;;t1~10i ~~ .a.:Jk. ~.)~r..Sj-S.J-Act,ji ~~0i ~ - - ~ ... ~ !. ,, .)1~1 F L>-C LJ:I~ ~1~~1~¥0~ 1~1_, ~~.;-ti~ a.!: ...;JI ~.J..UI 0A J1a:; _,i ..u_µ ~ u~I ~ ~--' ·¥ LJ:b~J ~b~I . I· ~ti . as' Lc!JI ~· ,,q d...J~. 'I LI· ~ -- . L .d......J:<." ~.)'.fM"' ~ '.) J -~ . 'J-' .. ..>-4J ~uu ~..r ., .~I-"'""~~ ~4.JIJ <JJ~..1.A.il ~? ~ lj! ...U: yq.!t;.,;;JI
- 156. s4.4La.tt 4.4~1 ~t~~~~t~ ~i.J't u.l~ ~! b~ 'f'W t~4.;l_;..4.11 ~ JS'~Jp- ~l.UAu.::i.)i ~y ~."4~J,Jla: ~t.;LlJ~~~(~1_;9~1)~_,ll~ji ... ~~ ~ LWI ulA..WI ~~ u.,l~I ~J (Street-Level Bureaucrats) ~l.,JI E.G, Lipsky,)~~~' L..W4 u_,lAWlj d.Jo~I Jo~j ~.)~' ~ '~.+.o ,Jb. JS' c..r-kJ (1980; Manard-Moody and Musheno, 2003; Riccucci, 2005 ~b~I ~ ~_;.11 u~b ~ a.4Jfa. ~.Li~ uL.ul.;...UI i.)A J:.J9 ~6. ~Y • 'ii ~I ul.>:!3ti (<'.!;;; wL.ul.;...UI iJA ~IJ ~~ i.LJUA_, .LWI u~ J>.b (Boyne, 1992 ~) w4l>J.1 ~ ~J-A>t.11_, ~_;.11 :Jio) :4.!4.!to;;fl ~I~ ~ ~..i>-*-4 ~ lA ~,(Andrews and Martin, 2010 J&.o) a .!4-.!~?JI wlAµt_, ~.;I~~~ ~_,!I 4S.;~ pi I.LU.JS'_, ,ul.;l~I ~ ~_;l ~l_>-11 pi [~~I~ <:i'1' ~ 4Je uL.u.;.) u~ ,I.LU~~ ~J .J:.JS LWI 4..4..WI ~bi ~~~l~l~_;.11.l~i~i.)A~~~J'u~IJ>.l.l~_;-cJJ~_µt Schmid,~) a..bL.JJ ~Al ~I ~-A~ ,(Aiken, 1967) ~lJ (Hage) .(Ashmos et al, 1998 Ji.o) .;l~I ~ 4S_;l.t!J.I ~.;.)Ji (1967 ~ ,~b~IJ d..s_)S'_;-l Jp- .l_?._,11 ~~I J=Lill jA~I ~l_y..Lu.u~ ~..J ~ 4S_;l.,!J.I_, a..bL.JJ ~~_>-11 r.;+ll ~I w~ ~ ul-..lb.oo iJA ...u_j-o J&.o) ~b~4 d..&.ot.;JI db C-A i.JAIJ=J4 ,(4S.;Lt!J.l/Jol~~IJ ,~l.;JI J&.o) .;l.;--4JI J:k=J4~~ ~LI.;.)('') i.!lUA cGi C'""'lyl ~~J ·(4l.Ull_,_;~)'1 iJA ~ eu....P."i .ie_, ·rW t..b.OJI ~ ':? 4.!to;;ti ~b~J ~_;.11 ~ a:9)WI ~ . ...u~I ~ ~_p.i_, ~ ~ eu....P."i o...L>.IJJ ,o~I w~~y ~ wL.ul.;...UI o:U .uL.ul.;...UI o:U ~ (' /) JJ~I ~~..J ~ a:9)WI Jp- f'~~ ~ ":? ;! ;; 4 Ji o~l uL..a..ul.;~I ~l~I f'~ f$ ~ u.!.; /;.;,,,o ~ d.AWI ulA..GJI c.J.A LL.....uJ ~J.A J:,l...U ~..J .~b~IJ ~_;.11 ~·At u~ L... ~ ~ ~ < ~ ,o..i.=c:J.I uw~Au a..JI ~Io· ~ -&' ~ • ~~ .. r .. .) .. ~ lJ.A ~ ~ ~ ~L;.. ~J ci.,JI ul~ ~ uL.ul.;...UI F ~J . ...L>.lyl ~LA.o I.LU~~~ ,a:.;s.J-4 LJ.;J.A ul~ f' ,;.; "'.!~I ui ~J-:' ,w~I
- 157. JS'~~~1~iwl~~w1.)-+~1r1.J;.; ,,,l~J .4L...a.JIJoj:.L.All .):i5/I~ ~ll>1J ¥..>-4 ~ y.:JL.ul ~ -- 0~411 t_jj - ~&QJ;,u C:,,lj ,a..........ul.).l fl' ~ i!J.lb. .JA ~ '~4110-4 I~ wu .a:s>WI wl~ 4;9~1 wl~ ~I Glisson and Martin, 1980; Marting and Segal, 1977; Moynihan) ,l..u........u,l.J.l (and Pandey, 2005; Richardson et al, 2002; Schmid, 2002; Whetten, 1978 ~~~I ~I wl~jA CJ.A _;6'i Ji iJ>.IJ 1,# Ji/~ o~~ IJ~I i_;~ ('1)J ~I ~b>JI ~(Aiken, 1967) ~u (Gage)~ a..........u1.J..) i~J,AJii.J~Ll.J..Ul"~~~U~.J~ ~J .~IJ~~'}]I ~.;.;JJ ~I ~~t ~~t.j.:.UI l.S...U.I ~..)~a ,,,Q.;. ~r~ ~.>&-II Cibl '"" ~.)~ ~j.A j:.~ i .;.,_!i ~ ~ .wl).;-411F0-4 I~ j:.L.u.i>JI L>A llil.,11 ~I wl_,rll ..)~ ~~ ~ 0~ 0~1 ..)~ ~) 0-4 c:,,_A ).;-411 ~WI~ ~L;JI wl).;-411 ~J wl)>4Jl ..>J...,.hJJ ((J~» ~ d..cJQ.UI ~~i ~ ~.)~ ·~~..r.JIJ LL:uJ4 wl_>:Pti LJ.c. ~WI ~...GJ4 j:.b~IJ ~_,rll J~ wl.ul.J..UI ~ ~,~41J Schmids,) w~ wl.ul.J.l ~ ~J ,)_;..4JI F ~.J-A ~ ~.J~J ~l.z.A wll>WI ~~~!~I~ ,(~l.J-U'bt) ~>WI ~l..UI o-u)...U.I LJ.c. (2002 ".U j:&A )w IJ~J ~ ~...»-i ~4 0~ ic..!.l..J:'.l ~J .j:.b~IJ ~I r.JA ~~I r~ J~ (Martin, 1980) c:,,:;.JLAJ (Glisson) u~ LIJ.l' ;, ,::.<i ~! ~wll>WI ~u (Hage) ~~JA0i ~ o~I wl:'}].,.J4 ~~?JI wlA...GJI wl Qlo;a <.:r.1~1.J-:Pti wl~).;-411 F ~ as'JLlJ.lj Cibl '"" r..>A '->""~~~(Aiken) 0-4 l.SY...~I ~J~I ~~I~ .,.I~ ,~l:W?JI ~ o~ ~~1 ~i WJ fl' f$ ~ l::i~l IPtc:,,:;.JLAJw~ ~JJ -~yl/~1 ~lj:&A4.!Q.!Jo;;Jl~I ~ ~ ~_,rll c:,,i ~ ~ 4--.ul.J..UI ".U 0~ ,JS'~J .oj:.L.aS:JI J~ ~ y_,.Luil:t~~ ~ l&Jl.J-:Pti0iJ ,a.!Q.!Jo;;tt w4~1 ~..>J_;..a:;~ ~ i.JJ.l (Whetten, 1978) ufo~ ~ ,l.!.LJ.:.U Jl:iA .~..GJI ~b~ ~..1-;1 ~l.4.l. ~ ..l9 ~ a.LoWl.,...-;.tlo· iwb. · L. ·' ··· :.t;u .-;.ti • . "~ Lc:W.1 ·i i..;1.Y"'"' ~ • ~ c.:r- ~ ..)-t:J '-&'.) 'J-M"' ~ ~ .) u ".U ~J .4W.U ~.,.ti r~ J~ <.:r.1~?JI p~I d.l ~ ,o~I wl:!'}].,.J4 l.!.U~ c:,,i, .. "'! [tu?JI ~ ~~ ~l~i wl~ ~_,rll w~ 0i c.:)1 4-...ul.)..UI 00
- 158. ~..>:..U d..A...GJI a.JLui>:'~IJ i_;--1uj.A~J-J..J~I ~tJI t.u;.J ~I LJ-4 ~ as'.JLlJ.I ~~ LJ-4 .J~l 0~ ,I.LU~ e4J .~1_,JI ~-'"° c.)!J ~_,JI ;;.Jb?JI t.s:ilJ ,~J;.; · .. "J d..A...GJI ~..>:J.A w::> J~~I ~.4s 0-4 ~ 0i ~ .Jl~I ~ .~~I ~i L~ .>-'fa<.)! ~-lj:ll ~~!~I~ (/i)JJ~I 4.oWI4.o~I ~I~~ ~.,,11 J~ ul.'61!J..Lll p~,~~ ~b~I V"l:!J ~.;J.1.>~1 u~l~ju~I ~!J""11 ~l.>~I~ - ~l:U)'I ~/r.JA ..1.1_,....J4 ~_jll a..............j.1.1 Anderson (1995) a..b.L...JI ~ ~. -'w' ~L;ilJ.ill ~.,.Llr*-4 F~~.)L!J.I - ~4-~ 0~~cor) Ashmos et-al (1998) o~LlS:ltJ Jl.>4JI Jb~ vw.J...G r*-4 F~ ~.)L!J.I ~I "-4..G. ~~ (OO) Fedler and Gilio ~~! ~b~I Jl.>4JI ~1Ja:'}/J~ (1974) + ~l:Uf'I ~!r.JA 0..LAiJ.,1:1o.1 ~ ~ (·) Gisson and Martin + o~LlS:.JIJ ~J L!J.I a..b.L...JI o~I ~:'}/_jll (1980) .)1__,AJI F ~ ~lr.JA ~o.,1:1o.IJ'l.........jA Holland - ~4-~I as'J L!J.I a..bL...JI - :. a...J4..ll VW~- (1974) .)1__,Alt F ~ (Massachusetts) .,, - ~4-~I ~lr.JA ~..U. J,J_,.bJI ~ '}]_jj (r) Martin and Segal a..b.L...JI l..1.1.J~~J~I (1977) r~r*-4 F~~.)L!J.I ~I ~L..p.~! (r) Maynard - Moody, - ~4~·--·ait ~I Jl.>4JI Oregon Colorado et-al (1990) ~.,.Llr*-4 ~lr.JA ~ ~~ U~J (A) Moynihan and - d.A..GdJ ~'}/_jll i.S~ Pandy ~l.Ul.I a..b.L...JI ·~'}/l~I (2005) u • J - ~.,.Llr*-4 ~lr.JA ~ ~b L......)..LA (1.') Schmid ~L..4U a..b.L...JI (~1.)-'r"1) (2002)
- 159. p~,~~ ~l.l~l V"l:!A ~_,.11.l~lu~1~.,u~1 4-!J..lll ~·.l~·~ + ~_,!Ir~ F ~ CtS.)Ll.11 ~.,W ~fi>. Ll~J (W) u4-~ Whetten (1978) - Jl.>4JI l.!lJ.J-1~ ~ a.LoWI a.Jl.Ull ~ J Jb~ ~l.Ull ~Ir~ ~fi.=.. LJ~J ~ (H) Wolf(1993) ~~! ~'~~' abl....JI o~I u.:'i_,.14 w>l:t~ ~l;S ~J- a..b.l.uJI a:.JSJ-A"}/ ui (Anderson, 1995) U_j-1-U.J...Wi .J.!'~'.!J The) wl:J~ ~..u~I ~.,JI ~_;.I.I~ ~WI ~1~~4 ~ - ~J-A ~ _, '' ·) LJ.::i D~I ~ l.!.L.J~ ~J (National Corporation of Swedish Parmacies 'ti .. - ~J-A"}/wi~a .!1;.J1~4~LWltl._ldg~_p.il..a~0i~ ·('W' a.!'0;. .=:. d.A..G.~JJ~l>J.->:...UI ~(~I~ ~1J ~V"~)).;-411 F .bt ·.!J .(Holland, 1973) ~i af.!;.!1<1 w4-~ <.)! ~~J: w ~~ ~i ~~~~(Maynard-Moody et-al, 1990) u_v.>.iJ ~~J-4 - ~.J~ ~~I Street- Level) .J~ D~4-ll 4..o..GJI ~i - t.J~I ,.;~ wrk d.:-61>9~1 ~~1wWo.ll0-J.->:li:LA ~~~~I~ ui ~(Bureaucracy w~ ~ t.J~I ~ ~j ~b l.!.ll..LAI ul.S'~~~I ul.S'D~I ul-:"}/_,.14 ~ ~~ wrk r-~ ).;-411 ~as..)~ V"~ Jo~4 1~ uJ...1S'j.J.J a........a.u~1 ~ L~I ~J ~~_;.>JI w~~I ~ ~..U ~t:JI ~.l.4 ~~~~I d.,jj <.)1 J.!'=:'.? l..a~ ~j u_v.>.i 0~4 f'..,lgJ ·c~-~ ~~?11 w>'.!8 ,,.;JI wl~d..o~wlA..G.~ ... ·i '-~-· l·~t • · ·.... .~A'I •.. !t-...q~~l.J F-U ~..)'J-M" ~(>A~~_,... • .(Ashmos et al, 1998; Martin and Segal, 1977 J~) ~~.J ~~ .. t. -ti ~ ti • , t ~ l . I :. .. • . I . . .... , _ .. I . . ~ - d.!q.!Jo.. ~LL4U 'l.1.AL-Ui d.!'0'" .1. WL.4>.J-'1-l c.:r- w~ i.::..J~ ~JI .;..gJ ~.J .~b~IJ ~..,rt.I LJ.::i ~}Lt.U ~~J "}!Ji ab.! ·: ~)L:. ~~I"~ w~J ~)~..,rt.I LJ.::i ~ Joi+i) ~(Pandey, 2005) ~...W4J (Moynhan) w~JA J.? w~..,rll LJ:--:IJ (Aiken) ~iJ (HAge) ~ ulJ..:l ~a;. ...;_. ~1;9 u"}/b.U jA~I ~I 0~ 'JS'wrkJ ·~J ~~1 D.Jbl (Ar') ~...w 4kAII ~ <?IJ ,a.:,bl~~I ~kA!I J.? (Wolf, 1993) Wi.lJJ ~ r-ll ~.:UI ~l.J..UI ~~ ~)L, ~J Jo~~~ 01~ ~.;-&JI ab1 ..11 ~.J..4 j.:A_>i ~J-4:' 4..o~4 D~~I~ d.bL.u ~ ~b~IJ ~..,rt.I LJ.::1 ~~ ~j ~ ~ ,Ll.J~ JS'~ (Fiedler) y~ u4i ,J.:tL.u s:.l ·o;;i ,,.I ~J ,J:L.t4J .D~I u~"}/_,.14 41.J~I
- 160. ~ ...l>.IJ ~rlJ;.; ,,.4 J1~1 F ~ ~..>-4>UI V"~ ui (Gilio, 1974) ~J ~ 13-ll!i ,L~I ul)_;9 ~ fA.;-:;;b ~~:=; ...ti JI~ c.illjJ ,a:,~'}11 .~I u~ J=..b u~I ~ ;;J_,b:"J.I ulj~?JI Jy-. .;-:;;tJ1 ia..Wt a..~t ~t~lg ~__,.Jt J~ ~~,.J't ~...tt ut~i.biA i-lJ~ J14: c.illj ~ LAI~ ui '}11 ,uL..uljJ 0-4 r.J..4i u;;~I ~lj..l.I ~..>-! ~ ~ ~lAA rJ;.; ,,.; ~~I ~I uL..ulJ...UI 0-4 .#J .J;.b ;;~ 0-4 ul~j.A l.AJ~4~-l~IJo_,lulj~~L4A~J'd..:J~IV"~~~."4 ~ ~l:t c.illj (Dalton et al, 1980) u~iJ u_,:Alb ~~ '~J .~b)U L...;bl iJA ~lJ -~~I ~~i ~ ~LAl.I "~ uiJ ~b~IJ ~I Jy-. ~I~ J~'}!t t.>J~I ~ ,d.A...GJI ~biJ d..J_jS_>-11 Jy-. J:.l...UI ~ a.a:JI ~~ '5.J~I - " - - .~l:L.Lll ~ ~ .;-:;;w1 Jy-. r~ J~' j~ ~j"J iJA J.t4i a:.;bl ~lAA ~ o~ ~ ,d.AWI d.A...GJI u4~ ~ ~_>-11.;-:;;b u~ ,~~_,JI ~J - " ~~ u~ ,a.a.ol>. ~J _a:g)l.c. ulj ...s~i a.:q.:t:..;; ~~ ~ J~ IJ-lw 0~~~1..,~1..~?Jl...s~ui~~~1 0Jb' ,..2 J~'}!1..,._ ..:-~1 Miles and Snow, 1978; Mintzberg,) ~b~IJ ~I a:g)W ~ -lJ...l>. Jo~ ui ,JW c.ill~J (Richardson et al, 2002) u~iJ LJJ-'-"-lj ,:;,-'.!.) F.JJ-' (1979 ~>le. JS'IJ-4 ~ ~...>-11.., )~' F ~ as-jLlJ.1 0::> a.:e>W1 ~~ '=' q.:t:.. ;;JI ~w1 u~ ~ ~_>-11 ul.;-:;;b ui r-*111 iJA, l~J .;;~I u~'}J_,.14 ~I d.._:l.WI ~1,~J .d.:e)l.c. ulj ...s~i ~ d.:q.:t:..;; ~~ ~ 5~ ~ V"~?JI ~ o~ ui ~'}/ d.:q.:t:..;; ~l>. '5~ L:!lj.ll ui J~'}/l t,Sµ a.: sc·l'.J ~ ~J(Miles)~LAJ¥J~J -~...s~i~~~r~l..,i ~~ ...s~ ~ ~..b:J ui ~~I J>.b L_jS.,rll ~ ui ~ c.illj u~ (Snow) a.,:<"·-" ~I LI: t... ,,;t ,c.illl.J . L.WI;; b'}JI '-4 • ;; ~I ~I - '}JI ~..J-"' - '.r ~----o--'J - '.J ~ ~WA '.) - • - ~~ ..s.4.>_;lo ~~~I J;.bl1 -':~J ,a.:a§ ~J ~.J~I iJA ~~ ,~b~I uA~ .a.:q.:t:..;;t ~l~?JI ~ c.illj ~~ ui 'OA
- 161. .(Hall, 1982) ~Is:.~i t.!l~ ..b-IJ~J~U:0~..J .)~~I"~ Pfeffer and) J~I~ lA ~0ic.:rf1~~.)~J~.lj3 ~i ~i ~ 0~ ~~ ~_;J.I ~.).l 0i ~_,:£11J~I0-4 ~~ 11..!.LJ.:.U ~J .(Salancik .,, l_v..4A 0~ ..LI i.>.:.UIJ ~_,.l.IJ ~.;J4 u-oL>JI .;l.;4JI I..>"'~ ~~pi y.J .. Co ~ ~ wli.!'"~I ~~I ~~~411 ~01,l:dlJJ .a.!Q.!r:,;;JI w4--~ ~.) cJ:lAWIJ ,~L.J..U a Q;.....u, ~~..Uy 0i ~ a.!Q.!J;,;;JI ~I~ ~ljA.1.1 ~.)..U 0~ 0i ~I 0-4 cll.:.U (Pettigrew, 1973, Pfeffer, 1981 ~I) u:~...U.IJ ,, .s:.b~I ~ d.J:.~ .)jj .)l.;4JI F ~ as')..MIJ ~.)-8-11 a..bl.uJI ~a:;~ .;l.;4JI ~ d.:.)S'.>-4 0i rl~I .l.)J ..1-d 1..b-IJ ~4-- c.JAJ l.J........A Goodsell, 1985; ~) . lsJ.)bl ~I 0-4 Ji (o~I ~);;~I d..:Jol~~I J.)4-- (Fredrick Taylor, 1911) .)_,t:ti c.!L...;~~ 0~ (~i) JWJ (Ouchi, 1980 .,, .,, .. .).llS:l l.)~.)l->4JI F 0~ ~ ~ ~0~ wLQJ;,;QJ a .!4.JI ;;.)b?Jl 01 J>b>.'l'I c.JA ~ LjS'_;J.1 0fa4i ,._.P-~I ~4JI c.JA ~iJ -~ bb;J.I c.JA ·b.! ·.._. .,, s:.~ s:-1~ b~ ,rWI .).:>JI~~~ c.JA ~.)..:al ~l~~I ~_,JI Downs, 1967; Niskanen,) ~j;-11 JfoJ .l~I Ji ,a:;~'l'I a..bl.uJI Jloi ...1 .(Tullock, 1965) 9 ( 1971 d..:-61_>9~1~l:g_;JI0! Jj-414 s:.~I (Lipsky, 1980) '=7"< ....!!.!t .bl "'.! ,J~J JJ4==J J..>.b .)~! ~ ~LD r..u:.J WJ~ ~J l~fi.:.J ~1_,J1 ~¥ .l_,4i ~ -~.)WIJ ~l..ul aJs:.WIJ ~WI 0¥...l.6: cll~J ,_;l.;4JI F wl~l...P.--lJ J..>.b ~1w1..r.,i:;tJ1~0~?14~~'rJ..4jlA~;;J)L:.J,rk.~~~J .)1->411 F ~.>-4 J~.JA r~-' .~l-LLA ~¥ ~ clJjJ ~b~1 ~ ~~ ,_;l.;4JI C'~ ~.) Jt ~~_;Jo~ ~i s:.bi c.:rfl ~.lj:i - ~_;J.1 ~i - dlj 0i ~J .a1o1 ...11 J ,,.1,,.; r~ ~1J ~_,.b.;. ~JJ ~l.J.A>iJ r.)b ~Y~YJ ,c.1>l.4.t.4J -~_,.l.IJ ~.;JI~ ((g)WI ~«~~I» .l~I c.:rfl clJj JS'~.)~ ~ ciJjJ ,~b~~~ ~.;J.l 0i .;1~1 F ~~i as-J~ J~.J.o r~ r~I 0-4 ~~ u:-:.Jol~~I 0-4 ~l_j14 u:~lj ~yl o.;l.l?JI ~.J---:..l.A ~_,4; C4 d.:i.J-AJ-li:. wl~l~u LJ:UI~ 0JJ;,.;;?--:J ,al;;; I •Q ~ wl.;I~ ~ • -~ t.... e-t-~ .. t!..~tl - ~J·"'°" ·I .;; ..:.~tL&hJl~·-'~'I ~~I u_,..., ~ ~~~ ~J :.:r.- uU ~ - -· '.u---' C4 . J . wlj ,-. '".!t ~!~Ji ~.)~J ,s:-1.l~I ~ o_;iii "·Q~ wl_;.:Pb l&J LjS'.;J.I
- 162. .;->.~I w.J>.t ~0t ujl ~1 <JA ~ ~ ~i l:IJ.AJ ~ 0iJ -~ :a...Jt&.JI ~I wlj . ~ -:tt .) - 1.J.A .a.bL..iu.i - - ~ ·- ~ ~ ~ .. .<:?"Q.!t;.,;;ti ~b~L;i ~y.11 ~.;J "}! H6.0 -a .!L~~ '"",_;~.!' 4.J'..1£4,tt u~tat ,a....w1 L~t ~t~!J L.J...)S..,.Jt '~...J~,rt .. L~. · .<-:a. Q,t;.,;;ti a...Jl.....4ll Ll -~t a..4J ·L '-"-4 l · t J~"}! & - t~ ~ - J.)~ y~ (.,)_,....... - - - - '.)-'"' ~ ~ u ~ . - (Doty et-al, 1993) ~l..UI a.!Q.!t;.,;;JI ~~I~~ ~Ll..o ~L.....uJ - · -~1 · Ll:tll - - - ~J ~I - '}!I wl w..JI -- · i ~ ~LJ.::t~ ~ ~ - - ~ -·- '..>-'---'-".. J_ ~u .. ~ ~l~?JI wlJ~I i.!l.ti i...s~ ulJ ,(Chandler, 1962) ~I ~l.ai ~J ~ ~d.l>WI ~~~t; lfJ 0~0t ~I <JA ,1 8 ;;.!a...,:j~<JAJ 18 4.!Q'O;a.!a§J W>UI JS'~l 0~ (WA) (Snow) ~J (Miles)~LA~J .~b~IJ ~y.11 r.J>Lll 0A u~, l.AAIJ .d..A_,h..o ~1~1 ~~~WI~ r~I ~ w~IJ ~I - '}!I · ~ 15~ a..J>.l..UI ~~I · . Ll:tll ti · ~bll - • - '..>-'---'-".. ~J - - ~ ~ ~ <..>":!---"" <)A .~b~I J~ ~J-" ~~?JIJ ~I~ oJbl ~J-" ~j 0U ,IS;;.!;;....~~ y~y.11 15i) J~~I O.)bl ~Ji J~~I o.)l:.J ~ aK .~.,. "}! w~I ~lji i1.ill.:U a~J ~<t ··'I L.:o.I) a., j.)I ~ ~j 4>-1-- · <t ~ ("!.Lo:· it .~e - ·~I - 1 ~~.)- ~.. - -~~- ~(.,)~---'..>-'---'-" .(~I - '}!I ·- ~tt -·- '.)-'-'-'J .. t-4~~ ui ~ (Defenders) ~l.MlJ ~4 (Snow) J-L-.uJ (Miles) ~LA J.)~-J ~ ~ ~>11 ~~..rJI ~ o.)...........4l.I o.)b~ r~ ui ~ a:;l.l?JI at< .:..Qu ~I» wl~l~?JI ~ o~~I ~ JJ~ ~1..ul 0i ·.·: "'! l.J.A .«a.!Q.!t;.,;;tl w~I LJ.l...H...U.I J~ ~ 0~ ~I a:~1 d..:Jol~~I ~l...U.I ~J l.J.A .~l..UI 1... a_,~. tt ~l.i..1.1 ~)LI .•~~ti a........._ a_, & • • "-ti d..4-t.tl ..u . .:UI ~ ~ ~ . '..}-"" . - ~ ~JJ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ,- Miles and Snow, 1978,) ~~I ~I wl.J>.J t~I/.)1...GAI ~ <i'11 u~I wfi.: ui ~11 (Prospector)· 0 ,:;.<;. ·Q" ~4 ~Jb?JI rUo..al u~ J.tl414J ,(44 . - ,ak~I ~J ~JA)UI al.i>-_,JI <)-4~1 ~ .l},.11 ~JC'_j~/~~ IJ.lll Miles and) ~I jLJ ~4 a~I ~ ~Y,I d.:ill->31J ·b.!b;..:lll <)-4 SJ~ ~jJ ~.'"4J ~_,JI oJb?JI ~y:J.A ~1 J;;;;; wlJl..>-4310~ d_J.JJ ,(Snow 1978,59 ~:9.) ~~ 0t 0J.) w~~I 0A ~~~I~~~~ ~l_,JI '".
- 163. ~IJ.1.1 ~ ~J,~LULi 0~ J.J-:P.iJ (Miles and Snow, 1978, 62) .«L_;bl 0~~~1 :~~l~~~~i~wlJ~,~.; .:;.<;...11~_, - - - - ul:PI ~~ ~wlJ ~ ~~» 'd.:kJ · :>S'.J-4 'i 0~ ~~'ii_, (~I) w~.J-4 .(Miles and Snow, 1978, 93) :«~~ Jl..~4 YJl¥J4 ~ ~ (Snow) ~J.(Miles) ~LA LA.l~ ~I ~I LJ-4 ~~I"~ ~~J '~~ 0~ ~IJ.1.l 0i ~ ~ '~..>A>Ll 0~ ~-'"'""~,;.:;.<; ..110i .. II r-'4i~-'"'"'1u~l 0~ ,~IJ ~l~?/l LJ::t I~ u~>la.11 J.:tlb:u~ ~iJ ,~~1 uL.u..uj.4.1! (Chandler, 1962) >1...Lil-!.J ~ ~i ~J-'.J • ~ ~bl:i ~ u~j.l.I "~ ,;;-1:!~ ~1~1 ~l....A)i a.l:tl.4.l ~ ~ u~l 0i · ~ .. · · ~LA · ~ ,~~ . L+el....A)i ~~~I ~i ~ ~i ;;~LlS'., u ~ .J-'-'-"J .. u.. C4J .. .. ~ • ,~IJ.1.1 ~I .. I -:: -'-~ -:ti u~I. " .... i '-'--'-"LU·- t ~>la.JI"~· i L- .. · .. IJ-'---'-".. ~ ~ ~ ~ J · U"' U ~l~?/I ~IJ~ J>l,;. LJ-4 o.; ;; ·uo JS'l.:A.>J_,b:tl LJ.J_;.l~~ LJ:k,Ll:J.l 0~ :a..Jb.11 u~ · .:.1t .l .. ~ WI ylh41.J ~- - ~tt I~ -:: ·-'-~ · ~ cL&L:. .;; · ..:.-:q .. .. ~ ~ ~ f' L [ ,_,_,.. ~ U.. .. J ~ :$ .~IJ.1.1~ ~~- "s:.b~LLb}4.J~<.q · ...... ·i '-~-·H6.1 L- ~ '-?"'" • • • .. ~..r c.J..)-L4J U ~ :$ •• a.:;,<;,,.tl ~"'° .:G::'U ~ ~ ~b~4 44::!1a:JS..rll~0i ~ H6.2 ~"'° .:,~ ~ ~ s:.b~4 ~ ~.J-4>UI _,i ~..rll <J--4 ~i ~ H6.3 .~Ll:J.I ~IJ ~I~ a.....:i.;.twlJI ~~I 0! ,11J~'il11 <.>~ <.>iJ '.· ...~_, .. .. .. - i ,cL&L:. • LA)U ~I ~wlJ ~-"- • ~ ul :.t; .lb'i . l.zc:j • i b · · .. Jf' L- .~ .... ~ ..... ~ U .. ~ ~ ~ u~)lc. ~~""'""(Snow) (1978) ~J (Miles) ~U a: ...;14_, ,~I ~l....A)i .. .. .. · L..A . · -~<j 6..~ a..J>.lwlJI ~I '"b>. · ~ c.r ~ <.)A ~ • .. u.::u u:--:1 "~ 0::t d..:Jw~~' J.:tlh:JI J-l~ .J-4> .:.WI OJb?/~ u.al>JI r~I ~ ~__, I,.. ~I.. 'ii~ l<'.Alt~.q j)U~l.J .u~>la.JI '"~I ~ ..... ~ .... J~ .i.rJ . .~ J~ a..u:. ·" ...u .<-. t.·-~j - .t~~~ 1.:. .:..~ t .r.l .... ~~I u~)l.All · ~ ,~b~I .. J-' '..)J .~u-w-=' ~~(.:T".. ~~ u.. .a:JS..rJ.I ~ c.i'11 ul qt;,iolJ J:f! _,i _;& J~ 4-Aj~I ~l....A)~I ~UI .l.LA (Organizational Theory) a .:q)o ;;JI L~I u.J5J ~J I~ ;;~~ r~' u~ ~ i....S.Jsi CCI; ~..rt.I ~1 ~~I u~l 0i ~ ,,'
- 164.
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- 173. - ~ a..~_;..GJI a_~l~?JIu~ x (l......u~) dbl ,,.JI r.W jAW.~ ,Jb.. ~ °':JJ I~ ·ts..,:Lll o~":JI ~ ~j jA~ ul.)L:u! ~..H - ~~! ~i ~I~ aS' LlJI .J l>JI Ll.....cJ.J ~w :. LA IC" :. . • Lu; .l I ei (0/) ~.:.ti '.) • ~ ~ • .. • ..)-'-'J. ~ ~.) J ~ "': - ,..,,.... ::s ~~ ~ ~~1 f4A Yb ~.:UIJ ,~_,..GJI ~I~~ X .;1>4JI ~ ~ - .. .. ~~1~(1/)~_;.41101 W' ·ts~JAW°~~l~~~J~ ~4t::?JI ~I~~ (":J) x dbl .,,JI f'.JA J jAW.~ :;;~IJ 4.16. ~ ~l~I ::s ::s ~ a:g>t.JI ul~ 4:i}l::JI u)l.....oW.l LJ..A % w! ,Jb.. JS'~J • ~~1 f-4A ~ · · ~I .. ":JI~ "-J~ • i ~.-:ti • • .... i.ill.:.U ,U~":JI ~~L ~ LJA .. • .. ~.. .. • .. U L_J_,-w _;.JJAJ f"':! .J - .. .. . •~l.l~IJ ~.;-ii~ ag~1 ~ yj:i wi ~I '·~- -· ~ -1 - ":JI .Jo .Jo:....:AJI d..J.. ~ · t · i ul :..!fl · ~tu.JI J.4j ~~ ~~.. - J ~..r u lj--'J.J.:;-" ~~ f' J u-u.)l4i .;l.;-411Fa.kb0fi:i ~ ~ JWI JA 1~ 0i i.ill~ J~ us:J ,~ ~l.li c:Gi .1.-:.t1 · --~aS'~I· ·.:.t.:...q · · ___ .t ~L~I-~ J .)'..;--' ~~ '.) LJ.Au~.r ~~~J . ~ ~i .)Llii ,aS'~I ;;_;IJ! J,J~ ~ 0-A ~ ~ ~1.;J L..GJI ul.)l.ll 1.5~1 ~ ~I ~Ll_;..tl1 o-1! .l~ ~L.c. ;;.l.P.- ul~ ~l.o..G.. ~J.4j ~ f4>"~ wi 0--JY-~1 J=l.l wi 1.5~i ;;.)IJ!J:!~.)LliiJ .~l~)'I ~ ~J: ~.:UI ul.)4->JI ~.!.!:;;! Ji l~l.b:J c_,.j.l~I ~~1 ~ Jl..~~1 ~w ~1J 4-.........uJ.J~ ~.)~ ~ a.b>. ~f 4.JI~ J_;l_,.1.1 w".!'"~ ~ ~ aS'~1 u~lJ L...Gdl ~~i l~J: .;;-1::!~ u~I~! I~ ~l_,JI ~;I. ~~1 los·0 ·.1 ~ ":J ~_;..i:Lll ~L:.JA-...tlJ ~J-4~1 wi J~ c:G~ ,~W4J ~J ·»-4ll Ct.9_,J1 ~J ~I o.J+f ::i: .,,;t4 ~~I~,~ ~l.li ~~~fa. ~ c:GiJ~ ~~1~.{U ~_,..GJI ~4 a:,~ ~J-4)UI wi ,;a :;.!:;>.JI 0i r~' ~1 w-o~ ;;.)bl~ d..4l4A~~7"; ..11~i 0iJ~~bi ILLI~~ JJ6.. ~»~~I ..>:!~I wi LJ:> ~,~ ~ ~ ~1.,:-J ~lS' ~ ;;.)l.l?JI 'rf'".!.'!t ~I~~~~~~~ ~4--J ,((;;.)b?JI WJ-'-".)~ cJ.-1...H~I ~ wi ~ .J.fo'>'-11 0i ~.ll ...>:!~' 1~ 0i t.)LlJI 1.5~ d..:loli!J>::t J~ (Lipsky, 1980) ::s .. .L...GJI ~_j_,:J I~ wlS' ~":JWI ;;.)l.l! ~J Jl_;g~I ;;.)b! ~ a:_).S'~ d.!: ,,.;JI ul:Ji ,,.o!t~tJI wi ~~I wi J~ 'w.Jl.,_..:A.34J .(Strategy Process) ~l~?JI ~ y~y'b:i 0i ~I ..Hf:. l.r-4 ~l.l~I V
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- 237. .L..bJI ~_jjAJ ~~~ <i'11 0:01~~1 :(Targets) c..a1~~1 - J--L.J ~ LS.J.....:u.ll :(Wales Improvement Network) ()j ,..,,..JJ..>-UJ ~ - D~~I ~i) (Syniad) d ;;.! I et;;_. r~ ~.:.Ulj ~I..:,, bl I ,,JI Jf9<)A~ I ,,=c:JJ ·(Cl:J~~I 's .".! ...b ~ ~ :(Welsh Development Agency(WDA)j.L.tJ~JWj~ - • ~L -~ a..d ..c• .Q:Al~I ~I..:,,~ :. '=·---~~t ~_,~.. .. ~~ :Welsh Local Government Associan (WLGA)..>-UJ-:t ~' '-4~1 ~~' - .j.L~ ~1 ~LW-JI ~~ ~ <i'11 ~1 ~1 :Y• .,.. r~ d .. ~.. ulJ.1..ut/' ~ ~ The Centre For) ~.lJ~ ~~ ~f'IJ ~1 LµI i!J~i JS'..>-4 r~ jS_rtl r~ (Local and Regional Govemmetn Researc At Cardiff University ~ L..bJI ~ ~ ~l~f'I o.;l.l'/1 ~b ¥~.>tfi ~ t~ i!J~l~dJ~J;;; •uO~.)~t~ l.J.Aj .j.L~~I LµI ~ u~~~I c..o.Jh=i ...1J .(Y· •t) f'~ ~I iJ.:tJ ~~~IJ ~.l~'l'I ~~ C4 ~ Wl-'"""" ~l:L,Jl o~ u~~ uf ~ .j.L~ ~I ul..bl.'""11 J..? .~lj'.4 ~L....ui ~~~I ~1 ~b.tll ~~ Wl~ ·~Ti ...ti <)Ao_;~ •a..a..i9.l y • _, O • I ~"'.':. -"'.t 4:,l..u..c.u~I .. ... .. .. ~~. ~J ,~,~~ .Wl£. t~tl ....j. " ..:,,~I .. 'ii -: ..L"'.t L·-4~1 a.4J. Lt1 4.9 .l . <.r.-..H ~ "'? ~J ..... ~~ ~ ~ ~ !)-AA ~ <)lJ .~ ~ ~~ <i'11 L..bJI J~ J..? 4.Ll:ild.~.b.:tlJ d..:il:P.>A ~..1-4i <i'11)db' .,,J1Ji~.;blu~Jj.1t;u !!!<JAh.! .1.V""4:?~..:.s44--f'1rJ;.; ,,.; 4SJ-LA~l<J.4u~oJJ .~l~..:.s4~'l'l~jAWWl~J .(~ :~l.Ri a.J>Ci (r) <JA a:,~'!11 u.PJ .~b.tll J)l;.. <JA ~-r;,,.u ''1"0
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- 246. .-..,,.,,t:; ~I :(CentralGovernment Agencies) 4-A~LjS.iJ.to~~t - - - 0 ".I. ~'•I •-/a.JLS' i ".I.at ~atl ~1 l~a L-:<" ..;-JJ:' - j'"fP."' J J ~.J«' .. 'Y .. • u-- ~..)A :(Economic and Social Research)~~~tJ ~~~~t o~t ~ - LµIJ rW1 ~IJ ,J~~1 Djb?J ~~~' J~ <?' a.!"'.!,JI ~' ~' -~~~1J ~.)~~I ala~~I J_p- .j.LJ:' ~1 ~ u~'.!;.;;t1 ~ a.iµ1 a.!.~·iatl :(ESTYN) ~1- ~# J '~_,:,tla~ :(External Stakeholder) cJ~Ju...lt",.. 'Ia! t'":'~t - .LWI al.A...GJI (:'.Jji ~ ~l~~I al~ ~L.;JI tlb.4ll a~ Ji 0-4·-· .,,.,,tic?1 a 4t;,;tl :(lmprovement)..>-1~tJ~tUlSJ/j~ ~~I ~1J ,;;.)~1 ~_¥] ~4J.1 ;;~LuJ. d..:bJ,I d.AµI a....1. 0 t~ J;9 .~b~l~J L>'6A ~~ ~ ;;~i :(Professional Bodies Agencies) ~t u~t - .(WLGA ~)a~~ Ji ..s:il~ d..:J~I al~ al! .~.;.;ti :(Regulatory Agencies) 4.:h;·"lt ¥~l.4lt ;;~~t .4i~I as:LJ.4 LWI ala...GJI (:'.Jji ~ ~ .d...o~I tiJji ~ rWI Jo~I :(Service Improvement) 4.o~t ~ - ~ a.Jµ1 a.! /i.iatl :(Social Services) j.laJ:1 ~~~t ulA~P.: .~.; <u - • ".I. ~~~1 al.A...GJ1 '- .~..~.:.~q ..;-JJ:'.. . ~~ al.bL:u.LllJ al)->-4JI ~~ :(Strategic Management) "-~~tft iiJbtft- -~I .. 1 i -~I .. ~1 ".: ..L-: - • Ci.:>..:il.~J1 ~1 I.:. b -·- '.>-'-'-" ~ ..... '.)-'-'-", ~J~~ • J u-- .~L ~l,;Jl ;;. t~".t1 '-LlJI ~a~tl :(Strategy) ~t - ~t- • ~JI.>"" .~ - • - !>4"'. ~I ~<?I ~I :(Strategy Implementation) ~~tfl ~ - ·' ·"=~ - 1".: ..t-":. -" '"&' ... -'.>-'-'-"~~ •a...o...GJI (:'.J.¥1 '-'""La:i ~I al:!W1 :(Targets) ~t~~t - YU
- 247. ~_,:-J j.L_,J j.4~1i.>~1 :(Wales Improvement Network) j...LJ ~ - .(SYNIAD) J~ ~~~I alb.L-JI c;J1 ~I :(WDA) (Welsh DevelopmentAgency) 4.! Q ;; ' 'J.LJj~/4.llS_, - (Wlga) J.LJ:' ~I 4AµI JL.:-.:il _j.L_, ~~I al.J:.~ ~ ~t:i .J.LJ:' ~I alb.L-JI ~~~~I ~I ~I J-AJ u::tll~'.i~~t4..~ a(Y)~t ~ ~ ('t' ••'t') rl.J:. aL,~ ybS11 I~~ J_;J U afjlA..o ~Uj ~ J~I ~ ·(~4 ~ J~I ~) ('t'· ·r) rW ~yill ~~I<.)! a'iWI ~~ Yto
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