More Related Content Similar to الإدارة_الاستراتيجية_وأداء_الخدمة_العامة_رايز_أندروز_وآخرون.pdf Similar to الإدارة_الاستراتيجية_وأداء_الخدمة_العامة_رايز_أندروز_وآخرون.pdf (20) More from AhlamHalimaBen (7) الإدارة_الاستراتيجية_وأداء_الخدمة_العامة_رايز_أندروز_وآخرون.pdf4. .~, tl1'0 ,4,.Latti..)1~'11-'faA©
.~l~LU1~,,.tl~l.!W.1~4...u~
4.olatl2.A~t ~l~!J ~~'110..)1~'11
-~I ~!~l~iJJJ..Ul~!J
.~, tl1'o ,~y,,.r1
·~ yt x W£"'°YVi
~VA-~~i·-'t-YYV-Y .~~..J
$)•~'11·h.!h~•-" ~~'11-'
,~l-~(~_,14)~,~·.l
.:,1jolatt ·~ (~..)14) ~
tfO/" f• if!~~t~J
~VA-~~" •-t-YYV-Y ,.~t 4~J
5. Strategic Management and
Public Service Performance
RHYS ANDREWS
GEORGE A. BOYNE
JENNIFER LAW
RICHARD M. WALKER
©MACMILLAN PALGRAVE ~I J~
Ji ,yl:cS:JI l.U ~~I .)1_,.l.I LJ.4 ':?t rl..G::L......I j~ "i .alo~ ~I J~ ~
.~WI &A~ 0~1 c..,.k J~I 0J.) '~~Ji~'~ Jl ls>-~I
"First published in English by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan
Publishers Limited under the title Strategic Management and Public Service Performance
by Rhys Andrews, George Boyne, Jennifer Law and Richard Wal~er. This edition has
been translated and published under licence from Palgrave Macmillan. The authors have
asserted their right to be identified as the authors of this Work."
8. :J~~I-
Yt ..................................................................................... ~~~!~~ ,_,
n ......................................................... ~IJ~IJ ~~ ,~l~?J 1.5~ Y-'
:JJl~l-Y
t" .................................................. LWI L...W ~bi~ a.! jiijJ a~.!:ll pi , _.,.
ot ............................................ LW L...WI ~bi~ ~j..ll a~.!:ll pi Y-Y
"1 ............................. rY· ·1-Y·. y r'~)U ~b)U ~~_,.t ~W 1-Y
"t .................................................. (LW) L...G.J ~b~ ~J ~L:P~l t-Y
"A ........(r.Y• ·1-Y· ·)~I~ (LWI) L..L>JI ~ JWtJI ~.4..o o-Y
"A ........................................................................................................... ~J ~l;P~l "-Y
v' ................................................................................................ ~IJ~IJ a.!4.!t;,;;tl 4.!i:ll V-Y
Ar .............................. LWI L...G.JI ~IJi ~ a_~l~?JI 1.5~ pl,_,
~ Y ............................................................................ ~I a.bkJI /o_;IJ?JI y_,l.u.l Y-1
(~j~) ~ J~I J.J.Li.A i:,,~iJ (Conant) ~L>§ i:,,1..).:-.o r-r
~o ......................................................................................... Snow ~J Miles j.J:l.A
~" ............................................. jAW ~J ~I~~! ~l..a..o t-1
~A .................................................................. ~l~tJI [j~ ~ Jol+;.;'il j.ALAA o-r
~~ ................................................. LWI L...WI ~bi_, ~-ul~?JI 1.5~ "-1
' .............................. LWI L...WI ~IJi ~ ~l~?JI d.C.~ pl ,_t
V ............................................................................... ~l~?JI ~~ ~l..a..o Y-t
''A ................................................. LWI L...WI ~IJiJ ~l~?JI ~~ 1-t
'~ ....................................................... ~b~IJ 1.5~1 x ~l~?JI ~~ t-t
'
9. 2z0tto.,~tt ~,it
rrr ............... LWI L...WI ~bt ~ ~l~?JI j.!';;; y_,l.u,i pi ,_o
'tr ................................................................................... ~l~?JI .J.!a;; ~~ Y-o
'H ................................... LWI L...WI ~btG ~1 u.u.."l'I ~ •:.....LA r-o
J ...... ~--~ - ~
'to .......LWI L...WI ~btJ a_~l~?JI i.S~ X ~1 ~...LA t-o
'o" .......................................... LWI L...WI ~biJ ~..rll J_p- ~L..ul.J..UI ,_"
t ................................................................................................................. ~..rll ~~ Y-"
,,t .................................................................................................................... ~1.)~'j ~..rll Y'-"
'"O ....................................................... ~1.)~lj ~l~'fl i.S~ X ~..rll t-"
o ....................................................... ~1.)~IJ ~l~'fl ~~ x ~..rll o-"
'"" ........................................................... ~1.)~,J~l~?JI .J.!a;; x ~..rll "-"
'Ao ............................·~b~IJ ~I a~.!:11 x (SC) ~l~?JI i.S~ ,_y
'A .............................. ~b~IJ~I a~.!:ll x (SF) ~l~?JI ~~ Y-V
'""' .................................. ~b~,j~' a~.!.JI x (SI) ~l~?JI ~ r-v
'"°' ..................... ~b~lj ~j.J.I a~.!:ll x (SC) ~~?JI i.S~ t-v
'°'· ................................... ~b~IJ ~j.l.1 a~.!:ll X ~~?JI~ o-V
'°'· ..................................... ~b~IJ ~j.J.I a~.!:ll X ~l~f'I ~ "-V
'°'o ·············· ~b~4 ~l~?JI a:g~ ~a~.!:" 4.J..W.1 ~l_r.Pb.11 V-V
nr ..................................................... L...WI ~IJb! ~ 0-4 ~I ~1.J.>.j ,_.,.i
(V-' LL4A '"') ~IJo.i.u·~'I · ~l,9 •. :1t(T) L:i>I j:.t&j Y-'fi
<>"- c,,-- ~ ~ ~ '»"""""' J. ~
.,,.,,.,, ..................................................................................................................... i.S~ JS'~
11. l~~t2.4..W..
:~J ,q:jlS'..HJ ct..UI ~JJ ~ r>LuJI ,ru~' ~.;t..aJI ~1 <i'1L.u.;
0-A ~ ~ LWI L.J.>JI ~bi..9 ~l~?JI o).)?JI J..? yt6' ~.>i ".JA
:~ .:Gi y~I j.!4;.!J t~_,.1.1 ul~ ~~~~I
,,
~1..9 '5~1..9 ~I~ 0-A ~l~?JI ;;Jb?JI t..i>-9 J6:,J_, ~4! :~t:i
.~I ~J~J J>.l..UI ~ a.!q.!t;, ;;tlJ a.!~.!:ll ul.>;j.1.IJ .>J~IJ
-
~ .).! ,:;,.!J ~l~?JI OJb?JI J..? ~lj ~I V")..UI ~ r~ ::Jo
.~l~?JI ;;Jb?JI J~ ~ <J->?~I J~~
c.:rk ~to..9 ~~..9 ~)...lA, ;,;~ ~l~?JI ;;Jb?JI ul~t:; ~4! :~IJ
~I uLA.J,;JI ~ ~...1.......1u j.f,jj ~ ~L;.JI tlbAJl..9 L..oWI L..o...WI ~bi
;;~I ul:~_jll ~ o.)~ u~G. ~ iill.JS'J ,;;~I ~I ~j.LJ:l~l..9
..u~IJi.oJJ..Ul~~~l~J:f9J~IJ~IJ~~~JA~I
~ ~~~ ~ IJ..14Lc.I LJ:d.lj.1.l 0i y~l l.JA ~ w~ ~ ...LAlJ . l..L......i.J_jAJ
~l~?JI. ;;Jb?JI J~ ~ ~ w>lS'J Snow _,.L-...uJ Miles ~LA 0-A
J~ ~..9 ~L;.JI tl..b..4J1 ~ ~lj~I 0i Snow~ .;~~I .lJJi ~
:a.:,JtJI u~I ~1 ~-ul~?JI ulJ~I ~.! ,,,4;.' 0J.AJa..i.! 'qsi'·'?" ~~I
Defenders 0~1..Ul-r Analyzer 0_,1.6.J.l -'T' Prospectors 0J.;.::.<;...tl _,
ul.;~I J~ ~ aJw ~ ul~ ~ ~i ~I.;~ ~1 IJJLJui ~i WS'
~.~ti.°"·",... WI~ .Reactors·· '-Ll:i..ll 1··1- 1.-=1t-l~I - 'l'I
.'J-W ~-...:;.) .:..9 '-'_,............ ~ ~ -·- ~~
,, - -
01. lj.!.i;i_, lS~J t 4.!q ·ai lsJ~l~! Cl:JwJ u~I "~ ~ ~ J;.l...lA
j~I ~ u~l~?JI "~ ~ ~i ~ ~ _jA ~fill ~JWI ~ LA
d..:l>l..UI aj;.L:!.JI ~ WljCA ~-' d.:ub?JI ;;~~I ~bi~ ts-"= ~ ':?"4µ1
~JL;.JI r~ISJIJ Internal Fit ~l..UI rjljLJI ~Jib: LA Ji ~.;L;.Jl..9
~ ~l:.J.4 ~lb u~I uiJ "-....J~~..9 cU;..l...lA w ~..9 External Fit
12. t'
~
t'
~t>
&:"
~
:[
1'
..
~
~I
&:"
·~
(r
!
•t.'
[••
~·
(p:
<t'
t.
t.
'
C
i
C...1
(•
Ci
<t'
•[
£
[r
t
~
(•
{
~·
~
.{.
·~
tJ
l
[
~
{'If-
~
£··
f
.
'
f.
[
Y.
~
·~
f
f
~
f
't
cf.
ill
$
1·
i
r:
t:
1
.~~
f
.~·
,f'··
~
t
I),
.r
·t'
.
~·
~
r.
-r
't.
~·
r-
§.
~.
·~
lD
l
t
t§
·~
f
f
f
~
.t
~
£,
fS
~
...
~
f
·~
(.
[:
'-.
~
[
[!
c-
I),
.;-
·!i.
E:
.
i'
fj;;
~!
r
1
~
·~
c-
~
"-·
I
[o-
~
-
r
l
·
n
.t
f-
t
i
~:
l
lr
E'
.
i
c.;.<
r.[·
1·
,
ft"°~
le'
'
,P
l~
l
•
t
'
·~:
~f't
~
-
C>•
[
~
f.
•C
~r
•C
f-,
I:;
h
·~
f."'
[:"
'
-
...•
f''
6·
C>!
•
l
"'
:
"
""
'
~·
,
~
J•
-
,
.
•
,
•·
,.
~·
·
L
_
~
•t-
f
1::
.
b
l:.
l
,
•
..
t
<t_
q
,
-
-
1
,
E:
,
{
b
1
if
i·~·
[
i
tr
{
r
,c:
l:
~
·(
-;;
tr
rr:
f
~.
:§
t
~
~.
~
€
g
.
·~.t
.c
·'1:
t>
,
b
'c.
~
'I·
·V
k
f.
,
~.
•
-
'
l
E
Ir
~
11:"
~
~
'
£
'
<t°
.
~
..;-
-
_..
f
C·
~
lD
~
f'!?.
•
'
~
'
~·
'
'
-
-
~
.es
I
[s
'
'
I
..
-
1
L
~·
C"°
h
:
t;;
~·
l~
1
(-;e
t:
·r·
~·
~
l
t
.
E
i=
~
~
i
~
f
l:
C•
f
&
~
f
r._
I.
;~·
-
l;
.
{
;
'
"
.[-"
.
-
G_.
~·
p
~
C.·
-
-
l
-
·[
t
b
~
t!
-
l.:
'
c·.
-
~
t'
,
~
.
.
~·
-
t>
'
ff~
.;-~·~·~:!·c
t1.·.[~~tt
l:tf.l:
~~:
.
.
!
~~
f.
H
l
fi
~
.~
!·
{
~·
·t:
f
~}.
'
"
-·
t
t-
.
~
~
f
~
l
t
~
f:r
1:
i:
.
~
f
.;-
~
"',
J,·
t.
j:"
E
t
!L--
~
'i.
'
1
'
.
;
·~
"'
f
t.
J:"
If..
c..
.t-
·~
~
·
.
t
~
~
~.
·~
~
~
·1-
f.
~..
.~
~
[•
[r
.e-'
f
~
t
~
f;,
~·
rr
~
~
~:
l:.
%
r..
~·
L;"
-
"f>
.l.
-
~
t>
,
~
{
.~•
(f
b
~
f)
~
•
~
[r
f;.
C...
1
~
•E;
~
~
C.•
~
~
tC
~,
~·
·~
t
:r
7
.
.
~
~·
1-
'[
1:
"
H=
.P
l
~:
l
E..
f,
<t·
t>.
l
h
~
,
2
~!
~
~
l;
1
·r;
~
~
c·
.
.
~
-;
'..
~
[
-
-
"
~
~
(.'f
s
G_.
!.
.~.
·~
e,
.;
f
¢.
·~
r
r
'
~
.[
~
·~
r
[o
~J:
'
"
-:
.J
[•
~
.r
~
r.
~
t
I),
~
~
·~
~~
~
i
~
c...
c
~
E:
·r
~
~;
1
1
b
[
[
~
·~·
·fi
!..
-
~'r
~
1
r~
~
~·
-
~
p.t
[
.:-
l:
~
~~ti.
t..
·~
d;
;~:
~
t
l
~
t
·~
·~
l
~
'
.
·~
~·
[
•~·
fb.
;~.
['
..
..
£
t"
-
I
~
I
,
(;f-'
f
~I
._,
c;:
_
..
13. ~t:;J~ ~ WJl~i J...s ~J ,ct..lJI 0::ihi ul~I ~ ~ o.;JLg Li l..Lj!
~ -
<i'11 oJ~4 Ll~!J o~IJ t~4 I< .,,0
; F'~I ~..u::JI .J~ ~ l..Lji,:s o~I
~bf o~LlS' ytU ~~ l.Libl.;9011.5_?-f a....1.o4 JS'~ t~' ~ ~~~
. -~ a...Jl.a.4JI l.JI A ~ti . -~~I 4.Jb::u..u~I U.,L..._j, • ~ • i . . ,LWI "-4..G.JI
r.:r- .. J .. .:J""" r.:r- J . . . . LJA • (.) ~..J
~~?II y_,.._.!JI (j ....!.ol cJ.> ~l_,.l.IJ <)k_,JI (j,.!.ol Aj,4.iJ <i'1' ~_,JI ~~I
-~'J
o~I ~ ".JJ~ <JAJ:! ~~ jl..iJo <.JA ul~LALI ~~ F'~I ~..UI L4..G.JI 0!
1.5...U ~~ 0i j.At ~YJ y~I 1.J.A ~ l..Lj!J ul~I F ~<GI.;~ 0---0j.J..J
~ ~ ~l_,JI e_)lb~I a......uJ ~~I ~I?.!~ o.>:'~IJ ~IJ~I y~I
...u_;, l..Ljl ·...>-"°WI ~J~I ~I u~ J_p.. o~I uWll JS:.:.J .J...1..&.o LA
~4--1 ...u_;, ~ [b:,~ llij.11 ~I Jjl_,J.I <.JA oJLi:u.u~IJ a.J~I u~ u4~1
~Lu..o ~ ~L;JI <.:..~~~I i.SJ°JJ u4L.1uJ 4µ y~I u~j3 <.:..~
.. -
o~.;JI oJ~I ~ J~I ~j3J ~I 4.:q ;1 ~I~ I~ w:.:.UI u---uJI .J4S'
.j.!lS::JIJ ~LlSJI ~ ~
~I ~...U 0~ _,_J l~J t~_,.l.I J_p.. ~l.;-ll ~ ~~.'"4 y~I ~..J
~I~ y~I ~..;..G ~..LI.I LJ.>JI ~fo 0fJ ~.J-U'_,J.l ".J.A ~ ~ e_)lb)U
.as'~IJ ~Jyill ~~I ~I?.?/ ~J ~Ji "~J cll~i ~
l..Ljj~~L~0i Jy,~uL....lb. 0 11<.JA~I ~y l.Lljb ...L....AlJ
0iJ L,~1.5p.i~y~jl..4llu~ ~J'~~lul°JwL....b.011~ ~_;.:;
- ..
: I. ~ti Ll, ~1 I ~b Jl:g ~Jl Jol.a.J',)11 •WG .... a..u. ~ti d..i.UI
~~ ..~..H.. - ~ Jc.-T . .?..>-J -~
c.:J~J~~j~~ lAJ
c.:,,~~~~i~J
<ii~.J..&.o ~ ~l~I 1_,JL ~
<iiL..ui ~IJ...UI ~ uu FJ
-
~~J ~ ct.UI ybS' ~J
a..n~ · A·'' - · i~
J~F'~ ~ -
<.JALS' .J...UI ~~i ~~I Lli
. b t.~ l.j -<-· w
'-?"'"""' ~Jt.;r! ~..J -
~~J l+.tJi~~_,ijJ-JL.Q.JI a....J- l.WJ~0i ~::iJS'<.JA~i~J
L~ c.:,,~ ~~1 Jbl.i..l.IJ u:~I <.)A j.At Ll.AJ .~l.,;J4 4.:ic ~~I ~IJ
- fJ fJ
~l>LJ4 ~L;.. 0S.Ji w~I ~ 0§J 0iJ ~~.JJ =~, l.J4S'J l.J~ ~l_,.JJ
"
14. o~~ as:.LJ.I ~~<?I ~~_,...,JI ~IJ ~~~I ~1>'14J <:r..r.JIJ <::r4~f'I
~ Ll,jlJ .~I ~J ~J ~J Q:-4~1 o.J..6.C. ~J-'4-'-"J ~_;--c:wl LJ:-4»'11 r~l>.
~J-LllJ ~4 ~ ~.Lll ~.;JI jl_,.kll 0A ~ ~IJ L_;bf'I ..Li~~ ui ~I
ubw 41.JI _-;: ~ ,d.J':llb - t.t ~ · •.:... t - - LuL._j, · t ~.J.4ill
- c..;r-IJ . ~ ~ ~ ~.Y"'"' ""~ • • u ~
~:;JIJ uJl411J r#'J yb~I ~ ~.r.JIJ ~~f'I ~~J ~ ~ as:LJ.I
.~_jll 41.JI_, .~L.u,jf'I ulA~I_,
(snow) · ,...., ..~ .....t '->~I ulJ ..JAA cU~ l4J '->~I J ~ -· · ..A.j
Y-'-"J~~ • f' . . :.? - ~ u
~4JI ~ <?' Q:AL.;o.l.lj d..GA~IJ o~..WI ~.:i_;J 0A ~'~ye: y~I 1.:ui ui
y_,b:i ~ ~~~ ui ..S'~ c:G~ ~y~I 1.:ui UJJ~ ._g.J---'-" LWI L..G.JI o)~1 ~
~I ~.>Ai c:Gi_, 'f'WI tlb.411 ~~~~..Li ~L~it.I_, u~~f'I
·"~J~J-4 cUJ
15. ~..w
~ ·(..)-" ~.)~~~' ~
Foreword By Prof. Charles C. Snow
~~ a./:JJ ~4- J~~I o)~?l ~ d.:JS'J w~ ~jA ;;.:i:;Lui ~J
Mellon Foundation Fellow, Smeal College of Business, Pennsylvania
State University
Alan_;.:Lo w')JT t.t;)l.o_; C4 ~Raymond Miles j.J:Lo~.J-4-l...JJ wi ~Lo~
r''W· rl..~i ~~~I~ w~i ~Henry Coleman wUfi ~~J Meyer
tS tS tS .. tS
·~J~J~~~,'l'~"J~4~~~~'~?lloJb?/IJ~w~
~b~ J..C.L..u ~Snow _,.u.uJMilesj.J:Lo~J~.J.ll ~l~?/I ~~~wu
,(Managrial Strategizing) ~l~?/I oJb?/I w~~~ I q8q .;;.,.' wo·o~l l.:ui
~ ~J .(Organization Theory) ~I~~ ~IJ~U ·b.!b~iJIJ
~ ...lA ~ :. ·) ~ w>L·-~' · · .. ~~ · w~ :. ~I l..UL-..ul ~
.. ~ . ~ .... ~ ~~ 0A ~ .. J
40 1'9~wlu.4i)~ ... o..........JJ.>.b·L~<~t·~-~~·lJ~,(~
.. .. ~ .. • ... :J-',.,_..,., (.) (.) .. (.) ..
.. I • I(" • I ··- .. ( I·..•, I I - .. I • ) .. .... .. I • ( I . :. ..
4.c. L..LL.o <..)"" ~ ~
..)'-lJ . f;. ...u.J w~ clJ:. ~ ".) " f I ,, Q clJ:. L..LL.oJ w .!"I •• t I ,, AJ
I :,.~.<;,,,ti~ ~j w~~ ~l~?/I wlJ~' 0-A an~ Jot4>i ~
~i ~(The Prospector,Analyzer & Defender) ~l...UIJ J..-.bJ.IJ (~I)
~ ~i ~J ,~b wl~ ~ ~..ul~?/I wlJ~l L.>A Jol.4>i ~ Ll:s~
,, R ..
wr11 ~ wl.! q ...11"~0-A ~ uu . eactors ~I ~J~J JJ~ 151 (u,,k.Ll:Ll.1)
tS .. ..
Q .to;;JI 1< d, 1 q,J'.~-.>ts'.1.;; ~1 .., ~1. ~~~as. _:._,1 ~' .. 1
(.;t".. ~ ~ uu '.) ~_j-UI ~ '..J-"""'"" ..... ~..
~-'Miles ..>J:Lo w~ ~ L>-AJ .~..ul~1 Lw~Li: ~.J.JI ;;Jb?/I r~J
C4 rf;.ljLi wi 4lALlJI as~1 ~I~?/~ 'l' ct.ii ~w (r' CAt rlA:.) Snow
~~I uiJ (External Fit) (~.;l-~.JI rjl..~1) ~~Lo Ji ~J~I ~I
(~Lui rjl_,:&.11) ~'~?!' C4 ~~ 0i ~ ;;Jb?/I W~J a qto;14
~ ~6W ~ a~.!:tl C4 J1~4 r~ljLi wi ~ ~ ~ uiJ (Internal Fit)
.(Dynamic Fit) ~_r>JI rjl_,:&.JI ~ ~ ul ~Lo Ji L.>Aj.ll ~ J,.uil.U.JI I~
:~)ill w~..ul~?/I tl~i ~ ~J
J-lfa ~ )~4 J.W w~~ ~(The Prospetors) w~I Ji wJ:..=;.<; ...tl -
1f. " If. ~ "
')/JI 1.!.1~4 b..~ w~ ~IJ .o..1:?~ JIJ--"-"IJ wl.!;;;;J ,ul.o..G..J ,u~
,,..
16. Ji ~_,.b:LJ ~.l~J ~~t ~ l.l~I J~4 J:;;t4 '-41 '~~ ~Jl.4.o
· ~~4 a.L.all ul~ ~IJ..144 ~ J-""" ~~
ul~ ~~ Jo_,.b;._,_,i~Ful~ulS'~~ :(The Defenders) 0.,...e..U -
~ 0.JJ ul~ ulJ~J ~ 0~ ~1 .~1~~.>J_,.bJ ~ ~ ~J.J.41. ~w
• ..~lt a..alJl ~~ l ·.A 4!. ~~ti • < - . ~ti -, ~I
C'""~ - . ~ ~ ~ ~ '?""' ~-"""
,a.!;.!:bit ~~I ~1)+4 rJ;.; ...; ulS'~ ~ :(The Analyzers) 0.,lbJ.I -
-
~_j ...;11~..)JI~ 0-'"4~ ~t_, ,1~ Jii_, ~i ..s:~ F ~ ~-'
...i...J.~t L· -L uwl.S:AI ul~ 4J ul.U.o:i · ~ ~ ,-;~q ul....u.o ·.. -"".t
- y- ,_,.,.._. ~ .~ - c.J-'"4 - ~- -· ~
.o.J:~ u'-4..b.J ~~
~~J~'i1_,itl~)'10~,~L:i~~'J_,b<JA~~t~~4_,
~ ~J'(r'°'°'' 0J.,».iJ~LA)J~ul~~>WI u~~)'1t~i0f~
0.,lbJ.IJ .o.J:~ ul.!;o;.>J_,_b:i~ ~~I~ ~~I 0J...U~ ~;, .=;.<; ... ti 0i
~~~>&JI ytU0~~ ,;;..s:~I JI-"""~~~.; ,=;.<; ...J ~ 0~
;;..i:;~ul~~ ~~Ji ~..)~u~J;s<J-4 ~~~Jl~~I
..)~~U J~I uwl.S:A} ~J ~ ~J..144 ~ ~ o..).;-AU oJ.J.41. ~J .~.;..
.~~~~~~~~~~~~J..s.AJo.J:~a.!;;;_,i~~~
0~ 'tl.>:&~'i ~~J~~ Wl.4.J ul~W ~JJ0yi .=;.<; ... ti~ ~J
~ u~/u>l:..u:i J>...)! ~ ~J..144 ~WW ~l~Wl 0~ LJ:l.bJI
ul.!;;;t J..::>c-Y ~ ~~ 0-4 0.,...e1..u1 .J5.>J-o9 ,(~J) ~IJ ul.!;;; r'~4
0-4 a.:t4)'1~~0~ ~i ~ ~ ~y>.i ulS'~ lAJ# <.f'll u~J
.o~LO~i 1~0lJ~
~>L.o 4-..uJ~ ~UI ;(;)WI ..)~I J~ ~~lj o.;b)'I ~~ rts ..l-Sj
aca.!'~ ~J .(Miles-Snow) (Shortell and Zajac, 1990) _,.L...uJ J.l:La [~~t ~..)~IJ
.W ,(Doty, et-al,1993) ~I~~ ~y>.t [jW ~ ~.;W.4 [j~ J.? ~
.;l.b:!i_, ~~b ~~~?/I L>A JoWi ~btJ a.!.;.:t:..,JI ~~I L-ul.;~ 1-'"4l:!
~-ul~?/I tl~i.;.!.!;;~~ .(Hambrik, 1993.De Sarboet-al2005) ~
~¥. a.!'?"..UI~)' L>-4 t~ JS' as~__, (Zajac and Shortell,1989) ~ji o.lW:.}J
17. [~J4lfl rl~I i.S.J.AJ (Olson et-al, 2005) (Slater et-al, 2006) ~~I as"~I
.(Zahra and Pearce, 1990)
,
J"~I ··t_-: -:ti L.;JI ~lb4ll ulS' :. .-~ L.J -- ~I I~ ... t;.. .... - J.4.J
lj L~ <..:""' J (..)"° L ~ r..:r- .~ • ~ f.l
Rhys yl.:AS' 0~ ·.·! ,,.JI l~J .4-AWI u~I ~[~~I~ a;.l.S:A! J~
~l.:AS' ~ and Rews, George Boyne, Jennifer Law and Richard Walker ·
,
[~_,4s 1-"4...L;.; rc·I ,~4.JI 4c~ i.>A ~~ 0J.l LJ:4.Ij..ll ~'1JA 0U ,~li.U ~
4-A..bJI u~ ~bl~ ~1~?11 oJb?ll ~b ~IJ...U (Miles and Snow)
, ,
~ '4~ c.!ll.lA ,~y..o .JA ~, L;sCi ·(.)"°L.;JI t~I ~ ~ ~ Lal.4i ,LAWI
~~I )ts'~ Defenders ~l..U.IJ Prospectors~IJl~.; .:;.<;.,,t I c.!l_,.L.u
-
JUJI .l_H 0-"°~ ~.:.u1 u1 ,cL.:Jl LlL.o_,:; LA~ ~J, um ·((,)"°L;.JIJ rL...11)
~ ~ ctjf' a ,:;.<; ~lj...UI D~ 01-9 ,4w ~~~(Reactors) u.,.kLi:L.tl ~l
~~ ~ L..i;.; ,,,4 ~ ~IJ'4 ~I ~I ulA..G.. o~i r~ o.lJ..WI u'1L,JI
,~l_,.JI ~~I ~t;,j ~~ - 0.,.kLi:J.1 ~i - J.-..U,JI oJ...H 0-"4~ 0-A J.-;..J.A
..~ · :. LJI '---= -:ti • L..Al.I a.t:&A~I ,oJ..1.>J.I "l:L.i.lt • ..~<tt ~~1. I"
r..:r-~. ~~ LJ:A J J ~ 0-4~ • "-:~
4-AWI 4-A..bJI o~i ~~J.A01J .a 4.!S 1~~~0J~~~ ~-ul~?ll OJIJ?ll
u~J u~l~l J.l_,.bJ ~ ~J~ 0i ..iS~ ~"'i ~y~I I~ uJJ~ ~Jo--"
.D.lJ.l.)A cUJ ,~I~ ..>Aj cl,j~ ,rWI t~I .l~ ~'-:-'-'-"Le:;
0
18. Desarbo, W.S., Di Benedetto, C.A., Song, M. and Sinha,I. 2005. Revisiting the Miles
and Snow strategic framework: Uncovering interrelationships between strategic
Management Journal, 26, 47-74.
Doty, D. H., Glick, W. H., and Huber, G. P. 1993. <Fit, equifinality, and organizational
effectiveness: A test of two configurational theories>, Academy of management
Journal, 36, 1196-250.
Hambrick, D. C. 1983. <Some tests of the effectiveness and functional attributes of Miles
and Snow,s strategic types>, Academy of management Journal, 26, 5-26.
Miles, G., Snow, C. C., and sharfman, M. P. 1993. <Industry variety and performance>,
Strategic management Journal, 14, 163-77.
Miles, R. E. and Sow, C. C. 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure, and Process. New
Yourk: McGraw-Hill.
Miles, R. E. and Snow, C. C. 1984. <Fit, failure, and the hall of fame>, California
Management Review 26, 10-28.
Olson, E. M., Slater, S. F. and Hult, G. T. M. 2005. <The performance implications of it
among business strategy, marketing orientation structure, and strategic behavior>,
Journal of Marketing, 69, 49-65.
Shortell, S. M. and Zajac, E. J. 1990. <Perceptual and archival measures of Miles and
Snow,s strategic types: a comprehensive assessment of reliability and validity>,
Academy ofManagement Journals, 33, 817-32.
Slater, S. F., Olson, E. M. and Hunt, G. T. M. 2006. <the moderating influence of strategic
orientation on the strategy formation capability-performance relationship>,Strategic
Management Journal, 27, 1221-31.
Zahra, S. A. and Pearce, J. A. 1990. <Research evidence on the Miles-Snow typology>,
Journal of Management, 16, 751-68.
Zajac, E. J. and Shortell, S. M. 1989. <Changing generic strategies-likelihood, direction,
and performance implications>, Strategic Management Journal, 10, 413-30.
19. ~i.J.4j
.J) ~~.J iJ..
44<QJ
Preface and Acknowledgements
<Y~u~ ·"'~rl~i~~l~LJ:4JJJ.lul.A~lyt&SJ11~~
~ t~ r"· ··-CCA rl~~I J~ IJAtg Walker fiJJ Law j-IJ Boyne
The Fledgling ~~1 ~1 ~~~1 J..? l.!.U~J ,Walesj.L~ ~_,JI a.!· a~
(~~1 ~1) r~ ~,.!.;;; ~lS:Al t~l 1.J.A ~ ...l!J ,National Assembly
yJ ~ ~ly....._u,?JI 'tJ).l?JI r~ ~1.iu..J .~I J.L..J a..o~ ~(Best Value)
JJ~I ~L.u~I ~Best Value (~~1 ~I) J..? t~I l.J.A ~..J r..tuJI l.J.A
Economic and Social) ~?/IJ ~.lLAa'l'I '=.J~I ~ LJ.A ~1 LJ.A .l...1.......£l
~ 's·.!~ rU .i9 y~l 1.J.A ~ o.lJlyl uwl.:tJI uiJ Research Council (Es Re
~ ~...GJI ~J ~ly....._u,f'I ~ Llj...UI ul~ ul.S'J 'u~~l ".J.A ulJi
(Strategy and Service lmprovemet In Local Government) a .!.,,_t 1~.,WI
YJ Boyne 0--.J~J Andrews JJJ.J.._,,jf LJ...ci JS'~ c.!JJL...j, '-?i - ~ ~ ~IJ
r • •1 ~ r • • 0-4 'tJ~I J)t>. l.!.U~J ,~ ~ J~ 0-4 Walker Law >-5JJ
a_~~~ J~I LJ...cifiJJ 0---J~ ~J ,( • • •n-Cn°' ~J ~I ~.J-4-:')
Advanced Institute For .4.AWI a..o~ '=.J~I DJbf' r..1.4Ll1 ~I LJ.A ..)~4
Esrc/) ~J (( Management Research Public Service Research Fellowships
Grant331 -25 -0004 ~J ~I) o~~I ".J.A rLA)U ~..)<?JI ~I ".J.A Epsrc
.(and 331- 25- 0006
,~_µ1 'tJ~~I ~ J~IJ ~I~ Boyne <J.J~ ~ JS.J ...L...lJ l.J.A
fiJJ <)J~ '-?j - ~~J '.)~'l'lj tL-1.......:1?11 o-k Dj..#..)J ul.S' ~Walker fiJJ wi
J~ c.).A l.!.U~J ,yt&SJI l.J.A ~~ <i'1' o~~I ~IJ (Boyne & Walker)
~ .J..iA r~J .~µ1;a..ow1 D~~I j:-1.li ~~I ..L.411~1 ~~J '~~I
~
~ ~ ~4 IJAtg Walker fiJJ Boyne ~~J Andrews JJ.J~i ,I~ ~_;g
How Public Management Matters: Strategy, ul~ .4.AWI o.Jl.lf'~ r~'l'I
~ly....._u,?JI :(~ 0---4) Networking and Local Service Performance
-23-Res-062) ~I ~.J-4-:' Ci.......u,IJ...UI ~J ,~I d....-4...GJI j:.biJ (Ci.!<: .~.JI)
t~l l.J.A .J.!a;;rU ..,LgJ ·r"·'·Jr· ·1~L:.0::' "'~' ~c.!.L.J~J ,(00389
Texas ~~ A&M "-a.44-- 0-4 (Kenneth J. Meier)~ ~ ~ a.Ji.Aj.14
w
20. 4...A4- LJ.A (Laurence J. O'toole Jr.) J_,_.JJi ~.;_,lJ (Cardiff) ~.l.;lS' LAA4-J
,j-4..1.d:i ~ o~L-."1. ulb)UJ.;~~~4 u_,4lj.l ~~ .i!J (Georgia) l:P.-.;.?.
- .d.AWo~~4~~ffla..ul.;.l~~
~1.;..u1 ~1->+HJ ~~~'~Lu~~ 4AJ)UI U~J...l......1.1 ~ t~ ul
(Common Room) ;;.JJL...u~ d..>.~ ~~ ~ c.:.4i ~_,ll l.'..1.A J)l;.. l!i4~J
u~Jl..UI ".'..1.A ~..) .i!J ,(Cardiff) ~.l.;lS' 4...A~ (Aberdare) ..>:!.l.>:'i d.J:.t9 ~
- -
b~i u~ c.ill~ 1~ ~J .;;~1J 15~10-4 ;;~J U~J abt ...JI J4k~
' - -
~ ;;~'l'I "~ 0-4 ~l~i cYo~ ~ .i!J .y~ l.'..1.A ...s~ ~ IJ-4-AL..u .i9 ps-
AmericanAcademy o.;bf' ~JA~' ~..)S'~I t~' c.ill~ ~ ~ ;;~ u..~j.A
BritishAcademy of ;;.;l.l~ ~..b.,.._r.JI ~..)S'~ ~JAJ of Management
o.;bf' ~~i ..)..:io.:iJ d.AWI o.;l.lf'I ~~~ ~J..UI ~~j.AJ Management
International Soceity For Public Management Research and Public 4...-AWI
~~IJ u~ at ,,,t ...t u~ ~J ,Management Research Association
<i'1' ul_.r4ij.l.IJ uk.~~ ~i) ut=1l.Ull ".'..1.A LJ.A .Al ;.!at;<?' ;;~L....uJ. ~_r1.I
;;~~I u~ c.!.1'.;.lJ ~ ~l.;.4J ~ u~ .i9J ,{o.;_,s'.:U ul Qt;,;q' siQJ.Q·,
o.;bf'~y~ l~~~l?.f~_?.~ ~I .i9~iJ'Y~I l~~d..>.J>b.ll
JoumalofPublicAdministrationa:µJ~l-d.AWlo.;bf'~~IJ
Public Administration and Public d.AWI o.;bf'I ~J Research and Theory
J>b-0-4~1 ~ LlJ~~ .i!c.J:4WI ~ui ~MangementReview
'-J~' I~.~ ~I ~·A .~.)~I~' - 1J ~ ..:t. ~' ~1· ~'
. i.r- u - . - IJ-L'-" ~ - 'J-' WA ~
(Miles &Snow) ~J~LA ~ rWI Jllo~I <JA o.J-tfi [~~~I ~I ~l.r?'l <JA
<J:>-~J .(l.o)~o.lyi.ALll4A~"~J°Jµ 0-4~ ~~J('WA)
l!iLll.u '-'--: o.l~L - LuJI ~ . ~ · ·.<' ~ l.a........u - ~ c.ill.:U ~
~ -· ~~ ~· ~ '-?"""~J • ~ •
~ c.ill~J ,~l.UJIJ ~l.>'ll u~ o.l.J.L&.1.1 [~~I~ ~L;. ,;;~~a.bl ~~1
o.;bf' ;;~t ~~~_,:Li<?' ~I ut9)WI ~ ~ W <?' u~WI
~l~~I ~t ..)~~~,~li.Jl"~J .Snow ~JMiles~U~l~f'I
Charles Snow~ ~.J~J Raymond Miles ~Lo ..Li_j4>_.; 0-4 ~ ..>:!J.4J4
ul~ rr ··A.;: Q • "2.l ~ ~.lJlS' 4...A4- ~ ~t ~.J.JI >4ij.ll ~ LS'.;~ <J:!.:illl
• :I .• ~ -·~~·J ~j :~ A~t , l<' .• t~~I - ~
.J-1-'-"J .r-::"" • .)~ ~ .) - ~ ,..... J ~ - . - 1..)-'--'-A''
Miles and Snow: Organization Strategy, Structure Process: A Reflection
.On The Research Perspective of Miles and Snow
'"
21. J..l=lA ~.i9 <?JI ~~LiJ.I - ~.lJlS ~ _;-4;_;.tl ~i - ~WJI 4'~ ~J
~~LA~¥. LA~l..tii lAl:9 <?JIJ ,~l~f'I o).lf'I J~ Snow ~J Miles
L.tJ.411 ~J '°'v· rl~i J)l;. ~ o~f .>--Jfa J~ ~.;~i ~ as-J~4
·~~IJ ~l_,.JIJ
~I - 1 ·- . W..)• A~ t - -- ~~11.l.A . j . Lr,j ,JI6 ~ti a..wo)L;..
.... ~ ~~ ~~J~~. u i..S.>-J ~ J
r~i~":-'~11~0~i ~<JtjAt Ll:siJ'rW1tL.k.4.l4~b~1Ja QJ;.,;11
. ···-'I J6:..1.I l.l.A . ~~I U~L
~.r.-' • c.r - " .
'°'
Rhys Andrews
George A. Boyne
Jennifer Law
Richard M. Walker
Cardiff and Hong Kong, February 2011
23. :!I
i1i
?.ft.·~hf'~
il:~n~
1
~"'-~S.tr'?
~r
lO
t
~
~:
~
E
~}
'
t
·
.~·
fJ"t'
f
~
t
·L
f
.f
:f.
c;
'
'
.
h
E
1
~•
.p
[
e
l
{'fl
~
.p
~·
to
~
i>
I
I
b
~
:4
t>""
~I
[i
·t".
~
~
·o£
t
~
[
·
~
l.
~
t
1.
~
.r.
s
Ft
~
.t·
~
[·
1
~l.D
(
'
~·
en
Ci
-
b
~
,P-
11
-
f"
[
~
~
ti'
~
t'
r:"
~
•r.
~
f;
,.
C·
g
t>""
-E"
[•
r..
1
r;
~
~
~.
r..
b
)'
Q_
l.D
1
_,.
!-
~
E.=
~
~
-:
t
,
b
(D
~
f):
V
~
l!>·
t.!.
~
6
~
V·
1b
~
~
c·
.
.
.
.
~·
-
-
-
e-
r.
e:;.
f""f"
I
-
~
~I
[1
-
•
i
~'
-
f
.
t••
t
I
b
~
~
C-
[1
[1
_,.
~
!::::
'[
fa-
1;
:[
t•·
't.
rs;;
(r
C•"t
1
1•
'
,
°;f
•
~
~
~
[.
~
·~,
~
rs;;
~
..
_,.
(•
i>
N
,._
(D,
f.
'F.
~
t•
1
~·
ts
~
1
f"
~
-
t
~
fl-'
~
t
'F.
~
1
0
Lf
§
F
f:
1-.
}
~
;-
'!_.
fL
.~"~
·fj.:
~
rr~
~
{:
~
£.
~
n.el
c;;-
l
?
-,.
~
~.
•h'
~.
~
!~
}
b
I'
~-
t
i
~
f;,
fr
~
~
'
h
Cf•
.C
c_
(D
•
~
~
f
t
E-..
l
~
·~
~
b
~
-
-
[
-.
l
~
~
-
~
[•
i
~
i
t
i
:
~
ro
}
f.
t
'f
·
~
~
i
1:
:r.
~
t
f.
~
[
f'
f:
~
l
rt
~~c;;·
(•
-
0.
~
[
1
l
~.
£
.~
fl_
~
-
~
~
f"'
~
~
r.
-
l
[
-
-
i
t'"(j
b
1:
.
~
L1
~
t!
"~
{
,._
v
I
~·.
~
[1
~I
'~·
(1
-
'~
.v
I~
...
~-
~-
-
~
~
.c
~.
~
I
[
t
r.
c;
·
1
[
.
"
't
~
~
·~
~·
f
'I
_:
~·
·
-
·b
-
·
('fl
-
·
l!>·
t
-
P.'
~:
t>""
E
I
~
'l..
"°
C·
.c
-
f;
g
~
r
.
-d
·[·,
•['
•L'
..
~
<f;
i
·~
i·
.
:
rf:
~
~
-
c·
·~.
»:"
•L
1}
t'
I
~I
~
(
;
'
~
•
I
't
{
c
i>
'
I
I
f'i
~I
f)""
-
I:.
~
--"c:
'C
g
:
·
~
~
~
~
g
t
t
1-
·[..
f.
s
.
r
~
t
r
r.
-~
~
r-·
['i
~
~
£
·t
a
--
E
i·
t'
1>-
~;
-
c
-
.~
-
.E
~·
~-
[
t
.
.
~
·
s
c·
.~
l
~
['
~
;~
~
·t'<~
1
;r,
~
l:
~·
£:
~·
~
'(
i:r
[
·L
~
~
c"rh
g_
v
~
<c.
:t.'
.
.
~
·1·
~.
?
t
!:
~
~
'i.
r:
·.
~
"'.
eI
·c;-
-~
,_.
[
f:
.
d
I
it.,
I
-~
cr.·
·t
r;,.
•
l
:s::
-
•
-
!>'
l
E
-~
f
r
·~
~
~
c·
1
-:.
·~
~
'.
~
~
fi.._
£1
~
'
{
.
1
I
c
8
[•
~·
,t'
"r.c!
1.
.
r
~·
~
C·
.t
C·
~
":
'
°
r-
'
°
c
[•
t
~
[
•
>;
r·
L
E
[•
~
""1
E
l
L.
.~·
't:~
~·
-
"rs;;
-
,._
..
c..
I
.
.
.
1L
'
[
t''
~
"i(
'
,~:
...
CD
t
I
c.:
~
.....
•
11
v
y
"r..!
•
-
.
'
~
c..
E.
~·
::o
~
.
f.
.
.
~
l
[.
§:-
"r
f:-
ll·
·t
Cc-
.
..
r
I>-
.11
f
c
·~
!'
·~
~
,
"
~
.l
'°
•C
E
<e..
c
c·
~
L
'
c-
l
S-
&
..
~
r
t!
l
·~
v
-
Vl
l!>·
-
~
~
-
b
4..o
.....
I
•
~·
~
~
-
-
'V
I
-
-
-
24. Ring and Perry, 1985, Perry and Rainey) u-oL;.J tl.b.a.ll ~ 4-&A '?'4~'
.(1988, Boyne 2002
,;;~~ JJ-'-"~ aJ~ J~ t.!k;,,.; ~ "'=-4fi.>JfLW ul.JQ..Ll w~ J~J
u~ wi ~.) ,SJ.4J . ~' ~b~4 .)~ J~' ~~ wl ~ ~'~ ~_,.i. Ji
-
~ ~ wi ~I 0A LfjiJ ,L..J~I ulk.L.u ~.J.l lA 4JLC ~fi.>J/LW
~~l4l'J'~~l.)J:Al4o.)J~~.J.l~~'~wiJ,~J:,~J~'
~ ~ ~..u~?J uJl:PJ 0A at ...t... rWI tl.b.a.l4~~ '~~C4J -~~yJ
u~~ ~ ,;;~~ ulA..G.~y JLA u~IJ ~I~ ulJ~~ cl_J~
wu -o-s_.»iC4 uJlL&.14 Ji In House JjL....A..Jl ulA.J.>J t-t..jYJ ,~~ 0A .)~
- - $
~J~I r4~.lHJ ~~?JI LJ:.> u~I ~ ~ ~ 0A ~J >L_,b I~
~J ~ i,#j:!i Lo~I w~ ,a..JJLa.14J (Mintzberg et-al 1998) bl,;JI uS'~
t~.J.A t~.,ll '~ ~ ~ wiJ ·rWI tlhl14 ~b~I ~ ~t_,.:&.u,?JI >:Pb J.P-
,;
~· ~ lA~ '?'4§>JI tl.b.41J Cl.ALA ~~?l ~S' I~! ~ ~~ ~4
lisl..~i~ lA~~ lA 1~1 ~~I ~i ~J:JAJ ,u-ol>JI t~lul.JQ..Ll
+i~_At ,1 rrL4itJ ,Cl.4.J.>JI t-t_jj&l o~ u~..>=J ~I~ .)l_~~I ~_)o ~
5~i ~~ ulk.L.u 0A u~~ Lfji Ji')~~ ......·.,;.. ~IJ ~I
,~ a.!k.!b;..J ~~_;Jo~ ~4J ~~ u~l~?JI y_,.b:i ~ ~
·,.!,;;; ~~' 0A ~J 5~_;..UJ ~ ~J '~ ~ d..AJ~ .)_,.63 Lfji Ji
- -
~~' t~ 0A ~ Jt '~_;..Ltll Ji~' .b.!b;.
00
J ~_;Jo~ ~'~?1'
,u~jLAJ 4'~ 1.5_µ! vuL...u~ •;, .:..<; ....! 'Y~I I~ ulJ 5~_;..LtlJ ~I
>:Pb ~l~?l oJb?ll lS.J.l wlS' ~l ~~I~~~~~;r.l.4.i..J
5LWI L.J.>JI ~bi~~ Ji ':T-4'::1
~,~b~l_,,~_ul~?JI :u6-tb. 0 tl~L~l4'~~~~~~U
u~I 0A r::ej:LJ wl ~ l~Ll .~~I ~~I d.S>Wl ~~I ~I t_~
~~ ~iJ 5a:i_,l.a:i..4 L..G. V":!:w ~ wl ~I ~l~?JI u~ ~§>JI
.~fi.>Jl/~WI L.J.>JI ~bl J~ lS..,,.>.i ~ j;.l.J.A lS~ ~ j:;LuJ.I 4'~
.)jj ~~LL, <?'J ,a.! "'.!<;Y y~I J~ '.'.!;.>=JI~ r~ ~~ ~ ~
,t.41-..!,;;;~U#J~ ~i u.fiJ,u~l~?JI lS~J ,a.!4.!to;;t ~ ~b~I
,~, ~.J.JJ ~_;JQ..;JI l.L&:ul4> r~ ,d..c~ ~ 1~ .:G..J..s..J .a.!4.!t;.;;tt ~~'J
25. J.i'"lt J.wM,rt
w ,rWt tlh414 L~ ~t~?Jt U:SLS' ljj L4.C ~lJ ~ ~ t-'-"Jt ~
/LWt L~t ~bt ab~~ ;;..l~_,J.t ~t.J.41J ~~ ~L.o! c.!lJj ~
-~.,WI
(41Mtt~t .. J~LA)9'·o·V>ilJt~I - ~t Lo
- • - !>-'-"" - - - - • - !>-'-"",. ~
What Is Organizational Strategy?
~Lilt · ·~<i i · -.:.t · - Lo ;;..l~ ~t ~I - "}} ~..llS'~t jLu.Jl · I
,..- ()A~ J ~ ~ - . - '.)-'-'-",. - - [ (.),
~ ~L.u_,JI (Y) .o..'si ,,.tt a.JL.uyt Ji ~t~?Jt ~..L&Jt () :4:ill
-
~t~?JI a~ (') .~t~)'t i.S~ 4J~ ~~ '°:?.:.UIJ ~..L&Jt c.!lJj
(Strategy Content) ~-ul~)'t i.S~..>->->4'1 (Strategy Processes) 4-A~t
~I~~ [j~ ~) ..l~ Whittington ('t'· · ') wJ-~;.!;.!J w~ ,c.!lJ.:.U J~J
Analyse and JA'IJ J:6::&.14 r~I (Classical) '-:?~t (') ~L>JI t~4
i.tl:ilJ~ J~ ~ ~ aJ:B i.tl:;.iij ~I Evolutionary '-:?..>->_,b:Jt (Y) Command
~l£.A ~ (t) (4 .!1.,,,u ~l~I ·., ...~ ~i) Systematic ~~t (')
wfa.-:=i.!i:!J '°:?i - C~..J .)~I ~.1-'-"J ~ LJS') Processual ~ J-,Ala:i.JIJ
~~1 ~~ ~t '°:?~ ~iJ~4[j~l ".J.ALJA ~IJJS°C~ -
LJ.A Cl.c~ ~~I Ji ~JI ~ ~._>11 ~~~I ~ LJ:fil
~i Ji a..utJ..l ~ ~ ~i Lo!) a~t LJ.A ~I~~ i>A ~tJ t~J (~1~'t
[jLu.Jl LJ.A ~i r-""°~ ~~)'t i.S~ ~ ~i ,~_,JUI~ LJ.A ~tJ (~Jl.b
wi a~t ~ ~ '°:?.:Ut i.>..U.I ~1) f""I~ ~ ~ c.illj wi ~..H '~J~t
~wj&ll ~ rjlj&ll Ji ,;;..i:~ al).~~ ~tJ ,J~t ..).!.!;; ~ 0.)~4 r.¥i
-
~L.Ul.9,U-'14..4J-Ltlo" ~I - "}]~ - · "}}.,u .~Wt~ L;Jt
" • '..r ~ .J.&.! - • - '.)-'-'-"" :.>A-J ()A .IJ :J . - . '.)
a~J ~1~)'1 i.S~J~l~''fw=ol~'t ~~I '°:?J~I LJ.A ~t
~IJ a:µt a>L.,.::JI J~ ..H'-" ~ ~ c.illj LJ-4 J.9~4 ~J ,a_~I~?JI
.J-A ~~~ ~ ~..J~lfa.a~~l~LWl0~15._iJ~J -~
·('-')~I~~
26. ('-')~
~1~1-1 ~
- · -~· ~
a!7_.;1;w.~1 l5~
Strategy Content
a!7!;1;w.~1 ~1...lAI / u">l~i
Strategic Aims
~l;w.~1 .:..l.:k
Strategy Processes
u-a~~I ~G.l ~y.a::JI 0-4 L ~ i..1)-:LA uaL>JItLbAJl:i w W:...J.Iu-".>l4;J
·(<l:91~1 t91Y.IJ Fl jly.ui l>A Jp:;.11 o..!.lJjj J~J) ~ d.....al>JI ~1~)'1
C'° ~lt:J:i 0i o.).c ~ (d...oWI) ~§>JI wW:...i.1.10µ ,o..!.lJ~ ~ ~ cL..._jjJ
~lh.L..... ~ c..:r=JI ~J ~4-....JI w~.J.1.1 J;9 LJ.A ~ ~J c..:r=JI ~l..u.~I
~~~I i~J ,~UI ~l.)~l L>A i~ i.>..l9 ~ ~jiJ-~4J~J
ul.9 ,WIAJI d...o_,s:..:,dJ (I.A..)~ ~I) ~4-....JI W~j)U ~ly............)'I ~1..u.~1
.:.G.b 0 i ~ ~ ~L>J Iw~IJ a_~ly......_....)'I ..s~ _;') f:!,,__;l:J/.>=.J.1iJ L?i
f'l~i ~ o..J.;U.ll d.S:.WI ~j..:S"~l 0l5 <Gi o..!.lJjj J~J •01.' ,.. ..,JI~ ~4-JI l.:U.
l.:U. J~ ~ .d...oWI wl.o.J...>JI Efficiency o~La5J Economy .)L.::.::.:9~1~f''0..A ·
~~I ~j..:5~1 ~i ~ t'°'vv rlc ~Jb.11 d...o~ <.,->~I ~~~I
~ o).)G d...o).....:...!I yUI o).))'I ~ i ..l..A.l .wL....,.J...>Jt ~(Effecti veness)
'.'.' ..... o..!.lJ~J 'f-4~10-4~ ~ty......_....)'1 ~l..u.'1 j..:5~1 .>~~wl.)~~I
~J •U:!~IJ ..1.:>-l~l 0->-4JI wl:l-l:' ~ ..:.j..1.:>- ~I "-=1.WI ~UI d...oj'il w~l..ii
a~7' _.:; ly............! ..sj:=:.-o a...iw1w LAJ...>J1y...LA.4 ~ 0 i tsy.1.1 0-4 0 l5 ~ <.!.LJ.JJ
·~1...9~ ~ 0i ~I LJA w~J
27. ...0
f4
ffi:
f()'
c·
·f
!·
J;
.
.
le>•
G-.,
~
,·,
3
·
·~
·~.
~
~:
l:
'
1
l
~
'
:
:
]
l·
~
CJ;-
'
f
~
e,
II
c-1
f)
'
,r.-
.
l
fi
·[
l
-
[
-
I:;
-
p..
•
~·.
::r
.1:
..
'
['
·~
1--,.
..
•
y
•
..
'°
-
('I)
h
('I)
~
,t'
r::
f
•
C-"
tJC'
I
I
-
.
.
I
I
(s•
.,
Cl>
,'f
J:.
•
~
'-0
"~
~
!
_:
-
r-
~·
t
t
:
.
.
:
1
.r
c·
l·
er;
-r;
c.
·
·
E
.~
RP
t
·~
.r;-
--~
[
~
a::
l
~
~
·~
r;..
~·
~
Cf;
~
I:.
-
l
'Y
-"
[
b
-
-
g->
·C-
b
E
I
1
"O
-·
~
Cl>
~
1·
J.-
~
t"
[
(
·~
f"'
.,.
.
,e·
t
.
.
~
l;.
t
•[
'
f4
o
'L
..
.
~
[
~·
~
r·
t>
..
,t'
~
I
~
~
-
f;
I
(;,.
~
f)
~
E:
A
•
c...
~
'-'
~·
Cf.l
~
it
I
-
C";
f;'
l
-
I
I
•
I
e
I
l>
{
-
'f!1
-
~
I
~
~
1:1
::S
"~
:1:
~
t
!k
E,
.c-
I.
~[;
<h
:d
EI
-
~
g
l
f'
.
.
!::"
t"(;.
~·
:r
'i;-
,.;
~
1
~.
~:
~
.
[
'
.~
ff:
~
·C-
·~.
l-'
-
•(;,.
[•
-
'°
lf,
'
f
I
~
[•
Fl
C·
[•
'-'
-
'I-
~
·L
~
.c-
~C)I
f;,
~
~·
~
~
1-;
tr
t
~·
~
t·
~
~
I
:
<;,.
'°f
·f
~
~
f
;
·~.
'
1
f
&
v·
['
,
..
)-
_
.
.
1:-
,,..
•
[•
~
r-
-
t'"
~
t
,
.
-
.
,
"
v·
<
f.'f
,
v
.
E:
-
[•
~~
b
f"
.c-
-
·~
,.
I
C·
-
.
·E
-;e
>
~
fs
:i
:
;
c·
i::.
*-
f.
f::
~
·~;..,
t
f.
''-
t.
~·
~
;t
r.
E:
er;
•
£
'
1
:-.
'
-
'
l
·
l·
r:li..
1
.
~
~-
·r-
~
r-.
l.:
I::
~
~·
r-
/l-'
.~·
'
&
f
fu
,~
~
~
'
~
E!
~
r
~
~
~
f
t:
-
[
J.-
,e
.t;-
"
~
I:!
L
i-
C>I
'
e;
-
I,,'
I
c_
I
l,>
I
I
I
f-,
:
>
!
I
-
·
-
•C..
e:
11:
'-0
I
•
I
<;'"
fT
fE:
:
•
'?
g
~
c.·
~
~
E
::
].
g
'lj..
1
if
[•
~
·i:-;
·~
·~
~
f
l
Ef;,
t
ll-'
[
.
,h
~
t'
,.,
~
~
~
;_
'-'
f
~
n
1
1f"
~
b"
~
f
-
C
b
~
-
~·
l
"
1
·~
1
•fu
C
p..1
1
b
·C-
1
~
~
t
;
:
.
.
,
.
.
~
~
tr-
f::.
Cf.l
r..
·V
•
(
1
~
j
E!
~
~
1
I
~
i:!
I
b
h
ft•
<:
IC..
~
~
('I)
~I
::s
~
"~
'
b
lJ>
t
-
.D
I>
~
'f
l?
~
"
1
E
(
t
!t
~·
{
~
·~
:f:
~
~
i
(
t
~
1:
fj,
1:
t
~
1,
.e.
t
'
&
t'
-
t:
r
t
-""
-
c·
1:.
!f;;
t·
ijl
·~
~
·
"'
g
s
r
r
l
·
r-·
f.'(
-
~
t·
~·
·l
~·
~
c"~
~
~
~
f
1:.
:~
~.J~
t:
;
~
~
1:
~
--
·~
r
~
t
IC-'~
t
~
:~
1'
-
1-
.
,
t>
t
rt
t
~
L
r
~
0
t>
t:
0
1:!
~.
~
~
f"'
~
t
!~"
~:
1
~
·['
f
~--
•[
/
l
-
1
~
.
.
i--
•
•
f'
~
[I~
~
•C-
~
~
s
lb
~·
:v
•
I~•
'l
:r
!
..:;-
II
'
'
'"4
'
~
.._
1
•
"~
'
-
'
-
•
1
(1
I
1,,
~
D
v
I
c
~
1~
1
()t
Ls
I
'
,
.
_
•L
"
-
•
~
•
-
"°
'
-
.
~
.
.
~
•
_!.
1
.,
'
1
•L
~
[s
[s
f
'
,
_.
.
•
~·
f",
-
11
t·
lj..
&:
1;
..
i:-;
t
~
:t
(j.
f'
·r
·t
-:
:
~
~.
b~
F..
B
~·
:'
r
·
E
r:
'i!
-
1'
~
~
l~,
...
I
1
c"
G
·t
·c
·~.
~
,_,
~
.~
-
e.:.
..r
~
~
•
,
".
I
c.
.c
...
I
I!..
,_,
•
[;-
==
I
p
~·
~
-
I
.
IJ>•
b
t>
-
'f!
•
0
•
.
IA
,-.
t>
~·
DC;.
-
II("
·~
I
~
b
r.
"e..
i·
~·
I
C·
-
di
lp,
J.-•
Al
..
r;.
::s
(!,,
~.
Cl
.
l
:
:s
~
I
£
-
~·
'
r
r
~.
~
c;-
<..;
t
l>
~
0.
0
~
..,.
'
!;:
·§
[
[
d
~
.1:'
.
r:-
·~
t
~
~
t
'
!
1-
~
§
!
t·
i
t
~
.t
t
[
:(
f
t
29. J.i:ll J.w:Wll
Lawrence and Lorsch, 1969, Scott, 2001; Thompson,) ~L4&>.'il ~ ~
~ ;;~IJ ~ ~ji 'i ~~ J....jWI ~i.;JI ~1 u'i~'il ~ •ii ...;J (1967
- - ~ .. -
ulAfi.:.JI L:sl:?-1 ~ '=""'11 J.._.;.1..U.I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~J .~~~I
~ ~l._r.1 ~l:?-1 ulA~ ~_,_JUI.)-!);. l>AJ .LWl/~µI ulAJ.>JI ~ .,,.....::J
cl.ti- ~I~·<- 'I;;· ~l/u'its'·'I · a.L,L=LA ti ·j ,,.. '! .L~. w ~'ii
- i_,--w ~ ~ <.)A - • .JJ c.r- ~ r ~
~l.u&jl ul..41~1 ul~ ~IJ..4>i "'4.J '=""'111..!.LtiJ ,~ ~IJ..4>i ls:t ..b~I ;;~~l/u'its';JI
,~I~ -- .:.UI ( .lS:.1.1) ·.-:-fl · - ·-1.!Jl...c.A ....t - 4.u:.~I ~~
- ~ ~ c:T ($~ ~ lJ-i>->41 ~J - . - ~J
Ji~,~ Ji ~J-4 wts' Ji ~l~~~I Ji Wu_;.14 wlS:.1.1..ill~0tS ~1~
'JI - 'JI
~L:s._r.1 ;;~1 ~4 d.;J~I Blair~~~ ~i wlAI ,c.ill.:.U Jli4 . ~
Blair, 2002; Orsr,) L~ ~:JI D.JJ..J-..JI ~..ill~ <JlS'J ,LWI LJ.>JI ~ ...~
...l!J a.:w1 .J.LJ ulA~ ~ ~lj._r.JI l.:U. u'i~ ~ ~J ,(2002, 2003
~WI 0o4 ~.li ~.>-'fa~ LWI L~I ~ ~ 4_~1~}'1 ".:U. ufi.J
~ w ,(ul:?-~I) ul:J~I J.a.jJ ,(~IJ..4>~1 ~JJ ~b~I ;;.Jbl ~_;-b ~)
ul_J.~;JI ;;.l:.)J~I.? ~J ,~ .,,..,..-JIJ ;;.ll:.4JI ~~ ~ ~fi.:.JI uLJQ.al CGJ.>-4
I~ ~I J.:b:JI .JLl.lJ ,(LWI L~) f'J;.; ,..q .J~IJ ~W.I ~->1> ~
~ ( lj .. 'I . ) ~I A - tI . . j t1 ~ ~ -'- ·.'l'I a.wIL ..<- ti . L:, .. ti
~ ~ ~ • .:r:"" ~(.) C,;- ~~ - ~ ~~ ~
u~ JG...ll '4lA ~jlb ;;_# uLJ.ol.o 0h ,~b~I ~ ~ ..u:.L.cJ '=""'11 ~
0u .(Walker and Boyne, 2006) ul ;.! ,,.?:1JI l.!lti ~ ~ ~bj "'4.J .-. cct.!t
'JI ts
.J~ LWI L~I u~ ~~I ;;)J~ ~l.;J.I JS' ~..A: l~IJ ~
Walker and Enticott,) ;;)J?JI r~hi ~l;..JI ~fi.:.JI ~l..r.JI ~ WIJ "--:-11
rWI~ .~µluLJQ.al a.ul.J...U LA;;~u'l'~'l'I ~~ ...l!J,(2009
Greenwood, Hinings, and Ranson 1975a,) u~l.JJ ~J, .lj-U~ rll r' lV•
a.!'l.!1;,;;11 a~.!:" J~I ~ r.,.a: ..ill~ 0t 1~c,J Y.>q.!t;,;;l ~1 ~ (1975b
;;~IJ ~ji ~J ~~I ~ll.;JIJ ~IJ ,~l..l.4>~1 ~ u~ '=""'11 ~~IJ
Green) uL;sl~IJ a~.!:JIJ.Jl..~I FJY!<l.!t;,;;tl t.>~I LJ::i al~I ~ a.ul.J...UI
~bi ~ ..A~~.LJI Y!q.!t;,;;JI t.>jA.>JI 0i ~ j;l.l ~ljit-4J .(Wood, 1987
b~ w!S ,(Andrews, et-al, 2005 ~I) f:'...l! f'~ ~µI ;;~~l/u'ilS';JI
Pettiarew et-al) ~I - 'l'I 1.... :.1~ u~I u~ · i ~ ~~i."" · i
b.. - • - 1..)-'---'-".. c.r- _)-)..r -· u - J t,,,;I.?
'b.!b~I ..ill~~ l>AJ ,~I u~ ~1 J~ ..i9 ~~I ·b.!l ,,.; uiJ ,( 1988
YV
30. Ji 'C~ ~1 ~Jj:i ui ~L:u LJ.A ~ u~~I LJ.A J~J ,~j.1.J ~~fl
.(Boyne, 2001, Clapham, 1984) ~~ ~ ~ clJj~
Miles) ~J>':LA[j~ ~~~ ~~?l'J a~.!:ll ~lb/rj1J3ul
.. -
a_~..~?1' ~~~.;~r~~I LJ.A ~JG..~~ clJj~J(& Sanow
Miles) ~J >':LA 0i Fl_,.! 0-A ~~ ,clJj ~J .~Lu u~IJ ~~I ~
-~<'~~ - ~I ·--~~-.-~t~'1 ~ 1AtuLJ::ut ·i ·~(&Snow
~ -.-~, ~r.r ~ - ~"&' uu ..
Y..H:' ~ 0' ;;i;;2 - _,.L.uJ >':LA ~i - ~i ,clJ.JJ J~ . ~'J'.i <i'31 ~~ L~1-'"4
y~ J..ulZ.t.fL:r'""L..uf.J ~I oi ~~J~ ~Stalker (1961) .iSJjC--uJ Bums
.. 1' * ..
~_Jo_;iii ... o~~~i~~~0j~~,o_;;;; ,,.o~~~
~ 0i ~Prospecting~' .::.<;.,,~ ~~l 0i ~ ~J . ~ ~
· ~t;. a..Jw j 1 •. -<- · i · · · · J.1. o.J.S'" • ~ • 1. ·-di •< :. .
~ _ ~J .JJ~u ~u~ J -'"4~ -· ~~ ~
u~ ~.J-A ~ oJ.; 0~ ~i ~J >':LA ul .::.el.LA C~J ·~ .;~ J?.J
~» Preactors LJ:kLi:A.l 0i W':-> ~ .~_;.>JI~~ iJ--A ~l:i ~l~J
~~ <J..AjJ ~ ul.At YJ~4 ~ ~ 0i ~ 4i ~~ _,t F ~..LI
j:'tA J~ Jl ~i'A~J ~_p- uj ~ 01J ,(Cr,' WA ~J>':LA) ~.;L;J
YJ~ J.>..bl ~j 0-A clJjJ '~.)l;.. ~~ 0-A ~~ ~ ~ u~ "~
.((~J#' I.LU:;~~
~~ l)j9i clJj 0~ ,J~~' L~ dJ~~ya.!4.!1;, ;;ti u~ ~J
1'
1 A-:~ ul 4 t;,; 4 t · ~'-LA ..t~:-: • .~ ~ ~ .J.J lbL:i
~ '"tt..l ...!j .J-1--'-A'J J-": ~ ~_J .. -· .) . • ~ J
JJ> (Dess and Beards, 1984) jJ~J~J~ ~i J.;J ..llJ ,~.;-a.JI 1......A
~Munificence c_:rlU ~..LI _,i J~I uj ~~ a.!~.!:ll J~f.JI ~~
Scott,)u~~>lo·.· ,,.....~J~~J .Dynamism~~_,Complexity
.4:LA~L '--'1lb..s (~ -•~: .. · .el) .~q -•~ :q i LI .. ~ t • ~ (2003 Xxii
r · · - .)~<JAi.? ~r .)~ J .. .:J_JJ u,
~_,.!as'.;~ uj u~ ~J ,a_;,~L2.J ~ ~ ~ <i'1' J>-bl4
~ly:; ~ a.:i~~ ~~ ~J u~I u~ J~ clJj ~ ,~W._,
.. " * - lt
~bi wrk a~.!:ll J;s<J..AJ~~Ji~ LA~ ~.;Jl 0µ ,clJ.JJ .~~a Qt;,;o LP'
- ..
(aQ1;,;0H) ~...U i:.b.;JI 'A .A :.G:i ~tt ... Ltt ~ '- _:. .• t .. ~1
- ~ ~~ ~~~ ~u~
.a.! ,,,,,,_;.1.J ~' a~.!:ll LJ.A ~pG:i ~J ,(a_~,~?1' ~ aJWI "~ ~J)
cljjj <..:r.".;l.>J J~~' 0-A ~_,.il >l5 .)~~' ~ y~ '~ ~ ~ .L.,;..t,_,
.. .~bf.J_, ~l~?JI ~ ~ljj-11 r~ ~
31. : 4.4l.aJ't4.4.JJ.Jt ~t~i J~ ~'~'
~)lj~ rWI tlb..aJ4 ~I i:.bi ~~I wlPJ..ll I a.:icoi ul.S:.Af'4 ~1
~I~~ (Y) ,~.;l>JI ~I(') :~ wl~I LJ-4 ~ wu~
~ ua~ Llj!J .(Boyne, 2003b, 2004) ;;.;b)'I w~I..~! (') ,~l..UI
~~IJ ~.;l>JI a-;.::tl ~i ~J~I ~_,.al~ J.Al~IJ wl:_µI ~I l.JA
L'2> Di ;; b~I w~I - I ~ ·:i.11 - ...otl . " - tLL; ~ ,~I 1.: b
!.) J '.) ~ - . - 1..)-'--'-A'~ - • ~ - r.:r- e:_- ~J <..>-'"
-~I
i ~ u.J'ta:u..J't
...~ ...
Easton · - I) (Open Systems) a:,.. - · ~ ~.<' - ti wLJo..UI - -
' u~~ ~ - ~ ..>--+l.£J
~i cll~ LJ-4 jli ~J ,~.;l>JI ~~~I.?.;;~ L>-4 wl~bl ~ (1953
~iJ a.:a.:o>JI ~I y~i LJ-4 ~ LJ-4 ~~ ~ - wLJo..UI ~i -
~4 cll~J(4h-JI ~~I u~I ~ LJ-4 ~L;.) ,_;p..i u~ ~ ~
u~ ~ ~"i ~.;L>JI a-;.::tl u~ ,~ L>A~i ~J .4u1J ~~' .l.;I~
,ulA~ a:,..w1. r - •~ - r.~I · - ~ti d..Wi.11 ~I ,J ~I : · t· ·
• 1..:?~U--LJ4.l ~'i'9"" - -· J ~~LJ-4
;;~Lis:.JI ~ J~I Jo~J [bjf'I L..GJ w>l>...1.1.1 i:-1~ ;;~ljUI 4UI .l)j-1.I
u4-~I wl~ui<.)1~~1 ~l~l ".JA~~L.u b~i u!J .~LillJ
.LWI L..WI i:.bi LJ-4 ~ 4>.).;4 j.AI~ i:.~ 4UI .l)j-1.I ~lji i..>j:u.u.AJ L..WI
(Texas School Districts) u-u~ uhbl4A ~.;.!A uL.ul.;.l ~Ji ,cll.JJ Jl:LA
JL.c. i..S~J _>& ~ wl~ ~LAi ~ wLJo..UI ui ,~ffI d.:J.>J.I uLAµIJ
~.l"il J>...UI ~J~ L>-4 Jj-Ll.I A~i .l~ ~ rl;S,.. "~~)[~~I~ t__,.;:; ul~J
,. a.:··oH i:.b~I ~J~0--4 li1~wi ~1 LJ-4~(~~~1 ~~1 r~i..>J......AJ
Ji ~l.JJI '-8:ibl..Hl LJ-4 lAl) ~i 4lA ub~I ~ _,_J wLJo.i..ll ".JA u~ ~4J
~~4>.;.lllw~ui~I L>-4 ~~~~,(~~I ;;~~l~u)L_p-J
IS
Andrews et-al 2005a, Meier) ~~I ~l..o...G.JI ~.J..4J ~ 4~1 LJ-4 Jl..c. ,_;~
• IS
~JL;.JI ~I~ ~WI 4#._»JI 0i ~..u.. ~LulJ.l c.j4f ..L..lJ ,(and Otoole, 2009
.(Andrews and Boyne, 2008; Boyne and Meier, 2009) ·;, .:··o i:.bi wrl! .l_,4;
.,igl..::Lll ~~J) C'-"J.A ~ J~I Jo~ ~ti L..ul.;.l ~ cLii ~..H ,J-!l.4.l.4J
32. L:u~ ~~ ~b~I ~ p}U J.ALli u~ ,(~~I tlk414 ulo~I ulS~ 0-A
y~I l.J.A ~ fi~ l.Ll~ ,~J .(Boyne, 2003a; Hodge, 2000) .lS'j.A ~J
~J ~.r-JIJ ~IJ ~UI ~.JJI ...;~ a:JJ~ ~~~I ub.J.>J.I ~
~b~I ~ ~J~I ulpjll o.J.A ~J ~ ~l~?JI ojlJ~ c;~1 P~I Jj.£1
• ·--~ti~· .
'-F'~ - ~
~UJI Institutional Environment u~I.; ·0
i·"a.! ,,,,,:_µ1 a~.!:11 ~J
Ashworth et-al,) ~_,s:.:..JI uLJQ..i.11 lAJlkl ~~~I ~.;WI~~
u~ut- ~I uj4-_,l- a.! I !!!ljll Ji u~jll ~JJ~_j .(2009
(~Ji)~~I ~J~I ..;_,All 0-A ~~ ~ ~b~IJc.:4.!to;;tl l.!l_,1-uJI
4?-Loll y~l J;s ~Legitimate~~ (~lS) ~la 4to; 0 U~-J -~~I
1~1 · i · ) ;;~~1 .... ~11 ~~ U>.l.JJI '.-:w -~ts 1~1 ~w"""~'
..»- ~J r:- r=4 - - ~ --~ " :.:r
Powell JJ4J Dimaggio ~Lo ~J ulJ '(~_,.ti r=4 Ji~ a..a..,fa. jl..D ~lS
:~ ~b>. ~ ~ ~t; ul~ Jo~ d.:i~ pb:i u~I ul u'i~ 1983
d:.Jb?JI u~IJ JSl..~I ~ ;;.J.3~1 ~I ul~l 0-A ~w ~J) J~I (')
~I ul j-AJi:JI 0--A ~I J;.k.110-A ~WI) (Mimetic) olSW-J.I (Y) '(~>UI
(Coercive) · ·....~ti ('), · WI ~1. t~...-. olSb i ~ '·'>l,;.. · -
UJ-l_,.............J ~ ~~ J - "ft"' ()A~
u~I u~J .(d.lJJ.ll ~~~I a.J~LuJI u~J ~l_j-LIIJ ~I~ 4~)
ul.:U4 ~~I Jo~I 0_,s:J ui ~I OA w~ ,a.JJJ.ll 0-A ~.R ~~I
uL..ulJ.JJI 0-A ~ ~ 41 Ja,o.;JI ~ ui ~Lo r=4 ~i.;JI l.J.A w .~,~':!j -~
u~l~?JI ~ ~ljJ u.4i ~I 'f'WI tlb4ll ~a.! I fl ,,:_µ1 Jo~I JJ>
Frun kin and Galaskiewicz,) ~I JJl.,.ll ~ uL..uJWIJ ~~IJ ,a.! 4.!t;,;;t
.(2004; Meyer et-al, 1987; Rowan, 1982, Tolbert and Zuucher, 1983
...lSJ .~b~I ~~I Jo~I pl uL..ulJ.JJI o.J.A 0-A ~i JJ..A:A: ~ ~ ~J
~J..1.:' ~l__,J. ;;~~I ~_,s:.:..JI oJb?JI ~ J)l;. ~_,s:.:..JI ul 4to;t1 ,-,.,;.,;.
...lSJ ,(Hood et-al 199,Power, 1997) (~JJ a 4;.~ ~1.J-4 ~l).;~'il
..Ll~ ,t.!.U.:U u~'.!;;.;JIJ ~l_,.4110-A ;;~~ ~ ~>t,b:,I ~ ~l__,J.I o.J.A ,-,!! ,,.;
J)l;. 0-A t.!ll~J ,~_µ1 a~.!:H JJ> ~L...JI uL..ul.;J.ll Ji ~I ~.;J ~
"•
33. s:.bi ~ ~J Ji ~4::1 ~bj ~t ~I Jo~I o~ JLl. ~lS' 1~1 LA Lc.ul.;.l
.LWI L.,,.;JI
:4 qr.;; ..U~t.Ut ~~t
,l.u:?-ljj ~I ~.;L.;.JI ub..1..->J.4 'i ~µ1 u~I s:.bi Jib: 0i ~
- -
Jl.4&>.'ild.J.t!..:._:g~ul.u.ll :.- ,a..J;.IJJ1 1 ---~~~t :.tu 1.~
~~ -· ~J - ~ • - ..>-' -0'! .
,~j.1.IJ ~I ~~ o>=-'-"l ab~~ u~I 0i Contingency Theory
o.J.A L·-'Aj l< _:._. • LA::u • i '- i · a...J.>.IJJI I-~~~ • i · < - ·I -".~t
r:o~ ~~ u U-:"' 0A .. "(to' - - u u--:! ~
a.:4.:t;,;;t1~~l0 4,o;;J .(Donaldson, 1996a) ~bi ~0iJ~I
,~l~?JI u~l ,rWI t~I ~ s:.b~t J.? u~l.;.l ~ ~.;.li ~I
a_~l~?JI u~ ~t;J ~ 01(Boyne,2004) oJ~IJ ,~~IJ ,JS'l:fJIJ
J.?~li:p4J.li.ill:i~i,;, ,:..<;, ..·,i_9~L;,j!_,,y~l l.J.A~LlA~~
:.t; L.. ".<°' • L;,jl ,~.:u ~~'l'L ' I._ .:.ti 1.J.A . tb.JI ~,.,:::ti . "~WI I~
..>:J c;-- ~..>-' ~ .~ ~ 0A ~ , - ~ . .
:~ y~l o..u.1 ~jJ ,LWI L.,,.;JI s:.bi ~ ~IJJI '=""4.!t;,iill ~I
. - - - ,
(Miles&Snow)~J~lA[j~~ ~ wfi,A 1~~1~ :~_,l
15~l~~Jis:.b~l~~pjAJ.o~~J'~l~?Jlo.;b~
J~ ~ ~~ 4§.: ,..)S' lS?i uL..ul.J.l &.!.Jl.i.AJ ,~l~?JI u~J
- -
~I - 'ii · ~I ulbl..:3 'ii t~ ~i ._< .. ~I - 'l'I o b'il
..... ~~ u::i .. . ~ c;-- - ~..>-' -· .. ~~ ~ ~
0-4~~~ ~ 4~t &.!.Jl.i.A0~ ct:kJ .(Chandler, 1962) ~IJ
·'=""4.!t;,;;tl s:.b~I ~ ul~I ~jj 0-4 ~J.:?- ~I 0i lfl)l;..
- ,
~~I ~L.o ~ 0-4 LAJ.l rWI tlb4J1~Ci.:4.!t;, ;;ti JS'~I ~ :~~
.:.'.:.;;; 0-4~i1.;L:?- JJ+.! ...U1 s:.l~?JI 1.J.A 0i ~ ~.JJ '0J...>:...U.l .;~J
~l.,JI ~J ,L.LoWI 15_,411 L.>J.fi:i Ji ~L.a:tll ~ ~ i.>?i ul....>.~1
-
~~l~l~rJ;.; ,..;~a-~1~1~1J.:.:•i~
.(Boyne 2006) LWI L~I
0~,~~lo~~l~~t~l~iJJJ-!~~~~.JJ :~~
- - -
~l ~.;..1.:' ~ LAIJJ rU ~.J.....JI ,~IJJI y 4.!t;,;;ti ~I~ ~I
01..9 .(Boyne, 2004) Cl.AWi Cl.A.,,.;JI s:.bl J.? ~I uL..ul.;JJI ~
,(~.;-I.I J~ ~ ~L;.) y 4.!to;;ti ~I pi~ u~ ~Lu b~i
34. lA Jb.:i rJ 6~~ D~ ws:J ,~b~ ~l.4A ~ ~~ ~ d..Jjj
- * -
• I .-:l..J.4C. ~ - ~ .t' - . A~ .b ~-:..I<'··' j~ ~S' ::ii
""(to' - J - . - 1..)-'----'-' ~ ,;7~ i.r- ~ - ~ .) c
: "lA ::i • '!. ··-~· J6:.l '~ . ~' ..) .•~t • l,;,j_g ,4...&k,
~ [~~ . c.r .) ~:;-'~ ~ - J
.~_,s:.:,.Jlu~l~bt~_,~IJ~l~~('WA)~J
i4.4Latt 4A~t ~t~~~l:t ~~ ut~ ~~~t iJt~~t faW
0tulqt;..;Qu ..u_.;i Lo 1::i1 a:;~ ~t ~ L~ ~~fl' o.;b~~
~.# ~ ~l~fll J~ d.!AL-:&JI o.;bfll u~..)l '-?~J .i~ lAjbi ufi..:
~I a..Jw '.: :.-: ,,.. ~I - ~Io b>U ~I :.tJL ~.,;.J. r ~...U
- ~ ~ <..r- - • - 1..)-'----'-' ~ ~ c • - J-:!:l • i.:J
~ .;W_, o~'-1 ..)~ ~l~fl ul ~I~ ::it ,(Mintzberg et-al 1998)
ul;J ~ uiJ o~..,l u~W ~ ~ cl-J::i ~.;J ~ ~Lui:;_, ,~~
u..1>-J/~~t ~ ~ ~J ~jJI ~ d.:JbflJ ul.b~ ~ y~.:Gl r~J
· t.·-4f,~a.b - ~I~ - !..) ·il.&A · ..:;_~",i .~
(,jA ~ - • IJ-'AJ J - . - 1..)-L-'-" ~J '-' ~ :.;- J
u~-..9 .(lnkpen & Chowdhury, 1995) ~~~I~ '5~J u~ y~
c * c
Jl:i.A ,~µ1 o.;bfl u~..)1 ~ ~1 a.! Q.!t;.. ;;t ~I~~ ~~fl.;µ ~
0µ ,~~'-~fl o.;bfll ul ~~Li: ~.:.U (I-Joyce 1999) ~...?. l.!ll.:.U
uA~ ~µ1 ulAJ.>J o.;bl ~ j~ ul ~ ~'-' o..)....LLA ~l..L...Ai uj obi
* - -
.r..U,I I,..~ ·- H.b."-"·~t ... -':.t.r..U.I I,.. :. -l.-:~·l· £l:JI
,;7 <..r- • ~J i_,.-J~,;7 <.,r-~""(t-1 Uu-4
:i.;bfll u~ (Streib 308 ,1999 ~~J Poister ~..J:') '.' ...~J ,Ji14J .j.J_,bll
Results Orientate ~tu.JI~ ~_,:JI uj o.;bfl ~ ~ d..:JWll u::i ~fi.>..11
,~~fl :i.;bfll ~ :i.;.J.41.1 ~ ui ~_,s:.:,.JI u".iS'_,JI ~lb:i ,Management
~ dJj ~ ~jiJ ,'-4.._jJo_,JJ ul.bL.!J.l JS'~ <i'1' 4.: .../~I o.;b?JI ~J
.~ - "ii ~I o..J..O.i ..L-:
- • - IJ-L'-" ~ • _J..J
~
~ - - c
,~ ~b)U ~~ .J-41 ~..iJ-All ~~?JI.;~ ~~J ,dJj~ oJ~J
U~J ~'~fl' '5~ u~ ~ .~S:Jt .;...L4l4 r.~-'3' ~ ~ dJj u~
- t ti* ~ *
ul ('~~~ ~ J) ll>tkl ~~ l.!llj01 "1l ,L...ol4;~1_,~1~?1'
~b~4 CGJ.J-41 ~-u'~?l' o.;bfl ~L..ul ~' .:;.<;,,. .JA y~ ~ ~ ~J.A
- ~
I~ ~_r1 ~ <i'1' u~J ~-u~fl '5~ lA .(• ".:··ot ~b'l' Ji) <}W
~ ..)~ '-""L...ut ~ r~ J'J--uJ' '~ ,~w' ~~' ~bt ~ ~1i..G.lJJ0i
.dlj F-J3 ~ ~ ~lJ ,u~~
Y'Y
35. J...,~1~1
~':ii i:.Ll~I ui ~J~~l~)'I ui ~l.4.i.lljj...:i~I ~J~I ~yill ul
u.;Ll.i ..llJ .~I~ a.!q.!t:..;;H ~b>.J4J a.! ......j.IJJ ~I u~4jAlSJ4
u~l~~i.!l_v:LAi:.Ll~l~J~ui~L;Jltlb.4ll~uL.ul.;...UILl-4~1
ul •(Bowerman and Helfat, 2001) l+JIJ~l ~ ~t:J.J u~I ~~I
-
J-- ---~-<- ···-ti "l ~ 'I 11 ...:.~~ltl ·1 A<. - - -1 - "''I :.•-
Of ···4~.cl.!q.!JO''J~ U~'=J."4U~~~~! _H:JU
Ji~ c.ill~J ~l...UIJ ~.;l;JI ul~I ~t:; Ll-4 ~ c:L,f Ji ci:.b)U jj-AA
d_a.WI ub~ L:u:.':ill . -~ ~~I .J.£J - , ·~~'WI ~. ~ •~ :.t:; ~~I
- -· .) • ":?"""" • ~ u:'"""' ~J ~ •
- -
~ i.!1.>UJ ~~)'I u~J i..>~ ~ LLAlS' ':ii~ i.!l~ u~ ,a.!q.!to;;HJ
~ ~jLA ~1 w00.;.--'-4 Ll-4 ~~)'I ~j'JI u~ ulJ ,~I~~~
- - -
~ ~.) r.J.4l ,a.! q.!t:.. ;;JI a.!'i.::ll ul~I ~ ~ ~IJ i:.Ll~I J.? ul-uil.;.l
.~_;.All "~~4-o
J¥.;; (Causal Mechanisms) Ci.::: ,,. uL:!Ji .l~Y. ~ ~D ~~J
c...9~1 f'L....JQ..;JI u~ ...L.:9 u~~I d.J:i 0---4 o...L..>.IJ uu •i:.b~~ ~l~tJI
a,.1;,.,11 y~lJiulAyl i:.L..i..oty~i clS'.;.J:Ji"~<.iLJI ~I~~
J.:.lj'J ~w ..ll i:.Ll~t ~ asJ.>L4c...91.JA~ d..1¥..>A ~'~tllJ .a.!a.!;'11
u..ill~ 1~ ~J .(Chun and Rainey, 2005) ~!_,JI ~."4J u-i->:..U.I ~ Ll-4 ~.l
~i-~lu~~l~Ll-4~~+li~l+.!Jl~~lu~l~)'lu~
~i ~~J <:r1l.o ~.l ~1 ~.ljJ ui jAWI 0-4 ,a.! !Cl,,j.114'i.!:ll ~ - .l~I ul~
~1...u1 ~~I i..>_,.411 u~ 1~J .~i ~..i.;. i:. Llt~1 <.i.lJi ~ o-oJ ,a qt:..; JJ
~J .i:.b~IJ ~l~)'I ~ a..L.o.JI 0-4 ii:.J.:?- ~~ui jAWI LJ.A ~JL;JIJ
. t.·-~t ~tu ~._Ct ~w. i ·< ~· ~ ~~ ubul - >LI. L9 ,c.!lJ~.
~ ~ f::' ~ w I..>--: - ~ ..... ~ • w. ~
J_,.bi b:gJ ~ ~ ~W.1 ~!_,JI u~l~)'I ul~ uLJQ..UI ui ,c.!.U.:.U Jl:lA
u4-~':i/I ~ a.!:l;t J>..b,ll, a 1;;.,. f::'_,.a:; ~J ,~I u4-~I ~~I~
'A-.~~ ~ti~ a:, U.O a..J;.l...UI uli:.1 ':ill LW uLJQ..UI o~ -- ..l9 .a..J~
~<..;r-W • ~ .. ~. <.>"... f'J-'2-S !J - •
~~I~ ,~1~1 i.s~ ~lkA uLJQ..UI o~ ~i JJb.:i ulJ ,1.5y,._i u~
u~ ..l9 o.l~ ~1~1 ~ u~ l~J .i:.b~l 1.5~ ~~ ~ u~IJ
•i:.Ll~I ~ ~bj ul~ ~DJ 4.:JJi .JDi (]
,4...i.A&<-'lu~I ·--~1- ':i/lob':i/l·i6-&~u1; ·~1~.:.t1
.. ~ ~~ -·- ~. ~ .. w .r- '"(f-1 ~ .. 'J-M-'J
,~l~)'l~ul.!~':111~1 ~~I ~w1~ ':ii i:.Ll~l~ul.9)tO.':illuiJ
36. a'~'~w~~1~jjJ .a~'J!S~'a1:la~1~i.S..Uw~1:l1 '~
Green) ~.:U Jlio .~µ1 a~t JJ>- aL.u,J.l ;;~ ~ 0-4 ~1~?J1 ~
J...4l1 .lJJ 't~..UtJ ,(.. . .!: ;;U) '-9 ,:;.<;...~, i.S..LA ~ allJ.>S .l.?.J (Wood 1987
' -
~' - ~1. A a!iw a~~1 ~t .J.>. - .4.J~ ·'-:~' a..J.:,.J.t aLLA·<'-t ~
-·- ~.. 'r - .JJJ ~ .. - - ~ ...,.-
~ ~µ1 a~~_,.u a: ,,,;t4 JWt d-l.JSJ ,(Stevens and Mcgowan, 1983)
~ ,J:!J..Ut t.iA ~ w Q
.:o;lj (Wechesler and Backoff, 1986, Ohio) ~Lt.Ji
,'-9 ,:;,<; 11·~1 ~ C~~1 ~1 ':?.l_j:i C'Jl:P- a.J.;::;1 ..1:9 wfiJ wf 'lA a......6,...)A
·~J..114 Jl ~~a~ r~ wfJ ,J...4Jt o.lJ Jf ,t9..U1j
L..416u.Jt Jt :Wt oJb?/1 wl» w~ (Bourgeos 1984, 591) t~J-':' ~u.,__,
'
'--'t ''=L.u Lu;..t. J~:l ,'-9· ·-~''. J,a~~' · Wb~~w'
u-- '-'"' !J .) - i.r- !J ~ i.r- - ~ - •
' - -
a~JtJ F-' ~tr~ wlJ ,ah:" ~->41' ~ ~' .lJt."'° ~Li:J r~ i'1'
a.!Q.!t;,;; a~~~ Jl:ii t.i 0fiJ ..1l ~-u'~tll al:l 0~ ,~4J .;;Jb?/1
'
l ••• :.~t' .•<'-: • ._('t ~··-~ _• •·- ~I • I ••ti t• ·t·•
a~ J~ 0~ ~ ~ ,~ .d.!Q.!h .. ~~ ~ 0-4~~ J d a ·"'<!
•L,Jt~ ~~ti' oJb?JI ~ ~t ,;;~~t at~t o~ .-.b~' ~
Cjl.a:Li ~f •.·: '"!~~'>'--"-"ti' o.)b?J' (.Jf ~~ ~ ,J~t ~~j
~~' .l~ ~w' ~ ~~ jt a.,.al:i a.J_,.a..o ~ ~tj ,~µ'a~'~
~ LA..l>.J ~'>'--"-"ti' wl ,~J .a.:Q.:t;,;;HJ al;.!:H a'~'.PlJ~~t ~
a..4.sfa. ~1.l~4 ~JI~~ ~tJ ,~b~' ~ i'1' ~'..U'J ~JL.;J' ab~I
~a6.l~~'~0µ{J-Al~1')~~J~4J .o~~.>tf:.Jo~~
- '
~ lrst ,'-)l:ASJ' 1.iA · a..wlt ._j, l.J.J.1 ~ · a.. "" b..ut - ~I · t ~
• 'J . <.)A - • 'if""" • - <.)A ._..,,.... - • - ~.. <.)
.~JWI Jt ~' ~ ~t al:l ~ 'JJ.bl' ':?~J ,i.S..LA ~t ~1
S'-:J~t~
a~I (.JlJ Cl.AW' Cl.A~' ~btJ 4.:Q.:t;,;;H 4'i.::1' <.J.::t 4l~I ~:&JI~'~~
.oJbtll i!:>~ ~a.! ·..lb a.J~ Organizational Environment a .!Q.!t;,;;H
a~' ~'jj i'1' o.l~' '-9~4 ~',JI J'.>9?1' LJ-4 ~.;JI~ ,JS' ~J
i.S~I ~ ~lS:.l.' a~I ~ a..............IJ ~J..l:' .J.AL..1&J ;;~ll .l.?.JJ ,~µ'
- - - c
aL.ulJ..UI LJ-4 '~ b~ (JI Lr?-Lil' LJ-4 ~~ ,a~I ~ ~ljj ~.:UI u.AJ_;.£1'
l.S~J .i:,l.l~4 ~>Le. ~j 'rWI tl.Wl' ~ a.:Q.!t;,;;H a~ G-.!t;,;; i.S~t
37. -:
t'
~
t'
t
"
~
~
:[
1'
..
~
~·
~
..
~
1·
Cll
'
e-·
~~·
r
~
'1.
·t
l·
cf.
f::
.·
•
rt
~,
~
1·
·~
C>•
<:.:..
ct
c..
l·
(
.
c..
~
.t~
~
II
t'
;r
l
t.
'
~
~'
'(:
[
-
-
.,.
t
·~
·~·
E
C·
•
~
r.
t>""
l
¥
l
fs
'b
-
t
~
.
.
~
.
l
~
~
l;
t
-;
1·
}
·[
t
t
~
·r.
~
:
·
~
~
f'-t
~.
'g
~
tf
f:
}
-1/)-
I
t
I!..
t
I
1/)-~
[
'
I•
-
-
'l
1r!
l
~
1~"
b
~
t
~
f
I
•t
I
-
t,.
I
'
'D
{
_
r-
C>I
[""'.'
..
~·
I
•
-
,_..
...
·
-
·
·
t!
r
·
ft·
E
..
-
~
"
r:;
e-·
f
;[
'.
.
.
.
:
.
t'
.
.
.
:
.
t
1;.
r
c-
'..!
E
Ii
't.
1:.
i
~
c::
t'
~
"';
Co
~.
I:,
c
E
g_
"
f
t
_,.
c
C
,r;-
fs;s
,.~
r.:
ii
c;-
~
I
-
"r.
1
~'
,.
"
J,
<
!t
1
g
.e·
-
~
~
l'
•E
;[
.~
~·
'
l
[
&
t;
l
•t'
·~
c[
b
f.
~
l·
[
~
~
~
c.'
r-·
t-
f''
[
~
~
.
.
~
-
~
~·
.E·
I
•
-
..
~
;rl
re
c..
·~
r:.
·~
~
C·
~
l•
1·
c;-
·~...
t
T
.~·
f.
·f
t
f
11
:
~
'r.
~
!i-1:
l
>
x
[_
.
:
r
~
~
~
~
~
1-
·
[
·
.
r
~
~
t
filJ-
~·
~
..
.r
~
t;
1
E;
Tl
I
~·.
<:.:..
~
e-
~·
I
•
..~
I>
-
I
I
-
st-
t:'
1
'1:
•
I
I
I
.o
I
f)
1t"-
I
I
-
I
'L
l:
r-
r;.'
~
-
!t
r.
f::
'l
·~
s
-
-
.
E
;
1-
y.
't
r-
fr.
'
F
·
~.
J·
t
1-.
J
;.:..
•f.
E
~
r'
}
~
·~
r~·
t:.
~
Ci~
}
ft~·
~·
E
~
re
(•
~·
~
~
l
[
.
I
~·
..
~
[
,
_
()t
<;-
l
1'
1
t::
~
'°<
I
I
~
,..,
-
1>
f
.:D
-
~·
"~
-
I~
t
~-
-
.
b
E
.
~
C'"
I
.,.
~.
=
.
.
.
1
·
g
1·
.
..
"
-
I
•
•
r::
"'
.e-·
lr;-'
c
;-
~.
il·
F
.e
·~
J
C·
:!.
i:;:
:ii:i
~.,I
s
.
.
.
.
't
.
"'
-
[-:
1"'
~
;
I
.,.
!~
6·
•
L
..
{f
-
-"A
.>
r-.-
y.
~
~·
I:!
"'1
~
-
c_
f::.
~·
I
·~
·~
[
'
i
~
h
~
~
t>""
~
~
..
~
~
t
~
'Er.
~
~
•
l
~
{'
;
I
•
·~.
t
i
t
.
f
l
:::
'
[
~·
l
;f,
l
t
l
~
t.
~
~
;[
~
f.
f
f
~.·ch
f
i
~
.fu
~
·i
t
~
~-
l
~
1
i
i
},
'
F
:
).
~
{~
~
f
.~
f.
r
~:
~
it.
i
r:
f:
r;
i
~:
l
~·._
t!
-
•
c;;-
t
-
'
t
'
.
.~
t
'r
(:
J:!
-
·~
I
t
l
(;
c:;
~
i
[!
~
-
):!
[
f'
'[.
~:
t
~
·~
~
-1
'
i
.
:
r.
"·
~
~
[·
f
E~
~
C·
-
,·
;t'
g.
~~
t
c:
'k
l~
i.
·~
~
ls>·
C>•
t
c,
~·
IA
~
c·
_
~
~·
-
r.
-
·1:
..-
I
I
-
-
I
-
I
(S>'
-
•
I
[j"
~
t
~
{·
t
.c
.c-·
·t
~
er
~.
t
~.
l
}
~·
1:
~
~
1
~
~
-:
I
t
p.
~
!
·(
~
~
·[
[•
·~
,f"'
[
f:
6
l•
j
.c;
~
C·
.L.
,~·
~
t
-
.o
Ro
1:
·~.
(
•
£::
'
f
t
E!
~·0
t
1
I>
t:.
~
c.
L"
....
.
"
~
~·
~·
"'
g>
)(
-
~
•
~
~
!~
.~
~
~
1t
~
·~
1
1
.r
&
~
t
~
l·
}
~
r
i
t
1
~
§
1.
r.
i
_.:t
t
38. ~I [J..cJI !LU~ us:.! '~~I ·b)0
;..:J1 ~ Lj~I ~l~t'I Fu~
.;l:i'511 o.:U:. a..uib.l u.4i ~J .LWI L...G.JI ~b ~ ~ u~ ~I~t'I y~J
l.:U:. · u:,1 •.as' - :. d....Jw ul~ ul :.t; · L~ l.!J. -~ti 1.7-. L .. ~I
~u ~- ~~ ~~--~
~I Contingency Theory J~~I ~ ~ L.~Y. ~,~I <J--A ~~I
41 ufi.: ~[.;..cJI u~rl..~>U w.l~ 1.:u:.J d~ ~>t:i~~JJJ:LA ~~
~~I ·b.:b.!.:.::JI uiJ ,'-91 .~.<'i,,.~I ~ ~ ~ ILU~J ~b~I ~ d..::i~l a.__g>k
- " ,,
...1..AI :. 1r:w1 o·· .t · ... li.jL .~l...U.I · ul~ ~. ~ ~b~L Lb.JI '- -~·
Y-"-!~ """it-'~..)-LU U L- ~j r..:- · · ..... ~
j.L~ ~I ulAµt ~ ~...U ~I ~10----4 ~Y u~l.4.t. A~J ~~1
!LU~ U>k ~I - ~I~ 1... l.;.JI '--!ti.-~~.< -~tt ·.&< ···· .(Wales)
J ..... 1..)-'-'-",. .. <.r- ~ ~ r..:-~J-"" (.)~j
o..>-4 y~I 141 a.:,,·.:,,JI ~~I uU .LWI L...G.JI ~bi_, ~l~t'I ,.;~
~~b~I ~~I y_,.Lui)ij:~ :J~~(~l l.:U:.~)o.l.?..JAi.>~i
~I ;.b; ...1li.jj ~ ~ ~~l~f'I ,.;~ ~ ~.)Uo ..>-4i ~I pi JAJ
~IJ..tll a.b4j uu 'C'""~ o~I ~L;.JI t_l.b.4ll u~.li ~ .l~~I i.>~i J~
i.>~J ,~I ~Lui~ l:.J6. ...1..A~I rl..lLil ~~ ~ ~11.:U:. ~ W
L">UI ~I ·~ IJ.A I... '-9 -· li.j~ ,ILLJ~ . I~~1 .~b~I ~I .. ~I
'.) .. u-- <.r- ~ " ~~ ~J J ..... lj-L--'-'J,.
o'511 - tl.£.j :. , I-'I t. - !ti . ~ 1 .~ :. 6 Ll.A c.'4i ~•1 ~ ..cJI a..u~I u~L
.) e:..- ~ t!'J-' ~ r..:- ~ '-:?""" ... :J J .. .. .
r..>>l:cJ 0i ~~I LJ.AJ '~Y~ ~~I ~.>4l a:_;1y.1 as-~1_, a1;;; ...11
0-A~ Lrs!J ·<J:.; .~.<'i,,rcdt~4~WI ~b~I ~~..J...LJI ~I u~
,, ,,
Ll:i)l,l4A. ~ 4..JI Ll.b .. ~ lA ~~~I ~~I ..::."li.j , Lu..t .. 6.~ · d..J~
. r..:- .. " '.JJ 'J .. " ~ u- ~ ...~ . ~
-~.J-LJI
" ~
l.:U:. ,~b~IJ ~l~f'IJ ''=7 4.!t;. ;;tt JS'.=.&,ll LJ::i U>WI L>-".lLuJI ~I rJ-4.t..J
,u~I J;.b ~I L.o~l.,..Jl "~~I lJ.A l#J~~I uw~ ~J ~J
¥>1.IJ a1;i cc·ll .;o'Stl ~jS'_;.j li.j!_, .a.!: ...;ti ~_,.ll ~.J..l.:t ~ lA a....a~_,
~~.>31r~l(Y),)~IF~as'.;LlJI(') :~b~l~~~~~4J
F uu ,~~~ ~b~I_, ~_,..ti~ U>WI J.? .l.?.Jll J:.J...UI uu .ab' ...1t
0 i ~li.j ~-' .L...G.JI cJ: ...~ Wb ib:l>-4 ~ c.>.>S'..>-4 ~-' ~..>-4 .;l_;-:411
,, ..
bl>. oJ.;4 a.:4.!t;,;; ~~ ~ ~.;lk 0§..: 0i ~ ~b~I_, JS'.=.&.11 ~ U>WI
u~J:('CVA)~JJJ:lAu~ ,a1~4_, .~l~f'I a~Ji.>~ ~4
r~)~I FulS' 1~1~t ~ ~.JJ.lt.pJJ'-9~~.; /i.<;.,,tlu~ui
,..,
39. J.J':lt J..a.4..ilt
~ i.ill~ ul ~ '~ ~J y~l ~ u~I Cc.llS' l~lJ '~JA)Ul ~
,L~I ~.JZJ ~1~1 J_,6. ~J ~~ ~_,1.b.ll ~l ~_,JI ;;.Jb?ll ":?~..U.
a·- .. ~,. uLL4.a.H ew~< ul I· :t •,a<-: • ·- .·....a..U.I u~ · ~ ' ·W.l.J
~ _ J :.;-j-4 .) ~ u.,.- u:>' j-4-LJ u_- U,. ~ .~
'$1 ($
~..J..d:i ul.)1_;9 ~ ~i ~rs.) a.u.)w w-s~..U.I .)~ ~ ~J-1-" i.ill~ I~ lbbv..9
~~1 ~L..uf rl.J;.;, .,,4 {u~l) o:U.)_,;:.~ ~..9 . '-&¥~..9 L~l
.~_,:, u~l.4.o 0A ;;I;,,.;,,,,~ ul..A~J ~J.lj.A ~
~Ll.l ~J-1-" Ll.li W' 'c.'WI ~'~a.: 4.!t;, ;;ti u~l ~ .JY:. ~ ~J-1-"J
ar;.::H ~L.Ls ,~I~ :~i~ ~ i.ill~ J.W ~J--1-"J .~b~lJ a_~l~?l4 ~~
~l J.>.bll l~ ,as'~l ~l ~UI ...Ul i J.LJl ~ ~ J-fi_ - a..i..wl
- J ..9 - ..9 - ~ ..9 • ~ _I..)-'-! -
Ji ;;~l .)o~I c.,,..-k ~~'.:afiJ 84.:4· 0
1J ~l~?ll ~~ ~ ~ ..Aj:
l~J ,~ u)ld..i:£Jl oi4f u~..;4Jl yfa ~_J •~l~?ll ~j'>J. a:g_,...t
~lJ r.:4 ·0
itlJ ,~ji>J.l ~~~?JI ut:g)W ~ ~...U ;;_;!_µJI ~..LA~
~ 1 1 a..o•- " ~I "-._:,..Jl....o ~ W' l'-Jtcs:.Jl • ".....:>JI l:U ,, 0 'a L-: - ~
er - '.r--' J - . . i..:r- (.;"'.. ~~ ~
~ ,~l...uJ.l a:g)Wt ~l.u:o1 ~ ~b~IJ~.i /;.<;,,.Jl ~~~?II ul:S>Wl ~...u
u~~yfa J,J_)o ~ i.ill~J ,~, ;;.).) ul 4l;,j4t ·.·: '".! ..llyi ":?i .l_?.J r~
.~, - '11 u~ <-JW. a..u~t ~ L.u.u.J.., ~' 1.:.1..u. a.fiw
- • - 1.)-'-'-U.. - • - J - J [.) . . - ~
1.." ~ .< - a. .... ,,~, 1ahJI. ~~~Lu '1,,j~ LuJt 1. - !If · ·lil1 ~1 LAi
~~~ - ..,.... -· v- - .. c.' ~ 0-4~
..J..d:i . _]. l:9 ·'I ~I Lu J..O.J • -~- .~.:.~'I ( · .WI) l:9 ·'I ~I ul......ak.
f::' "?""" '-T- '..l"' • <..:r4 ~ ..9 U.j-l '-T- '..l"' • -
Hood et-al 2000,) ;;~~I .)~I J)l;.. i.ill~J ,:;~I ~4 LWI uw~I
~,~~I :;~~I~ a.:1.:• .=;.;ti ar;.::H ~ ~o :;.;Al.Jo '1,,jjJ ,(Power, 1997
Checks & Balances u..)ISJIJ ~I rl.Joj 4bl U.)# ~L..o.JI ~l~l ui ~
,,
•' a~lA...G.. ..J..d:i ~a(' - 11 ;;• ~I• IA_,~ ~L.:::,1 a.a.lSJ ·~~":I a"•i '11
'+1 r ~J - ~ ~ c::--:- . J - ~ ~
~ ~t:g_.rJI tlitiJ ,.b.:b;..:JIJ ,~l.;J.l ~ ~~ ~~ J~ ujtWI ul
u=;·.:i.iitl r'~' ~ ;;~LuJl U~.)WI ~~10u .~b~I u~JAJ ~lj.:.1.1
.Regulatory Mechanism ~jtWl ~l 4.:Ji ~j.S'~ Ll.llJ 1ulA~I r .:t;, 0 t
(') :~~~a 4t;,;4J ~~ ufi'.J u:i.iiJl (Event) CG.lb.. ui ~Ll.l ~J
~I u~ji ~~ ~-J (Y) ,:;.l..?._,J.l -l.Jl_,1' -lJ~ ~ ;;.)~ .ll~?JI ~;!;.!
a:g)W~ _:._.~;.~If ·t -U~'"-~ •aL.": - :U. -~ "..L£.U
-~ U '-:T"'°.j-l - ~Y~f-U_J ~. l::4~
~<)jtWJ~l~ 1~1 lAf .~b~IJ1u~IJ1~l~?ll~~~
40. t'
~
t'
t1'
i:'"
'
°
"
:[
1'-~
~I
i:'"
-~
~
'
~·
~
l
;t'
~
;h'
~
~.
~·.
'i.
;h'
1
~
;h'
~-
·
E~[.o~·d~
~l.cr.·'f..~f;E
~
T
__:
t'
t
.c-
l'
~
l'
t
~'
~·
~
l'
~·
'
&
i•
~
~
~-
[;"
£
.
.
~
~
-~
}
&;'"
•
t
"l:
~·
1-
l
-
~
.c
f
.v-
~~
~·
c·
~·
l
D"
•t'
['
f
'e-.
,
.
.
~Ci
~
'f
r
,
---
.
1
r
I
..
,-.
~·
r
s
-
I
•
"
~·
t,
'
~
1.D•
r
'
'
"
..
~
-~
.
'
c
t:i
.
c
.h
~
E
c
I
~
f
[
•
f
-
L
-
'CL.
~
~:t,
'~,
[
'
-
c;-
L,.
.
~
c:..
~
r;:
t
')!
-
'
<t...
-
·~
!t
'
~·
.
"
!::
~
'k-
l'
;
'
-
'tJ)
~
r.
·(··
f.
~
!h
.
.
~
f
·~.
t
'
'
-
~·
.
.
~
'i'°
C-
~·
•G
-
'~1
t-
C-
C·
·t.
c:
(
1
~
t>
~
g
~
1·
-;
(•
~.
~
-
~
·i;;
'iil
·~'t.1:.
~~-:
~j[-tr~I
£
.
.
~
~
,
(;..
p
'
<t
<t...
l
r·
-~
-
~
.
-
.
.
cc·
·~
c:
.
t
~
l·
.t•
•
.
I>
.~
•
oG"
!£.
l:
·t'
·~"'k
'f
~
:f
.~.
-
'
>
:
£
~
I
~·
IC•
'[
~
~
(.o
;~,
~
e•
-
•
L-
~
1ff
t.rr~:~r:~
~~
:E
f~
.
.
~~1
tt
l
r~
~
.
.;-
~·
-
r
<t
·~
1
.
.
~
~
~·
r
~·
~
~
·h
J·
~
!r
1!
1'
i=-
l~:
·
.
,
.
·
~
e·
·ri
f
J-
~
~
~
~
}
~
~
·~
Cf.•
t
Ei
)['
~
~
.:.
~
1i
1·
1·
[
p
·~
t
'[
~
E:
-
y.
f
'!)!;
~
~
i;.
l
~·
~
g.
<t
f
re:
l!
,
l
t
J,
J:.
~
~,
t
·L
1
~.
't
1-,
..
f)
C.·
e-
l
l
[
C·
r::'
r
'
"r.
<t
y
'f
~
~
~,
!c·
I>
-
'
~
~
c:'
~
t>.
,
'
·i.
f>
~
~
;-
~
.[
/;:
l:
~
.
4
'Ii..
'f
~.
E
if
''k
.;-
er.
"l'
.;-
~·
r
'-'
E
~
~
-
·t'
"
~
~
~·
1r
"°
Ei
·t.
L
c·
!=-
•
~
{
!:..
(f
·
r
[.
o
~
l-
e
..
~
r·
r
~
!~
r.
r.
f
i
II
c-·
c
..
E.
~
re~
-
~.
t
r-"
-
c·
l::
I~
-
~
lS>
~
v
-
-
.,.
~
'-D
,._
~
~
-
-
"
-
41. ~Wt~t
~t~Y~4..
"'4i:!ta1:'1t u~t
Boy iland) ~I al.ul_;.l~J ,o.;btlt ~a.! ....!r;.J a..J~a.!Q.!t:..;itl a'i.!:tl~
.l..?.J ,~Go. (Contingency Theorists) J~~I ~ o=o~_, .(Gove, 2006
a.!Q.!t:..;;tt a~~IJ a'i.!:tl lp..# <?11 ~I cc~I ~~» LJ:.s 0~4-o ak,
4'i.!:tl~~_µ~_,__,~l 1~~~J .(Donaldson,2002~1)
~.J..Jt o=o~J ,a.! .,,,.~,J a.!;att ~'..?. 0:.S~J 'rWt tl.b.a.J4 a .!Q.!t:..;;tt
~' ~4 r~J ,a...-owt u~4 ~b~lj a'i.!:tl D.::I al>lail .l.,?..,.ll ~'
d_.WI 4..4-<- tt al..A..G.. ..1.d:i ~tl-t~I al·b.:sl t... ~~tt d..Wi.11 ~I l:ii
- ~ r ~ c:- ~ . t.:r- - ~ J - -· .)
-
~I.;~ 4.:tbll J~I ~.A~~~ '~J~l..A [~~ ~ b~IJ .j.LJ:t
.LWI 4..4..WI ~bt ~~'~ti' o.;btllJ a'i.!:" ~.;-11 .;l:i~I
~~1 al.;l:P-uJi:.t~ o-s~..U.I ui ~ Miles&Snow ~J~LA .l~.J
Jw_,i~~~l~u~uilll.JJ .a'i.!:t4rsiqt:..;oal)lc.J~
- -
o.;b~ ~.; ~.J..A ~ c.ill.JJ ~~I a~~t ~W a~IJ JSL..:!fl4J
~J~l..A ul '~J .d,!Q.!t:..;;tt u~~ o~ LJ:.o~ J~ c(,f_, '~'~ti'
~'Sii a~J ~~J ,a~t~l ~ ~ ~l+i-JI ~ ~ ~b~t 0t 0~~
~I l~u~'~b~t~a.!Q.!t:..;;tta'i.!:ll~i~' .=;.<-....u~J .~I~~
(Dess and Beard, 1984) .l..)--:!2J ~.l lA.;_,.b <?1' a'i.!:ll ~ [~~ ~ ~
~ ~ ,d..:ofi>..31 aLJo.al ~~ <?1' ~I ah• .=;.;JI ~~I~ o=o~
~.J..Jt uu ·rLtlt tl.b.a.JI ~a.! .....j.1.t a'i.!:tt J~ o~~' a~t ~~ ~
~-'"""' J:!j.JJI '~ ,LWI 4..4..WI ~bt ~ ~Jl.IJ a.!;ott a'i.!:ll ~ti J~ .l.,?._,.ti
~U.o r~ ~ l..,qS' ,~b~IJ a'i.!:ll al)lc. J~ u~.;-9 ~'-':t ~ ~ ,~IJ-4 ~
.~~~tt d..Wi.11 l.41.1 L ''--''~--~·--~ ~tt~b~I
-· - ~J - ~ f=A ~ ~ - ":T ~ ~
•~L£A ~J r..1.dJ ~-'"""' ,~~' ~ ~bj u~ '>4~' ~~ ~J
'" ..~~ntt u~t
.. .. ...
uu .~IL..J~~~.;t~JAa.!Q.!t:..;;tta~l'-""'Li9J~u1
(?i ~~ ~) c;A a~I ui '~J-4 ~ ,wfi~ (Boulding, 1978) ~..U~
u~ ,L.J..dl.I ~;~Ji .a qt:..;qu o~4J.I .lJ~I ~~(Everything Else)
42. 1 --~~ ~ ~ La:! Ll.O J · - -:tt ~ wb..1.>J.I · · - l.L~
'"(t&.I • ~ • r - - - ..? ~.JJ '-r" - ~
~i ~ .~ yltbJw4--~ ~t_,.ull_,,Uh.t ~I Ji.o ,LsJLA...G.J
,~I wlb~ J~i 0A ~~~I ~j..l wb..1.>J. ~ ~y w~ ~
.. - - -
~1-"! .. L • -:fl~.t • ~.ta.h.i~I · .,A~t ·~-,.!" • t~
- ~~ ~ '-:T'"' - 'J- ~J - 'J- • LJ:J .,-. u-- ~y>- ~
. l&Jlb~J ~ t.!l_,L.u LJ.A ~~~I ~I y~i
~~ d.J:.j-L.o Ll_;.b Organizational Theorists wl 4t;,;t ~J~J
~ '5~4 c--ui'-' ~~~[~~I (~I) l..!.1.t ~ LJ.A 0lJ .~I
~ F..H ':?.:.UI_, (Michael Porter, 1980) .iJJ~ ~LA~ ~4- ':?.:.U (Five Forces)
. j .~.al -.A ···fl a.1S:.J.A l~- .,;JI ylb.4JI 1 -A- I "'.t a..1L.u.JI .. &·t~tt
'5y>- J J c..9_,_...... - U-- ~ L '"tHP." J: '-:T'"' - -· ..r- ~
0jsl4llJy~.!!tlJ~J~~~/_,'':?.)~"}II_,''="'""""~! J:.b:=JI ~, ~Y_,.c...>-4
<.r"Luii J:.6.:i _}AJ jJ~lJ 0~.?.(Johhnson and Scholes, 2002) ~ ~4-- t.s.:.UI
- c. - ~ - ' -
.a.!4.!t;,;;J! w~I jljTJ i!:.Jl..l>.)U l.b.:tl>'-4 ~ b.J-'-" ct.LA~!' <..!;. 0
; t~
.r.JJ .. -"'.ti 1.t-"'.'1 ,~I J ·L.Zil · ~ ·I .t~ ~ - t< .:... t. - .:.t 1.J.A. _i:
"-: ~~ ~ -· ..? (.) (.) - - ~ (.) .)~ u--'"": ~ ~J
~~~(Dess and Beard 1984) .l~J ~.l [~~ : ~J ,~ ~ yJ~
~j..l ~I J_p- (Scott, 2001) w~ ~ r..14i <i'11 ~Lil.I ~J ,~I
.Institutionial Theroy
(Dess and Beard, 1984) .l.J---:!dJ ~.) 01-! ,J~"}ll w~ ~ .l~"}l4J
~J.ll (') :~ wLJ:utl t.!l_,L.u ~.)~I wl~ a.! 4.!t;,;;JI a~.!!u ~I.?. 4:i>t:; 01.l~
- ~~'~~)Complexity ~ P') ,(-lJ_,_11 oJ~) Munificence yJUI
)~I f"...U:.JJl~I) Dynamism 4.#..r=-JI ('r') ,(,-.; .=;.;Jl_,_)5~1J 't,__..ull
ylb.4JI. _i: -: •.L"'.'1 a..u~I :. la:&1J aL:9 Ll-"'.'I · ti ·~1.,.J.A ·('--a.4£.a!l · --:tt
L ~~ - U~ . ~ LJA .JJ ~ • 'J-"""""'J
~I ~~J ,oJ..1.41.4 ~.,;JI ~WI ~b LA ,~.,;JI tlb.4ll ~ l.:is'_, rWI
-
w~- "~1- "}lo b~~L~ ·~~~,'=··ti ....:.-:t
i.:r- - • - ~.. '.) " • • - - ~ <>' - • ~ ~ J
- - -
O.).l:9 '-fji ~ w~I D-iA r~I 01-! ,1.!.LJ~ ~ ~J ·~L.;JI_, rWI tL.b.AJI
~ -lJIJ _}A LA Ji.o ,~I~ J..? '5Y,.t ~ ~l.J.A J..? J~t y~ ~
r~ ~I ~I l.J.A ~ JJbUJ (Institutional Theory) a.! ... ·1-f. ~I
~..1.:' ~lJ .Institutional Theory a.! · ·· 1-f. ~I ~~}U d..Lo~I ~IJJ.l4
_}A ~j.11 ~ ..l>.IJ ~J ~4- ~ ~y ,j~?JIJ ~jiJI U:O~J ,l.!.LJ.JJ
~~I ~:9_,,JI w~I 1..!.1.t l.!.U~ y-WJ ,a.! .,, ..:;.i.1 a~.:!" ~:9_,,JI ~I ~4-
43. '<:r.'ll..>11 ~jLJIJ ,w_,.jWI .;1~1 Ji~~ ~.:UI ':?'<1.!t;,;;JI J4-J.I j;.b o..).J.>.11
J)l;.. 0-4 4J~ u~I ".J..4. ~J ,(Scott, 2001, 52) ulkL!i..Lll ~ ~ ~IJ
-
.-~ a.n~ Uo · · u~I ,,. W ~ ~. ___& 4..Luib 4..u:.40.I •<L..i.A
~ ~ c;- (.)-".) .. I.) • ~ .. .. !-' .. . ~ ..
.. - -
~~' D.J..4.cJi,A w~i ~J ,(Dimaggio & Powell, 1983) ~~I ~Ji~I
ub.J.>.11 1~ ~J (Boyne, 2002) r~ '?"4~ .)~~I wi ~->*3 ~~
as'·~ t Ia.bL.AJI a..ul9 ·tt ~I~ ,d.....A&<~ tt u~I '~t · ·.. -:ti a..u ·w1
'.r-- . ... 'jJ .. .l.JJ .. ~ '"8-' ~ ~ .. ~
.(Matin, 2010) ul.o...GJ.l ~~ji u~'.!;:.;J ~IJ-4 ~ ~6. ~~I~ ~I
•Wl~·'I ·~I~ L..JI ~I ·i~I · :... w,~I ·
'?" ~ <.r . J r t w .. ~ ~ .. ~J
~>WI ~l~I wu ,(Audit Explosion)(Power, 1997) «~l.;ll _;l.~.~I» a...._,~
~~ w~I ~(Dess and Beard, 1984) ..)~J <.>":!..) '4:k ~..,...:;~I~
~LLA ~ ~~J 'f"WI t~I <..>jA.>J. ~~~I~ ,~j ~ C:~
.a.!<1.!t;,;;JI ar;.!:11 j;.b u~'.!;.;;JIJ ~l.;-11 ~.J-4
i(' ~At) l..Jo:!-IJ U"':!l ~~.J-4l '".!i.att ~t
ul.k~ ~.r-JI .l.;l_,.1.1 O~J Ji o.;...W 0-A ~' ar;.!:tl J;..b c.:rlUI ~.JJI w..A
- -
wi ~ c.:rlUI ~.JJI <J...--4 l:J~ <.S~ WU (Castrogiovanni, 1991) a.!1.!; ,:;.;JI
.. - -
~i LiS' (Dess and Beard, 1981, 55) I.;~ IJ-4i LA.;l~IJ ~I~~
fl ..
Cyert and March,) <:r1UI ..)fi_>11 LA.JJ~ ~I ~~I 0-4 u~I ~ ~I
,..)fi..>11 ~l.;J ~ ~ ~ rWI t~I ~ ~lj-:11 u~ wi ~.JJ ,(1963
ul~~~~~wi~µlul4t;,;4J~J_,.bo~~L.LAuµ
u~,Uh.Lll ~~I o~llc.,:rlc.r~u~ ~.,:;~ ,~.JJJL.i4 .o~J
Lu6. · 1•• uL4.J..>JI ..14:iJ 0~1 ·.. ul ~ ..1-J .. "-i.A .<~'I u~I ~
. . uu ~ .. ~ .) .. :j-J .. ~ .)J .
t$ ts
~) ~ r~ ui ~ ~.:w1 ~~' ~JJI .JA o~.,JI ~l~?J ~ ~~1
~fi> ..).;_,.I.I~ wlJ ,(Hirschman, 1970) ul.o.)~I ullJi ~ ~~J (u~I
~ ul~I J~ ~~J ,~~ ul~ ~~I u~I ~ [.?'">--4j
~~IJ <:r1WI ~.J-4 wi ~ ,~UI ~.JJI u~ ~ u'1~1 ~
Non-MarketSources))a;g~l.;-:-i:. ..).;l_j-1.l~~~wl~~j..ll
~J .~I~~~ ,...;.~.;tlJ t_,.u.JI yr;.!:tl ~I ~..J ,((Bozeman, 1987
ul..o...Gc.JIJ ,Jl..9-'-"~10-4 ~IJ a I ."I,,.! uWo..i...ll .ii.,, 4;;->-"'°L.WI o~ ar;.!!
t
44. ~1 l§.)Y- LA.A (Stake Holders) (Dess and Beard, 1984) a .... '·0
tt y~t_,
<:?'i.!:H .-.; .:;.;t ~'fo.J ,(Dutton et-al, 1983) ~W ~' -lJ'JA ~ ~t Jo.i&:o
Dess and Beard,) t""''-' ~ ~JJAJ (>l.J-1:0 ~~ clo..l>. c~ r.J.4i ~
[tu~ c~_;tl ~WI 0-4 ..u,j: c.ill~ wl ·.·: "'! ¥~1 cl.W ..U~ ~J ,(1984
~ ~ w.VS~ ~~' wS' '~1,~L4l4J .~I d...o..Wj 4.:0:.Lll?l' cb..1....-o?l'J
wl .(Startuck, 1976) ~.)~l c.;_isJ "1.LJ~ (J':c ~ wl ~l &ro ct.j~ ,~
t'~ Lo ~l.C ti>l ·.·: ··: o.l~ o.J.4..A u§:s ~~ c~ ~_,:; ci'1' 4'i.::1'
·~'-' ~ ~ (~') w~l 0-0 ~.,.u..o (c~~)
{.;~~' r..u:.) ~.;L;J JI~~'~~' J..LAA a.!'i.!:" as'~' 0 4 ,.,,,_,
JA LAS"_, (Emery and Trist, 1965) j:iiH c.ill.JJ (y~~' _,t) J:iiH ~~1 r..u:.J
~ ~_r>J w~ ,(Environment Complexity) '=''i.::H ~a: wil4 JW
[tu?l ·h.:b.:...:lJ.J ~_,.Lb.l.I -l.;.,1 ~ 0-4 ..u_j: c.ill~ wl •.·: "'! L..G.JI ~~ cl.4.i,j
ci'1' ~L;J tlb.4l cS'->1U ~ ~J ,(Dess and Beard, 1984) ~~ L..WI
c~4 a.:;nJI a'i.::ll ~a.: ·0
.:'b c~~ w~ ,~Lu~.)~' JJ---M' ~ ~
- - - - - -
LAS'(d..U~I a..u.6' .~t. ~ ...:.~tl Jl!i.A) 'a. ·4 '. ·'- ~. -~'l - ' ~b 4.....o·<'~tl
- -·- '..}-"" "'?"'~ • ~ '.r--' 4""':! ~ - ~
~'-' ~>1' LAµ1 ~ .;'~' F-'·h.:b;wt ~ l§J~ JJ..l.! r.,,_4i ~t
a.:'i.!.' cG.!.:•; w-.o cl.Sl~l c.._,~ w~ ,c.!.lJ~ ~J .(Nutt and Backoff, 1993)
~~ ~..u wl ~ ~µ' d...o.J.>Jl <::r4..l..d.A ~pt c~ w§:s .i9 a.a.oh;.. Lljl.o
,(Ginter et-al, 2002) d...o..Wl ~.J.4i ~ ~ C...l>-1 _,t ;;~~ JlJ-'-"t [YY ~
.(Institutional Environment) rW tlh414 ~jJJ a'i.!:" w~ J.i:WJ
1~.!;4;ttf4.4Wt2A~t~!)A a~Ll:at~t
y~t ~0-0 c~l ~ ~J>d.ll cb~ cl1:i a.! ,,,,.:;1 a'i.::H l§~
• • • l l _, .d < • •t • • I - • •• t,.. • I • t • J'
<::r4.J"'"· ..,40~~ • ···u ~ lA~c.:r-J ·~J~" .,..o
1.4 o ~l.b..JJ tu aI !!!! .,!fl~' o lS ,~, ait.Jl o • • .<"~-: • .J.ll 4-o..Wl
v:-1 WA • [ - ir -· u. - -· ~ u_,.-w cJ:!
a'i.::1
4 ~~ ~l> wu '~~4 Li>~..u.J cb~'i4 ~' wJ~ 0-4
(a.:b:·ot) ~ll->-1 cb~ tLuJl_, ~J c.S.J.A ~ 'f'Wl tlb.4.J4 a.: ..,. :;.Ll
~_,,(Bozeman,1987)c~~~.J.4ic~~LAµ ~.>4i~
~L..u~. u -..<" t<" _:._. • • - 4.....o·<" ~'l c~l · l,S, l,;Jl ~Lb.4.Jl.J ~Li.w:> · -<"-
':u- ~ u---"-! ~ - ~ u. ~ '- . ~ '.) u-u--
~ <i'1' ~'..1.A~' ~ ;;1~~ ~lk~ ~.,:&.>'i w~ W:!.J.l' ~~I
n
45. "'
~~ ¥ ~l~I ~ ~b.l>..1.1 "~ j:&A ou .(James, 2000) LA~~
CJ~ ..lS_, .aJl..u.JI_, 4:.LA~4 4L:J.J ~WI lo~ ,rWI tllMll ~ ~6J.1
(4.:b: ·"'I) 4.;s~WI ~ll_;JI ~ w-u~ ~j:J 4i.>:?-'il ~1~1 ~;;~I ~4
- "' -
~L;. ~J .~ll_;Jl o~ ~ J~ ~l CJ~ W' ,(Hood et-al,1999,2000)
.L~I ~J.>J_,.lo:; ;;bf ~fi.:i.JI ~~I~ <.-'7·.:•o;tt_, ~ll_;JI U>:ioi
lo~ LJ.>JI ~bf~ ~l_,.l':/I_, 4ij.P..':/1 .l..L.c ~ i~ 0lS' LAA ~~I J-A':/I_,
,~6J.I a.Ji .(sf -~-.-::.-:It . I!.~. • lS' ,~IL·<' - '1 ~I d_,L:,. •1 Jb. _A
• - ~~(.) '-' - .,.,........._, - .. 'J-' • ~
L~I ~ · ..l'il ..L>JL I~-:t'}ll - .(sf d_,~<·'IL.<-" ..Lob ..__.l - '"" ~< -
~ cJ.A (_,.J • r'..JM-' f.I ~.r ~ .. ~J-J ~ ~.>J
~LA..b.~ i.;J · 0~4~1 olS'J .(Rhodes, 1981) l.Aj~I ~ .UcL,_jfJ
~J ·w-u)..UIJ (~..UI t~..UI) ~..r-JI ~Wou ,a,k~I c.ill~ ~ ~ ,D.lJ~ ~
···- ...ti ...t6:.J.I: _:._.~.:.-:u CLWI ~LA..i;JI t~l' · UI ~I J)t;.
(.)~JU""" • ~ - ~ ~
~1~1~.{U~c-. '":col~ (NHS)~_,JI ~I ~L:._;Jl~Lo.b.J
t--""SJI l~J .~bl• 4.:jcoiJ~_,.a:; ~Llu<JA~l~~.;!IJ~'
"' -
. -" ~ · , · ..t!.. t IL...JWI ~lll.4;.)U d_,bu..-.ul · a ·b ..oJI d_,ll. ti~. . ~
~ ~~.. .. •• .J.H ... -~ i,;--
- - - -
4.:· q~ bl_, I~,-. ...<c ~IJ ,(NHS) ~_,JI~
.... ·0
tl ~~_;JI ~LA..b. J~
4ifo ~l.;.,.b:&JI "~ ~ ~ olS'J .(Audit Society) (Bower, 1997) ~1.,,J.I
"' "' -
•~ i.>i - LAL:. 0§.: 0i_, ~~ 0i_, ,a.:oµ1 ~~1 ~l.lt w-u~ <JA ~'}I cL.,.jf
.. "'
OS:- ~l ~! LJ.>JI ~~ ts..U l.aljl.o wlS'~t ~ll.; ~ ~j:J 0~, l.LS:A_,
_,f ~I ~J ~~':11 w~l c.ill~~ ~ '~~ ~J ~~~~_;lo
-o~l.4U ~~4 ~1~~
~l.;-lIwlJ ,;;,)~I <JA ~.)'ii ..L>JI ~1..4.o ~ <..r4fi.:> 4"uJ-isj:J ~~J
-"' "'
Jl;..)! . I A • WI yl.b.4JI . A ~Li.ll ""° .. c...JLiJ L.4J .. L.4.Jl . I .. ~- .-::.~•1
UU f' L '?"" ~ • .. ~ .. U~~J
~ ~Ll, LJA ,~l.l'il c 4.:jcoi ~ ~ ,~l.WJ ~~ Jt LJ'U~ d.A~ ~~
.a_, .~I~ LJ.?~ ~~ ~ J~ J~I ~~'ii ~b)U ~~I
.)~of ~i <JA ~.;l.4.JJ 4.AallJ C~J ~1~ ~b'il J.? ~LA_,1.a..o 4.:·"->-9 ~J ~
~I.;~ ~j:JJ LJ.>JI c.:r-4..J;.; .,,4 ~~ (t~) J.:a .,,;! ~t ~LA..G.. ~1
L.~ll-"'°.J;.; ...40 lS' l~lJ .(Hirschman, 1970) ~..bJI rl.J;.; .,,1 <JA [JJ-iJI
......:<... ~· -~ ,l ·~·-·a qtojo . 'A·..'!l-:. ~·1 ~..bJI a...u:. .. ~ .
re--= .. r"fJ.. ~ (,)A ~~t..:T""" .. ~(.): - ~
~ -
,Ct.J~I r..L.c ~ ~ YbJ (Vote With Their Feet) ~1.a4 Ct.J~I a.k~
- -
4.:·"->-9 ~ ~J ~ "JJ~ l~J .(Tiebout, 1956) ~l ~~ ~bJ ~
46. (Salmon 1987) s:.~ ~ J~ ~La .l~I ~1 ~.l~ w ~s:.~ ~jll
.~ - cLu!, a.Ji I.:&< '1 ~~~L
- ~ • - ~~ t.:r c .!..9
L...G. ~- 'l.l --~.:.<1._ .._ - .~..~:.~t a....:,.. .. lt~l~~j·}
_d_j-l(.;r' ~ - ~ ~J~~J . ~ - - u
,~j (~J:' ~.)~! ~j ~ LW ~LA...WI ;;~~J lli..H ~4J .~i
4.:ll~lj,AJ .~~'~i.>~.;J~1-"4~wi~,J~'>1'~--'
(Best Practice) o.;b~ ~~ a.u:.;WI[jl,4s y_,.b:i J,J_,.b ~ ~ ~ cGi l~
u~ cJ:>- ~{Office For Public Service Reform, 2003 .)ajl) L~ f.:'..l.4iJ
t_lb.4ll ~ 'i' q.!to iit l.!l~ ~ ~ ~~.>-4 ~ a.!;..!t;J ~~b ~I .JA J&l
L...G.JI Ji·f0iJ ~.)A ~...G~ J.al <JA i.>~..11 w~ ,(Hargreaves, 1995) rW
<JAJ ~I~ al)W ~ ~.l ~ ~__,..J ~J 4.:bJ d..j.1)-l u~ LWI
~J ,(Grace, 2005, Office For Public Service Reform, 2003) .:t .:;•.!;;.;! r~
L_. ·f- .. t.... ·~ -~1t·1._ LA ~L ~ 1<:..1.-:.JJ .t!..~.J.la. ,:;.;ot ·f
~(.) c:--::~ .)~ '.) . . ~.)~ ~ ~ - (.)
- # -
.(Humphery, 2002, 470) ~' y~i ~ ;;~w 0-J->:..UI .;.#~ ~ ~ I~
~LAJ.>J ~ji ~ ~tg_;JI 4'i.::" ~.; LJ:fi ~~ .l.P.-J ~1 ~ .JAJ
.LW
~~'u:;..!;<.;tJ~..rl<JAi_S~J&hJ.l~l~.JA :JJ~I ~
- - .. c. -
_l•A-t ~ •.-<-:t;;.l---~I • s:.lb)U l •.A .t!..~. ~t~ .,U.J -:::1-~. •:J ·j
~ (.)~ ~ ~ ~~~ .'.) . ~t..r (.)
.~LA~~ ~Wo.i.11
i4.4Wt4.4..u..Jt 9-tl!g".! 4.!»rat u~t J~ ~· J:.Ja.lt
~bl J~ ~ (~J:' fa.) ~jjJ ,~, 0-4 ~' ~..U ~' l.JA t=?""'->=
.JA ~1>4 LJ.A) ~~ wlJ .LW L~ s:.bl ~ ,~j.!.IJ ~~~I
~ <?llJ ,s:-1.l~J a~~,~ al>Wl ~' ~4 ~~ f.:'¥i f.:'..14i .JA (~'
~l~f.:'~~.;ll i~J .LA.;~~~~f'I .!q• 0;~l ..L1&...,Jwf
,Beard .lJ-:HJ Dess LJ"l::!.l ~ ~~ ci'11 ~ ar;.!:t .l~i LJ---4 ~ ~b uo ?i:.AJ
.s:.b~IJ 4.:b: .oJI ¥1.;ll w~l:! 0::i ;(S)WI ~ .JALli ~ji ~~I~ l.!.lljJ
i9-tl~~~·~· uLMl!Jl
'5~ ~ rw1 t.~I ~ ~1 ar;.!:ll .;l:ii ~L..ul.;..UI t>-4 a........u1J a1 ...1.,, r~
(Shah and Cook 2008,Wilkinson, 1997 Jl:£A) ~ ~4 bl>. ,(;;..b-~I)
~J ,~ ~J .(E.G Jasinki, 2000, Tamand Basset, 2004) ~I ~~~J
tt
47. lt t$ t$ t$
~b:llJ ~I ar:.::ll LJ.::t ~>WI~~ ~~I LJ-o I~~ b~ u~ ~b
a~.::ll ~b J.6.:i c.i°'11 ;;.;~I u~l.;.JJI ~ ~~J ·rWI tl.b.a.J4 '-? a.:t;, iitl
~ ~ ;;.l •'1 ...1..411 · .:..1t a.!A~I ~I·' 1·LS ,a.ow1 a.o~1 ~l.lt L. ~1
.... . ~r ~ . '..J-"' '-'~ c..:r- ..
.Beard .lJ-tdJ Dess ~.l Lu.i.>. c.i°'11 ah:ti .l~~I LJ-o ~ Js:J ~I uL...Ib. 0
a
«j_,..J'fuLA.r-Jl»~ublb,,oo ~C4.o~l .J.d ,ar:.!_.u c:r1UI ~..ill ~4J
<<t_,.ull» ~ ul....lb.oo C4.4J...;.i .,,I~~ Cl: ... jJl-! LAiJ ,<<.l.;l_,llj» cc_;..44Jlj>>
((~lj» cc~I» ~ ublb ",1 l,S ¥.r:dl ~4J ,((•'°·i .:..illj ~lj» ((~lj»
rL.G-i ,,.4 ~~I alAi c.:..:9_,JI ul~ ~~.;~I~ u~J .c<.;l~'il r~J»
l
t$ ~
,(4.:Jlu.llj ,j~?JI ~)~>le, ul~ '5..r>- ul·'b·oa t'° ~ '"~b~I» r:'b·otl
~ ~ ~>411 ~ J.6.:i ~l.).l ;;~ ~' ~ t--'""_,.tl ~~ l.J.A~t JoSj
c.i°'11 u~l.;.JJ4 r44l1 ~ ~J ·rWI tl.b.a.J4 y a.:t;, jjtl ~b~IJ ~I Cl~.::11 .JA~
~J 'u~l.;.l tt--'"" :~1 ~ ~ ,,Qt;,U ui 'i1 ;;.l~ ) ..b:9i ~ LA.;~I ~
d...c..ul.;.l ~ La.,.i..o JS' l~IJ ~.J.>-LllJ ,u~l.i..A ~)l:; ~;;~I u~'i_,JI ~
~w c.i°'11 U>WI ul~ u~l.;.JJI ,.,s~ ~ ('t'-') JJ~I ~J->..J .;;J......>.IJ
.~lil~.:.JI
('-Y) J.J~I
4-4WI 4-4~1 ~1~1 · '""~I ~I "'l
er- - -· ~
~L.AJ1p~1
i;b~IV"'~ ~IA~.:.Jl.)~I
~.Ju~I
4-!J~I
i;l.)~I~ ~I
~I
ul..o.,,S::.. t. t.
~...u.oLA~ ~':/I
~'-:?""" ~IJl::l 4tAj)l.o ul_,..j.jA
o
J lj.i.11/4.A~I ~1/1~1 Andrews (2004) .)J..>..Wl
~1.)':/1
(Y••-Y•••)
~k LA~
4.Ll.Ul r~t
~ L.Aj)l.o ~ J.b!.AA t.A LJ.J~J .)JJ..Wt
..u..a..:JI 4-4~1
~J·~
c.)A U.)..l..w::> - '.j
~1/1~1 Andrews and Boyne
o*-l:il d.#~lj
4.»J J~ (Y· •t.-Y• ·Y) (2008)
- ~l:Syl
~lj~
to
48. ~b~tJ A' Q .to;;tt uu.JI
.. - ...
~~tp~t
~t~~tUM~
~J..:;,l.J:Mtt
~l~~t~
~Pz;U~~1 4..w!J..Llt
~t
4.....:!Jl&. ~
~bt ~j~ ~l4.J~ 4.:l=- L~ H V
~JJl&.~t ~b)U aiALl.
~JLUd
_,.,..)..Ltt
- '
(rY ••Y) Andrew et-al (2005)
~"?"""'J u.Jl4
W..i:&A L4Ud
~1.J~l
~~1.>t 4-oj~
..lA&l 4.4Ud
~'~' 4.......)..LA t. •
Croll (2002) J~
~
~~'
r'"w ~1
4-'lA L4Ud GCSESA(O) 4J~U a....,J..LA vvo..
V"jiJ~-'"°J (JJ.l.;i:.
~"?"""' ~1.>t l,J.oj~ A-C
4.4~1 Gordon and
(r' """) Monastiriotis (2006)
Wl&. LA~
Jl&. ~I.>t t,.oj)L, wb:l..sl Jol.4i
V".)l..LA ". v u~JJ~
- - ~' J:!LAJ t a.Jol4.o
~J~t ~~~'
HALL & LEESON
~"?"""' ~l.l4 r'°'"" (2010)
LAUd ~~
~1.>t cl.oj~ ~l&. ~L>1d4.z.z4i ~~/Ll.;d
~LA~ t.A Gutibrrez-Romed
~J~1 alALl. ~
~1~ j;A.i> - j.J~
~c:r""' ~1.>t_, Jl&.
(Y• ·t.-Y•·Y) (2008) (J~i_,
- -
4.4.:d/~~
~
l,J.oj~ 4..L&A ~Ua.w/4Al.;d
~ 4..-J'-4..o Y•A Lynch
~"?"""' ~t.>1
JUb~l CCY-CC rt&. (1995) u...i:.J
4.Aj~Jl&. ~
~~JY~ La.bU.O • t'r
~t~.)~~
l.!S~J~' ~ V"~~~.).l.A
~~J~
a.....t;.l.JI ''A-C'O
Meier& Bohti (2003)
,- i a.;~
..s~ as'.)Ll..AJ ~ld ~
4.la6. ~La... t.V ':?.l~IJ 4!-lJi
~WJl0.4
~~ Odeck&Alkadi 2003
49. <
I
Cl
~
~
1>
£
C).
'1
~
~
f
t
l.
~·
f"'
£
[•
C·
Cl
b"
Fi'
"
'
C)S
t
f)""
-
~
[,
}(
~·
,.
C)t
f:
E
~·
.f
b
Fi'
"
'
c-'
'f-
t
-
'
<
i
.
.
~
'
<
i
.
.
'
<
i..
~
~
.
~
t
g
[<
le
)·
1
~
~
e
:;_
l-
-:t._
·f'
c
..
1
~
c·
~
~
t:
l·
i;-
l!
"'
t.
~
e-·
r_.
c:
-
~
r.-
~
t
-
¥
.
.
iE
~
~
l;.
•E'
~
l
~
E
1
~.
l
'f
.r
1:
-
l
g
c-·
f
c;
~
r::,
~
~
-
·~.
-;
-
r
.
.
.
.
.-:-
~
t
f.
t
r..
Fi'
"
'
,..,
r
r.'
~
<;.,.
..
,.
'
C
&C
-
-
t:;
L'
'
-
t•·
~
·f
i:..
ft•
[•
['
i
C)
:
·f'
.
.
.
.
.
[
•
v
-
.
r_.
-i
s
~.
·-'·r·
....
·~
··~re.~&[.~
~
'f
I:;
t
r
~'
~
~
·<;
c
.
t
E
~,
~,
~·
-
~
'f
c:-
~
c-
•[;.
~
~
);
'l
~
•t:
{
i
~
f
I:.·
'
.
L
?:
.~·~
~
<r
l
(r
C:'~·
-
-
~
r
r
C)
-
~
~·
r
~
.f:
·t
~
.
l
.
~
~
:r.
g.
'
1
=
~
i
:
~·
~
~
1:
t
·~
€
'
.
t•
~·
p
t'
~
•.i
1•
-
~
(
•
l
C
1
r
-
•f°;
c;-
I
J-
r_.
l
·
C·
-P
w:,
~
~
t
C·
~
•
-
-it.1
*
f
t>
~f~C-.--
t>
t,..,
:a
~
c
-e:
·-
·_
l-
1:.
•
<t'
·_:
•
:
~
1:.
'..
i
r~
:[
:
•
:~
0
·""
r
r
~
~
~·
l;
...
r
r
<;.,.
.
~.
.r_
-
-
t'
~
t
~
Ti
ft·
r
~
cl-
L
I::
'&·
~
t
•
~·-
~
fr;:
=
·~.
<f;
(;..
E
t'
E
1
·(.
!:-;
t
~
r(I
i
~
I>
t,
~
!_
..
f;
~·
f.
;:;
tt.
·r·
~
c..
;;
L
.c-
ti
r·
[
·
&
lh
~
~
~
~
<j;-r.
..
i.
r.:
c..
-
~
"""'
r
P..'
•
l
~
·-=-
"
~
•
!:::
•
-
..!~
c.
11>•
,..,
•
•
-
•
J
•
•
•
i::..
L
•
•
f
.
"
"
"
C)I
••
t
f"'
•
~
1
&C
~·
N
[•
)!
V
,
'
l
•
,f":
~
5?,.
J-
·~
-
?...
E
~
~
t.
-;
8
r
~
C)•
,
I>
•
~.
~
r'
-
t.
~
~
"
'-"
'
.
•
t
'
I!.;
-
b·
N
~
r:
V
~
[
-
:
~·
.:;.
·t
~
t
.r
~
c
c-.
t·
r
r;
-
(·
,t!
~
8
~·
Pt.
[·
.
ffl·~Lf.c·"'~
£
C-t;·L.Ni.1.·r
~
~
·~
2
~·
~
'.t
l.
't
~.
t
~
~·
{
Hl'
E
~
.
~
l.
!-
.(
-:-
1;
..
r
.
"'
&.
i.
r
·1
[·
i.
ct·
r
-
"'
ft
l-
I:.
i
~
't
1
f
!'
l
f
Y.
f
~
E
t.
:f
~
0:
~
t:
£:
i
.
.
c..
..
c..
''
~
~
~·
.q-
fI
~
-
·tr'
...
'
t'-
C·
~
-·~
f:
~·
'[
~
f
...
f
·[
..........
:
t'
f:
·t:.
-<
~
-
:
-
r
·~r
~
0
-
.
--
-
<
;.
'
-
'
><
C!
~
t'
ft
C·
........_
:~
...
t~r
00
l
en
en
•
gg~
,
en
en
~
(;.
~~
lU'I
U'I
-
...
f
..........
t
f:
t:
r
-f.
~-
~
·ff~
.P
--
:
~
'-'
en
C·
~
~.
~
~·
e.
r
~
..
,..
§·
[
-
~·
•
§·
<(
·~
•(
:f
-
.
,
.[
[]I
[t
-
E
r·i,;:-
~
"'
~
a(.
'°
:'
[•
:r
'fl.
~
t
50. 4l _;..4AJI ~L4A ~ 0t Fl ..llJ .(GCSE) (A-C) ~t Jt ~l.;JI ~.;J.I
.~b~I U""ti9 ~ r~l J~ ~ ~4 41,,,,;;QJ ¥.J-A ~ J~i"
~) ~ ~>bll ~ ~Lll ~jS'~l LG..U.l 0i (Croll 2002) Jj;S' LGJ-l..J
~~'11 u~IJ ~UI J~I Ji f-CJ.l4_;-j~ ~!~Ji L.u.J..L4
.~j~~IJ
-
+Al~I ~ w~ ~J..l.A ~4J 0~; "'.! ~.JJI ~>tll ~ 0U
-
~ ~>till ~ 0U ,L.u.J..l.A JS' J--;_lj ~ _;..4All LG~ ~ L..u~
LGjL.uJ.I ~ 0~ ~.JJIJ (a.L...u, ~J~i <J-4A) ~WI ~.;JI LG~I
~.J?-i .,,1 'f"'W r~ ~ (SATS) LG~I u-u~ ~1.J~l ~ ~t Jt (t)
- "' "' -
I~ L_j! a!:' .,, Ll.JL4A (Croll) JJ..>--S' ~..J .~jS'~I ~b)LJ L..u~
U""~ ul.J~I ~.)~f'I ~J a.;,~ ~J..l.A ~_,l Jl4_....; .,,'11 ~ (•, V·-)
....{SAT.S) ~L--
/~~'11 y~I JJ-="" ~UI ~J.llyi Andrews (2004) .JJJ..i.......jf ~~..J
~IJ:--, .,,;~ji.40S'J .~}~~~o..i>-J(tt)~~j~'11
~__, {1'· · · ~ll~IJ u~lj-1.IJ ar;!:tl a,.1.0Q) ~..,_ti.)~ ~_;.ti'.· ,,..,..
-
.)_,..JI 0.)J U""li9 LG~ J-A l~J ,~~I ~UI ~..ill L.u~ ~_;.ti l.JA rl~I
J-AJ ,;;~ ~4 ~..,_ti ~_µI~ 0A r...t?-; "'.! ~.JJIJ ~I~ 0LA..r-JIJ
~jtll ,~J.ll Ji.A)~ ulAklaA ~ ~~t 0A 0LA..r-JI LGJ.A ~ ~.JJI
~I ul~j.A 0i>ll 0.A ~~I~ d.:bJ-1 ~~I ~bi ~L4AJ .(~IJ
j.Ah.A ~J (BVPIS 2000 rW) Best Value Performance Inicators ~~I
0~?JI o)jl ul~j..o ~J ,~I ul~j.A t4) a:;).:; 0i (Bivariate) i.::.u..)~
.)~~4~J,Ah.A ~,~~I o.Jb?J ~ LAl.!:.J3Juyl.4lll o.JblJ
.0LA..r-JIJ
('1'·A)~JAkll ~ .0
....~u'1J.£A~ull~I (Lynch,1995) ~ f"~..J
Greater) LG~I ~~ d..i:..1.4:' ~l.;JIJ .)_,..JI ~LLA 0A JS'~ rWI ~ JS'IJ-A
0A 0.A ~Lll Jaman 0LA4'- ~j..o rlJ;.; ,,.4.)_,..JI u-uli9 ~ ...WJ ,(Glasgo
0~ 0:.JJI ~I J~ ~I ~~.;JI~~~~ 49~ ul~ ~~t ~~
~ 0Jj ~ 0.AJ '~J.) Ji ~J.) l.!L~ 0J..l.:> ~ LJ-4-4 A>-9~' Jj..UI 0~ ,~j~
tA
51. ~.:.UI .ll_;.-9~1_, ,o_)'fll ~ Jk.JI ,~~ ~ c;at ~.lj.ll Jjlal_, ,Lu...ol,;JI
~f'I a~~I Jl:,LlA 0 0J-t< "'.! LJ.AJ ,~I~ 0.,1.bWI ,p.'i Jj..4A 0-4 0~
J~ Jl.4b~I ~ ~ d.:!J~ i.....91~i ~aw.) ~l.?.-1 JA,A ~b~I <>"~ ~J
a:g~ Lynch~ ~J ~J .r' ~~°1'-' ~~' rl_,c.~I LJ-4 ~_,JI J>l,;. ~i_,t (1.~ ·)
.~b~I i-9~ ~ ~ j~f'I r.u.J .)~I~ o.JJ4 ~~1
· j~ :.~'ii ~I L....i..JI J ~~ 4........AWI al 4lo;tl cL..,.:,..I -
(.)--A - ..)---0' - - • ~ • • ~J
J_,..u1_, ,J~ J.sl4ll r~' ~' ~ ·.·: ,,.1 'r~' t_lk4ll ~ ~~
~~ ..)L...,L -.. ...ti ' .:...:.t L G..:i 4........AWI 4........A~I ..l4l · ·w1
• • l,j,_,..,..., ~ .!J • c..r-4 <.:r--'~
" - -
al~D ~ 41S' UJS'J ~I~ o,,,b..IJ a...........ulJ.l 01-S ,~ ~J •(Hogget, 2006)
.,-.1.:;.;ll pi~ aJ.S'J 15p.i o,,,b..IJ a..i.utJ.l 0U ,LWI L~I ~bl~ t_~I
~WI ' ;, l;;u~ ~i Bohte (2003) ~Y.J Meier ~LA ~l...JJ
(' ·-· ·) ~ i.!.L.U_, .Jo.! .,,_.ti '? 4.!Jo;;Jl_~I .~ ~I ~ t~
0--4 al~ ~Ji o~ .ll~I ~ f.!LJ~_, '<>"~ ~J...L.o ~l.4..cs
~I~(') :~I ~I <>"~~la,.oa:;~f>J;.i cc·iJ('~~A-,~~o)
~I LAi •.lJ~I J;....UI ~J~ LJ-4 ~I (1)J ,~)UI ~I~(") ,.)~I
.a..i.ulJ..UI c.!.J_,,:;_,~I ~ o..)~f'IJ ,y~I ~ r:'b·0
q,,: <>"~~~~WI j;..b
~I 0-4 <>"~ ~ <>"Jl..1.11 aWol.4.A 0i Bohte c.f'AY.J Meier ~LA ~J
~)UI_, ..)~'~I LJ-4 ~i ~ ~ 0~ I~! 4~ y~I ~ ls:!S 0fi:i 0i
~~ C4 ,.)_,~I J;....UI ~J°.l 0-4 ¥bll .l..l.tr! l ·"'ii_;tu a...........utJ...UI ~Jl:i ~ 0iJ
~~J ,a..i.utJ..UI ~ <Y~I ~I LJ-4 ~i ~ Ls:!S aWol.4..cs 0 a........ulJ..UI ~
•.)~I ~I LJ-4 Jii ~
aw...G.. ~bi 0~ 1~1 w (Alkadi-2004) ~.)~I_, (Odeck) ~..)_,t "' ~::!J
"
~.)~I~ J~J ulJ.--.:.LA .l.P.-Y. I~ ~ ~~ 4........A~ ~..>-4 ( t V)
"l I"!.(.;- • I .':I - I . - I - :.-ti :.j I - - • "='-'. .
'~U ~LJ--:-11.4lf>J!""• ,,,~,-., ,,,, j-J <>"~ ·~_J~LLA~
'-fji ~ <>"L.4; ~I ,0~~1 a~_L'?'" .,,; [b.z...........u4 a~lj-ll ~1..)i ~J
L~ Sea and Passenger Kilometres (~l._rll a~ .#J~I) a4-~
(al...u..tl_, .lj9_,JI c.!.J~I ,0~j-ll ,o..)~I a~L..&..u, .u.WI ..)~) a>l,;...1.11 wrk
~aLA~l~jJ 0i (OdeckandAlkady) ~..)~!_,~.)Ji ~J r'~~t rLJ.J
~ ~ l.J.A ~J ,..>-tfi('t-4..1.:' u~..)~I .l.P.-J f>..l.tr! JJ4 ~ r.J~ ~I Jl:,Lal
52. ~'~' ~'~' 0l:a ~ - <.?.)~'J ~.)Jt <.?t - 04A.:U.J -~~.)~~' r'.J,.&j'
~ rJ ~ '~.:&j ~ '.'! "'" 0fiJ ~ ,~_;l ~_;L.Ai ~ ,~_;J' J-bW.4
y::H •.1.~.a:i.HJ~U,~.J.J'JS'~b~~'J..'I~~~ ~J -~~J~'
;;..1>.J ( t.V) ~bt ~~ 'yi:9 (Andrews et-al) 0~iJJJJ,J,jf 0t ~ -~ • 0-~
JJJ' V"~' :~U' ~.ill <>":!:!UA ~.;l r'-';.; ,,., ~ ,~1~4A~
r~ ~ 4:6J.' c.:.tLoµ'J LjS'j-1.14Aµ' ~ 4.c.jyi d.a.&.l' (JA c.:.t~~~I ;;~l
.(Lone Parents) (~..Ul_,.H ..>.l wJ~ ylj..all) Jl.>9JI ~ ~UJI u-u'-:!-411J .('t'••)
- -
- ~' ~ ~tJ ,('t' ••) r~ ~~JS'~~~' ~I cJUJ1 V"~'J
t_.,.ul'J ,~1 ~ ~~~' ~ y~.!:H t_.,.ull u-u~ ~J ·rW' c.:.t'~ ~ - 0~1 '-?t
~~I ~~I ~~I 0t ~~,~~~I ~I c.;s~)t&;.~IJ ,~~I
(Audit Commission 2002) ~1>1' ~ Jt ~CA.At:iJ -~~1 ~_jjiJ~~ J.o~
V"L.ut c.:rk ~I c.:.tl.o_µt ~l..>.j ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~b)U alo~ ~I Q.!.!;i!
c.ill~ rl~' ~ ~J (Audit Commission 2002) u~·.:iaiH ~.:&jJ ~bJ' ~t~j.A
-~bJI V"~
~t ~b':i!.,r-.U ~.)~~'l~~~,J~U' ~.J.Jl 0t 0_,4Jjlt ~J ..WJ
- - - -
~t ~WI c.:.t~I ~ ~ '-?J~~l/~~~I t_.,.ull w-SJ ,4A~
-~~
c.ill~J ,Andrews Et-Al (2005a) i>J?TJ JJJ...(,f c.:.tL.ulJJ ~.:&j ~jiJ ~..l).LiJ
w~iJ.J:!AJJ-j.J~..?. ~rll ~?JI ~I ~Lo_µI ~bt ~~~ ~~
- -
0t 'J~J (c.,;,l:aj Ub.) c.:.tLl~ ~ ~1 b~IJ ,Gutierrez-Romeo (2008)
lJ.A jAL-i&J' ~bJ' ~'Q.:.:0; e,,k a:iJ~ c.:.t~b l&l ~.>1' j~I <.J.A ~ b~t
~'~b Ls:!.J.J ~ ,;;~1 a.: .:;..:.t t a~.::HJ ~w' ~l~'J ~IJL&.11 ~ ~
:.t:;' - .t - -- .t W..b- ....L£J.I I!. .J.JI .."!!" • ~~' • t ~i ,;;· L a...uL..u U~l
.>-:J ~ ~ J <.:r ~ J ...x:--' (.) • u '..).) . -. -
.(Comprehensive Performance) j.oLlJ' ~IJJI e,,k ~
e,,k <.?J~~IJ ~~~I ..t .:;·iHJ ~UI ~.J.ll .,,_jl ~~I~ ~JI~
Monastiriotis))~.}J~~yiJ(Gordon) 0JJ..?.LbJ~cll~J'~I~~~
e,,k (~UI ~.J.l') V"l::S ~J ,~~I c:,,J.ll ~ ~~ ~J.J.A (VV) J.? ((2006
~~WI ~~'J(Lone Parents) ~.J.l'.,l' ..1>.i 0J~ ~~WI~ ~l
'W.}J-*"'1T'-?t ~I V"L.ut e,,k ~I V"~ ~J .V").J.A ~ Ub.c..o J>.b ~I
53. u,.b ~l..w..~I ·~ .~A'I u,.b • 4..i..a..JI ~ ' -"-··ti • • • • j d
. 'J - . ~ • WA - • 'J ~ ~0-Au.J.»J ~
~.:.UI ~)tll ~ <>"L.ui ~ a..uJ..1.11 ~bl<>"~ ~J ,~~~I ~J.i.:11 J~I
r~ ~ (A-C) ~ ~~J~ (GCSE) ~~I o.l~I ~ ps-iJ (o) ~ I~
~~~~bi d.Aj}l: ~..LJ.I ~UI ~..UI oi ~1 ~~?JI ~l.:Ull ~J ·r'°'°'°'
~' 6-A ~~16-4 ;;~ i.ll..1C.i r~ c.i'-1' (.)o".)1..1.1.1 ou ·(.)o".;i..L...tl ~wbu.AI
.lS t.,.nll .l~i 0-4 ~of ~1~ LA.A ,~j LA>jbi o~ .lS ~-*""5TIJ ~_,JI
Leeson) o~J Hall J_jA ~ .lSJ ,4AWI 4A..WI ~b~ ~~1al)L:.d.J 0~
~ ~JJ.A ~Wo~ (1·V) ~ ~b~I ~~__,..JI~.! .,,;;;JIJ~l~b (2010
J~I <>"~ ~ .lSJ .1.5jl>J.I ~ a:i)lc. ~I~ 1.5~i JA~ ~ r=4 Ohio .HL.A>Jf
..1.&.4.L&JI t..s - · · ,a....bl.4J.I •.:. l.l ·w1 "1.:w1 Wo J..lt.A ~L tu1
- <>"-~~<:r v- ~- r .). -~
0~J Hall J_jA ~J .lSJ ·~J..1.11 d..alol.4.ll o~~~I t.,z-JI ~ cGiJ~4
.~b~I ~~~~!..>Jib d.J L4.A~ ~~I t.,zJIJ~I 0 f Leeson
- ·-ti ·6..j~I ,,.. 4-J.l~~I a..u~I ~~I :.t::; (2006-Xu) · -
~.). ,. ~ - J - ~ .>:J J.)~
~.:.UI .ll~~I ~ o-uL.ui ~ ~UI ~..UI o-ul.a.J.J .~I ~.JA~I ~~~_,JI~
~l~j..o rl~4 c.>"~ c:G!=9 'y~.::'I t_,.ull (~l) .a.tlb+JI J..Lt.AJ>44JI ~ oJ.l ~
~ ~i .~~~I ~J ,J_,s .49 10 ~ ~ 0~1 ~J ,~w?JI ~ J.?
j~f'I ~j..o r~I ..1lj ·(t_,.ullJ) .-.; .'i.;U 0~ ~!=9 (0..1.ll) ~I 0S:.....u
J~tll~J..o~.J -4=!~-'14~1 "b}l.J L~(HAI) rY·.' rW ':r-...oll
~~Irj}t;J •(Self-Rated Health) ~l.:UI ~I J..Lt.A ~_jjiJ 1.5~ ~I
,~wf'I VA~~~ 0t ~ .• ".!' ·0 '1 ~I J~t'4 w~J}t; a.tlb..JIJ.,,..UU l:!WI
- ,. - lt - l
,~ ~ j~l f4-4J)l: ~I~ ~I~ ~~;ilJ ~I Jl#VA bl~ J
.~t ~ J~l f4-4J}l: (~..1.11) 0..u.1 o~ VA;;~~~ 0t ~ ~
rWI tlb4fl ~~I~ ~l:.. ~~~Dynamism 4#.ri-JI wf ~~
~~~I <>-4~ ~6. ~J-J.J ,(Boyne,2000,GinterEtal,2002)
t.>J~J Andrews JJJ...L..li 0~ c.!U~ r=4J ,4AWI 4-4.....:.JI ~bi~ ~I LA>..>J;b
~J ."~'J ~'~;;~I~ LA>Jil ~ a.t.l~l 0LA~ BoynE (2008)
~~(Beard) .l~J (Dess) ~.l [~_j4iJ jALl. ~ ~b.l w.l.i)J ~l_,JI
.a.: 4.!t;,, ;;tt a~.::fl
54. 4.:J~ ~ d..#..r-JJ ~IJ ,~ ~J.l .Joi LJ:--.A_j:tJ .JJ.J..Gt ~JS'~
,~ d.Afo.:ll L_;bl ~1 ~l4A (' tA) ~ ~ <i'3' d.AWI ul qto;t
Regulatory) a .!b:·ot ~_,:,WI ;;~~I J;9 ~ ,~, ,i;,9 L&:>i ~ 'sa.:i·0 i ~
~J:4A U""~t ~ ~~~"l'l/~~"l'IJ ~UI ~J.ll U""u.,J .(Agencies
4:6 ~JS' ~[J~j.J. ulA.r-JJj~l~j..o~ ~1/~W.I u>l:-:= ...;
~ ~ y'i.r:t c...9~"l'I U""l..4JJ .u.b..A..oJS' ~~IJu~I ~ ~~~
,u-uJI .J'-tS'J y~I ~~I~~ c...9>b;."l'IJ ,~~"l'I ~I t.,.UJ c..-9__,..JI
c.>":!:!l4A U~j ·(~~I) ~~j'llj.)S'->4JI (.)-"~ Ci.AJ.O,.i ,,,, ~I~~ uu
~ ~ (Y· •'J' °'°'')~.J~l .;----:f:.~IJ ~I i.S.J.......A ~~ ~..r-JI
~ (Y • •t-Y • •Y) r~ ~ d.AW d.A~ ~ ulJ •~IJ ~UI ~J.ll c.>":!:!l4A
~..l4i~~~~J'~~~lu~l~~ul~4....ulj!
~..lA:i~~l~lu..b.l_,~J'jALlJl~b~uq.!.:ai~~~
U"".J...ul ~J ,~ ~..1.43 ~ ~~"l'I ulA~I ul)~l ~J ,~
~ 15_?t4:6 ulbL..u ~J ,~ ~..1.43 ~ ~l>. l>":!:!W. ~ <i'1'
~Lib! ulbL..u .JS'j ~~.JAi~ dlo__,_jJ_ulA..G.. ~j ,~, a.!j.oj
~~J ,~~.>JI;;~~~~~~~ L&:>lJ(~..111 tLlJ.ll)J-s~
ul ~I~ uWM.l.I ul ~~?JI ~b..Lll t.r.iJJ -~ ~bt u~ u~I
u~~ ~~j'JIJ t_,_zJI ~) ;;~J ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~IJ ~! ~
.~L:c..uJI ~ d.dj4.o~ u~ ~~ jl ~l>. ¥? ul~ L&:>iJ (~~
~ ,d.AWI d.A~I ~bt ~ u~>b;."l' ui ~l~I ~ ~.:.UI ~J.l F~J
~ljJ <i'3' d..#..r-JJ ~J ,~I ~b~IJ ~U ~J.ll U""~ pbA ,~_,:4A JA
4'i.!:t~b~~1 ul: ...>J ~ .:G..~I ~ ~ ~t ~ ~~ y-41: ~J ,~I
-~b~j ~~?!' ;;.)b?J """"''.)~ ~ ~ ~'
a~t~~~~,j.4.tt A 'i.!•..tt ul.u!J~
r~ ~lya ~ <i'1' a.: ,,,,.:;.i. 4'i.::t .):ii~ r~' ~ 41J9 ~~ u~
ut.:.s~t ~jJJ •~l~~I i.S~ ~rt ':fq.!J;, iit 15~ ~ ~J-'-" d.AW d.A~I
y'i.::1 ~b~ ~ (Self Regulation) u.:.U ~ ~..H pt J..? ~..>--""-:' ~~
u~iJ .J..Gl.A:!J) (Sides 2008 .JJ:~J Darnell J;s.Jb Ji.A)~~ u~~
'1.1.ti piJ ,(Prakash 2005 U""~..HJ Potoski ~~~J) (G2007 Enander Et Al
55. wi ~ <?IJ LWI L...G.JI u4~ ~~?JI al~I ~ ~i ~G+JI
Martln, c:,J.;l..oJ Andrews JJJ~i ~) aJ:"'-:1 a.:b: ·0 ~~t,g ~ ~..>-4 w~
~k <?I aL.ul.;..UI L>A ...1:!...WI ~LLA w~ l.!.U~ c.)1 a......9W,fl4J .(20109 2007
~ l.!.U~PlJ (Chapman, 2001 ~) c).:.4~1 ~_,.ti ~J ,,/·.:iaiJI f:!AL4A
Kelley et-) ~~TJ ~J (Case Et -Al 2000 0-J~TJ ~ ~) ~L.u).-4.A
.;l:i)U Modeling [~Lµ ~_,.t J~ ~ i~ ~~~I w~ JS' ~J •(al-2003
aL..ul.;.J.ll wlJ 'f'WI tl.b..4ll ~ ':"'Q.!t:..;;JI ~b~I ~ w==·.!iaitl ~~J ~ ;;~411
~~[~~~~I L>A ~~,~WI L..G.JI ~biJ ~I ~k ~I
j.Ak J;...D .;l:iT ~a.JS'.; aL...ul_;.J.ll w~ if?"~~~ ~J ·w==· _:;i;;lt j.A~
Cullingford and Daniels, J~) ~~ ~j J:..1..>-4 ~ alj~?JI ~ ~IJ
w==·_:iaitl u~ji LJ::t a.kJI ~ ;;~IJ d-ul.;.) wi ~..H (1999, Shaw et-al, 2003
pi ~<?I o.;~I aL.ul_;..UI ~ ~~J .(Mc Crone et-al 2007) ~b~IJ
~4 ¥w,1 a6-'h· 0
4 ;;~ ~~1,a..ow1 L..G.JI ~bi~ ~J.ll ar;.::tl
~I I~ ~J .(~IJ J;.""'11J ,a.J~L....uJ.I ~)~~I wi>WIJ ~
~J.ll ar;.!:tl LJ::t al>-Wl ~ ~ ~1-?.?1 ~ aL.ul.;.) ~ ~ t--'""_,.tl
~<?I ~I uL.ul.;.J.ll F~...P.'"i ~J ·rWI tl....b.4J4~ Q.:t:..;;tl ~b~lj
uL...ul.;..UI lS~ wu, 1..1.i.l~ ~ ~...P.'"i ..w ~ ;;~IJ '}111~1 ~ l.A..;~I
.(Y/Y) JJ~I ~ ~IJ LWI L..G.JI ~btJ ~J.ll 4'i.::tl ~k <?I
,~I tl.bS L>A J,A~4 ~ LWI "-4..WI s:.bi ~ w==·.:iaitl ~t; ~ ~...UI wl
-
· · .. ~ .J...L.o>Ull uLl~I s:.bj -~-.~.:.~ti a.3.)6- · 4:9.>....JI • ~ •
OA~_rtU .. ~ ~~ LJ::I ~ ~
j.J_,.blI~->b.JIc.)1 ~ .)..t-t: ...:9 J.:J..UI I~ '->"L..ui ~.)J..b:A wu .~l:'JI'->".;LU.I
~~1 ~.;J Ji '~~)'I [~~I~_,., ~LlAuw~~.fJJ 'l>".;l...U.I ~~
i a...u:,~'}114.Jk. ti. "~~I . 'Wl I-~ - .~('j ''=Lu&.11 "~~I ..u ~I
J .. . - '..)-' "?"'" • (.)~ ~~ u- I.) ..
o.J-tfi ~ r..G=i CCI;~ ~jLJI ~ <?' ul........ul.;..UI JS' WU ·lS~t Lk ul..o...G..
~ ~ 's Qt;,, 4 WU '~~1 ~i ul~ ~.) uwb:&..ol FJ uLJQ..al L>A
.o.).J..t:&Aj ;;~ ~L..ui rl~4J lSj'>J.4 ~ ul~ lS_?-f ul~
Jbu.J ,~b~I ~ w=;·.:;a;tl ..b~pi ~ •;, .=:.S'!t uL.ul.;...UI ~ ~J
~l:'JI o.)~I w~I ~bj Daniels (1999) j.J~bJ Cullingford .).;~lS'
j;;.~:.t - 1.,..~1 ~..~:.~ti :.14.J"...t~-.14.J·l:i 1...U.4.L.u:.J}l;.· (GCSE)
&J ~ ..)-4'-'-" ":' ~ jJ., ~ :J-1 (.)-".) .. 0.4
~ l.!.U~J ,J-tfi~ a;,J:&A ~>t;.JI j~l ~ ~ ,,,.....:JI~ wi l~JJ ,ul_,.&--u,
or
56. (Y/Y) J.J~t
a..owt a..o~t ~•~t ~ ~jl.t ''.::"pt
~~~·~~I
~1~tl UML:!J
"".::ti ~~1 ~.Jul.JAal
4-!J..'11
~l~~I ~jtl ~I
ai...,~~~t>t
~'~~~1. 4.......w.)..1.A t.Y1 ~bj.lJ~S'
~AC u4;-> o
~a!i.)6.
~1~~ Callingfrod &)
~' ~~I u~k:&.ol
(JoLla.!) (a.!6.)
r'°''V-1it. Daniels (1999
~L.ol;.~~
~u~l.:iU.o':llu~.;.l ~J..1.A , '11 Luginbuhl et-al)
~J~I~
u~~IJ oj;-1_,..A.ll
i./' .!;a; Ll.>b.
4..t..Li.l a..J l (2009
&AJUbf ~c;Jlv-;l..U.I ~Llaj (a.lb.) - ~ -!J
r~?JIJ 4.iUIJ Y· ·T-1ii c,J~iJJ.*-~
bli.JI ~4-~~I ~J°J
~Llb::l.4':11 ~bj
~.,,.UI ,/·.:i.;;
~J..1.A o'V
u~iJ 0-"5Lo
~1 'i->.P ~~ji . ~ .L.a..o)t&J ~~J 4+1Jl
c..>-""' - - 1,,/'_!iAj W.l6. Mc Crone et-al)
~ ~Wl.~ ,,_,,
(JoLla.!) (a.!6.)
L.i.J .! I ~1 (2007
jj&&.t_;.J:llI Y• •1-Y• • o
ai...,~~~bt
~'~~~"/.
~ LlJb.
L..,.,J..Lo YTy
Rosenthal
~'
~AC u4;-> o
~Llaj (a.lb.)
~1 ~l!i
(Y••1) J~jJJ
~l!i':JI u~k:&.ol 'CV-''Y
iJ.A j;.!Jl ~ d.&~•.~
J~ j;.!Jl f.SJ°J '~~ ~'~~~"/.
~Ll.>b.
L.....J..LA r ...
Shaw et-al (2003)
- -
·- ':J • • ~AC u4;-> O ~l~l!i
~ -~j
~Ll.j (alb.) w~iJ~
~jbl LJ~ ()--4 ~ ~~I u~k:&.ol ''V-''y
- -
lb...,:&.o
ot
57. ~~I~~~~~ pi Luginbuhl (2009) 0~iJ J~_,J ~J
~J4J'I ~..Li.J.WI <>")..WI~ ~~~I ~w~~I ~~JJ~j&A
15p..f w~·.!;,;; ~~b.. of - o»>iJ J~-'1 i.?f - 1~1J ·OJ~~'~ 15p..T
·r ,ca....u1 ..u1 1 ~~1 -:. ~•1) ~~' · ~ ~L '---~r ~bi L~- -· ~
(.) J .) ~ (,:rW (>A .. • • ~ '+'6'"' ~
- -
LA ~I .. ~I Ul~I a..u.JI ~ l.J.A ~ ~i ~~ ~ ..L9 :.bl! l.J.A
~ .. ru - .. .. .. (.)-".) - .. .>t:J
o.'"4..l.4JJ (Shaw et-al) (2003) 0~iJ ~ r~..J .~~I ~)b.11 ~.>Pi J~ ~J
~l.tbuA~ ~)Lii ~tu.JIJ ~I~ ~~?II a:g)Wt ~~1 ~i dJ ~J
l.J.A ·(~I cJ.A 01. ~lji) oJ~ ~lj ~1 <>".;l.J.A ~ c.ill~J ~!&JI oJ+!JI
J~ ~~ ~ ~..cil Ji~ I . . . . .
~~~ d..Lo~I 4b1;%t IV"Jl..UI OU
Mc Crone et-al (2007) LJ-s?iJ o~LA a.-t.)J OU l.J.A .~I a.-1.)..ul ~l_,.&...u
~ t.r~ ~J~..ll ,1~1~~ljJ4Jf a__J..1.A( •• ·) ~~i ~~I
.-.;,,,~ ..ll ~)..1.A J;..b ~..Jo.cit~~ of o~ ~J..u.1 !.?J-!...1.A of ~jlll
(~L:._,...o_,.ll) Jl_,.ll .>J_,blJ oJ~ ~~~~ab I~ ~i LS -~/i·.!;a;H ~
·<:r1WI ~IJJI ~I~ ~UJI <>".;l..UI ~J 4J'I <>"Jl..111 ~ ~wbuA~I ~bj ~J
..kJWJI · .WJ · · · · cLJ1 ·•~~'I 4-&.4.0 , -~-,~.:.~ti ~ • • f '1 :. l.J.A
• (.Jj-1 (.)~ ()4A .. ..J-- .. - :J ~ .. J-1 (.) l.:r' ~ ~
.44}'1 "Jui.>J...>'U c.;s '4 rl.:W ~G.. rt.A JJ.l l+t 0~ ..ll (Regulates)
0~ ,a..ow1 a..o~1 ~tJiJ ~_;.t.1 a';.!:" ~ ~ll)la.11 ~ J:!J..UI ~JJ~ ~J
- - i
bl.4A.cl a.!4.!t:.. jjJI ~~F:-11 ~ 4:· .'i.;4 Jlj1 dJ ofi:i ..ll w'i·Ji0itl o ~1 ~ ~~
-:1. 1.a .-"·'L"' _;..~.:.~•1 - ·-'a:. "'" ~1·~~1 _;..~.:.~ti a.Jb.. ~ - ,_
~ ~ -.:r.:-~ ~~ • .) • "j~ .. ~c.:r-
a.! 4.!t:..;;tt ~~F:-11 ~ ~' a.! , ., 1J.l Jlj'}lt ".a .l>.f ~1&-o 0i ~ ~~1
.~IJ~IJ ~1~?11 oJIJ)'I 4...ulJJ ~ J~~I ~
,a.wta...u.rt -.t~!J"~4.!ta;-.itu~t J~~wt J:!l'"1l't ut~~
a..o~1~1Jt~pj:ia .!4.!t:..;;11~~10T~l~~lc,!:,~I~
:J.>.bc,!:,)lj~J9'l~at< ,'i.4 ~b..~jlll~..111 ~~~t-°J .4......oWI
.. - - -
.J.A~I ou .ar;.!:u ~L,!, ~~~~LA IJJW ~w1~~1.;..u1 0f '~J~I
~ o~I (,... ... • Cc...,.Jlj l<" -~-· ~<" a___...w1 ~Ll.ull J .. QA~tt
J c.:r- ~ ~ . v----! J-J-!. - -· ~ ..,.---,.....
J~) J~~I cJ.A ~I Ji (Croll, 2002) J~ L.,,..,IJJ ~ ~UI ~..111/J~I J~)
o..i.:i-IJ a.-IJJJ {Leeson, 2010 o~J Hall JJrA ~L-.IJJ ~ ~IJ ~UI J~I
-.. ..
Dynamism (Andrews and Boyne, ~_r>JI ,;-!ii~ I.JAL,!, r..Ld:i ~ ~
00
58. u-o d_j~ ,a.! 4.!t;, ;;JI w~ ~I [~WI J..-,A~ .;~I ~1..r!'"U ..,.,...,blJJ (2008
.a..will 4hJl a,j~I .llLl~I Cii. ~~I _,,ti
- -· • ~ .) r..:r- • ,~
~ J.o~4 ~~~~ ~j.1.1 ~I J_p- J_P.-_,.ll J:.WI ~..UI 0i ,~:JI UJ_,.kJI
"~J:! ~.:UI .fl ~1.J..ll ~..UIJ l.!lb J>...i:Lll J.ol_,.c. oJ_P.- ~ «li.A ~j u:;,.!;,;;JI w~b. pi
0~LA 0i ~JJ ,(Shaw et-al 2003 ,~iJ ~ Jl:LA) ~ 0~ <JAJ 0~1
"i cG~ 'u:;..!;o;JI ~ ~ _;.s'i ~ 1-'"4.iS (Mc Crone et-al 2007) l>-J?iJ
Regulatory ~~I ~~WI ~..UI J~I i.S.J.A ~.;~I ~l r~I ~ ~J:!
~bi~ J.o~4 .;~ ~_jll wl~ ~ ,J:l..UI 01J ,~b~I ~ ~bll Support
·vu.;LU.I
~b~I ~a.! .....:JllJ ~I w~lp~ J:ll.;~I ~J .J.4l ,CGJ:tll L..4J_;-bll
u-s?TJ..JJ.J..Lsi J~) ~I ar;.!:ll ~ LA1.J..=S'.>ill ~I ~J .Ll.;..UI wl~~
.(Rosenthal 2004 JliiJ; J~) ~j.l 41 ~.L.AlJ { Andrews.et-.al (2005.aj
F ~.)~I 0-4 cG~ ,~b~IJ a'i.!:J ~ ~l..>11 ~ a.lA~ O.)~ ~ JJ so=d.lJ
J..? w~~ .)# jil ~J '[~~' wl~ ~a.! I" c ·j.llJ ~I a'i.!:ll ~l.AA
.d..oWI d..o...G.JI ~bi~ a.!4.!t;,;;Jl ar;.!!J ~I .;Ci'il
s4, 4-tl:ta.i-J't ul:u.J't ~J J~ ul.w.Q. ~tt
.. .. ... ~ ~- .. ~
wLJo.al ~ 15..W 0~ <?I u~WI ~ ~b~I ~ w~ ~JJ........>. ~
r~ 0i ~ L_;JI wLJo.al 01 .w~~10--4 ~ta:..)~ J)..9---4 ~WI
a:._,L..u:L.o w~ ~l..1>.'; ~Y,I a.oµ1 ~JLi ~~J .~iJ~i wl.A..G..
d..oWI wl 4t;,;JJ o~jtl.I a:..)~"il J.)lj.1101-9 (Bennett, 1982 ,-. .!;.!!) ~~
w~WI ..)~~I .r.,U • L . ·~ .L 'I· LuJ.J · ... ~fl ~1 -~t., :..'b:i •i '-~-'I·
J ~ ~ uu ~ w ~ 'J-"" • ..)-) (.) ~ 0-4
J~J ,(Williams, 2003) ~J ,wl.A..WI u-o c.!l~ [:&j'; ~i ~.;..1.4.o ~I
J,J..;-b ~ :Jl.:AA) ~WI vu.Jl...L...l. uw~1 f:..1.Ai ~I w~WI 0lS:-Aht wi t.!LJ.:U
i.>~ ~_>14j.i.ll Ll.;..i.ll u~~ c9...G 0i Ji ,(a:JUI J-tf:. wl..1&.UI Ji ~I
.l.;lj.11Jo~0-4 • ;,.!,;;..:JI ~lS:-Abt 0i ~ ·~.;..LI.I u6::iA"il ~ ~Ubi ~bi
J..? c..:)J~I ~yi.110~ illl.J.J .~WI wLA...G.JI 0-4 ~~ ~~ wl.A~ ~~
: a..will ~I :.i
jA - -· ..,.,
59. =~Q~t;;;u ~1~~~ 0~4-4 aJ~ 41 _,1,~ ~1 ~'411 J¥1/~i.ll1wtH2.1
~b>JI ~ 0i ~I LJ.A LWI wWo..al ~lji '-?.JJI y!!tl'"" .!;;.;JI 01
¥~ LJ.-4) ~~..>~ ~ '<Y°~I ~J .wWo..al "~ ~~ a;,~1
<.>"~ wl~ L..i.>. ~J.4j ,(~_,JI ~I LJ.AJ '"=-'1WI ~ ~ ~ :Jli4) (o...1>.IJ
...1:9 cG~ ,CG..>Ul.4J .i~ ;;..>~~fa. ~4-~I ~(Standardized) ...L..>.-"4
w~~J;;_#a .:"~w~I :Jli4)~Jl~iLJ.A0LuJ~~0~
Boden 0.lY.) ~~ 4.::;t wlA,J.;JI LJ.A d.......ulJ ~ f::'..s.,;;:; ,(~ ~.l~I
~f ~I 0~ ,~ ~~ i.S~ '-?i c,,1:. cG!J .(Alford, 1969 .l..>~IJ
LJ.A 0~ ...l9 ,l.!.lJj.J J~. ~IJ ¥1..~ ~ ~ w~I tJ~ ~ O.)~ ~
.~~1 d.W'...o ~l..HJ ,L..:_;..s-Lll ~..Wl .JS'l.>AJ ,¥~! l.>")..1..-A ~ji '-?..>~I
.l~I '1 .l~ · i ·.< •· ~ 4..a.91 • ~ •.:. b wlA...G.- J.O:i • ~, 1·Ul.L
c.:r '-? ~ u ~ .. .. ~ ~ f::' u~ I.>! .!J
Panzar and Willig,) wlA,J.;JI ~ a.S'l~IJ Wu:.L.All [bj?JI J,J_;-b ~~I~
.~ r~ LA ~J (1977
a~Q~t.;;;11 ~1~~~ ~ ~J-4t ~1 ~1wJ»H2.2
~l)~'il <)A~ ~.).l0~Y! Q.!to;;tl).;--411 ~L..::, WU
~~I ~l._>J ~~WI "'..>J~ ~ ~:.UI ..>--4~1 ,4~ ·b.:b;..J.14 I~~
Ji;;~ w'i~ 01J .(Dutton et-al, 1983) a .:utl wl:!~ 1-9:.!=:=i ,,.2 ~
0T ~1 ~~I LJ.l...H..U.I ~...Li ...1:9 l.s,j-*-"I~ ..1....:9 <i'11 ~~I~ ad~~
~~!-! 0~ ,l.!.lJ:.U a'"!'"[uJ .;;~~ wlA..b. _J-J_,.b:i a.;,~1 J.? ~...?"" 1_,:,fi.:
w~ ~1 '-?.)~ ...1:9 w 'y'i.:_.11 ~I~~;;..>~ Ji~..> ~j l_,:,fi_: 0i
0l ~~I f>J.......c.J)~'il r~ 0~ l.!.U:.U ,(Staw et-al, 1981) ~~
a_;,'511 w4-~'ilJ w4~)AJ ~I J.: ...;;u ~~I LJ.l...H..U.I .)~ ll~
•IAAJ alA....WI LJ.A 4.:':a; ...tlJ
:'?Q.!lQiiJI ~1~)U ~ 4.1.&.0 ufa '.:1111 ¥..ri-JI wJ H 2.3
~ - ~ - . - - • :.~- - - f .. t:..•• ::s • • I
~ ~".! "11·1-l' ~~~I ~l.:9yl~.J-:!-lUO,j41L.....J~4.)~uu
~L..::JI ~WI ui 0~4! ~J (Boyne et-al 2002) LJ.l..?TJ 0-J-Y. ~ LJ.A O_J-J_,.b:i
ui ~_,:ill LJ.A ,a:g.)~i .J:~J .~I;;~~~ '-9J-'"" ut;..!;a;JI w~W
ov