This document provides a summary of 3 key points about secularism and state policies toward religion in the United States, France, and Turkey: - The US maintains a strict separation between church and state but allows religious expression in public life. France promotes a stricter form of secularism that limits religious expression in government affairs and public spaces. - Turkey originally adopted France's strict secularism model after the fall of the Ottoman Empire but has seen an increasing Islamization of public life under the AK Party government since 2002. - There are debates around striking the right balance between respecting religious freedom and ensuring an impartial secular state. The US, France, and Turkey represent different approaches but all aim to define appropriate religion

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Secularism and State Policies Toward Religion
The United States, France, and Turkey
© Ahmet T. Kuru 2009
322
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provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
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Y

16. 4.r" .rJS ..J~1 Jl LS~i ~.ill JJ11 ~WI ~~ ~ ~S
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~...UI 6.5JL.:......ll .:.r' ..~.;_,;.;., ~.A.ll ,;:,L...,~')/1 ~ JW ~ <)_,:..-; .;JI ~L::.ll., ~~...u...:.ll
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18. ~~~ W •(A)('WI '-:"'lk.>JI J~i ~~ ~~ ~J4 ·Q~ l_r.3.b
r+,:)~ c_.}t J')G.. :r ~l~..lll u'1JI..WI J U"":JI
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• • J • . ~ ~ u:-
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_ .}-Y, ~~ ·~ ~J ~~)Y-~"11 ul..:.H.:•.~I u>' ~ '1 0..UI
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...l>-IJ S-JT J (~_,k.LJI) ~lAJIJ ~~~JJI' .
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19. J~l>> _y:. k;l ..._;J~ :y ~I~JJI ~ ~ 'j -,?lJI U"'L..11
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- yn~~WI ~_,.)I
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.} ..JJI -~~ y. '~I .j~ .JLS .)! ~ ul~l .y ~~ LA ~i ,.:r.J.J~ ('1")
- :~.:.;~ :i.:-5_,WI J.:... u~}Y-..l:~l ';/J ~W':il-~ ';/ ,~_,.,.;;JII.l...
James E. Wood, Jr., Church-State Relations in the Modern World: : _}.;I '...eL.....JI c::_;L..:l.l (0
With Historical National, International, and Ecclesiastical Documents and an Annotated Bibliography
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V

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.4JI...lj) Jl
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~.JY W._, .~1 ;i~L d....oWI ~)WI .......;...,_,.J ub.J.k...a...ll 0-" r.sJI -.::.....~1 (o)
Headscarf (Foulard, Bardortusu or :i...,.5_r.JI_, ~_.r<.)l 6_;,jJL 4J~~ Lo _, ~~~~ ..;...J.SJI
'-:"'~1 y Veil (voile, pece) 0i cr.- .j 'U'"'i)I Jy> ~_,., Lo _,i 'U'"'i)l .Lk.i> ~-'Turban)
4.......01_,.::... ~)lo .1;..;) _,i ,(Hjab, Tesettur) '-:"'~1 '-:,S.rJI d L.a_,i ~. Yeil~_,JI ~-'
.i..l.i.ll ~1 U'"'i)l <..r" ...l....SL ~I~ ~_,.....,i '-:"'Y y Chad~r(Tchador,Carsaf) ·i~ -~
Lina Molokotos Liederman, «Religious Diversity in Schools: The Muslim Headscarf :~I
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ul~l '-;-'~i (.;.4 '-;-'')lku ((~I oi_,S~Ill ~ L,?_,h:..; 4......_;.MJI
.c•>.,::.,t;Jj1~ ~WI ~...UI
Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992), and Santa Fe v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000). (1)

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29. u~l~ ~ ~G er:..UI ..ljl U_,..UI ul.....~ 0i ~i
4.......L.JI I <: •: . ~ ~ ..lJI •)I ..L,a..Q..Jt_; ~ (V)~_,..l ..l.11
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.<o.)0~~fl ~ ..ljl ~_,.ill '-?~l:>JI .......UrJI_, .wl.Q:JI
l.... ,;,d..~l '-.;~ ;jlA:]i_; ,;jl.A: 4l5 · '].1., l.> .I .1., . i~ ..;......G...::.... ...Lil (V)- • ) - ~ . _.yy,.- .="'
,:r ~~ d" ~_,.ly,.-A.;11 .~_,Jy,.-A.;11 ,:r _;sl J-.-L:.ll.__.~_, ~L..; _;sl_, _;sl ~
~ ..l.S~ W .~_, ~-' 451A J+-.-11 ,:r <GI,9 _)l:J~_, d-;::y_,.)~ ill...:...ll Jl5JII
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0..t.>-i_, ~ L..l:--JI ,..,t i_2 ~~ ~ ~~ ;)~ , 4J_,JJI ~L...~
C~~~.J •ol..:JI ~ .,.~1 ......: .jl_r-~1 C.~~~ W lh ~ ~~~
'-:"~i o...~.>- ;)y;-_, :_r ~)I ~_, ·if'_r..::.JI ~I .,.~I ..U...: ~_,)1
Jj..>...:JI ;)i :1 /'.;~_,_JI ;)L,..;~I )-::-~1_, ~l_r.~I oJpl il::-9 .,.IJ.J
:_r ·~ js ~~~I ~l:::JI ~ ~~~ ._;..;,i ~ ~_,.Jy...~.;11
(>L....~I J.>...; ~~WI L..l::--JI ~~? ;;..~_;~ }k;~ C-'~1 ~
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~I_,JI ~~l..w ~_,JJ-!..~..;11 t~l 14-J 0LS ...G_, •oL:...ll ~ i~i
;)i ~ .~ o~~l ,..,t .<")~_,JJI_, ~JJI ~ ~L.;J.,JI ~ Jlk:JI
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0_,:;.-...JI ~ ~..lll J~ o~ i~i J~l ~ ~ J.J~ 4J.J..lll
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,jj~l ~ ~ J~
wl!ll ~I ~:ll.i. <) ~w.J..l o~ _;L..... J>ui.)L .L.J.,Ji ,y .:JL:..:I J-'L J..<l ( 0
t::JL.:.JI <) o~y.y ..:...;LS ~I , ~L....h.JI ,y J__,':jl ~I J_,l;L:; )J~ ~~ .o~I ~
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, :z......Lll ;;_,.. ~ I ) I ~. : --1) •." , ~L..L.l] , .:,1 :z......Lli ~LWL LA_, L; ~~ lo ~
··, . J <.s'· u--:. ~ ~ <-1 - ~ "' - ' - - '
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L1 ~~ Lo ~ ~~~~ ~LWI ·cr.J.li.AA; Lo ~ _r.;l.r.-"11 ~ o..J..:~ 11:i.ilk..11 w <.J'":"""'[;
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,11~y-11 ,i_., Jy- ..!.>-Y' _?..; ~ ~ <J:J~j l.!y~ J8~3 iL<- ik;...l ..:;_,~ ~ly
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ii

32. ~I _j ~·WI G~l ~ ,J~I l ... ~ lc... '-T J .. ~ ,__,-
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...:......;L:..........;_,~I _ ~-•·-u11 ~_,JI 0LSJ11 Jlj-i 'J' ,((o~11 c_~~ll
o~l ~ ~LA l)_,~i 0~}-J _ 0_,..)1~1_, 0_r.:SI~'J'I_, ..!i.)yLS~_l_,
~r.~l 0~ ).-;. u}.~ ~I ..;.,L;:__;L..JI ~ ~ .~WI
~~ 0:..U1_, ~_,..UI ~ :U')...1] ~~ ~~~~ 1....Jy. i~ '0--~ Qll
.~J:.;-1 ~ (~ •)j.5 ~..JI ul>.~l
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= «Depillarization, Deconfessionalization, and De-Ideologization: Empirical Trends in Dutch

33. ~L ~l>- ~i ;;_.,'WI ~ ;;:;~ uW.. .I J...~ 1::.:. . - J ) -· - - . y Y- - ~
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J_,.i>- ;;: ;,; if o).:'.Y JJ~I i..4]1 ~ -/' o~l u~~}I ~ ~L...WI
Society 1958-1992,» Review ofReligious Research, vol. 37, no. 4 (1996), pp. 325-341, and Stephen=
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iO

34. .~1 o~l ).bl ~~ ~t.; ~~ o~ 4-i_,$ :_yo _;si ~))
:i....,UI J>- o)~T_, ~_,J~-411 ~~ !..11.)~1 0~ ;J~I ,:r
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~ .-) Oj~ .J r _; 0 r ((l._; _; ~ '~.)~ 1 ~)) ;J~ .t...a.:.;
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~_r..ll ~ ~ ~I ~L..}I ,_s...L>-1 :f o)-~ ~3 , ~~L.a;:;';JI ~
0i ,_s) '-J'WI ~ -).J , <rn~ U"'.JL..; j ~I ~~l,a.;:;)JI
Niliifer Gole, <<Islam as Ideology,» in: Adam B. Seligman, ed., Modest Claims: ('I')
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:_,1.;1 .llo..t>LJI ;;_,~WI ou)l.ll J~l ~~ <r _;si ~ ... C..;Ji3) o..t>LJI J~'1 <-1"
Karl Marx, Selected Writings, edited by Lawrence H. Simon (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett
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=~I J.J..JI ~~~I ..r.>- J_,.k:..JI I.L. LS~ '~Jlo -_r.JI ,~_):- ~_,..6.;3
11

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~l 4 U..WI ~lJ i~11 Jl !J~ ~J '~..U~ ~J..lll .;..,_;~
cr.: L.S_,AJI 0jl.f Jl ~ -;JI .;_,L.,~ if ~? ~~ L ~
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C~_r-:jl JL,a.;i ~ ~_,JY---411 ul..ol_ra-1 ~i Jl , lh if ~
~}-~ ~~ b:-y 0i ~L:, if 'ijWI Jl...WIJ ~I Jl...WI
~ ~ c_rJ ~ 4- J:'::,......:.; ~I 0 Jl:JI u 'JI WI ~ ;;_;.; lJ.,J I ;;_..l.:-il
~ ..:.,J.:.)1 u'JIWI -) ~ c./' ~jWIJ .;;_LJI ~l...WI ~i
i.12.; .:ly>;-~ ~ ~kWI ~J..U ~~ .;..,_? JJ>- ~.>. ~}.i ..JJ)i.l
'!J..Ll ~I ~..UJ ~I --JL>..i Jl ~ 'L?)J L;) -i ('""!..l9
u~l ~ ~..UI JL::-J ·~ ..I..WI c_JJ JR ~ t"......l.>- t~:-'"" 0l5
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Antonio Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, edited by Joseph A. :)'WI -~1 ~l::J ~_,.JY-~)U =
Buttigieg (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), vol. I.
Dwight B. Billings, «Religion as Opposition: A Gramscian Analysis,» American :'~ _);.;I
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Resource: Culture or Ideology?,» Journal for the Scientific Study ofReligion, vol. 35, no. 4 (1996),
pp. 373-374.
iY

36. ~r-::~ i~ ~y:-.J ..u:A;.J ·~.r:-4-JI d' ~.:;,; ~ ~~ QW ~J>.
· I ·· k>-1 • " · Jl ~..lll ;:;lJ.,JI ...::.X..,a.>....!JI L5 ~ ..W l.l.ll..r"__,......C··~ •.. .J. • J .
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•11 lr. • • Ul • .(" ~ -~ JLS::...;.i .I ~ --11 ;_:; .:. · ~..r <..5'"'" ~ . ~ r .r.. • '+' ~ _..,........,
~~'J'I .!.;:11 · J"-·11 ~W .. ..I.Aj · · ~ --11 • l:JI" . r- l..r" y-e-o-' ~ r-:: c..r'...r: ~ ~J
~ ,<n)~~l ~I ~l ~)I J~l ~ oJJLll ~L:--JI3
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of ('i' t)
Nationalism (London: Verso, 1998); Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
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37. o~l ..;.;~'J_,JI ~ ~).:.ll ..;..;~~~ ~ Jy- :;,;lft :SJJ 0y-~
(f ~)I ~ .~~ ;J_,~ cr.~ ..~ ~ l::5_;_, 'L.;_;_, '~_;-/~I
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.("""'"'WI
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~I J..l>u ~ (f _,;-L ~; ~ ..;.;-.G:-3 J-91 ~~ l::S'; ~
· ·u11 ·uw1 .~-~ . -. <w)(At ·< . q · vvo)~ u __J u'" ~ '(""" l.r". r..r-- ~ •,
J_,...UI ~ l;S_; ~ ~ ,4......A.;_rJI ~I ..;..;')~ ul~ J3 ...UI
.4.k:.~I WI ..;.;')..lou ..;.;I~
Alex Inkeles and David Horton Smith, Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six ('' o)
Developing Countries (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).
Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics ( ')
Worldwide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 8 and 208-210.
United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], «Human Development (Y)
Reports,» < http://hdr.undp.orgfenfstatisticsf > .(accessed on 19 May 2008).

38. (Y') ~)1 JJ~I
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Robert J. Barro and Rachel M. Mccleary, «Which Countries Have State Religions?,» ('I'/)
Quarterly Journal ofEconomics, vol. I04, no. 4 (2005), p. 1348.
Jonathan Fox: «World Separation of Religion and State into the 21" Century,» ('I'')
Comparative Political Studies, vol. 39, no. 5 (2006), p. 560, and A World Survey ofReligion and the
State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 99.
Richard W. Bulliet, «The Individual in Islamic Society,» in: Irene Bloom, J. Paul (i •)
Martin and Wayne L. Proudfoot, eds., Religious Diversity and Human Rights (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1996); Hakan M. Yavuz, Islamic Political Identity in Turkey (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. 16-18; Alfred Stepan, «The World's Religious Systems and
Democracy: Crafting the «Twin Tolerations»,» in: Alfred Stepan, Arguing Comparative Politics
(New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), and Olivier Roy, Secularism Confronts Islam ,
translated by George Holoch (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), pp. 15 and 43. A
particular version of civilizationalism has also been called «Orientalism». Edward W. Said:
Orienta/ism. New York: Vintage Books, 1979), and Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts
Determine How We See the Rest of the World (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), pp. 36-68.
Civilizational approach is not always critical of Islam. For a pro-Islamic civilizational
perspective, see: Ahmet Davutoglu, Alternative Paradigms: The Impact of Islamic and Western
Weltanschauungs on Political Theory (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994).

40. ~.J -~ ~~ ~~ ;>J..-....; ~IJ ~~ ~~~Jl J>' 6o· J_;
en );.;l5 ~L..;:;:..')1I oW I J.>-I_,.... J J;.k; 0i ~ ~I ...~.>-I_,AJI t..a.:i
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I .• ~ .<-ro)((W W L.. • - _~~ - ~~ L..)) : :i.:;LJ..JI ~Iu--:. .,/ ~ ~ ~.) " .) " " ~
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~~ 1i )L ;;L>.JJ l"l5 ~~I · ~ ·~I ·" (..5"'. lf 0
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'-?..U) .jJ.i.JI J~IJ (0~~1 ~ '-:-'L>- ~ Jl.5:.911 JJ~ JSY. '-?..U)
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(.y'J ·0~~1J ~~)y.--41 ~ ~ ~ '-:-'l:SJ lh l..>-~ ,4....>-..;
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0 •

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t.Lj J,L...; I ~ 0L.:li ~b -.::......;LS ..u.Jn l. ~' - ,:) ~ li. .J .J .r - u-::----Y.J ~
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.,....WI C..JJ :_ro ~ o...l~ 0i 0.J.:l :_ro i~ ~;)WI ;;_Jijl __; ~J~
•(oA)(('""":i.,o ~_r-JI
Alexis de Tocqueville, L'Ancien regime et Ia revolution (Paris: GF-Flammarion, 2000), (oA)
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:_,1.;1 .IIW.;LA....U I/'..> ~w....Jin 4.]_,..01_, .:r-..UI Cr.: d_;JWI ,.i,. J:... ~ C>i ~r--11 (f
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ilk.:..l !.l?.. r-l ~ •-.:;_,.:..... ..:.,~ ~ y..s1 i~ r-l .;..;i ~ ~I
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52. ~ ~i 'lll ,en·>,~.,-~ -Jl '~'rl it.>. ..r" o_r.AJI .j J~~ CJ~
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~I ~ljl ~ ..:;.,.....,~ ~_)l., ~I ~jWI ~kLJI U~_)~l
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.VI if ,~ J~ (II)

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~L... :i.k..L ;;:;j ~I · · • ~I ~ , · . ·.- II ...L.O C'l. II. . . . ~ r . ~_)~ ~
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J>- .:l~ L;?..Ui l;?J~..Lll ~..u.:J ~Jl_j Jl ~J~I ,_r::····,'~ ~J.;
.(~J_,::........Lll ls.:ll:-<JI x--i ~Y. ~W.JI
Dekker and Ester, «Depillarization, Deconfessionalization, and De-Ideologization: (VV)
Empirical Trends in Dutch Society 1958-1992».
Rajeev Bhargava, «The Distinctiveness of Indian Secularism,» paper presented at: (VA)
The Future ofSecularism (conference), edited by T. N. Srinivasan (New York: Oxford University
Press, 2007), and Gary Jeffrey Jacobsohn, The Wheel of Law: India s Secularismin Comparative
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OA

57. ~k.W I ;J3 JJ 4JYG- ~ o~l>- ..:;.,~ ~~ ui_;AJI oh _r....U
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,J~I ~ ~ ~- ~r ~LA::..; J:>-lr l.r" ~)) ~ -~~
Giovanni Capoccia and R. Daniel Kelemen, «The Study of Critical Junctures: (/ •)
Theory, Narrative, and Counterfactuals in Historical Institutionalism,» World Politics, vol. 59,
no. 3 (2007), p. 341.
~ ~~ ~~ i~ <Y ul.93in <-!" '-)L.i:;'1 J>-1_,...11 0~ 'c/rL. ~L:J 'w_, (A)
._j I~ 1i .._, • l.... w ·1- '<"i .._._, 1- · 'l::JI ~L.a., o~l ililA.JI .;_,I ·- 1i I • ; --
J...r--- . ~ - Y" ~ -~ ~ - . ~ 'T::-" iY'-'
~.r" ~-' ,~ ~l;,;JI 0-" o_r.S u,~ !1.:J. 0~ ,'-:JL.i.;,jl ~.r" ~i J:-9 ... ~~WI
:_,1.;1 ,ll_r.:5 ~~I ~l;,;JI LS..L. ~J ,~[; ..:..>~3 uL.....y •l.:..;! ~ ,'-:-J..4;:;1
James Mahoney, The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central
America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), p. 17.
Capoccia and Kelemen, Ibid., p. 350. <An

58. C:: ~_,:;.; .ti ;;J_)..k.. ~~ :..1.;..._rJ ~4-JI ~ ~ (.Y ul.h.l
g. e. e. e.
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t..a.:i ~~ ~ r-1 .:JJ.UJ -:r..UI ~ ~ 0~ t_)J ~~1 ~
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.~JJ 4..:.-H:,.4 ~ ~kLJI ;s_rJI J~ J...,a..:>.~ ~ ~jWI
4..1)~ u.~ ·~r11 C.;~l (.;-Y ~..WI ..)l J~ L..o~
•4)1 -:r....GI}I -:r..r:-~1 (.Y ~~ (.Y u:Jb ~ ~I ~..L>
;w r-1 ~ 1-4-JJ ~~ ~~ ~) ~ ~ i~ ~JJ ~ r-1)
~->-: J: ·~..l9 ~ ilk.:J ~ ~i ~ ~.UI Jl ~J~ o~l
0i ~ l:?i ~ ~ :L...jb ~.:;.._;)f. U51}<> ~L:._., ~l5 '~lb rY'
).:..li:-11 ~ 1-~i ::.u.. ~ ~
Ruth Berins Collier-and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, (Ai)
the Labor Movement. and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1991), p. 32.
I •

59. ~i ~~ ..__.ijl_,..b ;;~ uiJ 0i ~I 0..U1 ~I lh ~~ 0-" 0S
~i 0-" -/' _ _;L:JI J~l ~ -.i _;J_,..UI_, lr...UI ~ J-a-JI ~
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:f 'J~ 'i)l....~l ~ ~J..Lll o~ i...~..:-- ...:...........i ..;JI <.)1~1 c) ~_,..JI -,?..>~~~~I
«Tiirkiye'deSmiirge :c) 'lr.~i .JL.,..l Js C:: )_r;} ~.i. ji;l ·i)l...,~IJ ~J..Lll .:r.; J-.a.A.ll
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61. o~l;j vPI):'l- ..~1 C~ .(~..r"11 o~l ul;'l'_,.JI ,JWI ~
J_,.; J.;.. ~ ((-,?--4~1 ~In ~ .k~I -.)1 _ ~~I uJJI
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~- ~wu ~~_,..;11 oh ~ o~y.~l .;._,":J l -11..r" l:?i J')L;..
~ ~')..b...;,l 0i ~ 'trll ~ ~ ~~ 4.JJ~ - J~l ~
~ •K1 •l:...SJI -IL.a.J J"11 ~I . -) ~ .___jl .
- - y r...r' c ) i -r ~ - . r'
(.~r-:JI ~ el_,.ll ..::,_,')L..L;JI -l>-i J ~ (~ ;;_;;.;LJJ.r. ~l:SJ
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~ ~}I.SJI ~ ulj~l ~ JJ..UI Xi~ •0_?-i ~L;
.~ ~-II ~I LUI · ..LO..; .;._,L;lAjl J)l;..- ~ ) .. ~
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62. . ~
LA ~ ~) ~..lll -.:;.;~ J3..lll ...J~ ~ ~3 J.;lrl .....:L,a:;3
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o}>:-ll
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.~kl.JI J3JJ t._J.:; 4......J~
d.J3 ...Lll -.::....;l5 ,_.7"" , _;..T ~ :UWI G _r 11 i~ ,rJ :.ro
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~ .(~13 :L.jWI) ~~ ~kWI J_)..k.; ~1-,?~~ L:_o 'iWI
~..ll3 4J3JJ 0::: :UJWI ~ WWI ~II ul>-_):; (i) ~)I ~I
.uYl-L;JI ..~.>-i ).11 ~ ~kl.JI 4J3JJ3
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63. _rsi ~~ U_,JJI ul..w~ ~ -~~ :y ~)I~ .~1 ~~ ~_,.;i
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j.;i ~~~ 0)~ lyl5 L. t~l~ 4....jWI ~~ JL.a-;i ~ ~l;.-JI
: ;;_;5_rJI ul:~'~'l .j 0fo~1 o~ ~ ~l:J ul_,...oi ~
:;_:;1~..UJ ~jWI ~~ Cr.:-: WWI )_,.:JI :Ub- ~ L. Y'J
.l!)_; J
~~~ 4.b.LJI ~y;-J j1; J 0~ ~~~ (Y 0l5 ~J .u.~
.~jWI ~kWI uL..~ W}.~ ~ ~ 0i ~WI ~l.a.AJIJ
'-11 •u~j..::JI ~~ ~jWI ~kWI J~i ~ L. IJ~L; -~ (Y
~I Jl...~..:.>-~I _j -~ 0l5 t.;5__; _j ..uLJ J:'I~..U i..12.:J 0i
.<a.·_r"~LlJ V""WI ~I E"IJ) ~jWI ~kWI uL..~
Jean Bauberot «D'une comparaison: La'icite franyaise, la'icite turque,» dans: : _r---k-;I ( 0, •)
Isabelle Rigoni, ed., Turquie, /es mille visages: Politique, religion, f emmes, immigration (Paris:
Editions Syllepse, 2000), pp. 36-40; Jean-Paul Burdy and Jean Marcou, «La'icitejLaiklik:
Introduction,» Cahiers d 'etudes sur Ia Mediterranee orientale et le monde turco-iranien, no. 19
(!995), p. 29, et Berengere Massignon, «Lalcite et gestion de la diversite religieuse a !'ecole
publique en France,» Social Compass, vol. 47, no. 3 (2000), p. 362.
II

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u~~ ~ )i Lo ~3 ~~ ~ ~..L.i.JI ~11 ~~
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~ oJ3rP ~~ 4J3 JJJ d...QJWI ~J)I t..a..:i '-:"'L::.S:..ll I~ C~
,..!lJ~ ~ .<"')~}y.--4i .1)v- JJ.>. (J" ;;J3..UI J ~WI ...Jiyb11
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Joel S. Migdal, State in Society: Studying How State and Societies Transform and ( ' )
Constitute One Another (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
lA

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JJi ~_;~l: l:5; ,Jl:..o.JI ~ .)s- ~J , 4.9l5 ~WI ._l>._ji J 0.}--i
o_;jj ~i .)s- (An-Na'im) ~I .'l~ ·4.,?"".>....:{1 ~WI J ~kl..JI JJ..Lll
t~ i_;J.'l '-?~Y wy ~~~J i~:{l l.r.:-! ~jlyo-ll ~ 4.JJJJI oh
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Gary King, Robert 0. Keohane, and Sidney Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: ( 0. '')
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~L:...,..ll ~ t~ :l.i, ~Lh.; ¥1 · i II a a;;ll .) II ·-- - - - J -- i .J - .r. 4.$'. '-:? ' .r--' ~
~ ~.A.:JI <Y' '-:"'Li:JI .....A.::S 0~ __,.;- ~l ¥:r:- r:_r ~..llI ~I
An-Na'im, Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future ofShari 'a, p. 222. (''f)
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Y•

69. ''-:-'_,..L'1 lh ~~~~ .~.::.JIJ ~~I ul~l
:~I ..;.;t:;L.>JI
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James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, eds., Comparative Historical Analysis in ( 'V)
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V

70. ~ ~l>- ~1L; , ob.·. ~ ~ L,?lJI ~_,J~~11 1 L..JJ ~I
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_;L....:..j-o-..11 ~..L::...ll (::" l.r" ly:.l~ ~...1...:::- .:ll>. , .i b • · ~: J.JrJI ~
·if.JJ..kll ~l::-JI ~I.J
:4....-;1 1 -:lL.a..-o ~~ if ~ ~ ..;...L;l:-: '-:-'::SJI lh ~ i~
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~ L::..ll ..;... I :q I 1--L., ...::.J ~ ~ .GUI ;;.:; 'WI -·~ i... ..J J _;-"-' ~ . .) .. .. .. .) .. y <.>-' y
~.J •o~l ..;...~')l_,.ll ~ l:-LJI ~I :.r- o1 .:ll.a..ll o.r""~I.J
-~~ Jl oL..o'i~ .L;5.; ~ r-5~1 .r.Si if ~~.) ~} ~ dJ.J...lll
James Mahoney, «Path Dependence in Historical Sociology,» Theory and Society, ( O.A)
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Gary Scott Smith, Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to : :..r--s- ~ ()
George W Bush (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 318.
Randall Balmer, God in the White House: A History (New York: Harper One, 2008), :~I
p. 119.
vv

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-~! .;~ ~.J ,~I.,....JI 0-" l.flS ('-:"11) ..}y, [_.J~.J 0~.J J.ll.J.J .:,r._,>':/1 ~')II 0i
,J.)lhJJ ~I U..UI ._}~~')!In :~.....A..;); V"'L..i ~~~I .J~ -,?)-" ~.>.;..:;.J
Mary C. Segers, :_,1.;1 .ll~!.:,r._,>'ll ~ ._} :0....~ ~.J.J ,Jy..;) oJ-:~ •~'li.J ~~
«In Defense of Religious Freedom,» in: Mary C. Segers and Ted G. Jelen, eds., A Wall of
Separation?: Debating the Public Role ofReligion, Enduring Questions in American Political Life
(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998), p. 110.
Christian Smith, Christian America? What Evangelicals Really Want (New York: :'L...a..:i _,...k..;I
Cambridge University Press, 2002), esp. pp. 15-17.
Balmer, Ibid., pp. 108-124; Ted G. Jelen, To Serve God and Mammon: Church-State ('r)
Relations in American Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000), pp. 72-73; Joseph F. Kobylka,
«The Mysterious Case of Establishment Clause Litigation: How Organized Litigants Foiled
Legal Change,» in: Lee Epstein, ed., Contemplating Courts (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1995),
pp. 97, 105 and 109, and Paul Kengor, God and Ronald Reagan (New York: Regan Books, 2004).
VA

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«wl ~~J cj>> oJ~ 0i o;)LA...__~ -~1 ul_,-.oi ,y ' :'I' ~~
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_co)J__~11 J;..u..::.ll ~
~~ ,y ~WI__~ ~J_,.AJI uli)_....::.ll ,y _r.s ~I)_} J~i
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~ ~ ~:u11 ~j ~ ~;) if~Y w....o__~ w _<v)<<~_r>.-.-11
Ayelish McGarvey, «Carter's Crusade,» American Prospect (9 : C::: _,.;JLS :i...l.:U... )2..;1 (t)
April 2004).
Newdow v. U.S. Congress, no. 00-16423. (o)
T. Jeremy Gunn, «Religious Freedom and Lalcite: A Comparison of the United States(")
and France,» Brigham Young University Law Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (2004), pp. 423-424, esp. 496.
«White House Reaction to Circuit Court Ruling,» 26 June 2002 < http://www.whitehouse. (V)
govjnewsjreleasesj2002/06/20020626-8.html >.
Y'

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yn~ ~~ J1 ~ ~ -""11 lh Jy ;~1 J~l 0~ • ~I
«Flap after Court Rules Pledge of Allegiance Unconstitutional,» 27 June 2002, (A)
< http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,56310.00.html > .
«Is the Pledge of Allegiance Unconstitutional?,» 26 June 2002, <http://transcripts. ( ')
cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/261asb.OO.html >.
Public Jaw 107-293, 13 November 2002.
«State Attorneys General Unanimously Seek Supreme Court Review of Pledge of ( )
Allegiance Case,» 10 June 2003, < http://www.naag.org/newsjpr-20030610-pledge.php > .
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, 542 U.S. I (2004). ( r)
,..u~ .r_;.; ~ ~~ 01 :c:.Ju .~1 4..;W>- 4-;..U .JLS , fA IJJ.;L.. , ilikll o..UIJ
.wl ..;5~ ~ ~ 'l.r._,.;-~1 j; .y ~~ J ~~I oJ'):;.l ~... -? ~_; '1 ~4 ~~J
, 'I' • • o ~ /J}.;_ .j ·r-"'~'lJJ .::..>).;~ ~~ ,y- ~L,JL o-4~ ~ Jl~_,; ~ ('I")
oJ'); ~~I ..._.J..WI '-:-'':>1 .y ~ 0 l?J~~ ~ ....; ~I..;SL.. .j -?~WI '-""'1..9 ~
«Pledge of Allegiance :~1 .~1 :i......l.LA..JI U")..l...o ~LI ..WI_?~~ L....c ,~1 ~
= Resources,» < http://pewforum.orgjreligion-schools/pledge > (accessed on 2 June 2008).

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·Jt.......:..ll ~J_,.::....~ JIJ...L4.11 cr"Lill ..!5i ,1 • • i
«Vast Majority in U.S. Support <<Under God»,» 30 June 2002, < http://archives.cnn. ( i)
comjzooajUS/06/29/poll.pledge >.
~.):- u.:-11~~ l:) t: o...l.>...::..JI u~)I_,JI L.;Jlj .T.Y ,;~~.J k..-.;_y ~ ( o)
~_,...'1 o..l.>..:..JI u~)I_,JI .Ji ~I.J (L,ll.,.,.:.....i.J d).....;..U d.,;Wi <o..l.>..:..JI ~) LS.,>-i
:_,]2;1 .~..U cr)..4ll 6.J.J..U J.,.._; e:kl9 ~ ~ ..,:JI ,~ J.J..U oh ~ <o...L:>-)1 <../"
Stephen V. Monsma and J. Christopher Soper, The Challenge of Pluralism: Church and State in
Five Democracies (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997).
<},a..,.~., .kwi ~..U o..l.>..:..JI u~)I_,JI <}~WI ~..UI cr)..WI ,..!l.J.lJ ~ (1)
DenisLacorne, «LaSeparationdel'Egliseet :_,]2;1 .L;) ,_) <.,;~ ~ cr)..W ~~ .Ji cr.-
de l'Etat aux Etats-Unis: Les Paradoxes d'une la'icite phila"-ciericale,» Le Debat, no. 127 (2003),
p. 79.

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)~ ~J..>- r>-i .o~l ..;.,~I_,JI ~ ~...UJ ;;JJ...UI ~ ..;.,L;')W
Severine Mathieu, «Conclusion: Synthese des contributions,» dans: Jean-Paul ( V)
Willaime and Severine Mathieu, eds., Des mazcres et des dieux: Ecoles et religions en Europe
([Paris]: Belin, 2005).
~L.a..9!_,..:si .:r-...UI o~ ~..r"'1 o..l.>...:......l ..:.;L;)I_,JI ul...l:-- ,~yiJ lu_, (A)
tS_,:......-o 01 .<tv,n =tS_,:......-o) L,5;_, <n,'~ =tS_,:......-o) ~ _,..;.JI ..::.;L...l:-]1 <f <_;..., =tS_,:......-o)
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Jonathan Fox, A World Survey :~I ·c,f.l.bJI_, -?/)I ~~I ~ ~..r"~I o~l ..::..>.;)I)I
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;

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ElkGroveUnifiedSchoolDistrictv. :~1 'o..L.;_;...-)1 <..T"'L.._,...; ._,....:,J'";}..S ~WI .1) (')
Newdow, 542 U.S. I (2004).
Elk Grove :)2..;1 .a...~..;_;....ll J_,.;_,s_,i ~WIJ ...:..........;.,S:..:,J il)J ~I ~J .1) (1 •)
Unified School District v. Newdow, 542 U.S. I (2004).
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France».
Newdowv. U.S. Congress, no. 00- :._)2.;1 ,;;_,._.L::JI a.;I...Lll ...jl.:.:;.....l ~.) ~_;511-,?iJ
16423.
Brian Knowlton, «U.S. Takes Opposite Tack from France,» International Herald (1 1)
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J.:)l ~ ~ c..r'~ ~~~ ~ ~~ ~WI r?lylll 0-" --~~
Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503 (1986).
Public Law 100-180, section 508 (reference (c)).
«Frequently Asked Questions,» < http://travel.state.govjpassportjguidejfaqjfaq_881. ('I' o)
html >, (accessed on I June 2006).

84. (Jy5 -} ~ ~ ~ U""L..":JI ~ .~)A-~ ~~ -.r'WI
ulAI.rJI ~~ ~J -~1 uiJl:->JI (.)-" ~i ~..U uL..).4-~
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: _;~ lA 4JJJJ J>- Jl::>-~ J,~ .<<~ ~ JL;:>-n uj)i -;JI
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~Y. ( o.vn J.:lY.. ..l..O ~~J ~ Jl ~.:.A o)...;~ J~
ul ..w~l ~I ~ u~i -;JI c;~ ~~Q_I.·..l ~L.a..ill lS...I..>l
~~ lSJ..lJ 0~ ~ lS..UI lA)_) ~ uJ..L..oi ~ ~ ~J..l" "
._L.Q_yl i ).:.....J 0i ~l;, (.)-" ~I ~_rJIJ ~..U '-:-'~":JI ~ u _)ly
~ ~~ (..r".!.l ~ ~ ~J.....Q.J ~l J~ (.;-" ~L...i.bi
•l.ks-! .j)uL...L,..JI .,......OI.J ....;..u. '~}.•..JI .._,? ~ r,- ,~~ .!.ll.. ~l.. ~ ('1'1)
._;.ll ..:..>4-1}1 0'1 ,~~ _r.:i:- </' L.... _;si ~)l;..i iK>-i J.i'll ~ .Ji ,~ ''-'""'L>. c!'.JII
Michael W. McConnell, «The :_)..;I .II~.).11 o_)...,.... (_.JL.>. </'.J ~.).11 j.J~ c.r...UI 4--:,h -,?_,1.:.:
Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of Religion,» Harvard Law Review,
vol. 103, no. 7 (1990), p. 1497.
Michael Sandel, «Religious Liberty: Freedom :_,];.;I , o.i.. _,k:JI ~.J ,y- ~ t_L;~ ~'J.J
of Choice or Freedom of Conscience?,» in: Rajeev Bhargava, ed., Secularism and Its Critics,
Themes in Politics Series (New York; Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 84-93.
Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398 (1963). ( W)
o.JL...> (J.J~ .y ~ p: J.--JI ~__,: <Ji ~) -,?'}0><: ..;i ~ ..:..>.J) ,..;_,r.'.r.-..)
:'L..a;.i _)..;I .~ l.i.. ~) .W.W '-;--:-' -,?i 4-;...U v---) '-l.J..U <J'J J.--JI ..) ...;~ .y -,?i
Charles J. Reid, Jr., «The Religious Conscience and the State in U.S Constitutional Law, 1789-
2001 ,» in: Hugh Heclo and Wilfred M. McClay, eds., Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith
and Policy in America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), pp. 79-82, and
Ronald B. Flowers, That Godless Court? Supreme Court Decisions on Church-State Relationships
(Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2005), pp. 32-33.
Ai

85. ~J..UI e-IL..u J~ l:?..UI r II YJ '~..UI ~_;W ~_;L...,. ~.r>--!
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~ 0A 0~ u-bi_,_.. JSJ ~J 'uP.J11 0_,..;u ~ _,.L.u "--! ......;~1
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, ~..UI u~11 _ i~~ ~J ~ _ u~l ..l9 4.3~ 0 ..u1 ~w.'{I
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,(,AVA) ;;J..>...::....J u~~_,JI ..w. j..Ll_H_; ~_;~I u~J)I ~.LW
~~ .0"'jl::..ll j...a-QJI E-"1_;) !!0y_;y.Jin ~ ~ ~ u_;..L.ol
Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1972). ('I' A)
Oregon v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872 (1990). ('I'')
~I c./' ;_,L..,.Ji '-'" .)...-; ,r.Si .)1 (_.:;;..,;~I .JL.;~11 0!JI :_;.;l5 ~ J_,A: l.. ~ (i.)
ol.;l,...Lll .y ..WI .)1.....9~ ~1_,.; o.r"~ ts:..,_,...i ~ .Ji ~_rll .y ~ .4:-- tY11 u-<t'
r+"") '-'" 13~_..1 ~JJI ,~11 ~_,...11 .:;5J .;.,~~~ 3i W.Yl501 ,~L::..:;3_r.ll ~)1
.)_,::....-.; ~...l.WI ~1.;11 ;_,j) ~ 'Y ~ ~ C:: _,...l:.J~ ,~L;~ ,y i_r.ll .)_,~_,.h.;,._,...
o_r.:JI r+"IJ..:>..:......'Y oi.;..G..-..ll ~K. C!jli ~~ i_,.,.ll r+.-"L..J_, ._;:). o~l.:.1 t..P.-i ,y 4-:,k
=Stephen L. Carter, The Culture ofDisbelief How American :_,b.;I .<<~...U i"J.)LA; .j ~ ~
AY

86. ~~~ j:. 'r ~
C""'J ~~ ~ :;,) ,• - Q ,, ...L.,.b 00JJ ~ :J) ;;_;....a..; UJU
0~ t~l ~J •t_4'{~ ~I_,:JI ~ ..::.,~ ~ ~J.k;JI
~..Lll ~_r.JI o::.L....:......I 0_,..;u ~'''"~~~('I"_ 'V) ~L..
0_hl5 r-)J ~)I 0 J~ L,?jjI (Religious Freedom Restoration Act)
...L..,O 0~JJi ~"1J 0~ ,y U.~_r-ll l.Sy..Lll .bU.....'{ JWI ~
.~ ~ J~~ Jo--JI Jl o::._,..JIJ ~
~ ::.y,:AJI ~} Jl ~..U ~_rJI o::.~ 0yj l.S~i ..l9J • l.l.A
..G.;...., ..::.,..,"1 -II · ...J..k:.; ·II ~..UI ;., - II .. t:,·~ ..9 ~ ..UI 4..k.L. - .Y (_;A • r..f"' - - ._r<-' r-::-- (.Y )
o::.~l 0y.; Jl l::.l:.:.......l y·n~JJ ..::.,L..).......JI ..l.P ,,_~~-~ J;i YL..JJJ
-.i c;}.L )..L..ok Q,Q,o ~~ -.i 0~ ~) j -~..U ~~
-.i ~lkJI ~.r- ~ ~ ::.~ ..l9J ~ .r)..WI -.i -:r....UI ~J 0W
~.lj~ _;-ll ;;,.:,WI ~')WI 0~ LA~ll : Suj ~..U jy )I J4-J:.l
.(Y 1..?. '-:?"IJ..UI 1,.)I JYI..> , ~~~J ~::..J+)I wUJI ~ , ....JUJI
Law and Politics Trivialize Religious Devotion (New York: Basic Books, 1993), p. 9; Gary Jeffrey=
Jacobsohn, The Wheel ofLaw: India sSecularismin Comparative Constitutional Context (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), pp. 268-283; Kevin Boyle and Juliet Sheen, eds., Freedom
ofReligion and Belief A World Report (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 162; RobertS. Michaelien,
«Civil Rights, Indian Rites,» in: Thomas Robbins and Ronald Robertson, eds., Church-State
Relations: Tensions and Transitions (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1987); Michael W.
McConnell, «Accommodation of Religion: An Update and a Response to the Critics,» George
Washington Law Review, vol. 60, no. 3 (1992), pp. 741-742, and John Witte, Jr., Religion and the
American Constitutional Experiment (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004), p. 163.
Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). ('1'")
Carol Weisbrod, Emblems ofPluralism: Cultural Dierences and the State :'L_.,a.__.,i ~I
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), pp. 46-64.
Lyng v. Northwest Indian CPA, 485 U.S. 439 (1988). (fn
Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 42 U.S.C. 2000bb. (ff)
John Witte, Jr., and M. Christian Green, «American Constitutional Experiment :·~i )2..;I
in Religious Human Rights: The Perennial Search for Principles,» in: Johan D. van der Vyver and
John Witte Jr., Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives (The Hague:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1996), pp. 536-547.
11

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0yl9 ~ 0~ •v-u_,.l..9 .A...O 0_r..y, ~.M ~~ if' ~_,.;__-JI ~I
~ < -.L>- _<1"'o);J ..lll ;.1.LJ "t:: • ~ • ...~....A; · ~..lll :Z., -'I o~L...::.......If' . ) ").)-'-" y:? "" .r.-"-!. " " "..T'-'
~_rJI o~L...:......I 0yl9 ~'1J u-:.2 ~J~i 0i • ~I )} -.ljl ~
J..:......J (.;-4 )~ ~i '-.s_r>-i ~..; (.;-4 _<1"'1)4:--::-il_,.j ~ ~:J..l
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1Li ..w ,0~ o.?..w _;_,.;wl
~ ~~I .....91~':!1 ~ J )I_,:.; ~I jS'~11 c) ~..ll ~_rJI Jy>
~)) : .;~ L. ~~ ~ (.;-4 0lS) - ~J..l.A.l ~I -:?L.i L?i -
~I j:..o •0~ JL.....; L;?i i~1 Ji L;?j L;?i -.I...GJ~ ....A.b_,..JJ c_k..JI
-.J.J) 0S l~l ~ '}J , ~~ Ji U"i)I ._..bj, Ji ~~~I ;_;;UJI Ji
_; l..._.;J .......i.b_rJI ;_.,J .-. if' ..?. ~ ~I iY- J J1.>. ~ JWI oh J!-o
~J~ '1 C>)l lh -.I ...G) 0i Wlk , J-;..lll ~I ~? :_r ;?. Ji ~~
. _<n~1 0~ ~)~}I L
~~ V').W c) ~jkj --~1 ~ if' ~l J~l ~
c) it.>. ~y, 4: J~l ~J..WI C?)l ~1_,.; ~ if' ~.r"11
~JWI )2..>- V')M..U ~ '}J ~~..lll ~~~ "t.>.J.l; V').W
U"i)l ..l..k..i. ?) ~ ~..l.: :i......oWI v--:JLJI Ji L~ ~..Ll
"
«President Clinton's Memorandum on Religion in Schools,» New York Times, 13/7/ 0" 0
1995.
City ofBoerne v. Flores, 521 U.S. 507 (1997). ('I" o)
~ <) '~ • •I i~ <) . ~..UI ~_rJI ;~~10yu j-ol.S' ~~I"-:'~~
;;,_. _,.s:..,..JI ~ ~..UI ~..r-JI o~L....::.......I ~ ;;..; , Gonzales V. 0. Centro Espirita (546 U.S. 418)
Frederick Mark Gedicks, «The Permissible Scope of Legal Limitations on :'L.a.;1~I .~IJ.Li..ll
the Freedom of Religion or Belief in the United States,» Emory International Law Review, vol. 19,
no. 2 (2005), pp. 1191-1192.
Derek H. Davis, «Reacting to France's Ban: Headscarves and Other Religious Attire ('I" I)
in American Public Schools,» Journal ofChurch and State, vol. 46, no. 2 (2004), p. 232.
«Guidelines on Religious Exercise and Religious Expression in the Federal ('I"V)
Workplace,» 14 August 1997, < http://clintoll2.nara.gov/WH?New/html/19970819-3275.html > .

88. .<1"A~i u~~_,JI ..~) ~ _) (ll~~)) d'Jl.,~
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(t•).:,.... t •trt ' t · 1- ·~-.·"WI ' t c 11
. ~Y L.>.J U""J ..L<>.J ...r r-+'" - "'-' u_,..........-:. ~ U""J ..L<>.J "-:--W"
J..:i_;i ..;...~ ..J ~L;._jJy-:-11 if)..L.....ll ~~~~ 0i t~i _?.il~ .r-~1
..1_.r. :..r 0l5) ! ~~~ 0_;..11 :..r eLJIJ U"'~u1 ~~~ ~ Id
~ ~ <Y"'J~ ~) ,(~) ~_r-~1 ~')..bj ~) ~
:_r _ri ;;~ G.Yr- 0i ;;_;., ~ if)-4JI ,_j ~~ ;;J'"jcJ ;;')L.a_)
Jl ~~i JL.Jl Jl '~~I ~i :..r ~.>.) '~I ~..::.._;Jy:-11
(t). I· - . · 1. - I I.
• "-"' 1.>- ~ ~).r. U"'J .........
Davis, Ibid., pp. 232-233. (1"A)
~I u..L;i ,Pierce v. Society ofSisters (268 U.S. 510) ~ .) ' ' '1'0 i~.) (1"')
.......,WI ..r).WI .) ~I t~~4 l,.WI
National Center of Education Statistics, Private Schools: A Brief Portrait ( f •)
(Washington, DC: National Center of Education Statistics, 2002), p. 3.
JonathanD.SarnaandDavidG. :~1 .''• i~.) 1•f <..:~~ ..r)..L...l ~.u.)L5
Dalin, Religion and State in the American Jewish Experience (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre
Dame Press, 1997), p. 246.
Flowers, That Godless Court? Supreme Court Decisions on Church-State Relationships, ( f )
p. 118.
~I...:.;_,1..,.. ,Brown v. Board ofEducation (347 U.S. 483) ~.) ' 'Of i~.)
.~ ~ ..r)..WI.) J_rJI ~ '-:-'J1.]1 J-i l,.WI

89. .4-J ~l:.ll JWI ~I u~y ~i ~JJI ._Ajiyhll ~ W'
:i.....,oWI ul........4-JIJ uL;J..5'JI ~...LY j-.oJ , •.::..,~· .• ·II, .; ,a·· 4 J~J
.....Ji (.r" _;si ~ ,,1• • dl ~.r..'~i o~l ..::.;~:1}1 ~ o ~.-.~1
ul~ ~ n• ..::....;l5 ,JWI ~ ~) ~~ uls:-WI ul~ w~J ~
~...LY ~ Jl~ :1 ,_;LJ.,JI ~pi (.r" ~)1 ~ .(~ylS yls:-~1
i • l r l t . . <tn •• . •• . . sll. I •. II .
u~ .)~ ~' ((~~ ~~ ~j-J)) ~ UL............u~ o...l..ft
~ d...o ~I (.r" j.:~ _)..l; 0..U1 ..~:11 ul~ :i.....,oWI ul........ 4-JIJ
: ._;':11 ~I ~ ~I ~I ~~i -;JI _r.;UI :.r ~I U'"L..J
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JJ.>- (.r" ~ L6.JI ~_r.ll ~ u L.:..j-<JI oh ~ ~ - ~
, ~~l5li ~_rJI ~ .bl.i.:>JIJ , 0J.JI ~-*I ~I (..;>' JJA:....,:11
.~~lSi _r.;~ ui.J~I v-!..J~J
Ji ..;.:JJI ~I y ~)I 4-9..u. 0~ 0i ~ :1 -~~ ~ ~J')s.
.<{n~JJI uls:-k:;:ll U'"L.i ~ '-:"'').kJI) ~.J..dl 4 s:-L.as-i ..W ~I
~..Lli ~y L:JIJ ~1-.L:.::1I if) ..WI ~ :1 ' LS_r>-i 4...:->-L.; '-r"
~ Ji JI.J..WI LS~I ~ s:-1_,.....,) __,...;,~ c.,?'~ .}.~ L,?i 4...,oWI
~ ~) o~~I ~ ui~.Jpl ~ s:-l.:.!..::......L '(;JJ..UI LS_,:;-o
.(--.::5JI , JWI
0J~i ~~ ~WI O.J~~I ..:....,.J.j ..J..jj , ..jj~ '-r" ~)I ~
1-4-J 'Li!J .JWI J...:Ull rY' ~~ l_r>y +;;_.b; LS.r:- ~I ..J_ra-)1
0_,..Lr.. ~.ill u..pIIJ .,.~':11 rY' ~I ..::.;UA.; ;;JJ..UI ~J.._; , ..l;_;ji
~ ~ .(~~ i ~~ ..:....;lSi s:-1_,.....,) 4....ol>JI if)..k.ll Jl ~...i.bi
Stephen V. Monsma, When Sacred and Secular Mix: Religious Nonprofit Organizations ( t )
and Public Money (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996), p. 9, and Robert Booth Fowler
[et a!.], Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices (Boulder, CO:
Westview Press, 2004), p. 32.
Monsma and Soper, The Challenge ofPluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies, ( t'I")
pp. 36-39.

90. -~ L; _r. 0 _raJI 01 ~~ i l.k.:...l 0l5 ..w :LA.::.-~ ~lA.:J~ .JJ b 0 r ~
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if)wl ~ ":-'":>lk..ll cl...-JI ~ ~pi 0~l:-<>JI oh ..::..~:i..,;,
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0 I_,..1;->-~ 0l r-+: r 1 I J-oJ ~ • ~)~~I 1 ~I -l::-:~ .k.>U
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, ~4·) klyJI ~..l_Aj r+-"'.1.::....,~ 0l5 ":-'JUJI
Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962). (U)
«Religious Expression in Public Schools, August 1995,» <http:/fwww.ed.gov/ U o)
Speeches/08-1995/religion.html >, (accessed on 2 June 2008); «Guidance on Constitutionally
Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools,» 7 February 2003, <http:/fwww.
ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/religionandschools/prayer_guidance.html > .
John J. Dilulio, Godly Republic: A Centrist Blueprintfor Americas Faith-Based :L.a...,_i ~I
Future (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007), pp. 64-65.

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~~I (.)"").MJI l.Ji ~ • ~.j ~ ·l.S?i o)..iA ~ (.)"")..WI .j
McCreary County v. ACLU, 545 U.S. (2005). U I)
Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. (2005). (tV)
c) 'A'i i~ c) .<.;l,.Wi ~ J.» ..}i..Q.:JI ~ J..->l.:..::.ll i~ ~ _,.;-11 Jl!....ll t...i UA)
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0J..,bi .J ~Jt; ~ o~)'_,..ll ~ 0'1 ~~~~ ~ ..:.;)1...i.::;..l (.r' •ftS ~~ ~~ o~)'_,
~1....:;.,_, ~ 0~ ~ .J ~ ..;] ~ 0..L........:.ll ..r.._,....,; ~~I_, , ........4.; )_;.)1 c)) .~L...L:.
~_,..JI ..:,;_ra-JI ~ ~I .:.r-)_;.11 cr._;_,. J.JJ.....o ~ , oJ.;~ o..r" .(~k.WI jy )I ::
~_ra.:.)l ~-' 0~ .:.r-)_;.11 .:.r-_;_,. 0i ~~ .~i <)~ J.; r.l ~ ~ JY~-'i ~LUJ
Lynch v. Donnelly, 463 U.S. 783 (1983), and :_);.;I ,:i.....ajJ ..:.;l_,....oi t_, ~~_;... ul_,....oi t L..........:...
Allegheny v. ACLU, 492 U.S.573 (1989).

92. ~ '-:?..UI ~.: ~ Lo ~ iWI ~.dl iloi d...>~ ~~i -/
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:~11 ~~ ~ ..:;.,.j~~~ o..i..ft ~ ~L..>c..JI ~~ ~~
0 • ..L..U:JI ...:.....,;~ i (o ')(4.!:..,JI · 'I' I) "I 0 · I - :~1 ...:.....,;~ iY- • Jr. J '-:1 c: Y. ~ • Jr.
ct)ylSJIJ (4.!:..,JI J V) ~ ;)_,._.ll ...:.....,;~J_;)IJ (~I~ A)~
0yJ_,..,jiJ ,(~1 J I)~ -:r.;) 0~ ~ U"'~iJ (~I J 'I' 0 ~
d ) ~ 0_,...,.L.,J1J ,(4.!:..,JI d n ~ ;)~~J ,(4.!:..,JI d n ~
rWI J iL.i;~l lh ~ _<o '~1 J 0 ~ 0.}-i ~~~J , (4.!:..,JI
James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: ( i ')
Basic Books, 1991); Robert Wuthnow, The Struggle for America :S Soul: Evangelicals, Liberals, and
Secularism (Grand Rapids, Ml: Eerdmans, 1990); Morris P. Fiorina, Culture War?: The Myth of
Polarized America (New York: Pearson Longman, 2005); Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The
Disuniting ofAmerica: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), and
Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We?: The Challenges to Americas National Identity (New York:
Simon and Schuster, 2005).
Wendy :_,1:..;1 ,(llo~ll ~~J ~p11 j:.-) •~~ ~'il ..:-s.~ (o•)
Murray Zoba, The Beliefnet Guide to Evangelical Christianity (New York: Three Leaves Press,
2005), pp. 62-80, and David W. Wills, Christianity in the United States: A Historical Survey and
Interpretation (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005), pp. 30-33.
The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life, «U.S. Religous Landscape Survey,» 30 ( o )
March 2008, < http://religions.pewforum.org/reports >; Andrew Kohut [et al.], The Diminishing
= Divide: Religions' Changing Role in American Politics ·(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution

93. ~-) ~I~IJ ~~I~ ~LJI il.......Q.;'lfl ~ W_y JJ11
~IJ ~~ ul_;~l 0-" ~ JS ~ ~ 0l::>-~U ~<on-:r...UI
-~~~ 0-" ~WI _j 0_,..J~ cr.lll ~':il -:...jl::..._jJr.-11 .}10~
0J~~ cr.lliJ ,t:..:.:l 0~ 'lf -:r.lll U""~"YJ ~1~1 .:l..WI ~~ -Jl
. lll '. J..i:.ll • . II Ill 1~. -IL. y-r)UI Ill ~L...., ;;_jj;.l,-.:.r. ~ ~ ,_;-::::' ~ ~ ~J - ~ -· .
~~ ~-) , ~l.A;JI ~.:l..u...:JI 1 ~.:lyi..1 u~~l 0-" ~_74 s:-I_;J 0)-"---:
Lo •. ,d_., II ~ ;;II "').;.-11 ;,:;WI ~ ;;II I,..._ d...k.;~l 0 1:.~~1
~ -r" r-::- J <.J J - - r-::- ~ )"'"'"'
~11 , ~I_,_:JI c_IJjJ , V""..p,-':il _j J.>.-11 :_r- lr.-)1~1 t_U.:l ~ i:ll;
~j .yL-JI oh ~ ~.>. ~ 0_,12.!~1 V"".J~ ~--} •r--)1
o~ ~~ ~ , L,?_;~l '-:-'_j.>JI dL.a..l ~~~ ~t..;..__ll ~;.
-:r..lll (.;-" ~I _j I• ~ ...::.:;y.o .<oO~I~..Lll ~_rJI lr.)l_r.)
~ u~L>.:.;I1 ~.j)1 u~l>.:.;'lfl _j i~~ o.:ll:-JI _;J.:l r'.:ll;) lyh-i
u~ r--1 ~ , L,?_;~l '-:-'_j>JI ~l,aJ '1' • • • it.>. _j u _r:- .;JI '-:-'1_,;.)1
_<oo) · "L.I - ..lll -IL.aJ · ~I . i •~ ~ c r+-" -.! lSy
Press, 2000), p. 18; Barry A. Kosmin, Egon Mayer, and Ariela Keysar, «American Religious =
Identification Survey 2001 ,» <http:/fwww.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_studiesfaris.pdf>,
(accessed on 13 June 2008), pp. 12-13, and Zahid H. Bukhari, «Demography, Identity, Space:
Defining American Muslims,» in: Philippa Strum and Danielle Tarantolo, eds., Muslims in the
United States (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2003), p. 7.
Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States (New York: Congressional (on
Quarterly, 1996), pp. 176-179; Wuthnow, The Struggle for Americas Soul: Evangelicals, Liberals, and
Secularism, esp. p. 24; Kohut [et al.], Ibid., pp. 34-72; John Green and Mark Silk, «The New Religion
Gap,>> Religion in the News, vol. 6, no. 3 (2003), pp. 1-15; Geoffrey Layman, The Great Divide: Religious
and Cultural Conflict in American Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), and Fowler [et
al.], Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices, pp. 292-293.
~ f c)! ".". • i~ ~~~A :.r" ~) .,lj ~ lr-~ 'J lT-lJ <.T'L.>....;11 ~~ (oi)
Susan Jacoby, Freethinkers: A History ofAmerican Secularism (New : _,..1-;1 . ~ • • il<- ~ :t.;:_.J
York: Metropolitan Books, 2004), pp. 6-7.
Kohut [et al.], Ibid., pp. 73-98. (of)
David C. :~I , ~_,...·'11 d......l:-JI ~-,f. I_;.._;_;'} _;l,>JI.J lr-..lll ~ o)h.ll c)! ~L
Leege and Lyman A. Kellstedt, eds., Rediscovering the Religious Factor in American Politics
(Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1993).
Green and Silk, «The New Religion Gap,>> and A. James Reichley, «Faith in ( o o)
Politics,» in: Hugh Heclo and Wilfred M. McClay, eds., Religion Returns to the Public Square:
Faith and Policy in America (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 186.

94. (-)~)I JJ..lJ:.I
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• "1 (ol). 11 111 · t:.~ 1 11 ic ,. 11 -·:All · • · ·.:l.J • (.r.;::- _r.-::'-' -' ~ ~ 0-" v~ ~ 1.>...1 e:_-T-- '-A..:..,ru ~.r-:
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~-' ·~I ~I .W~I ~~I _p 0_,;~1 ~ <_~Wl
Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States; Ted G. Jelen, «In Defense of Religious ( o')
Minimalism,» in: Segers and Jelen, eds., A Wall of Separation?: Debating the Public Role of
Religion; Ted G. Jelen and Clyde Wilcox, Public Attitudes toward Church and State (Armonk, NY:
M. E. Sharpe, 1995), and Kobylka, «The Mysterious Case of Establishment Clause Litigation:
How Organized Litigants Foiled Legal Change».

95. ..::.,L~-11 1,. ~I wli:..ll :. ·II · · . ~- -II ~I- ~ c...r-- _ _ _ ~ uPr c...r . .r r...>-'
~L.a...Q..;~ d 0~~1 ~ •JI_r.::ljl ~WI ~ _cov>;;~
~~ .(oA)il~~l ~ :_;>- ~..U ~~ Jl 0~~ ~..U -~~~
LJ11 ..::.,~~ oh ( - ) ~) J)~) ( - ) ~) ~
~ ~ 0l5 -~~ ~~J~J ~4-}Y.~~ ~ ~ ~
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• (oO,)o .r"'~ ..::.,L.,L.J
.:j~ -~~ -;JI ~~ -,i ~UI ~~j if r-")1 ~
(.r::>" d -~ ~kLJ ~l....> ._j..u, d ~) ..::.,~~ oh
- - ~
·•- . ~ 'l> d..:;..Js. ~ ;;_;~ ~j ,. ._,.:, ...:.J;. I •.. •( .c._W
~ J _ J _ _ • r..5"""' .r ~ u '-i' ·-
~_rU Jl ~--4 L?jj ~I y lhJ 'iWI ~I ~ ~.UI
.~1 ~w...u ~ ~~ :_;>- ~.M ('"-"'J~~
~4-l o--4.1>- :SJJ ~~i .....;.r" , ~ ~~J 4.;J~I ~~~I
u-")..4.U 4JJ.U ~~ 4JL. ,JI.:...JI ~ ~ L.g..:..,oJ -~~
~ -~~~ Jl ~~ JW o~l jJl-JI if ~ -;JI ;;,;:..;..u1
~wJ <.rAI)I GJ_,.ll ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~L:: ~ ~i ~ r-")1
~Jl:J ~.::._;)__,) ._..uJ ~ll 0~J ~) j-;.~ 0y;- o_?~ W
y~1 rJ-" •4..:...4 -r-'- <-T';- .) _,J) 'u-")..LJJ i~ ~JJ ..ljl
James W. Fraser, Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a (ov)
Multicultural America (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1999), pp. 239-240; Isaac Kramnick and
R. Laurence Moore, The Godless Constitution: A Moral Defense ofthe Secular State (New York: W.
W. Norton, 2005), pp. 153-167, and FrankS. Ravitch, School Prayer and Discrimination: The Civil
Rights ofReligious Minorities and Dissenters (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 1999),
PP- 19-43.
Noah Feldman, Divided by God: Americas Church-State Problem and What We Should ( oA)
Do about It (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), pp. 111-134.
,.j~~11 ,~ ~)l::'-J'YI ,.,:.;.~~ oh~ ~!J}.5 (o')
,<)_,~...lA.:...ll .J_r.l..a..i,;'} ,~ ~ ,<)_,~1 ,(<)_,~~ .J_r.l..a..i,;'}_, ,.J_r.l..a..i,;'}
CarlH.Esbeck«FiveViewsofChurch-State :__,.h.; •.)l_,..::..ll ..,..L>- ,<)_,~~ .J_r.JL.a_..i....;':}3
Relations in Contemporary American Thought,» BYU Law Review, no. 2 (1986).

96. A ·-:r.~l 0y-ill ..::_,~ L .((~y.5JI iJ)I -.)1 ~~I
~
(.r:?- ~ ,~ u--L..':ll J.LJI ~_;~~ ~~I -.)1 -.:..._;L.::...._;J~I
.~.I --~ ·i ,.. . ;.~~~ ~ "SJI II 0 L:.·.
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_cn)((~..UI u--)..4ll iWI l:f" ~I
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.o_rJI :i........}.~JIJ ~l.:JI .kJ~ ,y j5:: ~IJ
u--)..LJI ~ oJl.,aJI -.)1 0JA ~l.r.:lll 0i c>Y, , 0~ :y
~I J~i ,y ~J ~..UI ~; ~yi ,y tf ~i ~~~I
c>r.. •.J-~1 ~WI ~ _cn)~_;.JI .d-J wl.>...JI 0L:~11 t_~i ~
o'>L.a..ll ~ ~J~I _)2..>JI ;)i _ lh ,y ~I ~ _ 0~l>....JI
;_;;L....LJI l>~~l ..L.._;~ ~J ~~ ~ ;;_:;....~1 u--)wl ~
,y Z:.....UI ~~ .:J~11 J~i ..G-iJ ~.ill ~..:._, o~ ~_;~~
.<w) IJ..JI · ..:;.,I 1 -'1 ~ :,·~ · · '1)1 --...;G.-if_) r.l ~ r::-- r.l ~ . .
John C. Jeffries, Jr., and James E. Ryan, «A Political History of the Establishment (i •)
Clause,» Michigan Law Review, voL 100, no. 2 (2001), p. 349.
Michael W. McConnell, «Governments, Families, and .J 'f i o <.T' '.........__;_; .;~I (i )
Power: A Defense of Educational Choice,» Connecticut Law Review, voL 31, no. 3 (1999), pp. 850-
851.
Ravitch, School Prayer and Discrimination: The Civil Rights ofReligious Minorities and ( i 'I')
Dissenters.
Stephen V. Monsma, Positive Neutrality: Letting Religious Freedom Ring (Grand :~I (if)
Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1995), esp. pp. 17-57.

97. .<•o~L:>JI Jy- ~ j5J w.;UI ~WI 0:: ~~
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'-?·- _ _.c) .!ly_,.::.;y ~LW ~_,s:..,.JI .___,.;...W10::-! UL..JI o..L. J_,..,.- J-Li..; J-.a->
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SlawomirGrunbergandBenCrane, :~ <.;j....a...JI ~~_,JI _,..1..;1 .0.0.1·0.0.o ~ c)U.11
School Prayer: A Community at War (Spencer, NY: Log in Productions, 1999).
o~l ..:.;l.,1_,..]1 ~ ~l....WI ~ J_y ..:.;l..!.l.A.:JI ~ U"'L....i )~I i...L:-o 01 (10
y U"'L..11 ~I <Ji ~ J.J11 ~I LJ.,JI ~I ,y ..:.;I)} •~ ..:.;~ ..J.i.J .<~.;_r11
Abington v. Schempp (374 U.S. 203 ~ d W ) .•.~I.J o.J..;_;...ll ..:.;I.;I_,A.]I ~j. ~ .<J.J..UI )l,>-
<6..,)~1 J_,..,.- ..:.;L.;l.Q.:JJ .11-,?)l,>-11 ~ ul_r ..;....,.,.,.J <<)~II c)l•r :.r..?.J ~ [1963])
Monsma, Ibid., and Noah Feldman, «From Liberty to Equality: The Transformation of :~I
the Establishment Clause,» California Law Review, vol. 90, no. 3 (2002), p. 691, note 79.
McCreary County v. ACLU, 545 U.S. (2005).
Van Orden v. Perry, 545 U.S. (2005).
:,j <cr")-•-~ll)K.. ~WI L,?i.; (lo)
:,j <cr").....JI ~~WI L,?i.; (II)

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Segers, «In Defense of Religious Freedom». (W)
W. Cole Durham, Jr., «Perspectives on Religious Liberty: A Comparative ('A)
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Richard John Neuhaus, The Naked Public Square: Religion and Democracy in America ( ' 0,)
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Jol..:.ll ~ ..:,j ~iWI ,L.a..Q.J J d...Lll .JL;~ ~.r"'JI 4.....l:-JI.J 0yWI 0[ :;)5 J~
Carter, TheCultureofDisbeliefHowAmericanLawand :~ .11;;,__,1_,...., ....; ~ ... ~.Lll L'
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and Monsma and Soper, The Challenge ofPluralism: Church and State in Five Democracies, pp. 6,
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..

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Huntington, Who Are We?: The Challenges to Americas National Identity, pp. 341-343. (V )
Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States, pp. 223-227; Jelen, To Serve God and (V)
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<http://www.cc.org.about.cfm > . :~1 u.ll>..:ll cjJ..r5J~I e~l _)>;I (Yo)
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Kobylka, «The Mysterious Case of Establishment Clause Litigation: How Organized (VI)
Litigants Foiled Legal Change,» pp. 112-119.
Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon and (VV)
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William Martin, «With God on Their Side: Religion and U.S. Foreign Policy,» in: (VII)
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H. Res. 579. (II•)
Frederick Mark Gedicks, The Rhetoric of Church and State (Durham, NC: Duke (II)
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.'

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Patrick M. Garry, «The Cultural Hostility to Religion,» Modern Age, vol. 4, no. 2 (A~)
(2005), p. 129.
ACLU's Defense of Religious Liberty,» 2 March 2005, < http://www.aclu.org/ (A)
religion/tencomm/ l6254res20050302.html >.
:~1 .~1 -:.-l.l.r.!.) LS.}--':11 ~...UI v.o~l_, C>i_,.AJI ii..G-..:.....1 <.f"""'WI ..l;i (AO
«Judge Says Multiple Religious Texts Must BeAllowed for Swearing-In Proceedings,» 24 May
2007, < http:f(www.aclu.org(religionfgovtfundingf29872prs20070524.html > .

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ADL Says Appeals Court Ruling on «One Nation under God» Was Wrong,» 27 June (Ao)
2002, < http:jjwww.adl.org/presrelejrel%sFchstsep%5F90/4120% 5F90.asp > .
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Kobylka, «The Mysterious Case of Establishment Clause Litigation: How Organized (AV)
Litigants Foiled Legal Change,» pp. 112-119.
Fraser, Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a Multicultural (AA)
America, pp. 192-193.

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James E. Wood, Jr., «Preface,» in: James E. Wood Jr., ed., Religion and the State: (A')
Essays in the Honor ofLeo Pfeffer (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 1985), p. x.
Everson v. Board ofEducation, 330 U.S. I (1947). ( ' •)
DanielL. Dreisbach, Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of :)2..;1 , 0_,.......~! J)->" ..:,~Li::.;)U
Separation between Church and State (New York: New York University Press, 2002), and
Jeffries, Jr. , and James E. Ryan «A Political History of the Establishment Clause,» pp. 369-370.
' • 0

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Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971). ( ' )
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Stephen Mansfield, The Faith ofGeorge W. Bush (New York: Tarcher Penguin, 2004), ( '1)
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Monsma, When Sacred and Secular Mix: Religious Nonprofit Organizations and Public Money, p. I,
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and Stephen V. Monsma, «Working Faith: How Religious Organizations Provide Welfare-
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Bush to Back Gay Marriage Ban Amendment,» 2 June 2006, < http://www.cbsnews. ('A)
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Kent Greenawalt, Does God Belong in Public Schools? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton ( • •)
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(1986), pp. 356-360.
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<<The Bush <<Faith-Based» Initiative,» 20 February 2001, < http:jjwww.au.orgjsite/ ( • )
News2?page = NewsArticle&id = 6088&abbr= pr&securitY = 1002&news_iv_ctrl = 1376 >, and
<<The Faith-Based Initiative and <<Charitable Choice»,» <http:/jwww.adl.orgjreligious_freedom/
resource_kitjfaith_based_initiative.asp > (accessed on 13 June 2008).
Fraser, Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a Multicultural ( • r)
America, pp. 177-221.
IIV• • '-,?~1.;11 c/y._}l:JI ~L;..r. .j <<LJ.,JI ~I~.;>~~~ .U...,.. (.)_y-:>_.r..JJ c>lki ( •)
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:_,1.;1 ·er-6~ ol.a.i ~ .r.>- _;y, ~)I J:.i u-- l..>jL ~ --9r r-Sl>...JI J o/Lll jS"Iy-o-11
Pat Robertson, «Operation Supreme Court Freedom,» 15 August 2005, <http://www.cbn.com/
specialjsupremecourtjprayerpledge.asp >.

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~?J ~J d_~_jl)_) ~ :.r (~I .j io) ~ly, 't:;.J~I I)_;
Lee Epstein and Jeffrey A. Segal, Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial ( • i)
Appointments (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 108-113.
. 0 r/ '.........i; )..L.a....] ( • 0)
J.J~ L,J....JI ~ ~ ol.a.A.l ~}y.J./:11 ........UirJI '-?~JS ,J}ll c.H...L...:.ll u'JL>..) ( •1)
Jeffery A. Segal and Harold J. Spaeth, The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model :~I .~
Revisited (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), and Jeffery A. Segal and Albert D. Cover,
«Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices,» American Political Science
Review, vol. 83, no. 2 (1989); Lee Epstein and Jack Knight, The Choices Justices Make (Washington,
DC: CQ Press, 1998), and Cornell W. Clayton and Howard Gillman, eds., Supreme Court Decision-
Making: New Institutionalist Approaches (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

108. (Y- ) ~)1 JJ.lJ:.I
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Jeffrey A. Segal, «Perceived Qualifications and Ideology of Supreme Court :J.)l a , 1
Nominees, 1937-2005,» <http:/jws.cc.stonybrook.edufpolscijjsegalfqualtable.pdf>, (accessed
on 4 June 2006); Lee Epstein and Jeffrey A. Segal, Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial
Appointments (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), and Jeffery A. Segal and Albert D.
Cover, «Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices,» American Political
Science Review, vol. 83, no. 2 (1989), pp. 557-565.
0L. ~ ~ :.r- o.J.:lL.a..ll ui)__,AJI ~ <..S?l ~L.; ~
Lo ~ ~ ':IJ •<..S..r.S ~~ (.)"")..WI ~ J~ c;~ ~wu 0JG
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J_rA-ll ..:;.,_jJ~J •
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·~.J..WI
Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States (New York: Rowman ( •V)
and Littlefield, 2003), pp. 85-87, and Kobylka, «The Mysterious Case of Establishment Clause
Litigation: How Organized Litigants Foiled Legal Change,» pp. 96 and 102-103.
Witte, Jr., Religion and the American :~I 'c.r-::-'l:JI ..1..:..: J..r-- ~I _,.k.:JI ..:.-~_,J
Constitutional Experiment, pp. 185-232.

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Wallace v. Jaree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985). ( • A)
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Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992). ( • 0,)
"'

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-) ~jbi ~ _;JI ..::.;lyl.aj ~J_,.::.....~ ~~ ~ l;?..iJI ~)_) uJ..L.oi
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«Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioners,» Lee v. ( •)
Weisman, 1990.
Lee v. Weisman, 505 U.S. 577 (1992). ( )
Kobylka, «The Mysterious Case of Establishment Clause Litigation: How :'L_.,a____,i ~I
Organized Litigants Foiled Legal Change,» pp. 122-123, and John C. Eastman, «We Are a
Religious People Whose Institutions Presuppose a Supreme Being,» Nexus: A Journal of Opinion,
vol. 5 (2002), pp. 13-23.

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Santa Fe v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290 (2000). ("')
«ACLU Hails «Total Victory» for Religious Liberty in High Court's Rejection of ( i)
School Stadium Prayers,» 19 June 2000, < http://www.aclu.org/scotusfl999fl6294prs20000619.
html>.
Michael W. McConnell, «Equal Treatment and Religious Discrimination,» in: ( i)
Stephen V. Monsma and J. Christopher Soper, eds., Equal Treatment ofReligion in a Pluralistic
Society (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1998), p. 34.

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. ...:.>~~) o..U. J- (.;-" '-:? -/ ojlA..J, L _r..- -.r' '-:-'U::2..:>.J
Widmarv. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981).
Equal Access Act, 20 U.S. C. 4071-4074.
( 0)
( i)

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BOE of Westside Community Schools v. Mergens, 496 U.S. 226 (1990).
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches, 508 U.S. 384 (1993).
( V)
(A)
«Lamb's Chapel and the Use of Public Facilities,» < http:jjwww.aclj.org/lssues/ ( ')
ResourcesjDocument.aspx?ID = 639 > (accessed on 9 June 2006).
Rosenberger v. Rector, 515 U.S. 819 (1995).

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«N.Y. Dispute Tests Whether Religious Groups Can Evangelize Children on ( 1 )
Campus after School Hours,» 22 February 200 I, < http://www.au.org/site/News2?page =
NewsArticle&id = 6086&abbr = pr&security = I002&news_iv_ctrl = 1376 > .
Good News v. Milford Central, 533 US 98 (2001). (Ill)
In Setback for Religious Liberty, High Court Ruling Permits After-School ( 11)
Evangelism,» 22 February 2001, <http:/fwww.aclu.org/scotusf2000/16325prs20010611.html >.
Derek H. Davis, «Equal Treatment: A Christian Separationist Perspective,» in: ( 1 i)
Monsma and Soper, eds., Equal Treatment ofReligion in a Pluralistic Society, p. 136.
"v

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«ACLU Hails «Total Victory» for Religious Liberty in High Court's Rejection of ( " o)
School Stadium Prayers,» 19 June 2000, < http:/jwww.aclu.org/scotus/1999I16294prs20000619.
html > .
Amanda Paulson, «Milwaukee's Lessons on School Vouchers,» Christian Science ( "i)
Monitor, 23/5/2006.
McConnell, «Governments, Families, and Power: A Defense of Educational ( "V)
Choice».
«School Vouchers: The Wrong Choice for Public Education,» < http:jjwww.adl. ('I' II)
orgjreligious_freedomjresource_kitjschool_vouchers.asp> , (accessed on 6 June 2006).
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<<Vouchers,>> < http://www.nea.org/vouchers/index.html >, (accessed on 6 June 2006). ( '' 0,)
Mitchell v. Helms, 530 U.S. 793 (2000).
Stephen V. Monsma, Church-State Relations in Crisis (Lanham, MD: Rowman :L.a..,1.):WI
and Littlefield, 2002).

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Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002). ( i)
Terry Friden, «Supreme Court Affirms School Voucher Program,» 27 June : L...._,5; ( r 'I')
2002, < http:/jwww.cnn.com/2002/LAW/06/27jscotus.school.vouchers> .
«School Vouchers: The Wrong Choice for Public Education,» < http://www.adl. ( r'r)
org/religious_freedom/resource_kit/school_vouchers.asp> , (accessed on 6 June 2006).

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0~1 .;_,L;J~i ~ ;..w_ r...?-'~ 0~1 ~l.r. 4-;J.J u.:'l_,.ll ~ .~JJI ~ U'"')..4.U 'l!
Kavan Peterson, «School Vouchers :_,k;l .~W.i r .;_,L<A.; ~.) J.-11 ~..U ~~J..WI
Slow to Spread,» 5 May 2005, < http://www.stateline.org/live(ViewPage.action?siteNodeld = 136
&languageld = l&contentld = 29789 >.
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«Vouchers Killed,» Deseret News, 7/11/2007. : _,k;l ·~
Lois : _,k;l .~1 )} ..LO;:;I , ~ t;_r.-11 I.L. -,?..r"L. J..>.i ,,_;:.Y- ~ , r-5'WI ( i1)
Romano, «Fla. Voucher System Struck Down,» Washington Post, 6/1/2006.
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Meghan Clyne, «School Vouchers Taking Hold in Washington,» :_};.;I .wl1 ~ <..1'"')~1 0-"
New York Sun, 14/11/2005.
Meghan Clyne, «Bush to Sign «Monumental» School Voucher Law,» New :if ).;;.; ( i A)
York Sun, 30/ 12/2005.

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J_,...,- ~JL:JI 4.;J~I ..::.,.L.;..;W ~~ J3~i ....;_,...., ,~ 0-"
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Jy...> 0-" .,._r:- 4.;J~I ..::.,.L.;..;W oh -:....;l5 ~ ~_,i ....;_,...., W
ci}I J _~)1 J~l J.f.:. .o..I>WJI ..::..>l;~}I J ~ ~WJI
Robert D. Putnam, :la.:i _,.h.;I . '-:"'..::.501 iJ..,. <) ( _a.......;L.:;...) ~)I JJ~ _,.h.;I ( f')
Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival ofAmerican Community (New York: Simon and Schuster,
2001), pp. 65-68.

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l.r.:.")... ~~ ~ r'~~ C.JI?- ~.ll 0_,.~ .,I ~ .(tnu~l
Louise Cainkar, «Thinking Outside the Box: Arabs and Race in the United States,» ( t •)
in: Amaney Jamal and Nadine Naber, eds., Race and Arab Americans before and after 9111: From
Invisible Citizens to Visible Subjects (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2008), p. 53.
Jocelyne Cesari: When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the ( t )
United States (New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2006), pp. 38-40, «Islam, Secularism and
Multiculturalism in after 9/ 11: A Transatlantic Comparison,» in: Jocelyne Cesario, ed., European
Muslims and the Secular State (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006), and Agha Saeed, «Muslim-
American Politics: Developments, Debates and Directions,» in: Philippa Strum and Danielle
Tarantolo, eds., Muslims in the United States (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International
Center for Scholars, 2003), pp. 41-44.
Laurie A. Brand, «Middle East Studies and Academic Freedom: Challenges at ( t 1)
Home and Abroad,» International Studies Perspectives, vol. 8, no. 4 (2007), pp. 384-395, and Juan
Cole, «lslamophobia as a Social Problem,» MESA Bulletein , vol. 4, no. 1 (2007), pp. 3-7.
..,lj ~ ~ ~I..UI 4-<-:,....0_, CNN ~J~! j.::... i')V-'{1 j-L..._, ~ c:......._.o,L.., ..,lj_,
l.ia> 0-' <!Jl:JI j..aill )UI .I.~_,.;_,...JL! <....15 ~ -4~ .iJL'{I J.....b ...WI .j la.:i ~L...
,.__,l:SJ
Cesari, When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States, ( t i)
p. 83.

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Bukhari, «Demography, Identity, Space: Defining American Muslims,» p. 7. ( U)
Zakiyyah Muhammad, «Islamic Schools in the United States: Perspectives of (to)
Identity, Relevance and Governance,» in: Strum and Tarantolo, eds., Muslims in the United
States, p. 100.
Ihsan Bagby, Paul M. Perl, and Bryan T. Froehle, «The Mosque in America: A ( t 1)
National Portrait,» Council on American Islamic Relations, Washington, DC, 26 April 2001 ,
pp. 22-23, < http:/jwww .cair.com/Portalsjofpdf/The_Mosque_in_America_A_NationalPortrait.
pdf > .
Osman Bakar, «The Intellectual Impact of American Muslim Scholars on the (tV)
Muslim World, with Special Reference to Southeast Asia,» in: Strum and Tarantolo, eds., Ibid.,
p. 151.
«Presidential Message: Eid Al-Fitr,» 4 November 2005, < http:ffwww.whitehouse. ( t A)
govjnewsjreleasesj2005/ ll /2005ll 04-2.html > , and «President Hosts Iftaar Dinner,» 17 October
2005, < http:jjwww.whitehouse.govjnewsjreleases/2005/ 10/200510 l7-5.html > .
A point that makes ifiaar dinners at the White House more interesting is that the Turkish
President Necdet Sezer (2000-2007) cancelled the ifiaar tradition at the Presidential Residence
because that would contradict his assertive secularist ideology.
«U.S. Postage Stamp Celebrating Muslim Holiday to be Issued by United States ( t ')
Postal Service,» I August 200I, < http://www.usps.comjnews/2001/philatelicjsrO I_054.htm > .
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Carl H. Esbeck, «Dissent and Disestablishment: The Church-State Settlement in the ( )
=Early American Republic,» BYU Law Review, no. 4 (2004), pp. 1415 and 1457-1497; James H.
1V

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Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic (Washington, DC: Library of=
Congress, 1998); Michael W. McConnell, «The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free
Exercise of Religion,» Harvard Law Review, vol. 103, no. 7 (1990), pp. 1421-1430, and Bernard
Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1967), pp. 247-248.
Esbeck, Ibid., p. 1414. ('1')
McConnell, Ibid., p. 1436. ('I")
Robert Bellah, «Civil Religion in America,» Daedalus, vol. 134, no. 4 (2005), p. 50. ( i)
1;

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Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, pp. 75-81. Justice Scalia's ( o)
dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Rehnquist and Justice Thomas, McCreary County v. ACLU,
545 U.S. (2005). According to Phillip Hamburger, «[o]nly in the twentieth century, after the
amendment process had been abandoned, did an interpretive approach prevail, and, by this
means, separation became part of American constitutional law.» See: Philip Hamburger,
Separation ofChurch and State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 285.
Vincent Phillip Munoz, «The Original Meaning of the Establishment Clause and the (')
Impossibility of Its Incorporation,» University ofPennsylvania Journal ofConstitutional Law, vol. 8,
no. 4 (2006), p. 634; Esbeck, «Dissent and Disestablishment: The Church-State Settlement in the
Early American Republic,» p. 1576, and John C. Jeffries, Jr., and James E. Ryan, «A Political
History ofthe Establishment Clause,»Michigan Law Review, vol. 100, no. 2 (2001), p. 292.
Daniel L. Dreisbach, Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and (V)
State (New York: New York University Press, 2002).
McConnell, «The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of Religion». (A)
Chief Justice Rehnquist's dissenting opinion, Wallace v. Jaree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985). Jefferson was
also criticized by his political opponents for being influenced by France and French thought. See:
Lloyd S. Kramer, «The French Revolution and the Creation of American Political Culture,»
paper presented at: The Global Ramifications ofthe French Revolution, edited by Joseph Klaits and
Michael H. Haltzel (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, pp. 70-74; McConnell, ( ')
Ibid., esp. p. 1446; Stephen L. Carter, The Culture ofDisbelief How American Law and Politics
Trivialize Religious Devotion (New York: Basic Books, 1993), p. 116; Garry Wills, Under God:
Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), pp. 373-80. For Charles
= Reid, Madison was primarily committed to the free exercise of religion «as the surest way of

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fulfilling our obligation to the Creator,» which «refutes contemporary efforts to root religious =
freedom in secular concepts, whether neutral principles or liberal notions of self-fulfillment.» See:
Charles J. Reid, Jr., «The Religious Conscience and the State in U.S Constitutional Law, 1789-
2001 ,» in: Hugh Heclo and Wilfred M. McClay, eds., Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith
and Policy in America (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), pp. 99 and
esp. 66-70.
Hamburger, Separation of Church and State, pp. 14-17 and 193, and Stephen V. ( •)
Monsma, When Sacred and Secular Mix: Religious Nonprofit Organizations and Public Money
(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1996), pp. 140-141. Justice Thomas's plurality opinion,
shared by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Scalia and Anthony M. Kennedy, in Mitchell v.
Helms, 530 U.S. 793 (2000). For a Web site devoted to a critique of the Blaine Amendments, see
<http:/jwww.blaineamendments.org >.
Mark Douglas McGarvie, One Nation under Law: Americas Early National Struggles to ( )
Separate Church and State (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004), p. 20.
Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore, The Godless Constitution: A Moral Defense of ( '')
the Secular State (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005).
Thomas J. Curry, The First Freedoms: Church and State in America to the Passage ofthe ('I")
First Amendment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 220, and Ronald B. Flowers,
That Godless Court? Supreme Court Decisions on Church-State Relationships (Louisville, KY:
Westminster John Knox Press, 2005), p.l8.
Jefferson used this metaphor in his letter to the Danbury Baptist Association in 1802: ( t)
«Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God; that he
= owes account to none other for his faith or his worship; that the legislative powers of the

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government reach actions only, and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that =
act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should 'make no law
respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,' thus building a
wall of separation between church and State.» For two Supreme Court decisions that referred to
Jefferson's metaphor of the wall, see Reynolds v. US , 98 U.S. 145 (1878), and Everson v. Board of
Education 330 U.S. I (1947).
Dreisbach, Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State, ( o)
pp. 18-20; Alf J. Mapp, Jr., The Faiths of Our Fathers: What Americas Founders Really Believed
(Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), pp. 19, 23, 65 and 73, and Edwin S. Gaustad,
Faith ofthe Founders: Religion and the New Nation 1776-1826 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press,
2004), pp. 65, 77 and 94.
Kramnick and Moore, The Godless Constitution: A Moral Defense of the Secular State, ( i)
pp. 100-102.
Hutson, Religion and the Founding of the American Republic, pp. 83-84, and Mapp, ( V)
Ibid., p. 17.
Timothy Marr, The Cultural Roots ofAmerican Islamicism (New York: : (.r->' ~ (A)
Cambridge University Press, 2006); p. 59; Rob Boston, «Joel Barlow and the Treaty with Tripoli:
= A Tangled Tale Bur of Pirates, a Poet and the True Meaning of the First Amendment,» Church
'i'

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and State, vol. 50, no. 6 (1997), pp. 11-14, and William Martin, «With God on Their Side: =
Religion and U.S. Foreign Policy,» in: Heclo and McClay, eds., Religion Returns to the Public
Square: Faith and Policy in America, p. 328.
Kramnick and Moore, The Godless Constitution: A Moral Defense ofthe Secular State, ( ')
p. 143.
Vincent Phillip Munoz: «James Madison's Principle of Religious Liberty,» American ('I' •)
Political Science Review, vol. 97, no. 1 (2003), pp. 17-32; «George Washington on Religious
Liberty,» Review ofPolitics, vol. 65, no. I (2003), pp. 11-33, and «The Original Meaning of the
Establishment Clause and the Impossibility of Its Incorporation,» p. 636.
Mark David Hall, «Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines: The Supreme Court's ('I')
Use of History in Religion Clause Cases,» Oregon Law Review, vol. 85, no. 2 (2006), p. 568.
'''

131. ~ c:=:-).:J ~ ,...:l)jj ~ ..Jy- ~1.2JIJ ~~ -.;.;~ ~
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c--'L:l 0yill _j ~L:.....;J_r.ll _;~I ~L:..;':iiJ , Aii i~ j-_j u~'lJ
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i..As- 0~J •? Ll:.ll 0_;.11 J ~L;J_r.D _;.r.JI ~L:..;':il 4......_;J.:
• . I I-: j 4..:.l!..lI 0 • ~II . • -II 0 :II I~ I i j 4.....::..; .::...._; II ~L:..; Ir-' ~ '-:? .)"'""" l.)"!.~ r' u ) '-:? • ) r. .
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i~ _; 0~_; 4......J_; ~ d_.ol>- '~~ ~ J')l> :r ~).j)
.JJ'1 J..a-JI J ~ ~~_;~ ~ _;JIJ , Q,A
Mark Silk, «A New Establishment?,» Religion in the News, vol. I, no. 2 (1998), p. 3; n 'I')
Stephen V. Monsma and J. Christopher Soper, The Challenge ofPluralism: Church and State in
Five Democracies (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), pp. 18-25, and Jose Casanova,
Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 135-
157.
ii

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Hutson, Religion and the Founding ofthe American Republic, pp. 2-48. ('1"")
Gaustad, Faith ofthe Founders: Religion and the New Nation 1776-1826, pp. 8-9. ('i' i)
Anthony Gill, The Political Origins of Religious Liberty (New York: Cambridge ('i' o)
University Press, 2007), pp. 61-75, and James W. Fraser, Between Church and State: Religion and
Public Education in a Multicultural America (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1999), p. 9.
Esbeck, «Dissent and Disestablishment: The Church-State Settlement in the Early ('i' i)
American Republic,» p. 1415.

133. <./.J , ul.r~· ~I :y J.J..WI ._} u~_,.::..-)1 ~ d>- ~..ll ~I
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·~_,Jy:..lJ.J ~ J.ol_y
Kevin Boyle and Juliet Sheen, eds., Freedom of Religion and Belief' A World Report 0 V)
(New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 154, and McGarvie, One Nation under Law: Americas Early
National Struggles to Separate Church and State, pp. 25-26.
Hugh Spurgin, Roger Williams and Puritan Radicalism in the English Separatist 0 A)
Tradition (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1989), and Kramnick and Moore, The Godless
Constitution: A Moral Defense ofthe Secular State, pp. 46-66.
Esbeck, «Dissent and Disestablishment: The Church-State Settlement in the Early ('I' 0.)
American Republic,» p. 1458.
John Witte, Jr., Religion and the American Constitutional J , t oA ..r' , ~ 1~ ('I" •)
Experiment (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004), pp. 117-121.
Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World, pp. 138-139. ('I")

134. o~l ul;'ll}l -.) ~ ~kWI ~ 4..,.,W dJ.?._,JI ~~ ~. .
~L5 l?ll 0..U ~~')j J~..U.? ~_J • VVI ~ J')A;:.....'lfl L
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.((~)-~ ~? ~ _Ji ~L;~11 (..r" :.r..~ ~j~ ~.>-
~~ ~i if~~ ,._}} ~ j>-IJ.:JJ ~ ~_r. ~ o.h ~L5
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~1_,:11 ~L53 y·nl>~l o_r..a.J~ 13)'LJ :.r..lll ~':il3 .r.P~ 13 )'LJ
~ ~ ~l -~ ~~i 4J..l ~' J>-l..l..:.ll (.)-4 ~ ~ ~
•JIJJ..ill l5~ ~ WL.; ~ '-:"'l:-'- ~ wi_,..-LJ '~J~
~I.Jl> 0::-: ;_,:11 ~l .4..l.JJJ l5~ ~ lS.}-11 ul>.J_):.11 Jl 4.!...0':i~
_;..J3 y--PWI ci}I ~ ~13 ~i.:JI o_rAJI ~ i..t: ~~I
· d......,L....J I r. U, ~~ 4........Lll 4......;LJ.,.lJ ~ . ~..r . ~ J _J • . • ~ 0~ • :/'
.o~l ul;'l!}l
J.>.-.-1 ~l5 ~ ~ ~.r"P.- ~l5 ~')liJJ ~I ~.Ji lr" 3
~ :/' c!l~ ~ J.5 ~i (.)-4 ~)I ~ ·~':il ~ U"'_,.5~
~~ y·n~ ..;.,Jr." Jl ~ j5J ..l:.::.....l •ul;'l!}l ~ ~l:SJI
, Jh]l Jl,a;:.;3 ~_rJI Jll;?~Y. Jlj lo ~I J>- ~k-9 •~.r"~ Jl
McConnell, «The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of ern
Religion,» pp. 1438-1443; John Witte, Jr., and M. Christian Green, «American Constitutional
Experiment in Religious Human Rights: The Perennial Search for Principles,» in: Johan D. van
der Vyver and John Witte Jr., Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective: Legal Perspectives
(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1996), pp. 502-514; John Witte, Jr.: «The Theology and Politics
of the First Amendment Religion Clauses: A Bicentennial Essay,» Emory Law Review: vol. 40,
no. 2 (1991), pp. 491-507, and Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment, pp. 21-39,
and Fraser, Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a Multicultural America,
p. 18.
My categorization based on the rationalists and evangelicals is a generalization, err)
which neglects certain aspects of complex reality. McConnell mentions a third group,
«Republicans,» including George Washington, who attached importance to religion as a basis of
a virtuous society. See: McConnell, Ibid., pp. 1441-1443.
'il

135. J_,.i; y·o~l ~J.ll JL,~jl Jll?~~ ~; 0i V"'_,s~ _21 ~.)
~I ...::...;l::.-J3__JI3 0~~L. ._;JkJI ~ JlA.;':JI 01 '-:?"4 V"'L. y
((~Ill 0~~L, ui ..I...G 0~ ((~L.......o '-:-'..kji)) r:.r' <-.:::- 4 _} ~:;3d
• "' " I I . . I I ~- • I (1" 0
) - I I • ) - 1 I 'l5 < : 1I - .~J..JUU w...JJ> u. 'J~~ . <<~l.JQ.>- 1
<U:>~3 <.:..-> <Sr...u -.1
_r..~) ~~I -..j...JJ> dJ.lS3 ,(~l.:..SJI :.Y' ~ dJ3..UI ~)
J-91pl3 .<n)__,;-'>U wJ..>-i ~ L.;l5 (dJ3..UI j>-..G (..r" ~l.:._(JI
.~yoi.) -:r-.ill ~..L,o ~ ~~ ~ Jl <S~i ~
J. Judd Owen, «The Struggle between «Religion and Nonreligion»: Jefferson, Backus, ('!" i)
and the Dissonance of America's Founding Principles,» American Political Science Review:
vol. 101, no. 3 (2007), pp. 493~503; Esbeck, «Dissent and Disestablishment: The Church~State
Settlement in the Early American Republic,» pp. 1427~1448; Wills, Under God: Religion and
American Politics, pp. 341 ~453 , and Munoz, «The Original Meaning of the Establishment Clause
and the Impossibility of Its Incorporation,» p. 606 notes 116 and 117.
Thomas Lindsay, «James Madison on Religion and Politics: Rhetoric and Reality,» ('!" o)
American Political Science Review, vol. 85, no. 4 (1991 ), pp. I321 and 1333.
John M. Murrin, «Religion and Politics in America from the First Settlements to the (i1)
Civil War,» in: Mark A. Noll and Luke E. Harlow, eds., Religion and American Politics: From the
Colonial Period to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 37, and Stephen V.
Monsma, Positive Neutrality: Letting Religious Freedom Ring (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books,
1995), pp. 83~113.
Noah Feldman, «The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause,» New York (iV)
University Law Review, vol. 77 (2002), p. 350; Joshua Foa Dienstang, «Serving God and
Mammon: The Lockean Sympathy in Early American Political Thought,» American Political
Science Review, vol. 90, no. 3 (1996); Michael P. Zuckert, «Natural Rights and Protestant
Politics: A Restatement,» in: Thomas S. Engeman and Michael P. Zuckert, eds., Protestantism
and the American Founding (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004), and
Barbara A. McGraw, Rediscovering America's Sacred Ground: Public Religion and Pursuit of the
Good in a Pluralistic America (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2003), pt. I.
For negative and positive freedom, see Isaiah Berlin, «Two Concepts of Liberty,» in: (iII)
Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer, eds., The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays
(London: Chatto and Windus, 1997), and Benjamin Constant, «The Liberty of the Ancients
Compared with that of the Moderns,» in: Benjamin Constant, ed., Political Writings, translated
by Biancamaria Fontana (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1988). For Rousseau's
republicanism, see Chapter 5.

136. r-SWI 4.kL 0i ~ -,i •~I..UI ~_r..:JI .Jl ~ 0..UI ~I 0i !J}
0i ~ ~J..UI 4..k.L il~l 0~ • ._)l::.l~J ·~.JI> o_,j l..r" ..k..O 0~
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.-:r.J..lI L.A..J.r.-:! ~I ~J..ilI ~l;-JI ...::..>L......~I ~.J.>...j (..r" t,?..l>...::.lI
~)-•u ~J (.)""J_r.lS~ ~l:,_. I~ ~ ~~~ 0~ ,d)j.JJ
-Y-.ill ~..l.,aJI ~ J..i,JI oh ...::..>LA ~ (J" JJ..Q.::....~I 0~l 0LS'J .-:r..ill
·''~':il ~.:....JillJ , ((ol.a.A.ll ~un , ''J.lWill , ((win .Jl 4-J}..;l t:'
•? LL::..ll 0yAJI jJIJi...} ~..r"i ~_,.; J.) ~i )j L....~..:.>-J
:~~ll ~~ l..r" ,.~ .2-:. o~l ...::.>~~)1...} ~J..ll 0i .....9~1
uU.~I -,i ~_}.j ~ ~_rJIJ ~J..ll c_IJ) ~i.J ..l9 ..::....;.5 ~) -,ill
,.. !J . • ~ <- . ·~ lbL..; I 0l1w I- ·~.J.>- ~ i ..W'..w~ _;--A , - .f . J . j . .)"" ""'"1!-' • J •.)"" .f
• <t n,,~..A>-IJ ~)
~l_,.b.JI if' l_d ~_,:-; ~.r"'1 ~I ~ , dl~ ~ ~J~J
...::..>~I .)~1 ~ ~~ ~ oJ..:>.IJ t?' ~ r-lJ • 0l.:.......;J_r.-ll
John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, ('1"')
1983), pp. 26-27 and 36-37.
John Locke, Second Treatise ofGovernment (Indianapolis, IN: J , ..._____o__; J.l a • II ( f •)
Hackett Publishing, 1980).
Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (San Diego: Harcourt Brace and ( f )
Company, 1991), esp. pp. 5-6.
Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, translated by Stuart ( f 'I')
Gilbert (New York: Anchor Books, 1983), p. 295.
iA

137. ~1_,.11 _j yo ._;1}1 0~1 ~ ~ ..~1 0l ~..UI ..:..>~~~
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y 0
((-:J.j~ ~ J.91Y. r-1 l..l>-l ~~
~ ~) ((J~ ~~ .;~)) ~J 0..UI ~I ~ L.?:r.SYi 01
..':}..S ~I uy~ ~~ 'i L; ·JL_:..;..JJ ~~ ~ ~1 J~ LA
~' 'JJ _;L u~_,J~~'1J ) ..s::..;11 01 J_,.;l c0-JJ , ~I_,.;:.....'il
iliwl u~l 1_,.A.; -~)~ ~ t~ -~~J ~~yo .)..G...j
~..5 ...:..>~~~~ J~J -~JW 11...~..>...:....1) d.~-~wJI ~
--~ J5 ~J ~ ~.r"11 ~hll o_rAJI J~ ~..UI ..:,.,~~~
t.j.ill ~l_r......IJ ~..UI ...l.JLSJI ...b.)...l.>.:.j ~~ LpJL.a...J ~_2 ~~
~ :j.:..o -~)1 J~l ~Jb L' ~~ L.;J ·d~l o.i.A- ~
J..:l_; :j.:-o ,~l:JI ~ ~ ~ .bJ~ ~~ Jy ~ _r:-JJJ
•o.r:-4-<..JI ~WI ..1..)1 .)1 ~WIJ ~1~1 ~L-JI 0....ll ~I
McGarvie, One Nation under Law: America :S Early National Struggles to Separate ( t 'I")
Church and State, pp. 15-16, and Robert T. Miller and Ronald B. Flowers, Toward Benevolent
Neutrality: Church, State, and the Supreme Court (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 1996),
pp. 835-839.
Alexis de Tocqueville, L'Ancien regime et Ia revolution (Paris: GF-Flammarion, 2000), (t 0
p. 295.

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if ~ t:j.fJ ~ ~ j .;JI •~r11 u-"..l411 '-:-'l::SJI ~ ~.;
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_ 'A' • ~ (~I a..k..J !..~ ~i ~ 4-Jl ~) ..l:>-11 iJ-:! ~_r.ll
Gill, The Political Origins of Religious Liberty, pp. 60-113, and Roger Finke, ( t o)
«Religious Deregulation: Origins and Consequences,» Journal of Church and State, vol. 32, no. 3
(1990).

139. wk::.>l ~ 0 ·l5:...Lu')ll L:..;i , • L:Ji 0 ~~~ ~~~ i ·- . - .Y.:"' - • ~ L'"' ..)""-' u- .J -.1
~~3__.)1 __,.;hl1 ~n .o~l ..;..,~')!) ._} ~~3_r.ll ~~.J
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.<on,A• 3 '"'o ~ o.,r.AJI ~ ((~~
•..;..,L:..A.:>..j o.Js. Jl I.fo
Noah Feldman, Divided by God: America's Church-State Problem and What We Should U 1)
Do about It (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), pp. 54-56, and Kramnick and Moore,
The Godless Constitution: A Moral Defense ofthe Secular State, p. 131-149.
Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World, p. 137. (tV)
Witte, Jr., and Green, «American Constitutional Experiment in Religious Human (t A)
Rights: The Perennial Search for Principles,» p. 533.
Fraser, Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a Multicultural ( t ')
America, pp. 43 and 83-103.
N. 1. Demerath and H. Williams, «A Mythical Past and Uncertain Future,» in: ( o •)
Thomas Robbins and Ronald Robertson, eds., Church-State Relations: Tensions and Transitions
(New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1987).
Monsma, Positive Neutrality: Letting Religious Freedom Ring, pp. 113-126. ( 0 )
Christian Smith, «Preface,» in: Christian Smith, ed., The Secular Revolution: Power, ( o~)
Interests, and Conflict in the Secularization of American Public Life (Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press, 2003), p. 25.
Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, CT: ( oi)
Yale University Press, 1972), p. 556.

140. ~..U iJ...>...::.....J ~..:._;J~ ~ L.i;') ul;...I..>..:JI ...~.>i 0l5J
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~ .;:_jJ _r.lI V""..J...4.I ~l::5JI ~ V""J.lj ~ l5 ~IJ , 4.- WI V"") ..l.JI
• -'I LL.o 'I · ~.;:_j 'I ~I l 4.H...o0L , <o•) ~~ - y (..)"" - Jr. !...$'. • . ~
4..:..i. 4.-WI 1-l<JI _g ~I ...U ?V>WI ~l5 _<ov)~ II 1.:._ ~ -11
- V""J r...Y - J 1..:.... - y ~ 1..5"'
,~ l.g_l .<oA)((~-::-':~ ~~J ~ySJ lA~ -;JI ~1~l~-:
_)LA ~~ ~ J~l I}JL>J ,d_oWI r+-").Lo ..:.l)yls:JI ~
William F. Deverell, «Church-State Issues in the Period of the Civil War,» in: John ( o t)
F. Wilson, Church and State in America: A Bibliographical Guide: The Civil War to the Present Day
(New York: Greenwood, 1987), p. I.
Ahlstrom, Ibid., pp. 555-568. ( o o)
Hamburger, Separation of Church and State, p. 220. In 1844, a school board in (o)
Philadelphia responded positively to the «request by the local bishop that Catholic children not
be required to read from King James Bible.»That led to a Protestant riot, as a result of which
fifty-eight people were killed and more than a hundred were wounded. Frank S. Ravitch, School
Prayer and Discrimination: The Civil Rights of Religious Minorities and Dissenters (Boston, MA:
Northeastern University Press, 1999), pp. 5-6. For another «Bible conflict» in 1872 in New York,
see Feldman, Divided by God: Americas Church-State Problem and What We Should Do about It,
p. 72.
Denis Lacarne, De Ia Religion en Amerique: Essai d 'histoire politique (Paris: ( ov)
Gallimard. 2007), pp. 106-112.
Jonathan D. Sarna and David G. Dalin, Religion and State in the American Jewish (oA)
Experience (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1997), p. 16.

141. ~i •w y~l u-").4.11 ~~ (_;-" 4-J_,.l.ll ~ _co')~~I (_;-"
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11
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c~ ~.1.11 ul.::-l-911 J....,O JL,a....i.;l '-;'lb..>. iJ..>..::......, ~ ~
j..U.i-7.J ~ ~ L:WI ~I '4i ~ ..::....,. ,; ~ lh J. .~ uJ.;~
,)J....,W ~ l.?..U AI-r 0yu 0~ (AVA) o~l u~~_,..ll J.....O
'-:"~' _ ~~~ 0yJrJI ~ ~J jj ~ ~l5_, .u~_,)l
~ ~ ~I 4J ;_..~I 0i ~ .1.;J...:.:JI JJ>. :..ro 0yWI :..ro - :i...:..,,)
Timothy L. Smith, «Protestant Schooling and American Nationality, 1800-1850,» ( o ')
Journal of American History, vol. 53, no. 4 (1967), and Kent Greenawalt, Does God Belong in
Public Schools? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 14-16. In 1892, about a
third of Catholic students were attending private schools. See: Feldman, Divided by God:
Americas Church-State Problem and What We Should Do about It, p. 88.
Carolyn Hamilton, Family, Law and Religion (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1995), (i •)
p. 249.
Hamburger, Separation ofChurch and State, pp. 297-298, and Witte, Jr., : ~ ~ (i )
«The Theology and Politics of the First Amendment Religion Clauses: A Bicentennial Essay,»
p. 489, note 2.
Fraser, Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a Multicultural (i 'I')
America, pp. 106-113, and Michael Sandel, «Religious Liberty: Freedom of Choice or Freedom
of Conscience?,» in: Rajeev Bhargava, ed., Secularism and Its Critics, Themes in Politics Series
(New York; Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 76.

142. ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ .! L;?..UI J_,11 )jiJI 0l5_, .~JJ .::..L..)-~~I
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W' ·'''-1-}JI ~WI._} ~I ~~JJI ~i ~I o)...Q.;...ll_, ·~I
~ ~ll _g..j~ ~ ~_r:JI J')G.. ,:r 0yJ_,..JI ~ ..J~I ~1
.<~"~),,~1 .Jl o~_,..Jill Jl::.l~_, ''~Jk.a_, .::...;:--_,)1 ~..w _r:.J
.::..).) ~ ~ ~l ~ ~I .::..1)...;.1 ~ ~J
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u-0~~ :f" 0l5 '((~; t~~J)) OJ~~ (.}"'Jk..l •'-:"'.:50 -..Jl ~~
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~~ ~/J ~~ ~ ~~ .::..~:i..;. ,(AC'0 o~l
Reynolds v. US., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). (W)
Reid, Jr., «The Religious Conscience and the State in U.S Constitutional Law, 1789- (i 0
2001 ,» pp. 70-72.
Davis v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333 (1890).
Mormon Church v. United States, 136 U.S. I (1890).
Vidal v. Girard's Executors, 43 U.S. 127 (1844).
'u
(i 0)
(i i)
(W)

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o? Jl_,.b ..:...;l5 ~I ~)I _r.? ~.:...._;J_r.ll ~_r-JI ~ 0in ~
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.<v·)r<~i ~.i Jj ~ I.:K._.;, ;,.bL• • ~ . J
Holy Trinity Church v. U.S., 143 U.S. 457 (1892). ('A)
Robert T. Handy, Undermined Establishment: Church-State Relations in America 1880- (1 ')
1920 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), p. 160.
. A'._r> ,........o.;.J..L.,a....](V•)

144. · ·~~~ · -~~~~ :hm1,)~ ~ J 1,)~ ~
~:....;J_r.ll J> ~
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-y lS ,..!Jj~ if ~.1: ·Lr-~~1 ~kWI ~ 0-" o~~ ..::..~ ~
Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World, p. 168, and Stephen Macedo, (V )
Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2000), p. 60.
Sarna and David G. Dalin, Religion and State in the American Jewish Experience, esp. (V'O
p. 13, and Handy, Ibid., pp. 69-70.
Smith, ed., The Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflict in the Secularization of (V1")
American Public Life.
Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World, p. 137. (Vi)
Monsma, PositiveNeutrality:LettingReligiousJ, i0-1"V <.T' '~ J~l (Yo)
Freedom Ring, pp. 126-129.
Handy, Undermined Establishment: Church-State Relations in America 1880-1920, and (V1)
John F. Wilson and Donald L. Drakeman, Church and State in American History: Key Documents,
Decisions, and Commentaryfrom the Past Three Centuries (Boulder, Co: Westview, 2003), p. 30.

145. ~i ~ J_),J ~w.JI ~ ..;....1>..; ..ili , ~..l:>..l c;.Jl...a>JI t: JWI
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J 1 1.:.: . ..u1 ,Jw11 Jl> ~ · ~u1 ~ - .q ~i• J~ rJ.. .j ~ ~ ~
Warren A. Nord, Religion and American Education: Rethinking a National Dilemma (VV)
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 96.
Smith, ed., The Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflict in the Secularization of (VA)
American Public Life.
Smith, «Preface,» p. vii. (YO.)
Christian Smith, «Introduction,» in: Smith, ed., The Secular Revolution: Power, (A •)
Interests, and Conflict in the Secularization of American Public Life, pp. 36-47 and 53-60, and
Robert Wuthnow, The Struggle for Americas Soul: Evangelicals, Liberals, and Secularism (Grand
Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1990), pp. 26-27.
Hamburger, Separation ofChurch and State, pp. 360-375, 391-399 and 451.
Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World, pp. 137-138.
(A)
CAn

146. ~J_,.;..(..JI ~")G..~I db _} ~ • ~~.Jy)l uiJ~I.J l$,:,~1
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•<'·)~~~ rY' I.J~I.J ..;.,J!..)1 ..:...L>-~1 oh L' I_,..;.JL.u .:r..UI
Smith, «Introduction,» pp. 36-37 and 48-53; P. C. Kemeny, «Power, Ridicule, and (A1)
Destruction of Religious Moral Reform Politics in the 1920s;» David Sikkink, «From Christian
Civilization to Individual Civil Liberties: Framing Religion in the Legal Field,» pp. 326-328, and
Richard W. Flory, «Promoting a Secular Standard: Secularization and Modern Journalism,
1870-1930,» in: Smith, ed., The Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflict in the
Secularization ofAmerican Public Life.
Smith, «Introduction,» pp. 74-78. (AO
Christian Smith, «Secularizing American Higher Education: The Case of Early (A o)
American Sociology,» in: Smith, ed., The Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflict in the
Secularization ofAmerican Public Life.
Eva Marie Garroutte, «The Positivist Attack on Baconian Science and Religious (A 1)
Knowledge in the 1870s,» in: Smith, ed., Ibid.
Kraig Beyerlein, «Educational Elites and the Movement to Secularize Public (AV)
Education: The Case of the National Education Association,» in: Smith, ed., Ibid.
Charles Glenn, «Public Education Changes Partners,» in: Heclo and McClay, eds., (AA)
Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America, pp. 310-314, and George M.
Thomas, Lisa R. Peck, and Channin G. De Haan, «Reforming Education, Transforming
Religion, 1876-1931,» in: Smith, ed., Ibid.
Sikkink, «From Christian Civilization to Individual Civil Liberties: Framing (A')
Religion in the Legal Field,» and Macedo, Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a
Multicultural Democracy, pp. 139-145.
Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World, p. 138.

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Later, this association changed its name to Americans United for Separation of ( 0, )
Church and State.
E. J. Dionne, «Foreword,» p. xiii, and A. James Reichley, «Faith in Politics,» p. 169, ( 0, '')
in: Heclo and McClay, eds., Religion Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America.
Edward J. Larson, Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and Americas Continuing ( 0.i)
Debate over Science and Religion (New York: Basic Books, 2006); Kemeny, «Power, Ridicule, and
Destruction of Religious Moral Reform Politics in the 1920s,» p. 231 ; Feldman, Divided by God:
Americas Church-State Problem and What We Should Do about It, pp.135-149, and Susan Jacoby,
Freethinkers: A History ofAmerican Secularism (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004), pp. 245-
251. Following the Scopes Trial, however, evolutionism did not become dominant in school
curricula. It gained such a status in the late 1950s, as a result of the fear of Soviet technological
advance, especially the launch of Sputnik. See: Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics,
pp. 97-114, and 127-131 , and Fraser, Between Church and State: Religion and Public Education in a
Multicultural America, pp. 125-126.

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Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World, p. 144.
Robert Booth Fowler [et al.], Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and ( 0. 0)
Strategic Choices (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004), pp. 19-21.
Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance ( 0. ")
Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 110.
Prohibition laws in certain states existed until 1966. Since then, there have been only ( 0, V)
some «dry» counties that have banned alcohol. See: Jan Palmowski, «Prohibition,» Oxford
Reference Online, <http:/jwww.oxfordreference.com/viewsjENTRY.html?subview = Main&entry
= t46.e1904 >.(accessed on 27 June 2006).
' 0 •

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Everson v. Board ofEducation 330 U.S. 1 (1947). I repeated this quotation in Chapters ( O.A)
1 and 2 because it is an influential precedent.
Everson v. Board ofEducation 330 U.S. 1 (1947).

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McCollum v. Board ojEducation 333 U.S. 203 (1948). For a critique of this decision, ( • •)
see Reid, Jr., «The Religious Conscience and the State in U.S Constitutional Law, 1789-2001,»
pp. 85-87.
Wuthnow, The Struggle for Americas Soul: Evangelicals, Liberals, and Secularism, ( • )
p. 17.

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36 U.S.C. 172.
36 U.S.C. 186.
3I U.S.C. 5112(d) (I).
( •)
( . ")
(. 0
Demerath and H. Williams, «A Mythical Past and Uncertain Future,» : ~ ~ ( • o)
p. 78, and Jon Meacham, American Gospel: God, the Founding Fathers, and the Making ofa Nation
(New York: Random House, 2007), pp. 176-179.
Dean M. Kelley, «Beyond Separation of Church and State,» Journal ofChurch and ( • i)
State, vol. 5 no. 2 (1963), pp. 181-198.

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Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952). ( • V)

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Leon Wieseltier, «The Mark of Zorach: Rehnquist's and Scalia's Commandments,» ( • ')
New Republic, 29/6/2005.
Phillip E. Hammond, «The Courts and Secular Humanism,» in: Robbins and ( •)
Robertson. eds., Church-State Relations: Tensions and Transitions, pp. I00-10 I.
'0 0

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_) U"')~l (.;-" ~I _) '' o 0i -Jl ~ ~I ul_r...LA.;_1 0~ll
t~i ~ ~J3 ~:[1 o-.1~ 3i ..:;.;l_,..l.aJL: Lp y. i~ ..:.Jij LA :>J)1
.( ' 0 :i........, ..4JI 'WI · · JJI ~ 1.~1 ...:..j 'I · ·" J '-:?' . -I r.f.. r-::-- y ~ y!.y>t--:
Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962). ( )
Abington v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963). The Court combined this case with ( r)
Murray v. Curlett, where the appellant was Madalyn Murray, who later founded the American
Atheists.
Abington v. Schempp, 374 U.S. 203 (1963). Justice Stewart gave the example of ( i)
chaplains in the armed forces. Their funding «might be said to violate the Establishment Clause.
Yet a lonely soldier stationed at some faraway outpost could surely complain that a government
which did not provide him the opportunity for pastoral guidance was affirmatively prohibiting
the free exercise of his religion.»
Demerath and H. Williams, «A Mythical Past and Uncertain Future,» p. 86, and ( t)
Louis Fisher, American Constitutional Law: Constitutional Structures Separated Powers and
Federalism (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2005), pp. 470-472.
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Jacoby, Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism, p. 319, and Kramnick and ( o)
Moore, The Godless Constitution: A Moral Defense ofthe Secular State, pp. 179-180.
Randall Balmer, God in the White House: A History (New York: Harper One, 2008), ( 1)
pp. 6-46.
Jeffries, Jr., and Ryan, «A Political History of the Establishment Clause,» p. 322. ( V)
Samuel Kernell and Gary C. Jacobson, The Logic ofAmerican Politics (Washington, ( II)
DC: CQ Press, 1999), p. 145.
Jeffries, Jr., and Ryan, Ibid., p. 349. (" ".)
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John G. West, Jr., «The Changing Battle over Religion in the Public Schools,>>Wake ( ~ •)
Forest Law Review, vol. 26, no. 2 (1991), pp. 361-363, and James E. Wood, Jr., «Religion and the
Public Schools,>> BYU Law Review, no. 2 (1986), p. 362.
Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968). Another example of separationist Court ( ~ )
decisions on public schools is Stone v. Graham (449 U.S. 39) in 1980, which declared
unconstitutional the posting of the Ten Commandments in classrooms. There were also a few
cases in this period in which the Court tended to accommodationism. An example is Board of
Education v. Allen (392 U.S. 236) in 1968, wherein the Court decided that a state might provide
textbooks free of charge to all children, including those attending parochial schools, because
these schools have both secular and religious aspects.
Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971). (H)
Andrew Kohut [et al.], The Diminishing Divide: Religions' Changing Role in American ( ~)
Politics (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000), p. 123.
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Rene Remond, «La Lalcite et ses contraires,» Pouvoirs, no. 75 (1995), p. 15. ( )
Elisabeth Badinter [eta!.], «Profs, ne capitulons pas!,» Le Nouvel observateur, 2-8/ 11 / (n
1989.
The French Council of State, 27 November 1989; no. 346, 893. (")

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if ~~ .~_r..lS::;~~ secularity ~i ~ ~_,A.JI lalcite ~ ~_; ..U ~L:JI ~ ( 0
e--lr-11_, -=-~l:501 ~.} e-'i A i~ cjll 'secularism 4.....15 J...<·X~ Li ";.u;
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.j .:.s. ._:.,..J.>..:j L.. ..........o; Y" ~_,..~I o~l ..::.-:1)I J.J>' •~I .j .:.s. l;.;..L>.; L_?lll secularism
Elisabeth Zoller, ed., La Conception americaine de Ia : _,1.;1 dalcite ..;i ~ L.;) J.J>' •~I I~
/aiCite (Paris: Editions Dalloz, 2005).
.J_,:;.....Lll ._j::,....: ,JL.....:.....II .!..:-' ..::Jij L.. ~_,A.JI .......UI ~ JL.;.,;_]I .j ,~L.... Y:, ~
_r.? ,~5 ~~ c/" JL;.:....jl.j ~I ~).J':!-'-!~1 .:>i (.r.? .j ~~ ~i J-" ~.J~I
Leonardo A. :_,1.;1 'CWyi.SJI_, ()L.~I 6....oli-) iWI t5_,.::.-...ll ~ .:,r...Lll .J~ ~ ~ jl>
Villalon, Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2006).
.r-:-'l...1 '(Liberation) ,Jj-::--"1~ '(LeMonde) ..w_,...._,.J ,(LeFigaro) J;LY,J (o)
{Le Monde de /'Education). <JJ::-"5J..I.:J '-?:> ...li.J") 3 '(La Croix) IJ.J ' '(L 'Humanite)
&JY' ,(Guardian)<J4~;~ ,(Thelndependent) ..::..;..I..J~~~ ,(TheTimes) ~..;'-?~()
(The Times Education ~5J-'-!).,i-o-!1.; J1-..J '(Church Times) j-o-!.j..}~ ' (Morning Star) ;l::...
Supp).
Lina Molokotos Liederman, «Religious Diversity in Schools: The Muslim Headscarf (V)
Controversy and Beyond,» Social Compass vol. 47, no. 3 (2000), pp. 371-372.
Liberation (2004). :_};.;I ,~ 1 .~ t.S..l>).j '-:-'~1 J.J>' ..::-ILWI J l ~~

163. ~ ~ 0l..k...L.J ~_rAJ ~_Jl::.....,. ,.; ·(A)~ (.$_)~~ .;~
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Haut conseil a !'integration, L 'Islam dans /a Republique (Paris: La Documentation (A)
Fran9aise, 200I), p. 66.
0fWI ~11 ,<)~ '..f""'-.r.':' J~ W'. ~ • • i <.f".JL.. !)}, o (::.J.j n A-~ • • i 0f,; (')
~I~ i _,.:.]1 .y ~I)II~ l.?..UI 0fWI 01 L..S 0.;~11 ~ ~ tPL.... ~ ~ ..~.;~1
T. Jeremy Gunn, «French :_)a..;I .tt.~11 ~3 ~ Jjl.:.... 'l ~.i.JI U""t..;.,_,;11 ~ ~
Secularism as Utopia and Myth,» Houston Law Review, vol. 42, no. I (2005), p. 92, note 48.
Jytte Klausen, The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe (New ( •)
York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 22.
~3 •cjl~ i~.J ~ -?j_,5)...... 'lh ~)1 iL.; '~ • •V Y-lo UuJ <} ....,L>...::..;I ~
«InClubbyFrance,AMuslimWomanas :~1 .J..u.JJ i_r.j3 d.,_..<.,_;i J~ l.r" ~ oi.r'l
Justice Minister,» Christian Science Monitor, 3/7/2007.
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L'Islam nationalise?,» Liberation, 8/12/2004, pp. 4-5. ( )
Jean-Louis Debre, La laii::ite a/'ecole: Un principe republicain arearmer: Rapport de Ia ('I')
mission d'information de l'Assemb/ee nationale (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2004), p. 67; Jonathan
Laurence and Justin Vaisse, Integrating Islam: Political and Religious Challenges in Contemporary
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:.): W' i')L..'{I ..W. ~I.}JI
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.( i '-"') <<..::...1) ••;,_,.. t!.r"'
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Ministere de !'education nationale de l'enseignement superieur et de Ia recherche, ('I' 0
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Xavier Ternisien, «Des organisations musulmans evoquent 806 «victimes»,» Le :_,~I
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~ .4JJ.lll ~:.u.; _;JI ~~ o~ 0_,.~ .,1J :J~IJ ,...:...;L:......;J~
L., -) ~l..,J..>- 0y~ _,i.5' ~}KJ ~I 0i ..::.;L.,.J.ll r.S..l>-1
.(rA)((l..;} J ~) ~y.:J if)-4J ~ (.7" ~~
Mayanthi L. Fernando, ««French Citizens of Muslim Faith»: Islam, Secularism, and ('I'V)
the Politics of Difference in Contemporary France,» (PhD Dissertation, University of Chicago,
2006), p. 206.
Gunn, «French Secularism as Utopia and Myth,» p. 90. ('I'll)
~~ .... .:r" 'l',o't) ~..,..<JI V"')wl .:r" 6.:...JI.) I• .:r" _,.:si ''I' • • • i~.)
Berengere Massignon, «Lalcite et gestion de Ia diversite religieuse :}>;I .~ 4-;..li 0l5 (f,ll• •
a!'ecole publique en France,» Social Compass vol. 47, no. 3 (2000), p. 363, note 2.
Pierre Brechon, «Institution de Ia lalcite et dechristianisation de Ia societe fran<;aise,» ('I'')
Cahiers d 'etudes sur Ia Mediterranee orientale et le monde turco-iranien, no. 19 (1995), p. 63.

173. .b ~_,rill ul_.;•· Ql J>-b 'l'••i i~ ..,t ..!l.;J}Kll ~..lll J~J
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V__, ~ylS j-:.~ ~J 'I'Oi i.S.r" ~ ~ j>-b ~.)-:!
dl 0~~ Q l J-!....Lll J~J j->--.4 ~J •<n>t~~.*- i ~J ~l.:........JJ.r.
:.r ~J.ll J~) ~.r;--' ')j l::5_; -i L.i .<n>r • •o i~ -i 'l11 ~I
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. ....., J . ~.II Ll . J.l l.k:J .11 . ~"WI 4.:;w..JI 0 1- . ~
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~khJI -.::.........:.t.; .y_; ~ l:?..UI ~WI il12.:JI jJ; -i--' Lj__,..9
~~ ~J ,...L.>-__,jl '-:"'~ ~ Uk..,. ~ y_; ..,t ~jWI
I.-.. · -II ..!.U~ L · •WI .1.:JI .11 . ~WUll ~I • -IIr..5"'"'~ ~ i J • ....;. J~
JU.l ~ ~jWI- L...i_,j ~- ~LLJI ~u •..:LJ~ (.rA ~
•lh ·.r.? ~-. :. r~ ~ ~l5 .;JI •o~~~ '-:"'I?11 ~~~~
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ul)) ~ ~ _; ~jWI ~l-WI ~ iL.i ......;_;_,.LJ ~_;JI
~~..:.j uy~ L.;__,j ..,t 4J__,...Lll uL~ 0i l..r" h')lk.;l .~WI ~~
Conseil d'Etat, «Rapport public: Reflexions sur Ia la"iciti:,» 2004, < http://lesrapports. (r •)
ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000121/000I.pdf>, (accessed on 20 March 2008), p. 315,
note 262.
Claude Durand-Prinborgne, La /aii:ite (Paris: Dalloz, 2004), p. 96, and Xavier (r )
Boniface, L'Aumomerie militairefram;:aise, 1914-1962 (Paris: Cerf, 2001).
Creation d'une aumonerie musulmane dans l'armee francaise,» <http:ffeurel.u-stra (fr)
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rubrique = 390&nompais = France>, (accessed on 23 December 2005).
wo

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Conseil d'Etat, «Rapport public: Reflexions sur Ia la!cite,» pp. 266-269; Jean ('!" t)
Bauberot, «Annexe: L'Alsace-Lorraine: La Difference au coeur du jacobinisme,» dans: Jean
Bauberot, ed., Religions et laiCite dans /'Europe des douze (Paris: Syros, 1994); Jean-Paul
Willaime, «L'Enseignement religieux a!'ecole publique dans !'Est de la France: une tradition
entre deliquescence et recomposition,» Social Compass, vol. 47, no. 3 (2000); Gunn, «French
Secularism as Utopia and Myth,» p. 90, and Michel Wieviorka, «La!cite et democratic,»
Pouvoirs, no. 75 (1995), p. 63.
·-.br u-"1)1...; ~")L.l ~~ o......1)~ t) L?1 J1 U"')..WI...; 0~ ~ L?1 !:._., ~ ~
Massignon, «La!cite et gestion de la diversite religieuse a!'ecole publique en France,» : _,........k--;1
p. 360.
WI

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...~.>- ~ Wj ~i c;..,~s. ~.;~_,.-j ..:...;l5 ~ ~CJWI ~ ~~~
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oJ~ ..;..,L..l:--JI 0-" Ll.~J _?..U UlL.. uL..l:--JI ~ ~
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Conseil d'Etat, Ibid., pp. 265-272. (io)
Jean Bauberot, «Le Mythe de !'exception,» Le Monde des Religions, no. 8 (novembre- (i")
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Conseil d'Etat, Ibid., p. 318. (iV)
Jean-Paul Willaime, «1905 et Ia pratique d'une la'icite de reconnaissance sociale des (iA)
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Jean-Paul Burdy and Jean Marcou, «La'icite/Laiklik: Introduction,» Cahiers d 'etudes (i ')
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wv

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~WI o~IJ':il ~y4JI ~L:--JI Ul.i:.ll J::u_; ,_r>-T ~.J _r.>-i
o~_,.A.:...jl ubiJ':il (/ ~~I ~l_j->-11 c91..w ~ .j "J-".JJ -.s...Ll
~l'- .!3.:J..J -~~~J11 ~ VAO. oJy L .~WI e:JL.a..o.JI.J
(~l_j->-11 ..!.ll~ -) ~) .,lk....._,.JI 4.lljl-) ~ ~y4JI iL...i ~L...
~ }) .._;J-" ~~11 o-4-J ~<t·>~J~I.J ~y4JI ~ d_;JWI .j
4.........LJI :i..:;~l ..:;.,I · I.~ - :i..:;.MJI ..:;.,~1 ~1 ·fl .•. • ~ ~Y. • • . .J ~ ~
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William : _,.1:2..;1 -~~~I p-LJ o~L::....i ,~j .:r.:::JLO C::: ...,._;LSJJ ~I 6.l,l.WI (t •)
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VA

177. oh ..:.....jl5 ..1..0 ~ (f )L..; · · · ..U 4.J ..U · ,.,;..A.!')W I'"· •l;~..,t(..r!. J J ~ ~ .r.:-'
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yo-.j..JJJ11 ~~'J'I .j ..~11 JJ...U 0-" l.ft..r.?.) o~.?.".rJI
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178. ~ ~w.JI :_r ~J.: ~~lyi ~ jWI ~w.JI JL,a..;i .,.w.JI ~r..
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~
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:y- ~ ~ ~y :y ~) ~) i~ ~ ~kWI ~ ~J
~I :y -~JJJIJ ~I ~ .;.,lJJl,JI ~ ~ ,j 0/'~I ih:JI
Jean Bauberot, «Conclusion,» dans: Bauberot and Wieviorka, eds. , Les Entretiens (i ')
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Socialistes francais et Ia lalcite,» p. 253, et Xavier Ternisien, «Les Associations lai'ques
commernorent Ia loi de 1905 en ordre disperse,» Le Monde, 11 /12/2005.
< http://www.laicite- : •-u~I.J ~L....LJI Jy W cj.J_,::SJ~I c9yJ1 ~I (o •)
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Seksig, Kessel, and Roirant, «Ni Plurielle ni de combat: La lai'cite,» p. 74. ( o )
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Regis Debray, Contretemps: E/oges des ideaux perdus (Paris: Gallimard, 1992), p. 23. ( o'")
Henri Pena-Ruiz, «La Lalcite, ou Ia difference entre le «collectif» et le «public»,» ( o i)
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Debray, Ibid., p. 23. ( 0 0)

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Henri Pena-Ruiz, Qu 'est-ce que Ia laiete?, folio (Paris: Gallimard, 2003), p. 46. ( oi)
~~) L. ~ i~~ » (integriste)J.J""Itn ~ <J_r.-:1-ll <J~w..JI i...L>..:... ...uJ (oV)
•..1.>-J 0 ...ut ~~ 0i ~ ..Jpi<JI:! -~ w~ .~w...u .)w.... ..J_,.k::... ....;~ <~;LS'
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~l...h.1 ~ I ...wi · l....;:.j ·II G')L.,'j ~ "..SJ ..;.,L........>J. -·YY-. l: ...;PJ '-:? . .J . . Y . .
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Seksig, Kessel, and Roirant, «Ni Plurielle ni de combat: La lalcite,» p. 65. (It)
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.'l"o • .._r> ,-........; 1~1 (YO
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~~ ~i ~l ,~JJ ~L..i..JI JJl:.;:j -;JI ~w..JI ~.o)··J ..;.;J~
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Brechon, «Institution de Ia lalcite et dechristianisation de Ia societe franyaise,» p. 66. (II•)
Vers un nouveau pacte lalque: Elements de reflexion,» April 1989, <http://www. (II)
protestants.org/docpro/doc/0905.htm > (accessed on 24 March 2007).
Regis Debray, L 'Enseignement dufait religieux dans /'ecole laique (Paris: Odile Jacob, (II)
2002), p. 23.

188. ~ UJ~i .~.>- ~- '-;-'~J- 4..-s. ~- ~~ -Wjf
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j-" - ..A..:::-y. 'l' 'u-::J~ ~..lA ~ ~t; '-:?jj ~I lh ~t.:..:.::.....~_,
~~~ LJS"Lo11 ~ iJL..':il ::.y:-_, ~ i~s. JJ::. '-:?i _ ~~ ~L:JI
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-:r...UI ~Jk..J ~~ .u..)l 0in l,?)_r....... -r.Ly:- JSy ~~ ,y
_,i iliWI ..::,;~ ~ _,i 4.....,;';il -:_,SLo1 V"L....11 ~I~ ~I ~JL..';il
Gilles Kepel, A /'Ouest d'Allah (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1994), p. II.
Conseil d'Etat, «Rapport public: Reflexions sur Ia lalcite,» p. 265.
(A1")
(Ai)
Regine : _,k;l ',..ruL ~ ·~ ~} ..!.L} .J_r.l.. ......i...a,; ~__..4]1 ;J_,..lll ~ (AO)
Azria, Le Fait religieux en France (Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 2003).
6..,~J.,.; 'l;...L..iiJ_,~ _;1~1 ~ , O.ov L .~1 •.:.;.,.; '-:-'~~ .;.LL. r"L.. W"
Alexandre Caeiro, «Religious Authorities or Political Actors?: The Muslim :~I .~1
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Muslims and the Secular State (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006), p. 73.

189. J~l (f ~I erSLo'1 ~ ) J.)l:.AJ ~ dLU ~~ erSLo'1
'r".)l~i --4_.f C:- 0~i iu ..ili ,h.Cr" t"")l ~ .(Ai)<<~J~
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i~ .j ~~ '• '' •J ''AO i~ .j ~ ~'"'J '~A • i~ .) ~~
• ' (AA) • (AY) o o
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• • • (A')
(f I_,.>y :_r... .. ll 0LS::.-ll .)1~1 ..:..~I_; lS_r>l ~L; (f . '' • • t
.)..loU J410"' 6.!......ll.) A Jl Y ~ly, -~~ ~ Jl ~~ ~)
0~ ~ ~~ o_L, ~ ~i ~~ ~ /""_.;_,J .._i 0LS::.-l
.(')~_;.ll ~~
r ~;, •...9 ~ (>L...';il .) W:>....o ..:..l.,.k:.;l ~ _,.; .) 0_,.~ .. 11 ~
_,.>~I ~J ''-:?JL......... <J..) ~i ~ J_,'1 ili..JI.) i":>L';il Jl A
..:..I..~..::S'L::.l 'w_, .<"n.j~ .,.L....:.; ~i ~ _ J_,'1 ili....ll .) - ~l ~
(J-4 ~ o~J od ....AJ_,.1 .._i 0y.• •·4 0_,...J .,l ''-:?JJ ~_,i
Jocelyne Cesari, «Demande d'islam en banlieue: Un defi a Ia citoyennete?,» Cahiers (A i)
d'etudes sur Ia Mediterranee orientale et /e monde turcoiranien, no. 19 (1995), pp. 180-181 .
Yvan Gastaut, «L'islam fran~ais: Est-il soluble dans Ia lalcite?,» L 'Histoire, no. 289 (AV)
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Fetzer and Soper, Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany, p. 87. (AA)
~) ,~ ..__.ili 0-" _;si ~ .Ji ~lk.:.....~ ~_;.ll ~L.JI 0-" ~~ .J.J? (A')
.~·~~ 0-" Ji~ ~ ~L.JI .)~ L..i ,~ ~~ 0-" _;si ;:-a; 4:.. .J~.J
«L'Islam nationalise?,» Liberation, 8/12/2004, pp. 4-5. : _,10.;1
l'epreuve de l'islam,» dans: Bauberot, J Farhad Khosrokhavar, «La LaIeite fran~aise ( ' •)
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,(,•••,•••).J~_,..o... ,(,OO•,•••).Jy:)lft- :JL:JlS ,_;-L;}~~~_;.)~
':"~0-" o .;ui ,(o• , •••).!ll_,.;i ,(••,•••).k.....};li.j_rll:.r- ':"~ ,(io•,• ••).J~y
~ .J.Jr.-4--.J ·~I ~U. .:r' ~J.s. ,(t •,• • •) i)L..~ ~~ .:;~ ,( o •,• • •) .1~1
Haut conseil a :_,..j:WI .(I • •, • • •) '->.J.,r->-T.J ( •·, ••·) .:r-:--:r-.:---"1 ,(i o ·, • • ·) ~_,..--.!
l'integration, L 'Islam dans Ia Republique, pp. 37-38.
Laurence and Justin Vaisse, Integrating Islam: Political and Religious Challenges in ( ' )
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Farhad Khosrokhavar, L 'Islam des jeunes (Paris: Flammarion, 1997), et Frank ( ' '0
Fregosi, Penser /'islam dans Ia laii::ite (Paris: Fayard, 2008).
'~'

190. r~l 0~ ·~ l_rA .o,:)L.;)I 0-... 1 ~~ wlk ~l ~~J ~')L..~I
d~_;) _j -.rI_raJI J5~ :_r- :G~,:) ~_,5 ~ i ')L.~I J..,aj i~
"• • o (~_;, /.ji.::JI er:_r.i) k d ~..l..>- ~I ~I J~i J!-o
j-PJ ,JL:...JI ~ ~ .<o.n~,:)WIJ ~~~ ,:)~i 4J 0.5 ~~J
0~J ~').:.]1 0-" IJjJ~ r-1 er:.UI ~.)1~1 ~ ~lk.:JI J~
jJ~ ~ (_r:?- ~ • ~I ~ '~"" dl ~I U"")..WI ulA ~,:) ul,:)~
.<o.o~l .-) o a;~ u':>.,2._;... 0~ ~..UI ~I_,...JI .h....?
.~p ~ ul)~.ll oh (..r" ~~ ~L...::.;I _j 0r-L-ll A ~
~l....WI .J;A.;.- (.r4 ~ ~~~~ J~ ~ cr. ~ ~) ...IJ
o),:)~l ~u ~I 1-4-J ~<o.o)UJ-Lll uL..L::-- ,:)U;,;I i.)._yJ 4......jWI
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~i ~_rll lh J ~ r-1 ,L...;) -) 4.JJ..UI (..r" ~J ~ ~~ ..!JJ~J
.<c.•)..._, L .q ')._.,~I -~:.,..~11 01 ~1 II ~I <U~ ~~ ~
. ~ '-?" • c-·- .r !,f • .r- .
0.5 YJ- ,_r-:U~ ~ ~J- ~Y. J:..l,:) 0i ._.ll l:....l> o)...;.~l J~
.<wYL:........; :G'I . 1.:.:. !~ .. ~ .~ ;q ~ill .. ~
• . J .)-" .T"" ~J u--:. . r-' J ~ y .
._,L:JI I- · o < ~ 0~ . 1. !•. w')._.,1 uL,a;.....;, l:.~:
. . u::-: ~ .r.:- •. . J 0) u- . . . ~
JJLk.J ~~I _).rJI 0i (..r" ~)1 ~ .~')._.,~1 u~_,;jl ~J~ (..r"
~l (,,:)J_,A-Si ~~ t~L> ~J..d~ i~ <Wi (..r"J ·1~_,...... y 0l..UJ
Olivier Roy, Vers un islam europeen (Paris: Esprit 1999), p. 77, et Trica Danielle ( 'i)
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Jonathan Laurence, «From the Elysee Salon to the Table of the Republic: State- ( ' i)
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Soheib Bencheikh: Marianne et le Prophete: L 'Islam dans Ia France lai'que (Paris: ( ' o)
Bernard Grasset, 1998), et «Les Croyants Jes plus proches de Ia «lalcite? Ia fran~aise» sont les
musulmans,» Hommes and Migrations, no. 1218 (1999).
Caeiro, «Religious Authorities or Political Actors?: The Muslim Leaders of the ('i)
French Representative Body of Islam,» p. 75.
Laurence and Vaisse, Integrating Islam: Political and .J , Vo <./' , ~ J 1 a • li ( 'V)
Religious Challenges in Contemporary France, pp. 102-103.

191. 0l,a...o • o.....;L>. . :t.; . C'~l . .,_; Cl ~ L..; . . ~ !.., •.:., .:._ ...3iJ~ . . ,:.r -~Y'-'r Y'-' .r,..;c.r. .~
~L.u_, ''-,f,JJJ'JI ~~ J>-b -:r-~ .,II c_l.>..GI o~ o~G :.r-
;JL4JI ~ .('A)~i b.., I . ·1-1 . L L;:_., lLL....i - ~J . . v-::-J ~ y ~Y. --'
j__r.ilJ .....;i ~ 0~J J)..b (..;->' t_Q_.,o_, APSR ~ __,_.;.-_;.. oJ~L.aJI
rlJ ~ ~I ~ 0S:..l Jl ~I...UI o_,$.al ~_rPL......JI ~..L:rJI
.<o.o.>~(~JJJ'JI 01..Ll;JI _j ~~ I~ 0'J ~ uPJ~ l,?i 0_,~ ,YJ
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_r.5i u..oy ~_,..JI :L.....Lll .bL.._,i --i l,?j_,5JL... ~_,s:;, r. ~
r-:?j ~ ~ 0l5 ~ ~Cr-~ .,!~ a..dl ul~ ~l,a.AJ~ l.r.:-"~1
~J~ ~~J ~..>..:;.;1 ~ ~ ~? ~i ,y ~I .k......_,JI ~.;...;1
_j J~l .}'JIJ 0~~~J ~J~I ~l:5 _j l,?j_,5JL... ~ .L..;_)
..:;_,jJ..,.JI Cr-" --4f" ~...Ll 0~ 0i ~~ ~__,j ;)i ~l 'I' •• i i~
r-:~ ;J_,JJI il.} op C~ W" .(·)0--~ .,II ,y ~1..9 l:: o~_,JI
J~l.aJI 0yWI ~...uu JjG.. ,y l,?j_,5JL... ~ .~L....U iWI ~y-:.11
JWI r->-...UI r-:~ ;J_,...UI il.} ~ _}v.JI uP) 0~ _j '0. • o i~ J
·'1 • • .I .11 r.- L. • • 11 (•r)- ,11 I • < 1
u U.J~ ,:_r -~ ~ "-'~ ~f c.f, ' ~..u u~.....-..o~~
Tariq Ramadan: Western Muslims and the Future of Islam (New York: Oxford ('A)
University Press, 2005), pp. 62-77; «Les Evolutions de Ia pensee musulmane contemporaine,»
dans: Michel Wieviorka, ed., Avenir de /'islam en France et en Europe (Paris: Editions Balland,
2003), p. 31, et «Les Musulmans et Ia mondialisation,» Pouvoirs, no. 104 (2003), pp. 100-101.
Andrew F. March, «Islamic Foundations for a Social Contract in non-Muslim ( ' ')
Liberal Democracies,» American Political Science Review, vol. 101, no. 2 (2007), p. 244.
L'Express, 18/10/2004. ( • •)
~.r"11 ~JJ i)j.J ~ 'i'~ _;_;,~~c) ~l:...i ~ l.ll.a....; ~ ~ •• t i~ c)
.J_,>-JJI i ~'[:; di
Nicolas Sarkozy, La Republique, les religions, I'esperance (Paris: Cerf, 2004), pp. 121- ( • )
132, Etienne de Montety, «Le Livre-choc de Nicolas Sarkozy,» Le Figaro Magazine (23 octobre
2004).
L'Express, 11 / 11 /2004.
Sarkozy, Ibid., pp. 121-132.
:J ,..:...L~ ~~ C: ~j~_;L... '-1.A.. l...a:i )'.;I
C ·n

192. -.i ~.r.. ~i )~~ ~~r. * ~ ~ ~ ~L..u cll~ .,.JJ 0~
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. (DITIB) -f_rll '-!" JL.,~I ~JJI 0_,_;.!JI .:>~1_, (FNMF) .;6}I L.;)
0l5 .;-1}I ~} ~ .:>..:....j 0i ~~I lh ~ _?..UL: _r..~l
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jjs- 'lh (_;-" r-")I ~ .~ JL,~I ..::..., Ia · ., li <->~1 U...0Y. (UOIF)
~_;JI ~I j>-1.:> ~I 'O~lj C::'Y w~ JL.uJI ..bJ.J-=> '-?j_,5)......
-) I • ~ ~ ~ ..::..~ <.S,Y' ~ 'l '-?..U ''-:f"J....,~1 ~.ill
~.ill ~_;.11 ~~ ~_;.11 4J_,..U ...::....9?1 .(·i)~L-11 ,y ~I
'l JWI ~ ~ 4:-o.J ,~L,aj o..W ~)~I .U....OY. i..?"')L~
~I~ ._:.,L;~~ ~1_, ·~.r.lio.J l.r-~ .,I ~Lo ..~~I
-)~I .:.r.JJI J~J ~.J ,J')WI rlll ~ ,y J.WI_, ·~I
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Azria, Le Fait re/igieux en France, p. 31. .J ' • • <.T' ' ...........;; .J..I.....aA.ll ( •,.)
Caeiro, «Religious Authorities or Political Actors?: The Muslim Leaders of the ( • t)
French Representative Body of Islam,» p. 71 , and Jeanne-Helene Kaltenbach and Michele
Tribalat, La Republique et /'islam: Entre crainte et aveuglement (Paris: Gallimard, 2002), pp. 180-
183.
~.;..;':.'1 t.. ,L.;j ~ r •~':.'.J .)! ...s~t L.;j ~ .j1)1 ~1.,..;':.'11_,;.-y (. o)
.!.ll./~1 ~I ~I~ r--"1 ~_;JI o.s-) ~ J.l.kl ...LO.; ~...l.li.J.J_;...;JJ ..f..,:.ll </J....,~1
«II ne fait pas bon etre independant dans !'islam de France,» Le Monde, I0/6/ :~I .L....;~ ~
2008.
Caeiro, Ibid., p. 74, and «L'Islam nationalise?,» Liberation, 8/ 12/2004, pp. 4-5. ( • 1)
= Laurence and Vaisse, Integrating Islam: Political and Religious Challenges in ( •V)

193. ~ l.Sj_,..5jLJ t...a.;._ ..~ l.S..UI- 0~ l.S.) ~).) t~i l.S..L:i.. .. .. ..
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o~ ~LJJ ~I..L:l ~_ri.1 ~JJJI ~ ~L:JI uL.....j.A-ll _rsi
J_r- -t-~ )...L..o~ " •• i r.l_r.-9 I.k~ ~ ~I ilj ·~-"I "ll
0~.)11 JJL:; ~l.r. .)Y.J d..JL. _r.pl ._w:,JJ .~1 ~ ~w.JI
0Y-_;l;:.JIJ ~~;~ ~WI ul~l -) (i')L.,~IJ ~.::_;J_r.liJ W }.501)
. ~I ~L...L.JI . ...u. -- - - 1- • L.11 II; I_.:._ I .:L'-1 - 0"' -.r" ~ ~r- '-1 i 1.5. ~ ~ .
~ uL~..Lll <...;Jl>c......oi J...i::jl •r._ri::..ll ~ .).JJ W WJ .<" )L_j__,j
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.j) l.r...UI J~.JJ ~L-JI l.r" .j.501 .)..WI )ly ~I ~ JWI ~
l.r" ~I ~WI 0i ~ .)~ W .(ul_.; •- "IIJ uLS::.:.liJ 0_y..-ll
Contemporary France, p. 153, and Malika Zeghal, «La Constitution du Conseil Francais du Culte =
Musulman: Reconnaissance politique d'un Islam francais,» Archives de sciences socials des
religions, no. 129 (2005), p. 98.
~L::.ll .y IJ.J?.J ~ ,~yMJI ~L::.ll .y l.....;_) Wi .y ~ ci IJy.) ( •A)
Caeiro, Ibid., p. 75. : yk;l ..!.11;11 .y ? ~~.J , ~)l_r.)l
L'Islam nationalise?,» pp. 4-5. ( • ')
La Fondation pour les oeuvres de !'islam de France,» http:ffwww.interieur.gouv.fr/ ( •)
rubriques(c/c2_1e_ministere(c2l_actualite/2005_03_21_CFCM/fondation/pdf<, (accessed on 25
December 2005).
Conseil d'Etat, «Rapport public: Reflexions sur Ia lalcite,>> p. 348. ( )

194. J>-b ~u.; ;;JL.aJI ..l.:l1 ~ ~_;:. .:l~ :r- ;;)-:-~ Jl; '1 ..~.;:-~1
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Les Francs-ma9ons dans Ia rue pour Ia laicite,» La Croix, 8/ 12/2005. ( 1)
Dereymez, «Les Socialistes fran9ais et Ia la!cite,» p. 221, et Gastaut, «L'islam ( i)
fran9ais: Est-il soluble dans Ia la"icite?,» p. 95.

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John R. Bowen, Why the French Don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and : y--k....;I ( o)
Public State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 208-241.
Anne Zelensky and Anne Vigerie, «Lalcardes, puisque feministes,» Le Monde, 30/5/ (I)
2003.
O.Y

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Elisabeth Badinter [et al.], «Profs, ne capitulons pas!,» Le Nouvel observateur, 2-8/ ( V)
11 /1989.
...___o; .;~I (A)

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Joelle Brunnerie-Kauffmann [et a!.], «Pour une la!cite ouverte,» Politis, no. 79 ( ')
(novembre 1989), et Bowen, Why the French Don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and Public
State, p. 85.
.(fi "A'" ~J) 'A' ~y /-.jl:JI .:_r.r; '1'V ,~_;Jl 4.13..Ui ~ ( '1' •)
Debre,Lalaii:itea :)'WI. 'A' ~)/J}l .J_,.;L5 'I'.._; ,.J~y. ~('I')
/'ecole: Un principe republicain a rearmer: Rapport de Ia mission d'information de /'Assemblee
nationale1
p.931 et Gastaut1 <<L'islam fran~ais: Est-il soluble dans Ia lalcite?,» p. 97.

198. ~I -4Y. ~ -~1 ~~ 1/ ~)~~ ,~i ~ ~~ 0+""') J..o
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Haut conseil a!'integration, L'Islam dans Ia Republique, p. 66. ( rr)
Debre, Ibid., p. 92. ( H')
Seksig, Kessel, and Roirant, «Ni Plurielle ni de combat: La lalcite,» p. 74. ( r t)
.v• <.7" , .........;.; )..t...a..J1 ( r o)
.vo <.7" , .........;.; )..t...a..J1 <' n)
Antoine de Baecque and Jacqueline Lalouette, «La lalcite est un mythe national ( rV)
fran<;ais,» Liberation, 15/10/2005.
Bowen, Why the French Don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and Public State, ( rA)
p. 84, and Fregosi, Penser ['islam dans Ia laii::ite, pp. 392-393.
'..

199. ~ill ~_;JI ~1_, ~L..11 ~').....,~ ..::..>~ i~ 0i ~~
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Caeiro, «Religious Authorities or Political Actors?: The Muslim Leaders of the ( '1' 0,)
French Representative Body of Islam,» p. 80, and Caitlin Killian, «The Other Side of the Veil:
North AfricanWomen in France Respond to the Headscarf Affair,» Gender and Society, vol. 17,
no. 4 (2003).
Caeiro, Ibid., p. 78. ( 1".)
Bauberot, «Conclusion,» p. 360; Fetzer and Soper, Muslims and the State in Britain, ('I")
France, and Germany, pp. 73-85, and Norma Claire Moruzzi, «A Problem with Headscarves:
Contemporary Complexities of Political and Social Identity,» Political Theory, vol. 22, no. 4
(1994), p. 664.
Lina Molokotos Liederman, «Religious Diversity in Schools: The Muslim ( '1"'1')
Headscarf Controversy and Beyond,» Social Compass, vol. 47, no. 3 (2000), p. 375.
'.'

200. o_;..Q.)I t) ~J ~_;.ll f..jJ ~ y...; L;?lll Jf..~ 1~1} ~~
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~ l)) OJJJ.: j..l..oi -slll ~JJ.ll ~ 0-" )~ '0. 0. 0 (_r.lY- Ij~)
:(In).jj.9 _r.? ..r"i y ~~I ..lx) ~ ~IJ.liJ iWI __,.bJI ~} 0~
. . I • .-. Lj . . ~ •LS:..JI ~I ..::.......;:, • I •I. :L>. .
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.~b ~~~ -:r.: e_rall ·.:::-l:i 0l5 ybJI
~ L..;_,.i .j JWI (~y9_y')L..':il) i')L..J).l ~_,AJI ...WI~ 'J~_,J l,_;_;J (ff)
Bauberot, LaiCite : _,.k;l -cr..r-.JI 0_,A.]I .r J}li ...A..a:JI .j ~ LlJ ~_,..il l ..vJ "+':"Ji ~
1905-2005, entre passion et raison, p. 189.
Nicholas Beattie, «Yeast in the Dough? Catholic Schooling in France, 1981-95,» in: ( f t)
Kay Chadwick, ed., Catholicism, Politics, and Society in Twentieth-Century France (Liverpool:
Liverpool University Press, 2000).
Durand-Prinborgne, La laicite, p. 105. :)>;I . 0. 0. t ~ /J~~ 'I' • .j 'J,r. ~ ~ ( f o)
Jean-Paul Costa, «Interview with Jean Marceau: Le Conseil d'Etat, le droit public ( fl)
francais et le «foulard»,» Cahiers d 'etudes sur Ia Mediterranee orientale et le monde turco-iranien,
no. 19 (1995), 80, et Burdy and Marcou, «LaicitefLaiklik: Introduction,» p. 27.
Debre, La laicite a/'ecole: Un principe republicain arearmer: Rapport de Ia mission ( fV)
d'information de /'Assemblee nationale, p. 181, and Kay Chadwick, «Accueillir l'etranger:
Immigration, Integration and the French Catholic Church,» in: Chadwick, ed., Catholicism,
Politics, and Society in Twentieth-Century France, pp. 192-193.

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. .<~t n ~I JL,a.;i .r ~ J VQ, _, Jl-JI JL,a.;i (Y ~I
Alain Ruscio, «Des Sarrasins aux Beurs, une vieille mefiance,» Le Monde ('I" II)
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~~ l.o:... I_r.5_; 0l5 '-:"'~ •i_,..JI .I..G) 0i 1_,.,.....:.3i 03__,..;-T_, 0_,.;u _r;l_)ll ( r')
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ly,~i 0-:.lJI <.T'~11 ,:r d.!...]I ci I I , 0, 0, 0, i~ ci L.;.) ci l?.r.-i c:-" ci (i •)
11'-:"'_rJI :_ro _r.S ~~ ll ~Y- ..;i 13_21 ~I<} o 3 110_,.,~n ~4 ~i l_,...i...<>_, .i.l!....11 J.s-
Arista Maria Cirtautas, <<France,» in: Jeffrey Kopstein and Mark Lichbach, :_,.h.;I .11L-.;~ ~
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202. ~_r.J J y o_r.-9 JJ.>- ):2..>.JI ~~ )__,j l,?i 1~ r-1 ~ ~
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.~ lJ-" ~-} ' _,.bjl )L.a.;~ 'i~J!J ~11 ~ ol.r.-1 ~ 'L,;.;_,_,
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,~L,... ~~ ,~_,JI ~_,.::.]1'-r" .~1 ~~ ,~~LS4...........; ~I~ (if)
:~1 .Jw11 ~~ l.r" ~3 ,~..WI -.::.,.~1'-r" cr..~ ,-.J3..UI ~ l.r" cr..~
Zuber, «La Commission Stasi et les paradoxes de la lalcite franyaise,» p. 36.
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- - -
Bowen, Why the French Don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and Public : ~ ( t A)
State, p. 116.
A .._r>) '-:"~I L?J:;.} ..kA.; i..!.>-IJ "-:Jlb ~!~I ~I ,~1 t.l..;;....')/1 ~ <)
.(HIJ
Jean Bauberot: «Lalcite: 1e grand ecart,» Le Monde, 4/1/2004, et «La 1alcite: Le ( t ')
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Debre, La laii::ite a/'ecole: Un principe republicain arearmer: Rapport de Ia mission ( o )
d'information de /'Assembliie nationale, p. 8.
~ o~l J ~1)'11 lr" ~ ''-:"~ i..l;rJI }>JI olf~J 'l'!.r._,.A;:ll JJ~ ')' ( o'l')
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...1...9)) : .J . ul-::..>.':1 I ~WI .k : :. II II "'--'.~I s:-1 .x;J':l 0Lu.~ • . ) • ~ 4.$'.) -
Laurent Levy, «Mauvaise fois,»LeMonde, 17/10/2003, et : _,.k-;1 .~ 4..:-)..k... ~ l:?~L:...... .r.,_;L =
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bbc.co.uk/I/hi/world/europe/3149588.stm >.
Debre, Ibid., pp. 74-81 and 157. (or)
Charlotte Nordmann, ed., Le Foulard islamique en questions (Paris: Editions ( o t)
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Willaime, «The Cultural Turn in the Sociology of Religion in France,» p. 380. ( o o)
Frans;oise Gaspard and Farhad Khosrokhavar: «The Headscarf and the Republic,» ( oi)
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Gunn, «French Secularism as Utopia and Myth,» p. 98. (oV)
John R. Bowen, «Does French Islam Have Borders?: Dilemmas of Domestication ( oA)
in a Global Religious Field,» American Anthropologist, vol. 106, no. 1(2004), pp. 46-47.
l~)ll :J_,A:_, ,~1 :i..;J+ll ..:A.i~ .).>- cri)l o~l J_,..d! ~_;11 )2.>JI J-Y. ~
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~i ~~WI o~l c) ~i (.r'..li: .:;i_, ,(~1 Y' I..L. .:;i ~i_,) ~ ~li _;-:;i-
John R. Bowen, «Muslims and Citizens: France's Headscarf :~I .11h.O uL,.-.;_;_, uL,.-.;_;
Controversy,» Boston Review (February-March 2004), p. 31.
Scott, Weapons ofthe Weak: Everyday Forms ofPeasant Resistance, p. 126. ( o ')

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«Official Public Holidays for 2005,» (accessed : _,1.;1 .~J..A..II ~ ~ , .IJ..LJI i~l Jl.Q..:.;I
at the Web site of the French Embassy in the United States), < http://www.ambafrance-us.org/
atoz/holidays.asp >, on 2 May 2006.
M. Chirac prone le «sursaut republicain» et interdit le voile a!'ecole,» Le Monde, 18/ ( ' )
12/2003, et «French President Urges Ban on Headscarves in Schools: Chirac Confronts Spread
oflslam,» Washington Post, 18/12/2003.
M. Sarkozy obtient l'appui de Ia plus haute autorite sunnite sur le voile islamique,» ( ' ~)
Le Monde, 12/12/2003, et Herve Gattegno, «En Egypte, M. Sarkozy fait «le service apres-vente»
d'une loi qui ne le convainc pas,» Le Monde, I/ I/2004.
Klausen, The Islamic Challenge: Politics and Religion in Western Europe, p. 167. (''I")

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La Republique a besoin de croyants, dit Sarkozy,» Le Monde, 21/12/2007. (I~)
L'interet de Ia Republique, c'est qu'il y ait beaucoup d'hommes qui esperent,» Le ( 1 o)
Monde, 21 /12/2007.
«Sarkozy ramene l'Eglise dans l'Etat,» Liberation, 16/1/2008. ( 11)
Marie-France Etchegoin, «Francs-macons en colere,» Le Nouvel observateur (14 (IV)
fevrier 2008).

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Kay Chadwick, «Introduction,» in: Chadwick, ed., Catholicism, Politics, and Society ('A)
in Twentieth-Century France; Jean-Noel Jeanneney, «Les Presidents peuvent-ils aller aIa messe?,»
L'Histoire, no. 289 (2004), et Laurence and Vaisse, Integrating Islam: Political and Religious
Challenges in Contemporary France, p. 141.

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Francis Messner, Pierre-Henri Pri:lot, and Jean-Marie Woehrling, :~I .11~ _;5~1 -:.J.L..l11
eds., Traite de droitfram;ais des religions (Paris: Litec, 2003), p. 77.
~I.J 4..l.JJ.ll J')U;....I l.l~.L_ .:r...i..JI ...!.l:.l) ~ ,;_rll _,.....;.-..-1 ..W ,..!..LJ~ :r ~)1 ~
:)2.;1 ,L...;_,.; ._) ,~.,~ il;JI .'~)I ,J~ .:r...i..JI &..l).J (gallicanisme),J~LA..ll y ~)I
Michel Troper, «Religion and Constitutional Rights: French Secularism, or Laicite,» Cardozo
Law Review, vol. 21 (2000), p. 1273.
Emile Poulat, Notre laii::ite publique (Paris: Berg Internationale Editeurs, 2003), p. 18. (")

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Jean Bauberot, Histoire de Ia laii::ite en France, que sais-je? (Paris: Presses universitaires (i)
de France, 2004), et «Two Thresholds of Laicization,» in: Rajeev Bhargava, ed., Secularism and
Its Critics (Delhi, India: Oxford University Press 1999).
Henri Pena-Ruiz, Qu 'est-ce que Ia laiete?, folio (Paris: Gallimard, 2003), pp. 320-321. ( i)

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.;;J.JJ.li.J .~I ~ ~I i..W ri..UI J..>._,....ll u _raJI
Alexis de Tocqueville, L'Ancien regime et Ia revolution (Paris: GF-Flammarion, 2000), (o)
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1990), p. 26.

214. o_r.A..li 0~1 ~}.S:JI ~~ t: ~k.WI ~Jw ,.:l.L.a.JI 1~ -1
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~ 0i , ~_,.lJ ~ 0~ ..,lj d ~J..U t~ J~ .r"~I 0in _ .J_,.;
.(,~ H-j.L ~.:lll ..~~ ~? i..,lj .,_;l ~ '<"->((DJJL.. J4J;l .)l <-~I
·l:?J~~ u.r--u Jj~~ j..w1 4-ii ~ w;LSJ1 ~~ .)l ~
~I __,)l u b LA.:..;~I I~J (.r" ~ (.r" ? _,j 0lS ' I..LA. ,y- Sl..a_;
ij ~I ~I 0-" U:-~1 ~I,:)~ 0i _?lJ~ _r-~1 ·~yKll
,nAn _ 'A' o o.rAJI JY.>- -) ;z;.___; ', o~A, .•. ~ wl: _r.:J~
Gertrude Himmelfarb, The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American ( ")
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Jean Bauberot, «The Place of Religion in Public Life: The Lay Approach,» in: :_;-h.-;I (V)
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•~IJ'ii.J ~I o~IJ! ~ _r.? ......;');:.:;.. !.]~.:.,. ,.Jl,.>-'11 .y _r..5 .)11 :r'.JJ •.l.> W 't_;;;.J (A)
,4_.,Wi cJ~I <.T"JJ.O ~ o~IJ! .Ji (_r:?-.) ;;_.L...] ~ <.T"JJ.O ;;_.L...] o~IJ'iU ,u;;_.WI
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social: _);.:,I .~~~~_,..o..Ji .,;.;~IJ'il ~ ')'! ~ ~1)1 ~ c,r"'.J
Contract, translated by Maurice Cranston (New York: Penguin, [n. d.]), p. 72.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contra! social (Paris: GF Flammarion, 2001), p. 174. ( ')

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Weill, Histoire de /'idee lai'que en France au XIXeme siecle, p. 55. ( .)
Bauberot and Mathieu, Religion, modernise et culture au Royaume-Uni et en France, ( )
1800-1914, p. 157.
Jeffrey Merrick, The Desacralization of the French Monarchy in the Eighteenth Century ( )
(Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1990), p. 2, and Fran96is Furet, Revolutionary France
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Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France : _,k;I , i _;.fl.J ~"jS ~ ( 1)
(Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing, 1987). ..
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oh ~ ~~ ..:....,.;,_r-ll :~_,A: ~~ <f' ~ ..L9J • ('""!.till J2:JI -:
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~ JIJ)I J1 ~~I ~.l.ill U2:JI ~ l;l_r.j~ ~J ~~~ l!lrJI JSi
.(v.)WI -.::....!}I
Guy Bedouelle and Jean-Paul Costa, Les laii::ites a Ia franr;aise (Paris: Presses ( i)
Universitaires de France (PUF), 1998), p. 23; Guy Haarscher, La Laii::ite, que sais-je? (Paris:
Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), 2004), p. 11; Dominique LeTourneau, L 'Eglise et /'Etat
en France (Paris:-Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), 2000), p. 70, et Laurent Laot, La
laii::ite, un deft mondial (Paris: Les editions de !'atelier, 1998), p. 40.
T. Jeremy Gunn, «Religious Freedom and Lalcite: A Comparison of the United ( o)
States and France,» Brigham Young University Law Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (2004), pp. 435-436.
Bauberot, Histoire de Ia laii::ite en France, p. 14, et Emile Poulat, «Separation de (I)
l'Eglise et de l'Etat en France: De Ia Revolution a 1905,» Le Monde des Religions, no. 8
(novembre-decembre 2004), p. 14.
Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution, translated by Stuart ( V)
= Gilbert (New York: Anchor Books, 1983), pp. 6-7.

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Claude Durand-Prinborgne, La laii::ite (Paris: Dalloz, 2004), p. 24. (A)
Laot, La laii::ite, un defi mondial, p. 44. ( 0.)
LeTourneau, L'Eglise et /'Etat en France, p. 75, et Gunn, «Religious Freedom and ('i' •)
Lalcite: A Comparison of the United States and France,» p. 438.
Ferenc Feher, «The Cult of Supreme Being and the Limits of the Secularization of ('i' )
the Political,» in: Feher, The French Revolution and the Birth ofModernity.
Valentine Zuber, «L'idee de separation en France et ailleurs,» dans: Jean Bauberot ('i' 'i')
and Michel Wieviorka, eds., Les Entretiens d 'Auxerre: De Ia separation des Eglises et de l'Etat a
/'avenirde Ia laii::ite (Paris: L'aube, 2005), pp. 109-110, et Durand-Prinborgne, La laii::ite, p. 24.

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Carolyn M. Warner, Confessions of an Interest Group: The Catholic Church and (11)
Political Parties in Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 3.
Durand-Prinborgne, Ibid., p. 24. (1 0

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~~ ....::......o .<'"')4....o..>. ~ i I..M · · ,4,SJ •ISJI ~I lo......... ? . _r. l)"'J ~ •• y . .
Jean-Louis Debre, La laicite a/'ecole: Un principe republicain arearmer: Rapport de /a (r o)
mission d 'information de l 'Assemb/ee nationale (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2004), p. 15.
Bedouelle and Costa, Les laicites a/a fram;aise, p. 25, et Durand-Prinborgne, Ibid., (1 '")
p. 25.
Emile Poulat, Liberte, laii::ite: La guerre des deux France et le principe de /a modernite (r V)
(Paris: Cerf, 1987), p. 191, et Durand-Prinborgne, Ibid., p. 25.
Laot, La laicite, un defi mondia/, p. 39.
Poulat, Ibid., p. 191 .
( 1 A)
(' ')
Robert Anderson, «The Conflict in Education: Catholic Secondary Schools (1850- (i •)
70): A Reappraisal,» in: Theodore Zeldin, ed., Conflicts in French Society: Anticlericalism,
Education and Morals in the Nineteenth Century (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970), p. 51.
Debre, La laicite aI'ecole: Un principe republicain arearmer: Rapport de Ia mission (i )
d 'information de /'Assemb/ee nationale, p. 16.
1

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~I ,yo il>- ~.Y. .:r....LliJ '~l>- ~ ~yl.SJI ~~I ._.ll
Laot, La laiCite, un defi mondial, p. 68.

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Jean Bauberot, Laii:ite 1905-2005, entrepassion et raison (Paris: Seuil, 2004), pp. 13-14. (1"1")
Pou1at, Liberte, laii:ite: Laguerre des deux France et le principe de Ia modernite. (1" t)
Maurice Larkin: Church and State after the Dreyfus Aair: The Separation Issue in France (1" o)
(New York: Barnes and Noble, 1973), pp. 42-46, and Religion, Politics and Preferment in France
since 1890 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 119-127; Anne-Marie Franchi,
«La Franc-ma~onnerie en Europe,» in: Jean Bauberot, ed., Religions et /aii:ite dans /'Europe des
douze (Paris: Syros, 1994), p. 216; Claude Delasselle, «Les Societes de libre pensee de l'Yonne,
1880-1914,» dans: Bauberot and Wieviorka, eds., Les Entretiens d'Auxerre: De Ia separation des
Eglises et de l'Etat al'avenir de Ia laii:ite, pp. 123-124, et William Martin, «With God on Their
Side: Religion and U.S. Foreign Policy,» in: Hugh Heclo and Wilfred M. McClay, eds., Religion
Returns to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2002).
0-;-! J..a-ill ,6...oy...L.o .r.):-_, 6...oy...L.o .__.;_;1_,1 ~ ifll ,~l::.....;_,_JI ~~I~~ (1"i)
.uw}S::JI .y .jljjl ..4.:5'1 .y -s.,;i ~II t+':.u .Ji cr"l_,:jl ::: , L.;) <) ;J_,..JI_, ~I
Larkin, Church and State after the Dreyfus Aair: The Separation Issue in France, p. 111. : ~I
Philip Nord, The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century ('I"V)
France (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).
Michel Wieviorka, «La'icite et democratic,» Pouvoirs, no. 75 (1995), p. 85, et Jean (1"A)
Michel Ducomte, La laii:ite (Toulouse, France: Editions Milan, 2001), p. 3.

222. )_r-11 0J~ Ji ( o •, • • •) ~~I , (I• •, • • • (.;-" j.9i) ~I.:;_;J_r.ll
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Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization ofRural France, 1870-1914 (i ')
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1976), p. 339.
.........,;; J..l..a-JI (t •)
Stathis N. Kalyvas, The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe (Ithaca, NY: Cornell ( i )
University Press, 1996), p. 124.
Mona Ozouf, L'Ecole, l'Eglise et Ia Republique, 1871-1914 (Paris: Editions Cana, (t n
1982), p. 82.
Larkin, Church and State after the DreyfUs Aair: The Separation Issue in France, p. 67. ( i i)
William Bosworth, Catholicism and Crisis in Modern France: French Catholic Groups at ( i i)
the Threshold ofthe Fifth Republic (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962), p. 30.

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Kalyvas, The Rise ofChristian Democracy in Europe, p. 141. (tV)
Bosworth, Ibid., p. 27.
.W ~4-JI , "1"' c./',~ J.L.a...ll (fA)
.u c./' '~ J.L.a...ll ( t 0.)
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..!lj~ . ..,UI 0lS .4..U...JI JL>-II JJ u~ t:.: u'.- I (' '·1-.,r .. . .. l5 • .r'"' ~J (.)"::"'~
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Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization ofRural France, 1870-1914, p. 250, ( o )
and Andrew C. Gould, Origins of Liberal Dominance: State, Church, and Party in Nineteenth-
Century Europe (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999), p. 59.
Alain Bergounioux, «La lalcite, valeur de la Republique,» Pouvoirs, no. 75 (1995), ( o '')
p. 15.
Ozouf, L 'Ecole, l'Eglise et Ia Republique, 1871-1914, p. 50. ~(oi)
Michel Winock, «Comment la France a invente la lalcite,» L 'Histoire, no. 289 (2004), ( o t)
p. 45.
Haarscher, :_)>; .lt'L;;l>._,J_r..o_,$' J.:.-i <)l5_, ,:-·- ;_,.r. '-2~ J.?.' 0l5 ,JWI ~ ~
La LaiCite, p. 74.
Claude Nicolet, L'idee republicaine en France (1789-1924) (Paris: Gallimard, 1982), (oo)
pp. 249-277, et Kalyvas, The Rise ofChristian Democracy in Europe, p. 122.
Winock, Ibid., p. 45. ( o i)

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~_;->- _ AV" i~ ~ _ ~) G.A:i..; .<"~~>~)1 ~J..k.ll ilk:J
Haarscher, La Laii:ite, p. 25, et Fran((oise Mayeur, Histoire de l'enseignement et ~ ( oV)
de !'education III: 1789-1930 (Paris: Tempus, 2004).
Anderson, «The Conflict in Education: Catholic Secondary Schools (1850-70): A (oA)
Reappraisal,» p. 54.
Ozouf, L 'Ecole, l'Eglise et Ia Republique, 1871-1914, pp. 233-234. ( 0 ')
Larkin, Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair: The Separation Issue in France, (i •)
pp. 23-24.
Pierre Brechon, «Institution de Ia lalcite et dechristianisation de Ia societe fran((aise,» ( i )
Cahiers d'etudes sur Ia Mediterranee orientale et le monde turco-iranien, no. 19 (1995), p. 66, note 9.
·nv

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i-J"?. 0~ ~(..~jj i~ t.Q..>:l J~ ~.ill)~ iY.. ~:bJ ~0J.l
Ozouf, L 'Ecole, l'Eglise et Ia Republique, 1871-1914, p. 229, et Bauberot, «Two (1 '')
Thresholds of Laicization,» p. 107.
Ferdinand Buisson, ed., Rapport sur /'instruction primaire a!'exposition universelle de (1i)
Philadelphie en 1876 (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1878), pp. esp. 1-20 and 669-677.
Ferdinand Buisson, ed., La Foi laique: Extraits de discours et d 'ecrits (Paris: Le Bord (1 i)
de L'Eau, 2007), et Pierre Kahn, La Lai'cite (Paris: Le Cavalier Bleu, 2005), pp. 50-52.
rrA

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Patrick Cabanel, «La la'icite scolaire face aux religions: De quelques accommodements (I o)
sousIa IIIe Republique,» dans: Jean-Paul Willaime and Severine Mathieu, eds., Des mattres et des
dieux: Ecoles et religions en Europe (Paris: Belin, 2005), pp. 243-247, art. 2 of the law no. II, 696, 8
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Debre, La laiCite a!'ecole: Un principe republicain arearmer: Rapport de Ia mission (II)
d'information de l'Assemblee nationale, p. 17; Durand-Prinborgne, La laiCite, p. 26 and 42; Jean
Bauberot, «Breve histoire de Ia la'icite en France,» dans: Jean Baubi:rot, ed., La Lai'cite it
l'epreuve: Religions et libertes dans le monde (Paris: Universalis, 2004), p. 149, et Laot, La lai'cite,
un defi mondial, p. 43.
Jean-Paul Burdy, «La Ville desenchantee?: Secularisation et lalcization des espaces (IV)
urbains fran9ais (XIXe-XXe siecles),» Cahiers d'etudes sur Ia Mediterranee orientale et le monde
turco-iranien, no. 19 (1995), p. 142.
Durand-Prinborgne, Ibid., p. 26. (lA)

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Claude Durand-Prinborgne, La laii::ite (Paris: Dalloz, 2004), pp. 26-42; Jean :.; ' a , II
Michel Ducomte, La laii::ite (Toulouse, France: Editions Milan, 2001), p. 27, and Jean Bauberot,
«Breve histoire de Ia lalciti: en France,» dans: Jean Baubi:rot, i:d., La Laii::ite it /'epreuve: Religions
et libertes dans /e monde (Paris: Universalis, 2004), p. 149.
o~l dL..J ;uo1~~ ·~J~I ~1_,)1 ..L>i '~_,j ~l ij
,((~i .ji)) 01y ~ -.::....;l5 ~I ~)~I ~) .Jl
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~ _ ..:..;., .;..;:.;~1 ~L.. _g 0 · ·- II 1• ~L -II .;.;I ~~I u~i. '-:? Y..J~ ~ '-:? J
Madeleine Rebi:rioux, La Repub/ique radicale?: 1898-1914 (Paris: Editions du seuil, (i')
1975), pp. 1-41, et Larkin, Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair: The Separation Issue in
France, pp. 70-79.

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if r.r- - . r-::-- ~ . - '-? - - ~
Bosworth, Catholicism and Crisis in Modern France: French Catholic Groups at the (V •)
Threshold of the Fifth Republic, pp. 88-90, and Murat Akan, «The Politics of Secularization in
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Larkin, Ibid., pp. 94-95. (V )
Nord, The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France, (V 'I')
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Larkin, Ibid., pp. 94-95. (V'I")
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~w..JI if)..WI .:l..A.>- ~) '~ •V _ '~ • 'i its. '-?"JJJI r"r-11 ~J.J
Patrick Cabanel and Jean-Dominique Durand, eds., LeGrand Exit: Des Congregations (V o)
Religieuses Fram;:aises 1901-1914 (Paris: Cerf, 2005); Jaqueline Lalouette, «Portrait d'un
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L'Histoire, no. 289 (2004), p. 63, et Jean Bauberot, Histoire de Ia laii:ite en France, que sais-je?
(Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2004), pp. 79-80.
Burdy, «La Ville desenchantee?: Secularisation et lalcization des espaces urbains (V 1)
fran~ais (XIXe-XXe siecles),» p. 143.
Henry Laurens, «La Projection chretienne de !'Europe industrielle sur les provinces (VV)
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secularisation,» Paris, 22-25 November 2004.
Bauberot and Mathieu, Religion, modernise et culture au Royaume-Uni et en France, (VA)
1800-1914, p. 274.
Poulat, Liberte, laii::ite: Laguerre des deux France et le principe de Ia modernite, ~ (V 0.)
p. 142.

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Ozouf, L 'Ecole, /'Eglise et Ia Republique, 1871-1914, pp. 233-234.
Larkin, Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair: The Separation issue in France, (A)
p. 104, and Patrick Cabanel, «Le Combisme et l'antitotalitarisme prophetique de Peguy,» dans:
Bauberot and Wieviorka, eds., Les Entretiens d'Auxerre: De Ia separation des Eglises et de /'Etat a
I'avenir de Ia lai'cite .

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Jean Bauberot «D'une comparaison: La'icite franvaise, la'icite turque,» dans: Isabelle (A)
Rigoni, ed., Turquie, les mille visages: Politique, religion, femmes, immigration (Paris: Editions
Syllepse, 2000), pp. 35-36.
Patrick Cabanel, «1905: Une loi d'apaisement?,» L 'Histoire, no. 289 (2004), pp. 69-70, et (IIi)
Kareh Tager, «I 00 ans de lalcite,» Le Monde des Religions, no. 8 (novembre-decembre 2004), p. 19.
Gabriel Merle, «Emile Combes et Ia loi de separation,» dans: Bauberot and (At)
Wieviorka, eds., Les Entretiens d 'Auxerre: De Ia separation des Eglises et de l'Etat a/'avenir de Ia
/aii::ite, pp. 80-81 ; «Une tete locale, un discours nationale: 4 septembre 1904,» L'Yonne
republicaine, 9/1 1/2004, et Alain Gresh, «Apaiser Ia question religieuse pour poser Ia question
sociale: Aux origines des controverses sur Ia lalcite,» Le Monde diplomatique (septembre 2003).
La1ouette, «Portrait d'un anticlerical,» p. 67. (AO)
Maurice Larkin, Religion, Politics and Preferment in France since 1890 (New York: (111)
Cambridge University Press, 2002), esp. p. 71 and 101.

233. -~~~ ~yKll 0W~I ..~i W)-••-4 (.Y ~)I~
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~~ ......; 1 • - .1 ...;'J ! <Ao.) L..::....o 11 1 ...; 1 J .~ 'G wL..JI ." ~ ~ ) '-:?' ..r.-::-' • Y'"' . . ..r"
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Larkin, Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair: The Separation Issue in France, (!IV)
pp. 144-145.
Alain Boyer, 1905: La Separation Eglises-Etats (Paris: Editions Cana, 2004); Cabanel, (All)
«1905: Une loi d'apaisement?,» pp. 70-71; Gustave Peiser, «Ecole publique, ecole privee et lai'cite
en France,» Cahiers d 'etudes sur Ia Mediterranee orientale et /e monde turco-iranien, no. 19 (1995),
p. 198; Jean Bauberot, «La lai'cite: Le Chene et le Roseau,» dans: La /ai'cite devoi/ee: Quinze
annees de debat en quarante rebonds (Paris: Liberation and editions de l'Aube, 2004), p. 235; Stasi
Commission, «Rapport au president de Ia Republique,» 11 December 2003, p. II, <http://
lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/brp/034000725/0000.pdf> .
Gunn, «Religious Freedom and Lakite: A Comparison of the United States and (A')
France,» pp. 463-479, esp. p. 465, note 201.
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Warner, Confessions ofan Interest Group: The Catholic Church and Political Parties in ( ' •)
Europe, p. 66.
Cabanel, «1905: Une loi d'apaisement?,» p. 70, et Emile Poulat, «La lalcite en France(')
au vingtieme siecle,» dans: Kay Chadwick, ed., Catholicism, Politics and Society in Twentieth-
Century France (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000), p. 23.
Othon :_)..;I .~..UI J~) :LjLA.:;11 ~I_,..JIJ ~~L<:.ll u....:.L._4-l ~ ;JJ..UI u~L ..u.J
Guerlac, «The Separation of Church and State in France,» Political Science Quarterly, vol. 23,
no. 2 (1908), pp. 275-276, and Larkin, Church and State after the Dreyfus Aair: The Separation Issue
inFrance, pp.156-157.
Larkin, Ibid., p. 152, and Durand-Prinborgne, La lai"cite, p. 144. ( ' )
:_)..;1 ,;JJ..UIJ ~L:S:.JI c.r.:: ~~ 0~ , ' • o ~~IJJ"JI 0yl5 ' .J_,;L.; J.r-- ('1)
< http:j jwww.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoirejeglise-etatjsommaire.asp#loi > .
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Winock, «Comment Ia France a invente Ia la'icite,» pp. 47 and 49. ('0
Philippe Portier, «De Ia separation a Ia reconnaissance: !'evolution du regime ( ' o)
fran~ais de la'icite,» dans: by Jean-Robert Armogathe and Jean-Paul Willaime, eds., Les
Mutations contemporaines du religieux (Paris: Brepols, 2002), p. 7, note 23; Jocelyne Cesari,
«Demande d'islam en banlieue: Un defi a Ia citoyennete?,» Cahiers d'etudes sur Ia Mediterram!e
orientale et le monde turcoiranien, no. 19 (1995), p. 171, et Messner, Prelot, and Woehrling, eds.,
Traite de droitfram;ais des religions, pp. 4-5.
'fV

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John R. Bowen, Why the French Don't Like Headscarves Islam, the State, and.._,~_,.,........_,_,_ ( ' 1)
Public State (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), p. 17.
Larkin, Church and State after the DreyfUs Aair: The Separation Issue in France, p. 172. ( 'V)
.Oi _ O'I' ....r' ,.........;_; J..l..,a...] ('A)
. oo _ o t ....r' , ..........;.; J..l..,a...] I ( ' ')
Winock, «Comment Ia France a invente Ia lai'cite,» p. 49, and Guerlac, «The ( • •)
Separation of Church and State in France,» p. 280.
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Patrick Wei!, «La loi de 1905 et son application depuis un siecle,» dans: Patrick ( • )
Wei!, ed., Politiques de Ia laidte aux xxeme siecle (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2007),
p. 21.
Bauberot, Lai"cite 1905-2005, entre passion et raison, p. 173. ( • 'I')
~ [_J~ .Jj)l ~J dl UL....J ~ ,r.:J.Gi Jl.:..;~).S:J , J~l ~ ~ ( •f)
~~ ·~) ~ J o'>l.a.ll l.li_, d)u•...ll ..;.;b-L... <f .r.s J [_? t!'-' J L;) l.li ~ ..L;..L:.::l.i
Jean- :_)..;1. ~~ .i.i.:.; '1 l.li L;j ~ ~.J ~L..W.l ~~1 <.lL...)I ~?I .A.,_J.JrP
Noel Jeanneney, «Les Presidents peuvent-ils aller ala messe?,» L'Histoire, no. 289 (2004), pp. 72-
73, et Bosworth, Catholicism and Crisis in Modern France: French Catholic Groups at the Threshold of
the Fifth Republic, p. 34.
Warner, Confessions ofan Interest Group: The Catholic Church and Political Parties in ( • ~)
Europe, p. 67.
Debre, La laidte a/'ecole: Un principe republicain arearmer: Rapport de Ia mission ( • o)
d'information de l'Assemblee nationale, p. 21.
Bedouelle and Costa, Les lai"cites alafranc;aise, p. 15, et Julien Papp, ed., ~ ( • 1)
Laidte et seperation des Eglises et de l'Etat: Tome II De Ia loi de 1905 anos jours (Paris: CRDP,
1998), p. 17.

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Warner, Confessions ofan Interest Group: The Catholic Church and Political Parties in ( • V)
Europe, p. 69, and Papp, Ibid., pp. 145-175.
Pierre Ognier, «La Lalcite sco1aire dans son histoire (1880-1945),» dans: Jean ( • A)
Bauberot [et al.], Histoire de Ia /aii::ite (Paris: CRDP, 1994), pp. 94 and 254-265, and Warner,
Ibid., pp. 69-70.

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Guy Coq, «Les Batailles de !'ecole,» L 'Histoire, no. 289 (2004), p. I0I.
Warner, Ibid., p. 128.
( .')
( .)
Larkin, Church and State after the Dreyfus Affair: The Separation Issue in France, ( )
p. 223.
Warner, Ibid., p. 87. ( '1')
Marcel Gauchet, La Religion dans Ia democratic, Folio (Paris: Gallimard, 1998), ( 'I")
p. 98.
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(1880-1945),» pp. 272-275.
Bedouelle and Costa, Les laicites a/a frant;aise, pp. 12- : j.; if .1~11 ~ ..::..>_? ~ LS
13.
Bosworth, Catholicism and Crisis in Modern France: French Catholic Groups at the ( ")
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Kristoff Talin, «Les eveques fran~ais et la la!cite: Entre attestation et contestation,» ( V)
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Robert M. Healey, «Protestantism and Contemporary French Education Laws,» ( A)
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<http:// ~ oov-o' ~J, 'O' ~~/J3'li 0~l5 'f ~ l?.r-:-'~ 0~u ( ')
www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoirefloidebre/sommaire.asp > .
.'I' • • i y.L.. /).,i 'I' (:;JI.:o ~r-11 I..L. J! J_,>-.>JI? .1.93
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Jean-William Dereymez, «Les Socialistes fran~ais et Ia lakiti:,» Cahiers d'etudes sur ( Y)
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~ . (.;-'" . (.;-'" ..r:. . r-' _T- _r:J .
~ ~U;J ~~WI~ ~~I ~~I~ d ::-~J
Lo y J ~their alleged islamic ways of life ~ y ~I ~ 'Y.......~I ~l::.>- ~L.i
~~ 0~~1 0_,..~ o li l..ft>_r.-4 ~I ulS.r=JI ~J ._,lll..l:>
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·":-'L:SJI l.i...> if Cc} J;>..Wi _,1;.;1 C)
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251. ~ J_r.-ill ~i ~ u~..l-JU ~_r.-i ,lh :.r- SL.aJ Y.~1_,
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~ ....;_,...., (1>~/.r..l~) rA '-:-'')lQ.;I 4S_r- 0p :J~ ~lE .y- ~ ~
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...;Ji ..;! :i.Jl.<>p) Ju ,..__.;; (/' t_ij..UI J>r-'...} .Ill.;~~ r-"' i.Jy..._r.)IJ ,i.;;i.:S:; <../" ..1.;:-~1
i.Ji .)! J~...;i L..S -~~?JI- ~_rjl .rL.a.:JI..} ~L..ll J_,...oL;11 __;_,...:. '-:-'~..} o~l o..L.
~I ..~..>i.) L.,.~ ~?.~ ,~LS-'"" ,~_rJI ~_,AJI ~_;... ~~ iu _(; o~l o.L.
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rov

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258. 3i ~rJI ~~~l J)L;.. ,y ~ ...:ll~3 , ~I ;;JL,o ~ ~ ~I
· ~ ...L.SL ~ .lol · ;;~ .q J..>.l-JI lr. 1. ~: ;i_k;.JI
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~I ~ (.r ~ J~l W'il (.r ..:....i~~ ~ 0i ,d)~
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_ _r...IZ jji ~- ~ ~_B -~~ J:li. -)3 .uL.....rJI o..i.A ~
u-")..l-.4 ~_,..Q.; ~ ~ ,y>-T u--)3 l_r::>-i .W'il ~13) ~:L...; 0i
((.:.._;~~ll ~..r...l-.4 ~G:- ~l '~~y-AJI u-"3J..UI J..k.;3 ' ..~13 W'il
, ~)..l9 ,y hJI ~i ,y ~3..UI j-..l:.j .fJ..t:.s- , ~I ~ ~
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4J.r> J~ ~I uL.....r-JI -.>J..>.l .:....;~~ ~ 'i..u; ~ ".ri:' -)
;;~i ~ ~~y -.s..UI ~)I J3...Lll (.r t;Jlh.;l ,J~I (.r ~I
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·(>l...':il ~ -1-u)l ~}I~ ..~':il ~~ ~jWI ~w.JI
~~I '-:""lj>-'11 0_,.;j 4-.b~ l:?l.ll _}V.JI ..1J3 J~l y lh ~
4.....-....._;.... ..Wl ~l o_y...Lll 0~ 0l::--JI '-:-'l_r>-'11 C"l_r. 0-" ~i ~
(r ")(( • ·I ))
• .._....ll.~~
Ru~en <;:akir and Irfan Bozan, Sivil, fieffaf ve Demokratik Bir Diyanet i}leri ( /)
Ba}kanligi Miimkiin mii? (Istanbul: TESEV, 2005), p. 34.
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. ~ 1 ~ • ~J , ~l:-JI '7'1?11 l!yt.; :_r- 10. •~WI 0 ·)

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.W11 ;:,_u;.
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~~~ ~ l....Q., .......w; ·I ;;JL. r ~ "W ;;.:;w..J L.a..;i- • ·~-· . .)--' c...r- J - J
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~y Jl ~~~~;:,n J~ 0-" ~~ (f- ~jWI ~LLJI Jl ~I
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-· • I ...5 - . • _II -- ~· ,, (n'') "L4..:...J"> ;:,~J i...uw ~ . y' <../ (.)"::!.~ ;:,_u;. ~.JA:i ~ "-> :J • , II..:...., _;:,>>
1)-_y ~?.i ..:_,L.,J;:, 0'YW ~lj ,;:,..L,a..] lh..) -~ Lo..) ~~
.<n>L1 . ~ . AO. .• 1.1 . ~ . • " - . ..l.Q;:;
0-" <../ ) If-!.~ 0-" <../ c: Y. ~ f.. .
~ 0~ ~_,LJI 0i 0J.r.. ~~ ~ 0i l.r" ~) ~ lh _;~
_ ~ ~ ~ _ 0Y._,.LJI ~Y- .~ c.,t • ~l ~I c.,t o l.r" C.JI_r.j
~yo)~ "-:A~ i~~ 4-J_.;,.;; ~ 11~~;:,)) ~Y Jl ~~
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260. 01'-:-'l ~~J ,~LJ.,JJ tt~ ~In Jy> ul:..9.:....o o...>- ..::..>_r:-
~3 ~..WI'-:"'?;;,_,~_, J~ Jw::.ll ~) u-::-: ~~~ o_rj
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~J.J ~K.,l Jl ~~~ ~.)l5tl -} oWi t.S.lJI "-:.1..>. -} J~ ~.)
..Jj) ~) (.;--" js .)~ ~ ~ Y'A)((4.J,)~_,-.)_,AJI 0~1~ ~ ~_,..Lll
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~)) :0 l..> udA"'J ,;;_,jWI ~w.JI JL.a..;i 4:-1 ~~I 0_rll
wL,a.., ~ .bl4>...ll ~IJ-t ~J.lS .. ·lr.JJI ... J~l ..!..>-t j~
~L:J (.;-" ..1_,_. ;J_,ill (.)'"'L..tl ilk..:J --~ 3 i o~~ 3 i ~I
lh 0l5 } 3 ? , ~.) ~.)~ ~ ~yWI 3i ~.)L.a.;:.;~ 3i ~~~I
'-'.;6,. _Jl!....i (.;--" ~ ~kWI JL.a..;i ~J (.)-:::> ~ Y'•)(t~_r:-
Ali Bulat;, «Sistemin Hiyerar~isi ve «Siinni Diyanet»,» Zaman, 21/l/2008. (1 i)
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~_,_......; ~..r: ((U_,ill <.,?~L.a....;._;':;} ~~':il L.t...:.Jn o.J~
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~ ~ ':i ~kWI 0i ~ ~ .;JI .J_,..:.......Lll 0-" ~l!..ll o~WI
lSi .)1 ~ 0i ~.k:.....~ ~_;..11 0i .)s- W J.lj -Y.n •((~JJI oi~L..u JJ
.. ..
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;__u z..; w..JI L,a.;i lj . . • ('f'f) ~ IWI lh I"· ·t; i ..::.... I<
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~ ~l.a.>JI t..S-l>-1 ~J 4..l_,JJI uL... :r 4...... ~i ._)s- ~kWI
~ J_,_..i.; .;JI <0~..W .J cr...UI ;)~ v;i W .~1_;11 4-: ~
.,___.w ~~ ~ .,_:;~ l_,.>-y 0~_,~) L~ ,~J...,a.]l lh ~J _<.,.. 0
~_;..11
:r ':i •!!4..l_,J.U __jw..JI l:lhJ r~n ~ :r !!__j~ ~ll ....;i ~
...('fo)..;_,L.;L.,..LJ JLS:...;i . ~ U, ~L., d....._;k._,JL., .GL...., ~~ .. '-.r j . . .. . ...
,4..)_,JJI 0 p,; LL..i ~kWI ~:; -~ J!-o ·01~1 ~
_,_i.J I.U_, ~(n)!!~ 4_,...lJ--:~11 uL~ J...>-i ~ ~
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·l?'__,)
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~ ~J - J ~ ~ ~..r-- c./ - .r.:-'
~~..U ~j>Jij l?J~ ~I~j>' ~~ ~I~~
~J l:-WI ~ ..~i Y,~J ~_?:...-,JI ..::.,'}1~J l?JL)I
-;JI ~ ;}...y~I 0~J.:l ~~ ~~ dl Jw'1J ~L.aJI J~) .;_;s_r.JI
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t
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i~ :.r- ~~~ .,lj dll: ~ ,Jk....i)I .r-JI J_,_.ll ,:)L.a..:j r~
~ :_r- I~ I,:) ..ili , ..!..lE t: .~,:)....a.:j '})I ~ '})J..U~ V"" WI 4.)L.SJI
.k....:....JI . ')L...,'}/I ..wI II ._j I d: -II w L...5JI ;;_,. .w I ;;_:; L....LJI- ..7'" i . . (..$' • ..,.... '-:?'"' - J -
~Jy~'J ~L.SJI lr" Js ~ ,J~ ..::.,.1..;..~ dl LL:.....I
1 · · · • :t "t1 ,..-, I .·i: ('"0,)" 'I.· I .I "
0,:)'-:-"' if' UJ~ (.r....U ~ ~i.A..AJ jl...,a..JU ~ ~ ..::.,~.YY..~
~'}IJJJJ ~J~J 0 _,JIJ ~l-WI -) d I• "·"I d...::.....J .!JJy~i
i ~ :_r.:::- rj ·d"Jldl Ji ~ il:L9 .r}- ~w- ~')..,o~J ~~lj
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263. .)l JJ""_,..ll3 - 0-4-11 ~ ~ ~ o~I 03_)JI3 ~~ ~
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~I ~ ~ ..;..,'J'l.i,JI ,_s..A.>-1 J~l 0li>. ~ ~...L:._,.j -~_r.ll
..l! .!.IJyGi 0~ ~i .Jl 4::! ~ '1' • • • i~ -.} (Milli Gazete) ~j~
~ i~i .AA:3 .Gi 'Jil ._}JJJ ~Jl...l r-"1.7" ;_.jl 03.) :_r ,_s_;JI ol)3
..1~1 ~ (.;->' )h'J'I .)l 0~ yh..PI ,J~I lh J3~ :r
lr ~)1 ~ .~1~1 oh .J ~i ..l! .!.Jylii 0~ ~~ o)}~
~~ 0_yu ..s~'J' dk ? ~ ~~ 0 ~ ..I.A.9 • ..!D~
ij)l.4.JI Y ' )~l J->b ~i ~ t;w ~ ~3 ,.!J)_,..;L;i
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~) :.r j;i ~~ ~I ~ ..;_,~ ,_s..A.>-1 .)LQ..,._; ..~i -.} '1' •• i
•el3 J~ ~ o~l ~)1 ~~..UI :_r ~)1 ~)) :J~ ~
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.!!~~ ~I_,JI :_r .r? _) ~ ...::....;l5 J: ''-:"'~1 ~~ ~:ii;
b .!.IJ_yL;i j;~3 J.J-4' 03.u~ ~..UI ~3)3'1 01Jl : SuL; 0Wi3
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1• w . .1i ·
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''iO

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JL:..i.J STV : J!-o '~y.jA.l:JI ui_,.:.J.J (Zaman and Yeni;>afak) J.i.!. ~~J
,((MUSIAD) .J (TUSKON) 0~y :~) ,JL...>-11 U~.J ,y
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,J-1}I ~I ~~ ~ 0 }I .Ji , ~I.J 4JIJ...JI ~j>- : J!...o
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~ u- )~ ~ '--:?' •. " ~ Y> u-
•iWI 0_,::-oJI ~
· · II ._j 1 •• • 1:. ~~ ..__QJL>...; c::-i • · , lh · ~
~.r c..s'. ""T.: ~ ..r.-- r ~
: J~i (.)"> Lr-)1~1 ~I (.)"> l.:J~ l::5; _j ~I ;;_:;;kWI {>.:J~
'-?~Y.J (~ahinAlpay) '-?~i ~L.;,.J (MustafaErdodgan) ~~3:J) ~
:J.:-.o ..:;.,~1 ,:.r :J..l$- ~~ .)1 ,uoGiilayGoktiirk) !JJp_,.s.
~~~IJ ~,:Jl...a..;:j~l ..:;.,l....IJJ...ll ~Y'.J •JI~I ~I ~
«Atilla Yayla Giizetim Altinda Tutulmayacak,» Zaman, 17/3/2008. W")
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_;J ((..::__;~~)) ~...U 0J~ ~_r.....4 ~ ~Li:1 -.; ~ Lo .Y"J
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l:?~ c_JL.o1 ,__r.~ <.,a~ (f 'J-1: ~WI ~)I ~ ..:.LLl: .12.9..:>. ~IJ
~ :~u .~J..u1J i")L':il ~ J.-..a.A-11 ~J-P. r~ ~G u-- ~i
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~ ~ L) ~L9 _) ..::..~_rJI oh r-:..u.:; _j ? ..w •.;-JI
.~; _) ~_,LJI J~i 0-" ~~
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.1.:: 'C:.r ~ J>- ~kWI .UJJJ ...G~ :1 .G1 W ,~')l....':il .UJJJ
-~ o~_,JI ~ ·'-f'.J.JJj ~L>..;:l ~~ .)1 ~; i~l ~.;~ .ci
•(Vakit) ..:...::-SuJ (MilliGazete) ~j~ ~ : Jl!...i ~ ~ 0S
......til~ ..:.LLi .d.JWI oh u-a o~L.,.__l "-:"'r- .......u~ ~~ .......tily
o~l ..::..~:1)1 _; ~~ ~~ ~_,.., ~J ~ ~.;.A..o ~i .;-11
_) i'>L~ ~l£.ll o~I (f o~k..JI "-:"'y- t_U~ c91J (..r" , ~_,..j
.~;
.)1 ~ ~l_d)IJ ~~~ ~ J_;JI ~~ , _;..11 ~WI ~
..::..~:1) -.; ~~:1 } ..,a..;iJ ;;;,~:1 .;L.a.;i ~ ~ 0 :J..:,._
.~_,..jl o~l
<;.:arkoglu and Toprak, Degi~en Turkiye 'de Din, Toplum ve Siyaset, p. 75. ( i 1)
1Y

266. ~..,a.;i 0 ·l~k, (~ 4..I..WI '-' · · ) l:.A . ·t;,:.!..?.JUJ r . . J . .r ~ ~J !J y-
o~ ..::.;~')l_,JI ~ (t.,?J~I '-:-'~ ~ ,_;-Jt-u) ~~')!
~J..Ll ~ ~} ..::_;j')W ~ c:_r.:; c:PJ ~ 0--" -~.r"11
U l.,a.j.; ')! I L,a_;i w -II wI I II L,a_;i "'-' L.:.::.., · . . · ..LlI• J t:' . .r -~) . -~r..r (.)'"!.)
~ ~)) i_j J-..a-9 ~ __,ll ..:.WJi ~ ~ 0--" '~.r"11
·''~~~)) c:0J .)l ~..u.; ~l.,a...i..;')l JL,a.;i ~Y- UJJ ~ 4..J.UJ er:.UI
~i ~ ((~~~)) .Jl 0_,k.;~l 0 ~ t.?JJ ..:..j_,jl .) lh _;~
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~ ) ~~ ~')! d..>-1_?1 ;)i ')ll ,4..J.U ~~~ if 4-l:_,....; <J>' 'J..>..:
~jl>..JI ~~ Q 1 ~~ JL.a-;i ~~ 0-" L.a...9J o~ 0i ~
~.5 ((~~~)) ;)i ~~~ ._0,.) .J~ ~ ~ J5 .(tt)~~~J
A,,v .Jl ..::.J...oJ 4J ~~ ~.UI ~ 0i ~J.u ;;_r.:-:S ~ ~
Yo.)WI ..~J'J tA.:b ~I _j
d...o ·w1 ~L..WI . J5~ ~..,a.;i :Wl:JI w11 · 1 ~--IL., J ~J • l.r" J • i r../~-)
J~l !..l)..li ~~I if l~-l>- 0i ~ ~ l.:5_; .) ~ ~L...LJIJ
~~ .op ..::.;~ J~l J')G- :.r ~ ~v, ~ _;l.::..ll
~_,:JI 4..Jill ;;~~ ~~ ..::.;L,}.o-~1 .Jl o~~l ~~I
~d...ojWI ~kWI :i...12...iJ 1J..>..::....... L:.A ~iJ ,..0, .<o·)(~~ ..-.9~)
-~)~ j.;i 431
~ ~}Y-~1 ~ ~ _;- ~ L:,.,.ll .lh <J>' ~
dJI..WI ~? .w,..,i :..r" d....l:-JI J~J l:: .......i..lrJI U.l_r:-i ~I~ u~~l (tV)
·LS) ,;~1 <f .. ~ ~/J}.o.l J -~ 1.-~
«Diyanet Kaldirilsin mi?,» Milliyet, 6/5/2006, and Bekir Karliga, «Diyanet I~leri (t A)
Ba§kanliginin Dini Dii§iincenin Geli§mesi ve Dini Hayatm :;>ekillenmesindeki Rolii,>> Diyanet, 6-
10/3/2004.
Tiirkiye'de Din, Toplum ve Siyaset, p. 16.
Selc;;uk, «Laiklik ve Demokrasi,>> and Nur Vergin, «Din ve Devlet Ili~kileri: ( o •)
Dii§iincenin «Bitmeyen Senfoni'si,>> Tiirkiye Giinliigii, no. 72 (2003), pp. 23-54.

267. •
..:..>~:J_,JI ~(secularism)~ rY' :l..L: (laicism) ~k.WI L...:-5__,..; ~
...:..>~~ .} ' .;_- a·l ~ t_J~ -,?lll ...:..j}I .) .<
0
')~r11 o~l
~) ~~ c:.r.:::- ._j ,~J ;;.,.jWI ~k.WI ~i ~ o~y::-~1
4_,j) .......,u ~ ~ i~.J. t'::. ·:_.-II - I • · •.. ~.• I. . . J ~.) ~ y:':"J '-' v---' 1..5""" ~
·c:_r.;.llj .,.WUJ J>. ~JJ
~
Jw11 J~.JJ ~I.)J.r.)IJ ~L...S:.ll ~l::--JI (.rA js ij
~~ ..!lb ._j ~.JL ,;;.,.jWI ;_;;kWI :Y' t_UJ..l~ ~l>....,aJIJ
ol__,..; W bjJ _<on(~jWI) ~LJ.,._LJ ~.rJI ~.J_,..:........UI ~
-~ jJ..j ~ •4..JJ..lJ ~J..ll lr-: ~I ~ :1 ~w_..jlj • ~I
....s__..>-i ~~ rf> r-lWI 0J_;..;.J ~~ rf> ~..U 0J;.:JI ~ J..a.A.ll J>.
orIIJ ~IJ ~~:11 o~l 0-.:-: J...a-.i.lln ~ ~kWI ~l W
· .. ~~ (.rA . t:Jl ...U"l;-lll ~J ubWIJ 0yWIJ ~L,a...::j:JJ
h~ L) ~k.WI 0i ~I ui.;) _<ontt...s__..>-11 ~l:JI rf' ~..UIJ
~lE rf' _;511 .tt~y..ll o~l ~n ~~ ~ -~~ i~ -,?i r:r
~L; i~J .~L; ~.J o~ ~i J>. ~w.JI -Jl.)w ~I ~i
4.......41 ..:..>l>-J~ ..~>-i L.a...J ~J •..:..>~r-JIJ J_,.A..>.Jl ~ ~
,~J...a.ll lift J yo~ J>. ~kl.JI u..a.ll ~ -;JI ~~:11
.~I . :i....j W,JJ ~I ~ · .kl::>...,i~ . ._ru •
;JJ..U ~ ~l;-JI ~J..WI ~ '-,?.J.Y--"~ i~ cf' o).~ ~kl.JU
.1~1 ~ ~~:1 ...:..>~ .)1 ~ ~ lJ-::> ._j ,~J..lJ
Andrew Davison, «Turkey, a «Secular» State?: The Challenge of Description,» South ( o )
Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 102, nos. 2-3 (2003), pp. 333-350.
Ziihtii Arslan, «Jiiristokratik Demokrasi ve Laiklik: Turk Laikliginin Siyasal I~levi ( o'I')
Ozerine,» Liberal Dii$iince, nos. 38-39 (2005), pp. 45-54.
ul~~').J . /O.O.A r-'.J O.W ;..'w_/._j'~l0yl5 I ,~_;JI ~.;y....l.ll ~I (oi)
Mustafa Erdogan, «Religious Freedom in the Turkish :~I , )_r-A-JI IL JJ-->" ..::..>.J~ __,;.Jl
Constitution,» Muslim World, vol. 89 (1999), pp. 377-388. -
..........;,; .;....a.JI ( o0

268. .J ~kh.ll :_r- ~J_,.::........UI ~I i~ ~~ •i:ti; ..., .._rO ~
:0~ 0L.L..i
J~ ...:.,.)-l>- ¥..;: -~_,...a->- ):2.; ~.) ~ ~ ~i :~J.,
~ .o "1--. ~-l>- ..::...>~ 11 ~ ~J..J.A:J ..;.;~L ~~-:1- . ).r---'" - . c...>'. - - . . u--
~ ~ .~..UI ..U~ ~ ..;....~ 0-" ~J11 ~_,.JI ~
hlk L.Ji ~l..WI 0i ~I 1.5) ..U ~ <o•>jhJIJ r-WI ~ 1.5_?-11
-i '-:?~13 ~rJI JP ~4:-JI ~_rJI ~ : ~~ ilk; l:?i Lr"
:..., l..a...>.JI I.:.· 11 - . 'WI L..11 t•.- ..<ov)((..;,;~.J _,.-.......- ~.) if t..F r..Y' r...r----:. .~ ~ ;
01 ~ -~1 ol_; w w~ ~~.) ~~~ (./' ~
:_r- ~~ 0J.l) -i ~kh.ll 0-" ~l.r"' _;si ~ _r.ll ~kh.ll 0,S:.:,
JL~I ~ ~ ~..U ..::.;~_r--11 ~ ~r.AJI 0-" ~_74 4.H...Ol ~__,b
. "• •A~.._A .c. ..j .Gi lr. JL:J 11 1:.·~ • -~~
r...r--:. c-'~ u- r:" f. 4..S""" i . c...>'. .r'"""' ~ - - .)
~ •-:r...UI lh ~ ~ oA-JI ~.}u. ...~.LE3 ~~~~ ~ o~l
~~ ~ ~..U ;JL. ~ 4_.,JL,o ~~ ~ l:?J.J~
~ 'if~).)~ l:?i l:?~Y.. 0~ -:r.ill ~ :J ~.) -~_;.u ;_;~>-.))
.<oA)~ ..;....~ . C . I ~lb 0i · ')
- - . r.../ -J.).r"' (.)"-::' 0-" ~
Jose Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World (Chicago, IL: University of ( o o)
Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 19-39, and Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 2007), pp. 2-3.
.j (SecularizationLaws)d..:...J.,Ji ~1_,..; ~..::.......G....:.... ,L...;_,.; Jy J_,.....,...;JI .j
.!.l.E .Jl5 .~IJ .jyWI il.J;..:Ji ~ .yi>l_,.i:.'J ~_,..JI ~~ •.:.A->":>L.t>'¥1 .)! i}..:.'¥1
·t!'_,...]I i.l, J ~;.; .jll ~4':ll ~I if t..L..; 'l.Q..l.:.;....
~ .:r.:-: J.-.a.A.ll ~ 4..:J_,..;.........Lll ~.} ~L.J ,WUJ J~J ...l.>i ..L,Sl:.J (0")
Yilmaz Aliefendioglu, «Laiklik ve Laik Devlet,» in: :)'WI '.jl...LJI ~J <.,?..ULA.....ll 0...Ll
Kaboglu, ed., Laiklik ve Demokrasi, pp. 82-83.
. "/I 'A' ~J , 'A' V"Jl.. /)~Tv ,~_;ll ~Jr--.J.ll ~I (ov)
........;.; J~ (oA)
'rY•

269. j < . c·l.,j uL~ u 1. •- .. 4.. - .l.li ~ ~ ..lA.l'-:? ~ .r.:: '-? J - . . ~ J _))'-"' .
>""') ~lJI ~L...SJ ~l)l ..~.>-i ~.r.:'. ~ yo.)~kWI ~_rU
.~,; ._j ~kWI J~ ~I ~l::5 ._j ~~Jl.a.>-J ~~~ J~
r L.J ~,?~ r Lo ~ ~WI iL..Q.j';l ~L:JI lh JS.)-! W
.A.9J ''-:?~ ~I J~l 0J;) j-An :~UI .r.-x; ~J ~ -~..~.>-
~ ~ . ,
~ly ~ ~ ~..WI ;)L,a;j';lJ ~ ~..UJ ulA~':ll .:..~
4..J2_;Ji v-"i ~ u~~ ~yn ·~r.. J_,.! h ~ Y'',_~
, 1.. . - · -11 . <:' .. :~ · 1... ;;.:::., :11 1 .~ 1.:.: w")L:11 4....i ·w1~ ~ r ~ J>"-' ~ -..r-- 'T".r.:--J - • - Y
~} J~ o)-~ _ ~ ~Jl.a>J ~y:9 v-"i ~~ ~
~ . . (" ) -
~.r.:'. '-:-'.:5 ~ 1.,2 ~L;.,j ~ ,~ ..u. ,:_r • 11~..WJ
'-:-'o Y'J _ ~.WI L:S.; ow.; 01~ ~} ;)J~..r. .,iJi '-:?lJI '-:-'l:SJIJ
lh ~ ·'-:?~) ~,?Jl.a.>JI OJ~ :.r .;JUu 2 ~t.; J; y->T
0i __,l '-:--"'~ t_., ~ ~.r::-". C:" ~ ~_,J 0i ~ ' U"L..1 I
~J.-..,':¥1 oJ~ (.;-Y ~ y y-J 0i ~ 4_)~ ul.;..jl.,.,':¥1
"' ·'I - L ..•I < <•n- :II : ' . 'I .I .I<U j-A.J 0 ~ u ' ~ .r.:: lSf.. . "-:::.r-' 0 J t....<2><.J j-A ..?. ~ J
4..J..UI ~ 1L:J1 J.,a-QJI 01 ! ~.; .j t.y..,o I.ri ~i ~..u1 ~
~l;-JI .)""y.JI -Jl ..!..lb lS~J '~ ~ ._j ts~.~ ~ ~.l.lJ
~~ ;).r} ~ ~w::JI ~kWI lS~ll ,;)..L.a.] lh -.) ·if')L..':¥1
j-AJ ~ , .k;J j-A ~ll ~ 1-4-J- .<w:r..l.ll ~ ~J-~yuJ
'-:-'J_r:, ,:_r ~_r:, ~i ~ ~l...SJI ~kWI -Jl }i:JI '-:-"WI ~
. /10.'A ~J, ''¥ .r..l:.fc/::J .Jy5 i ,~.rJI <.,Jr--.UI ~I (o')
Niyazi Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey (New York: Routledge, 1998), ( i • )
p, 507.
. V• <./' ,.........;; J~l (i )
Bernard Lewis, The Emergence ofModern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, (i 'I')
1968), p, 234.
ErikJanZiircher,«TheRiseand :~1 ,4,;~ o.A:rJI <.)"":!} ~ ~J J~ ._:,~LA;;;')U
Fall of «Modern» Turkey,» < http://www.letJeidenuniv.nlftcimoftulp/ResearchfLewis.htm >,
(accessed on 26 February 2006).
Niyazi Berkes: The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, pp. 480-481, and «Historical (ir)
Background of Turkish Secularism,» in: Richard N. Frye, ed., Islam and the West (The Hague:
Mouton and Co., 1955).

270. ~LJ.,J :_?.:, rl'' :J_,A.: v-::5~ ~ .((~.,:JJI J ~ ~ ~
IL::.JL., (i~(w~'Jfl ~ ..U ~ ('._ :i......>- .I ..L"-j ·. wLSJI
t.5 ..J - • .J r- -.Y Y.. - ~ J r.S_,....,. -
~ ,.....;; GJ_,_ll ~ .<•o)((~~~ ..ulhJ r.S~l ~l upll
).)JJ ..::_,L;U, ~ Jl ~JJ.J ~.J..U ~ il:J ~ L,?~Y. 0i ~r.'.
~ 0-"-" 0-- ~ "l ~bc.......ll .>.~ J..Qj "UJ.J :(II)i~~ ~~'J'I
~ ~ J-..a-9 ~l i~~ .).>- ~L....SJ 0~~ 4..Al; ~~)~ .).>-
U"LJ ~ 0~ ~n &; 0i r" "-j1 ~ ~~I .~..Ll3 ~3..Lll
.<w)((~..U ~JL,.., ~? J ~J_,::.......U J;wl U"L.i ~ J. "-.j'Jl...l
l.r" iJL..~ o-4j-<>.ll ..;:.,.>.~ Jj.>..; ~~ u-:5~ c}y ~ "~..U
.o~~ ~~ ~l....WI Jl d_OJL.......l ~l....WI
~')SJI ;;_,.'WI :i.....;l....W J .:.::., . T ..:l;S "I. :: 0 - I) ,..
- - J - .J - .r . ~ .r.:'r ~
~ ~ 4j.Ji JL... ..ili : 4j.Ji ~ ~L.d l:S_; ..} ~L....WI Y.J
..;:.,~ ~..~.;..U 0i JSY. ~ ";;JL...a>J3 ;;,_;~I ~ -.) v-::5~
0"-j :l;?_; J ~ r.S~ ~;_,.....; li:>Y. 0i ~ ,0W:.J ~__,.;JI
((J.ulJ .,.L;ll.J~ 0~~)) ~.) ((0L.;~ ~)) (_;-" .b.:...; 0~~"-j ~
((l:?~~11 J')l;.;:....,II ~ Wlill ~~II ~I ...L:>-in (.;-Y ~..GJ
•(lA)((() _r>-'JI o~ ~J rlJ;J JJ.>..jnJ
'-:?"' L;:S_; J ;;_:;.;L....WI ;;J3 ..U ..;:.,~~ 0i t~i 4jJi r.Sr.. W
:~_;JI 01..Ll:JI J ~~ l.r" ~JJ s:-ljl ((~L.a:9lJ ~~~ _;sin ~
- ~~ ~ ~ - CJ.J.l: iJl_.,~~ .~ (_r" ~~;"-j Y.LS:- 0"-j
Y.J .~LJ u4-}Y..-4"-jl r.S...L:>-1 y ~ "~ 4..;L.,~ ~~ u-)
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, p. 499. (U)
.o • 'I' <./' , ..........;.; J~ I (1 o)
;..:..:,.) II~~~1 ~1 .)11 01_,.:-...; o~ .j .)J t,?.iJ1 ._,.5).• JJLS ...r--?.r.:'. "-;L..o (ii)
~__.A.;-.)! U.J...U1.J ~1 ~ J.-a-4.11 LS~i L.~ ~..r"'11 o..l>...:....l1 u~~_,.11.) 0...~.> L. ~
Karl Marx, Selected Writings, edited by Lawrence H. Simon (Indianapolis, : _r-1.-;1 .iW1 c:r:;..L:J1
IN: Hackett Publishing, 1994), pp. 6-7.
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, pp. 499-500. ( 1V)
<;:etin Ozek, Tiirkiye'de Laiklik: Geli$im ve Koruyucu Ceza Hiikiimleri (Istanbul: I. 0. (lA)
Hukuk Fakiiltesi, 1962), pp. 152 and 527.
V

271. r-1 ,.l.a, 0-" ~I ...,W ~~l.J_,JJ WI..UI ~I WJ~ ~ ~
-::..>~ ~ ~ ~p"JI ~4-- j-A ~L... ~Jl.i.o ~
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JJ"JI ~-} ~...Q.;j~ 4-JJL:.; ~ ~ oJ~J ~~ 4..:~-}
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((":-'_;JI n _) ~ i:iz ~ ~1.:::-~ ;;_j ~I y~ r-1 ,i.l.a, US' ~
~ ~I Ji i')L..~I ~ 'J , ..!.LE ~4-- -.)1 ._r>-T 0K.o l:?i -} 1i
o~..u..:..JI u~lA.:.l1 o~l ~I ~~~ _; ~ W r-"l.;
.bl.:..:Ji J1l7'~I ~1 ~ ":-'l::.SJI i.l.a, ~ lS .J1 JJI L ~~")
.~ "11 o~l uL'J li · · ·1 -:'JI L; · · ..!.Ll "LS:.U L.Ji• -.Y' • y -./ ~ .J _r-./ .Y <..?"·
. I ~·WI ~kWI ~i 0i ~ li -0 l..; .__;L>. li lh ·L<...T J • J • !..$'. J • . . !..$'. ..,r .
_) 0~1 j.o W.1 ;A....,~ ,.j1 ((~JL,on -::_.,.....~ ~} (.;-" ~
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~~ ~J..>...j 1t_,i ....u; ~~ uu~l ..l:>-i1 o_,.k.QJ~ ~~ ~~
~~1 ,.'Jyo JJL>- l.il ~ <-?'~J ~~'JI ~r-JI "J5 J;:- _J_r.ll
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.~l_-..JI '":-'y ,.L.:J ,...G)
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.( 0.J ti <./') ll.)_,j ·~ L?.J...r"'4' .Jy_;11
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~w.JI ~ WI..WI .;.,~ ~i (.;-4 ~I .h....}I '-;-'lj>-i :UU
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- W -II~ - .~·.:;::~ ~ -.:.>~ ·I i · J" - 4b.~J Y'"' - c: r-:-- . - -- ? J !../ J><-' r-:
' .<v) I . jJ:,t..__.:;., ~A ._,')..A_; ..:....I...L>-i 0L.::I o 'ls- .U ;;_j ...Ut.r-' r.. _r.J . . .• ~ ~ J
::t; loS ''-/JJJ~I ~~~ ~~ Jl ~_; ~~ ~l; Jl 0_,h!G-JI
.~ 4..>jWI ~w.JI r:f' ~~ 0~ ~I ~w.JI c_~~ ..~y.
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((.;..!_.,)) ,')L,~ v--"i ~Y. ~L1J ,.;.,Lo ..l9 ;;JJ..U ~ ~LA..ll ((~l::-Jill
.<vn/~~L.12.; ~Y. ~w.JI C: ..r'J~ ~J u_;JI ~ ~lj ..l;~
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.U"""I.JI 0-" ?I , . b;;- ~ 4..> ~ ~ ~~ .;.,l:jl:..,. ._j U }I IS~lA::.:
._:.,~ wj-. '-;-'u.~ 0J~ '-;-'~~ ....G) ~~ ~ ~L> _o...l.;..s.))
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<;arkoglu and Toprak, Tiirkiye 'de Din, Toplum ve Siyaset, pp. 69-70. ( 'I' )
Ali <;arkoglu, «Religiosity, Support for Seriat and Evaluations of Secularist Public ('I' 'I')
Policies in Turkey,» Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 40, no. 2 (2004), p. 129.
~ _)>.;.JI c.r"'} )} r+-' 4.:..JI .j 1 o _? ~ , ..::.-~LA.. r-+""' ~r.-1 .:r..iJI <..1"'1.>....:.'II ~ :y
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<;arkogluand:_);.;l.(f• '-"") .:r...UI e-' ~~)I U.:...'il :y .~1_, ~'II V"')..Lo J')U.!
Toprak, Ibid., p. 69.

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«Rektiir, Sehitligi Ziyarete Gelen Aileleri Gece Yarisi Pansiyondan Kovdu,» ( 1'1")
Zaman, 2/5/2008, and «Tiirban Tarti~masi Hukukyular: Biildii,» Sabah, 8/ ll /2003.
<;:arkoglu and Toprak: Degi§en Tiirldye 'de Din, Top/urn ve Siyaset, p. 58. (1 0
European Stability Initiative, «Sex and Power in Turkey: Feminism, Islam and the ( 1 o)
Maturing of Turkish Democracy,» Berlin, 2 June 2007, < http://www.esiweb.org/pdfjesi_
document_id_90.pdf>.
Niliifer Giile, The Forbidden Modern: Civilization and Veiling (Ann Arbor, MI: ( 1 ")
University of Michigan Press, 1996).

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Niliifer Gole, Interpenetrations: L 'Islam et !'Europe (Paris: Galaade Editions, 2005), ( fV)
et Merve Kavak<;:i, «HeadscarfHeresy,» Foreign Policy, no. 142 (2004).
«SOU Ilahiyatta ~imdi de Peruk Yasagi,» Zaman, 11 /9/2006, and «Peruk1u Diye (If A)
Okula Kaydini Yaptirmadilar,» Zaman, 6/7/2006.
Hiirriyet, 10/2/2006. :_; ,(NurBatur)J_,1~ JY :J 4.,r.; ~.i. _);.;1 (f'l.)
.(oV ~·;)'I' • • t Y..../J~i r (:;J~ C>W~I c) C>yi..Oll U_r.. ..r..~ r-' (t •)

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«Tiirbanda Ara Formiil,» Radika/, 10(7/2004, and «Ba~bakandan Turban Formiilii,» ( t )
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~'-:"'~I ~ .G) .L:J <..r' ~I...) vo ~i ,.J..)1 o~.r. :i......)~ .Jlt...;J ( t n
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296. vA ely,~~~~ ~_,.-::jl lh ~ ~r ~ ~ -~~c.~
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• ~~ <l>JW <..:..U~j -~
r ((_,...._,.;J_,...;,L:Jinj ((0~J_,:llll ~k...ll ~ ..~.::>-}1 J}..tll 0i :4-JJl
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~ JJ11 u--))1 ~ ((0~Jyll ~k.JI e:Jb a~l il~l J) 0l5
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j-"" y J~l:JIJ 0~Jpl 0-" S.5' 0~ : lt-;:..;ll •i ').......,)}.) I_ro J OJ~J
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:.ro rL"l'i ~ly---11 ~~ y L::-5~ ~ i')...,'il 0i :_r.:;- ~ ,;;_r.~
·~?~
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J"")..Lo 0~ !V"")..WI oh ~ ~~~~ lyJ..::.. ~l>....,JI 0i ~
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299. ~ 3 _ _r..l~ /b~ 1A u _;-->- o)~l ~ •LS_r>-i ~_j (r"
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.(oO, •i
;;JL. (Jl; ~ JS~I ~I.J ;;JI..WI '"-:-'? f.:. ~ "~~ l_r-43
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01
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lft~li:..;l (New York Times) ~l.; .!lJ~~ ~ ~J ~ 'JJ..UI
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r-1 'J~ HJ ~jWI ~L...WI JL,a..;i ol~i l?lJI ~I ~J ~wi
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iw~ JL>...::..l'l'l if' ..~IJ W11 if).M ~_}- ~i ~ r-1
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L u-")..WI oh ~ 0~~~ _;jUI u~l J~ .k.....J c;~ ~~
~..u. J41 (.;-" ~I ~ U d1 0+". ; ~J .1.0 '~Vi ils-
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_; ~~J~ ~i ~~I u~lh.ll U-,a..; ..:..>_,5~ ,_r>-y ~_r.-i ~I
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0~~~1 ~
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~~~I V"'JJ...UI ~ ~ JJS:.~ .r11 J...L...::> W" .<<..;.,1_,.:-..... _;~ o...W
Ru~en <;:akir, lrfan Bozan, and Balkan Talu, «Imam-Hatip Liseleri: Efsaneler ve ( i 'I')
Gen;;ekler,» 14 June 2004, <http:/jwww.tesev.org.trjetkinlik/134-144.pdf> .
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«$eriat'a Dikkat' Kitapyigi,» Sabah, 26/4/1997. ( 10

303. • J
.-:rl::.lI u....aJI IJj ~ r--1 ~.llI '-:-'')lkll U"')..G ..:.-;S -rJI
~ ~ U"'JJ~ I' _I?·-! lSJ-"' ~ ~ r--1 .u...ft> (..rY ~
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~~~~ U"'JJ..Lll 0~ ~..i.JI '-:-'Jlk.JI ~..u. ~ __r::-~I ~l-::-: ~
(I 0
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~y (..rY J~w _;l..a...>-1 0l-::-: ~ ~JJ ..w •.r>T ~~ ~
~)1 ~~~~ U"'JJJ..ll -i ~I J_,5.ill '-:-'')..bjl ~~ 0i ..:.,..;~~
~1 ~..w1 l.lJ. ~~J . '<<1 i~ ~ ~L1 tv,"<' ~1 J-oJ
~~~) ''A '-:-'~1 :iS? u~l;-J ~ '' • • • i~ ~ yl.b A, VII
_;JUI ..;.,ylk.JI ~..u. ~ l_2 c.r'~'il ~ r--1 ~ ~ .(.;-:1~
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-4~1 ~_r..:.ll lh ~J ...:.,..;~~ d............y .c:U..i -4~ ~_r:; )..L.o1
-w ~~)~ -....;~ ~ ~rJI cP -~~ ul~l :..r ~~~
~ :_r ~~':11 WI _}1 ~lhJI ~ WJ_;...JI ul.bl_r..;'il ~J
c_L-liJ , ~I -i (~~) ~)I ~J..WI ;;Jij1J 'o~ _}1 ~
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'-:-'? _}1 ~~I I_,.P.-J -:r..lll ~jWI ~kWI J~i ~~ 0-" ~
")1 ~-~~ ..!.lE d.......J.>.. lr. •:z....Q..;.. w')L...I o...~.:..:>-i .l.....i:.::.. ~I ;;JI..WIr...r-::' ~ - ~-- . . . . . . . J
;;JJJ..ll _r..jJ ''0-41 ..l.o...:>.....ll _~~I 1-4-J ~Jl....oJI ..L:>-i YJ - .J~
.0jWI ..W~ _r.?-':11 ~ k...iJI ~ & ~~J , ~...UI 0J~
i_,.•...i J1 "'-:?" :..r ~T_;.JI U"'JJJ..ll t_WJi u)....o ,_;-T ~~ ~
«lste Brifing,» Sabah, 12/6/ 1997. ( '1 0)
<;:akir and Bozan, Sivi/, !Jeffafve Demokratik Bir Diyanet lflleri Baflkanligi Miimkiin ( '1 '1)
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«Kuran Kurslari Okullara Giriyar,» Radikal, 5/12/2003. (W)
i. 0

304. ~ 0-" ~ J.)J...p ~ ~L>- -r • • o ~~ 0-" .r.1r,9 I.1.~ k' c..i
~I_,Ajl --L>-i ~I ~i ol ;,·:;Q: -,?.UIJ .V _ i ulp~ 4JJJ.JI
~I ~~_,A.~I V"'JJJJI ~ r4i ~~ o~4j ~ ~ ~I o~~l
·r4i ~ .Jl ~~ 0-"
V.4l -~lu ~Jy.....JJI ~I Jl ~ ~JJJI ~ ijz W'
~I _j 0_,.AJI ~ ~ -,?JJI 0_,..;W1 ~J_,.:.....~ i~ if ~ 0~
.<..r" I.>JI u....aJI IJj ~I -:f-jJ I ~')U:JJ
r+Q.l.·~ ~ o~ 4JJJ.JI ~~J 0-" ..;")l.hjl d ~~ -..siJ
~··; ~ ._jl....LJI .rJ- ~~ ~ ~i ~ ~ ,~w_.._u --~}1
.Sl.oi~J 'LIJ _;kLJI ~I 0~ 0i
~~ ; ~ ._jr" ~I 0? JJL>. 0..UI ~j '~I lh 0-"
_<' lA)0-" .!.ll u....aJI IJj~ r-l-:r.lll ~')U:JJ _;kLJI ~JJ.::.ll ~
_j ~~__,AJI V"'JJJ.JI Jy> --4~ 0-" ~~I ..;.,L:...;WI ~I
~)I I.)"'JJ..u1 JJG- (.;-4 __,jl~ ~ .G":J ~ -r • • o .)-:(L. I)...JJ ~
~I _jJ) o? ~WI (.r' 0J~ ~~J~ 0l_,.AJI ~ ~~';il
d- V"'JJJ.JI J..i.J .;.,I~ o~ ~ ~ ..w .(o? ~l!..ll ~ 0J~
0-" ~~I ..;.,')L,.;..JIJ ~t..;_)J ~ .;JI I.)"'JJJ.JI ~J -~)1
0_,..;W1 ~ 0i ~jWI ~kWI JL.a..;i ~l1 ..L!J ,a,_r..ll ~~
~y-J ~ .}1 ki ~ ~ c_JI_,::; o..W ~I ..t.;~l _;~I
•....9_,A...ajI oh
«Dani~tay,» Radikal, 10/2/2005, and Naz1i Ilicak, «Laik1ik Dinsizlik mi?,» Diinden ( 1A)
Bugiine Terciiman , 10/2/2005.
.(orov ~_;) '• •0 y.lo Uu..i 'V J .JW_).I ilo 0ylill u_r.... J..~ ~ (1')

305. u~~.Yi , ( v.)0_,..;WI u..r-o ..LP ~I ii..L>...:....,~ .Jr.--- il:-! '-r" ~)I
;(...~ 0_?-i oy 0_,..;W1 t_J~ ..r..~ ~1_, ;JI..WI ~? ~~
·.)~~1_?1
0T;J1 r J>- <Y'-' ~~~ 0_,..;W1 :.r 0S-_,~) ~b ~G:- :_ro
W 0T_,...ill c;.,.l_; ~~ ~~}~I ~ 0i ~ ~1 :JW ~~~_,·'}J
oh ~ ~ _nv)~j-g-11 ~I c;.,.l) ..w. ~_rJI ..!lli _)I_,_:;
4.JI..uJI ~j-> .J-::-"~ ~ i L.; -rJI a..;.wI u L.~I_, u ~_r.a-.:.lI
~-' ..~1_, w11 V""')..Lo ~ ~G:- -Jl ~~~ 0~ ~1_,
iWI ~L:JI 4-P._, ~~ ..:;.,L,~~~ ~ ~ -~Ty-i1 V""'-'.J..Lll
.~~ ~_j>JJ
Wl>
V""')M..ll ~ ~.>. •~..Lll ..ljl ~rJI ;J_,..Lll uL..~ -.::....;L5 J..il
-.::....;L5 W ·~r11 uL..l:-JI :_ro ~l.,aj~l ~L:JI :_ro _r.Si .J...l9 ~
~y.-_, ~ ~_; ~ o~y.-.r-JI ~ :_ro ~~ _;si ~_r.ll uL..l:-JI
~I .,.L,ajJI_, ~I :i..b.L_, ~jWI ~l.J.,JI ~)Y-~11 :_ro ~_;
.LS. j ~..9
• J' '-:? •
,WWI ~jWI ~l-WI ~ (.;>' 0_,)w:JI ~~~ .U.A> (.;>' ~
t~i ~ ·~ i')L...~I ..ljl ~ ~~l uL..L_:....., ~ ~ l., YJ
0_,1j~l ~ ~b L;?..UI -.:..j)I ~ lh .;~ ·0.?-11 0~~11 JS <-ljl
.~WI JI.YI ...1.>-ls ~I ~l-WI <Y'
c_l~l ~ e-~~~ ~ ~ ~ly.- ~y ~i ._?..U~ ..r..~l
~)Y-~i ~1}11 ~ i~l ..W ~~~1_, l_r.)kSJI lr.: JI..Lll
~ ~ 0_,.;_·· .: ~L._, ~~ 0_,.s:.:.l ~~1_, ~jWI ~~~
..:.-;}I ~ .~~l,a.;:j~l e:J~I ~ ~WI_, c;_,.ill uL..L_:....., ~.J~
«Teksas Tommiks Okuyan <;::ocuk Kur'an da Ogrenebilir,» Zaman, 18/6/2005. ( V)

306. , e:J~I .:_r..~ ~ LL...i iJJ~ (P_;.; ..:.>4-_,.1~-411 ulj LA , o,_j~
· · ~ ~ 1-l I -l L....i 1,.. Wwl .W..WI ..;:_,L.:jWI 0i d...>- ..U~ ~ c~ V" ~ - . . J
-,i ..:.>lA.:hJI ~~ ~4-JI ~l4.ll ..L>i ~ ~_,Jy.~11 0i j.A~ 0i
•._)L..SJI ~ ;;_,..Q....o l.r" .,~i ;;~ J~ •0_r>i ~..; l.r" .y_;
l.r" 3i ~~ j->-..UI ..:.>I~ r 11 l.r" , ~13 .,L.a.AJ ~ :i....,oL.;...3
.,L.,a_y ;;~ ~~ J~ ~ -~ ;;~_,JI ~ .oy.-WI 0y-iJI
~ , ~..L,a..l lh ~ .o_,A-.ajl l.r" ~~ ~ t:;_y~J ~~l.a.;j ~_.;· a.
~3..W1 JJ...>- l.r" ~~J ~k>JI ~ iL..i;~ ~y ~
~~ ..G 0_,s:.:, ct.)~~ -~~ ~~~~.) ~~~
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J5 ;;~ ~13 ~jWI 0~kWI 0~_,Jy.~11 Jk; .~..U
...:.>L....._r.ll 4.k::-: ..;:_,L.,~ Ji ~)Is- ;; __,.A>J; 0~ 0i if ~I
~3..U1 ~ ..;:_,L;~ ~rJI ~ Jl _);.:JI ~ ~ J~
.,l,-k.>J3 W11 V")...lo.J ..::.-;4~ ~y ~~ -,i ~ •y _; -,i -:r...U3
0 ..U 41 ;, .; o 1 ~~..U .Y' i~':il 0i , V")wl ~ 0 ..u1 ~1 3
~ .~jWI ~w.JI ~_,JY-~11 ~ ~ ~J -~_rJI .U3 ..UI
~ , ~lE l.r" ~I ~ ~ , .U3 J..1J ~I ,:_r....UI i~':il ~
~y:-J .,JJ l.r" V"L..11 ~I 0i ~ .iWI _f_rll ~I if ~
u")..Y 4J ,i~':il l.r" dJ..u.... :i....,oL.;... ~ "~ .Y' ..;:_,L.....,j-o-JI oh
..:.>L.....yjl oh ..uu J: .d... WI ;;~ ..} ~'(; 0i 0J~ l.r" ~_;.ll ~
- -
..Lo..>i J_,; h ~ _ ~ ~__..;JI i jW ~kWI t_J_r..oJI l.r" .,?.
.<wn(( 1k) J.....,ll ~I _ !JL>- i ..:;...,'-!' i . J . . J J -
~kWI ..;:_,L.,~ ~J -,i .....;~}I ~J ~I ..WI ~ j> JJL>- ..J..9J
,~UI -,i .k.....3 ·~ .~L>... ~l:ri t.~ ci,.j Lo .Y'>J ,d..ojWI
)~ ~ t;J.;:- .R Lo .Y'J •cW~ ~ r-1 ~~J~ 0i ~l
Ahmet Ya~ar Ocak, «Tiirkiye'de Kemalizm-Islam (Yahut Seriat) Kavgasi,» in: ( vn
Islam 'in Bugiicnkii Mese/eleri (Ankara: Tiirk Yurdu, 1997), p. 18.

307. ..~1 3 W11 V"')..u 3 '-:-'~ ..l..w) ..lj1 ~jWI ~kh.ll uL..~
0i ~i ~ ~13 d.Ji..WI '-:-'r- .r.-"~ _;~ .~TyAJI V"'J_;..U3
~ Ji.A.:>-:11 :..r" tf ~1 0)_))1 ~L>..J:J ~~ ~1 i~'Jll t..?~Y..
u~i J.!3 'i~ ~Y. ~jWI ~~ ,jJ 'U""b- ~Y. uL..l_:..JI oh
,JWI ~ ~ ._;3 ...Lli lh j.:-o ~3_;311 uL.:..~I ~ ~~
~ll ;j~ -~~ ;.....~ J>- ~WI t..?..LJ.Wi ~I ~I r_f+'
,j ~ J: ,;;J3 ..Ui ,j Lr...UI ~'(:; ~ ,j ~ :1 1.;:5; ,j i~'il
·Lr.JJ J>- ;;JJJJ ;_,A; ......).~ ~ ~1)1
i_;J.! .sy9i l;:5_?. Lf-JJ 0J_:;..;. J ;,..,_,»JI J>-..W 0i J1 lh 0~
( V1") " - " " •
• (('-F-)_)) :11 ~L>...;'Jl ~ ..L,.;u-'Jil .s.r>-'Jil JJ..U ~ 0 .Y ~
uL....._;... :..r" ~I yWI ) _; r-l ,~_,JI lh :..r" ~)I ~
-.1 .~ ~ ..;.;.:;..i.J3 ~_,LJI J~ ~ .sr 03_;311 ~~:11
:..ro ~ ~L;JJ ~..U ul:rJI ul5~ 4.1~ -.:..J_.,~ ~i (J:?'-
.<'v o 0l5:....JI
"I'~ ,j 0~'¥1 Jyi>J ~3_;31 ~ u_;.} ,h :./ ~
:UJ..UI 0i l::-5_; ~ ~L;, ._,l) ~ ~ "I' .. ~ (~ y. /01r..y;-)
0-" '-:-'~ -:r...Gr.. ~')UI ul)lk..li ~):> ~ ~I ~..U ~ _r.JI
.i...:~ ~l:...., ~~ _;~ )_;JI h ; ._l::....., J.j .(vo)~L.,._.~
~ ~~...U ~ ~ 4..:Jy:.......U ~r.AJI 0 :UL.n ~L.a..,~~~ (V1")
J.:.L ·<..j..JJ.J;1 ~~)II cs~~ e ..,...:.L..;.; )I Ct.,,s; ~> ;;_,.;L...l....ll :Uy...UI i..k_; ;_,k> c)!..J~
WRR, Netherlands :_,.k;l ·rl.k.:.ll 1-4-J il,.S ~ ).)~ ~ L.a..,i l~ A~~ oh
Scientific Council for Government Policy, The European Union, Turkey and Islam, p. 9.
(.;-" ~ JJ....O.: ~ ll~..iJI 4..;~1 Jy- ~_,..;1 4-JW o)j) ..ruU;II 0! (YO
if ~..L:....o)i (:!yi ~ ~:i,u c)y; .); ~<..j..JJ.J; ~l>.;)i t...J..L.o LS_;>-i _r.ULA; if ~_,...o_,..JI
if.J ,.i.:.....J ~ 'L.a.,iy ~yWiy ,~ ~ J.>-).)1 ~~)II ...:..l.b c)~ ,:Uy...UI ~
~~ <.r ~~~~ 0--:" _r.Win ~~ .1L:....a..J1 ~ : ..;~ ... ~)_,.; ~4J....;>)Ii ih JK...;, a:..
U.S. :_,.k;l .:Uy...UI w...J;yy wL......WI wUl.kl <..J"')1 .w ..G)~ _,.k.:.JI J>.h cf_,.;.ll
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Dominic McGoldrick, Human Rights and Religion: The Islamic Headscarf Debate in ( Vo)
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308. ~_,JY--411 ~I ~~pi :_r UL> ~_,.._:; '!S,j-i ~~ 0-'"
'(V".)~ ~ 0J.l ~UJJ 4JJJJ -.::.>L......y ~ d....jW ~Will
~.rJI ~I ~Uu lyiJ ~ -~~ j_r-l-.i ·~ 0l5 LA Y'J
~.. lc.i 'iWI 1.5~ ~ -:r.JJI J~J 0JJ ~ JY~ ~LA -.i
.u ~ .;..;; ')!I -.i u Ir-"'1I ,:.r ~L..
,......,I 4....;l5:... ,:.' ·I~IL, ,. ~~ 0 :_q ~l5 l.lh.) .
), . • ), ~ . .T---' . ~ r..r. '-I
'Jy.- l:J ..1.5~ W" .~I (.;A ~~ ~ ~ J:'l~~ i.t.;
,.. .<wv>4...J,i • J.JI ;i_;kl....Ll lkSJI ~ .~1 · ·~ .:1~ l./L.c..5'"'"' • ~ J • '--:? r- ~ .r
, ~I ~ ,:.r '-1-}J ~UJI ~kSJI u..i.>.in j_,.9~ 0l5~ J~ ..L>
~ if' 0. ~ __,ll LjL>- ~..uw ~~- :.j -~~~ ~ ~ -.i
' ~~~J.J ~l.i,. ~)~ 0i o..i..:5G J~ j-.ol)-:( W ._r;~
~J -_;~1 c:' -,?~1 ~J ,..._;~')! ~L.i,. ~WI ~J
r A '-:"'J.A..;I 4.5r- ~l5 ,J~I ~ ~ .(vA>((~ c:' 4..1JJJI
~_,J~J..:11 ~ ..uLJ _;_,;.)1 ~ ~11 1.5--l>l ~~ .r..l~/~~
,_;J..:JI J~ _;-.rJI ~J ~kS:JI o_,A...a..LJ ~jWI ~~
~jWI ~~ :_r J.J.->...; ..;.,~ r-1 .A ~_ra-11 i..iJ, ~ er-JJ
T. Jeremy Gunn, «French Secularism as Utopia and : _)2..;1 'Lr--"'L.;. ./) J_y ..;.;~Li..:;_;Jl)
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.~l::.SJ J.... <.....;.;...) <J)I_,~I _):UI (VI)
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t-;).:.J 3 :Uli:.ll ~~ •~~~ ~WJI JL.a..;1 JL:>JI ~I <J)ll :Suu_~J (VA)
~ L. 'J..li1 ~_,>,-J IJ...._, ,~ ..w> WI~~~ oJy ~ ,t:;J~ "-:,5_,.:]1 ~_w1_,
M. Hakan Yavuz, «Turkey's :~I .!!<,f._,.;JI _,.,.:jl J.-- ~~~ ~~~~ .)! L;S_; Jt..i:;l J.:J
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M. Hakan Yavuz and John L. Esposito, «Introduction: : _)2..;1 '4..)t.....s::..ll <Jl::..: ui~L.i.::..;Jl)
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Modernity and National Identity in Turkey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).

309. ..;.;..L>...; 0i ~l Ji :i........LJI ~kLJI .)1
.(YO.)_f.?l
..WI lh ~l ~J ~ ~jWI ~lJ.,Ji ..:..;IS 1~1 •l:A JI_;-JIJ
~ Ll -~_r.ll ~ ww 0JJ e.WI L' vPJL....::..ll ~
J-.a-A-ll ~J ~y_; ~ ;;..uL..JI ~)Y---41 ~~ ~ ~i
.JI_;..JI lh ,y- ~JL; 4.:G:-l ,y- U""~LJ
~~! .j;..l:ll c.Sy....-o ..; '-""'l.b.;~l ~ ~ .._,..;.?.. J '~l:-)1 ~ _)2; ~-' '-"' ( vQ,)
~II "'-:-ll...5:JI .vL...l,-ll ~yi ~ C: JSl..:... (..r" ~....; "'-:-ll...5:JI 0"1 ~"-j1 ~ j>-
wi...L.o>"-11 ~ ~~ •)~~~..; ;;_,....L:-JI 0_,_;..:.11 t!'-' '-"' ~_, 'ur-.JI ......_L:-11 J~
~ls:.:JI ~l_y.JI ~-' Wb ~~ t.rJI :f ~..lo o.b-_,.ll ~ .JS:f_, ,'..i.:L... ·~~~ i~l_,
:~I .II~ <..,>""'l:--- .kL...; l?i_, ~L0JI U_,..UI ~ ~r"' .!.lb ... <..,>""'~I .kl.:...:...U
Menderes (:inar, «Modified Orientalism: The Case of Hakan Yavuz's Islamic Political Identity in
Turkey,>> New Perspectives on Turkey, no. 30 (2004), p. 159.

311. 1_;-.~···J:; ~ ~·o ..+oll ~).J-:(-411 ~ ~jWI ~kLJI ~i
~ •~...~All .jlo..:...JI i.k;J~ )l:JI Jl ~; -s_jJ<J...J , ~_;.ll ~J~I
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.~1 i.k;JI Jl1l
_}l •<J~P ~J_,..blr. 'il ? r -) ~~ i)3 :Ji ..L...WI -s~i
u~..GJI .i.J3~ ..')Iy. J.:i~ ~ t33 ..u..; .~ -s_r>-i ..1?-i ~~
uL......j-o-11 o):ll.J _;W-ill aLl13 ~_,..;WI ~1 3 ~13 ~..UI
.<' ..JI_riJI.J
~:J ~ ~ ~lo..;.,JI 4..;J_,..bl.r.-" 'il ~ ~ (, -s_r>-i ~L.; (.;-"
: (.r.;-}J ~ Jl ~; -s~.J .(~1)_0)
, l:~ ~_,..!I J..l..a..o.JI ~ r-1 ~ ')L..'iI ~_rjI 01 : 4 J1
..:;., . 6- o U t..o.J ~I_,.AJI ~ 0---: 0y~ ~j__]1 0L5 ~
Ejder Okumus, Tiirkiye 'nin Laikle$me Seriiveninde Tanzimat (Istanbul: Insan, 1999), ( )
pp. 152-171, and Taner Timur, Osmanli Kimligi (Istanbul: Hi!, 1986).

312. 0~ J_,kl_r.-4~ -f.rJI r-'~1 0l5 ,J~I ~ ~ .<n~L::-JI
.((0jwl c:!L.on y:. (oil_ 'iQ,O _r.5'.11
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~J~I ~~ ·~.r.JI 0_;.)1 ~1) ~ ,..!1]~ ,:r ~)1 ~
w~ll- L..i 1..... 4_, Ll ~~~0i-.::....:.J~ -11.w--11- Y"-' 0-" ..r' ~ .Jr _r.-4 • . '-:? - r
-.:....;l5 ~ ~~I ~J_,.klr. ':¥1 0i o~ o~I JY' '.11 ,:r .~W-.JI
~l-LJI - ·Q ~ ~ y_; ~i ~LJ ~JL....':¥1 uL......~I
.~jWI
Kemal Karpat, The Po/itization of Islam: Reconcstructing Identity, State, Faith, and ('0
Community in the Late Ottoman State (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 156-157,
and Biilent Daver, Tiirkiye Cumhuriyetinde Layiklik (Ankara: A.D. Siyasal Bilgiler Fakiiltesi,
1955), pp. 27-30.
Karen Barkey, Empire of Dierence: The Ottomans in Comparative Perspective (New (i)
York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 104-108.
Hasan Kayai, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman (f)
Empire, 1908-1918 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997), esp. p. 17.
Kemal Karpat, An Inquiry into the Social Foundations of Nationalism in the Ottoman ( o)
Empire: From Social Estates to Classes, from Millets to Nations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University, 1973), pp. 31-40, and Barkey, Ibid., pp. 109-153.

313. J~ 0l5 1~1 ~ 4.JL J-Li:J~ 0_,;:.>-l.)l J_,l;_j 'LS.}--i ~..; l.r"
~ .~~ ~J_,.bl.r."~ l)~ _,i ~~ ~:..:.:..WI l;.S_;
.!JI..i..;T c;..uLJ '-F" JL...a.A.;11 op ~l5 , ~rJI ~J~I ~~
~f' ~ ~WJI ~J~ 0i y- i..f~y.JI_, -4~1 ,.~ 0l5ll
.~k:.JI JJ~I L :...li J~l
-~ ~l.b ~ ~ •o~_, JWJI ~JL::JI ~ ~~ ~ '_,
~J....;, l_r.:-"- ~ .<•)(("-:-'~ ~ oJ~ ~ r:r ..:;.;? ~ ~i
< · & I < ,{" ·L.; · · , - 1 ...:....! j ·~U ~
r JJJ .J.J u-::-' ..r::-: ~J - ~ l.r"-' ~ -' '-:? u- . u· .
.<vJ~I_, ~J_,.klr. ~ ~ J-.ol_,:.ll J>- ~~Jlo ~_r;,_,
o~l 4.JWI oh ~~~ ~-) "-:-'l_,...,dl ~)JI ":}S ~~-'
~J_,.11r.~ ~.1::..4 d..:~ ~rJI ~J~ __r?U ,~L; l.r" .J~
rS~I_, v-)..WI ~ ,~l.J..JI uL....rJI ~ ~JJ 4-i1 ~~~
..:;.;~ LS-L>-1 ~l.::..-: ~J~ ~L5 •LS.r>-i ~L.; <f .~I_,.AJI_,
'~J_,.klr.~l ~ -;JI ~')l..,~ ..:;.;L..._jA-ll j" ~ ~' ~~J~
-~ uL..._jA-ll ~1_, ~)~' j" wr-JI ~rJI oh ~ '_,
..~i l.r" ~~ __;.;, ~ , y>-T ~~ ~ .4......L:---I_, ~_,JY--411 t.,.,:,_J ~
. w l,...o ~.I J.J I.: - :L. 'WI ~w.JI • ~Lo ~~ ~'-:I J - · .YY-- ~Y. J - C5 . - .
Erik Jan Zurcher, «Ottoman Sources of Kemalist Thought,» in: Elisabet Ozdalga, ed, , (I)
Late Ottoman Society,' The Intellectual Legacy (New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), p, 99,
Feroz Ahmad, The Making ofModern Turkey (New York: :)'..;I '~I 6Jl... if .U:...).J
Routledge, 1993), esp, ix and 77, and Daver, Tiirkiye Cumhuriyetinde Layiklik, p. 43.
~JLu l..u.::.:... Jlj ... ....:.SJ ,4.-ul_,...;..-..'>'1 if~~~~ if ~i ..::..,~ _,.....;u u~i
AykutKansu, The : ~1. 0.1 ~.J, O.•A <..?"' 4............WI o..,...:..AJI .Ji ~.J )l..S:JI
Revolution of 1908 in Turkey (New York: Brill, 1997).
Niyazi Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey (New York: Routledge, 1998); (V)
Erik Jan Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2004); ~erif Mardin:
Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey: The Case of Bediiizzaman Said Nursi (New York:
State University of New York Press, 1989); «Center Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish
Politics?,» Daedalus, vol. 102 (1973), and Tiirkiyede Toplum ve Siyaset (Istanbul: Ileti~im, 1997).
.~.rJI ~L:--JI uli.:..ll ~ ... <-/" ,~1 if~~ 6.:)_,...;..-..';1111 .Ji r...r:" ~ J~
Metin Heper, «The Ottoman Legacy and Turkish Politics,» Journal ofInternational Aairs, :~I
vol. 54, no. I (2000), p. 63, and Rossella Bottoni, «The Origins of Secularism in Turkey,»
Ecclesiastical Law Journal, vol. 9 (2007), pp. 175-186.

314. JJr c: -~ ~':>.....~~ 4.5 _r...ll ~1.5 ~ ,?- t""L:.1 0_;..11 _r>-1)
I.~J~ il; ~~ 4·~-g~ll ~ ~jWI ~Lh.ll ~i H.::...j)l
.~UI ._j ..l.).k1 ;;_;.;~1 ~I ~J _)I ~J~I r.,/'J
U.J~~ ~k:...JI u4-)y.--411J uL....w_;.-)1 -) ,__r1 ~ 1~1
1~1 ~.p) '~J~~ ~ ~ ~J_,..klr.~l ~ )~ -~~ LL:S
· 1-~ . • ~ ~ GL. 4.....;~1 ;,., ~·'I 'I L.;...~..>-i 1:.:I, ~ J .Y"'"' -I ~ . J . . • ...r.-- (..$'. .r--'
,;,., -·'1 0 i.l ~ l.:i 1~. ;_, • _'I jj....~.:.>- .J ...W•_r':'--' ""+' . • "t"' ~ .J~ • ) .
~I~~ ~1.5 ..u; ~.~)1 ~_r..ll ~L.; 0-" ._:..,~ LA~J
._:.,jG 'I •.. 4.....;~1 4..... . '-1 'Jll 4....l...> 4_,1.: . ~')....o'Jfl
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,~~~ "-:-'~J ~.~I)J.r-)1 u~l :~J 'Jli ~J ui.Y~
~'-:-'-!j<:JI :Y' ~IJ ;;~ dJ11 ~~~ ~J ~ .!..11_;11 "-:-'~J
c~~~ ;;.5.;.,... JJ.>. :..r ((~Jy.klr. ~~ ~~P -) ~)I ~ ..u;
~I~ .r.:--'.. ~I ~J ~_;... ul>-'>L.o1 ,.l..rd .r.>' ~JJJ11
1i ~LLJI ..lj1 ..1_,....., t~~ t;~)y.--4i t..u)-" ,.'JIr ~ ~ ~ ~)))11
'i':>L~I y-c:, 0~ ~~~ "-:-'~ 01.5 ~._r>-11 ~WI~ .1':>.....~1
~.WI ~ .1;~1 (::" J-!1_,.::..; .ti ul>')....o~l 0i 0J~ l_,..;l5 ~
I, ~':>Li :r- ·~p l_,A.l.;:>-1 !..11_;11 "-;-'~ 0i 'J11 I, ~J_,.klr. ')}] ~ ':>L~I
u~_,.]y.--411J ~l-LJI y~'Jll iy-WI r-+--" ~I ~ ~
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JLS ~ ~J .!JIJ.; ~I 0..l.~i ~ ._j Jl_; 'J1 ~w..JI 4JJJJI
4..::-S_r..ll ~J~I _,..ki ~IJ ..r" 0J..,...>-TJ (' 0.i A _ 'AA') !..IJ_,.;l_ji
"-:-'l;-!JI !..11_;11 u~~ ~Sn l.r.~}-" J~ W .!..11_;11 "-:-'l;-!JI ,.L.J..:;._
'-:-'WI~ ti9J 11~1 lh ~ .~J......1 J_,-.oi d1 ~ ..y;- rj ~yU
.<A)((!..J_,;Gi e Lw ~) J: ~.0~ LA ~i !..11_;11
;,., ··--'I 4....>..JI ~UI 4.....;~1 4....>..JI · S.5 0i '.ilL. J..>...ll.)~ . ) . . '. if .r . ..r.. . )
o~ ~ .:::- d1 1. Lj} 0-" 4-:-oJ.A:.....I J: ~ 4-. j WI ~ w..J I <-IS~l:-o t_~ r-1
Serif Mardin, The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization of (A)
Turkish Political Ideas (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000), p. 404.

315. 0i ,d)~~ J.)..UI .~_,AJIJ ~J~I JL:..i :_r '~JJJi ..::...4-)~..l;i
~I lS_)Ju.. . (lalcite) ~_;JI :_r ~ (~kWI) (laiklik) ~ _r.ll ~I
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~I ~IJJ.J~ JJ·~· W .<o.>~n ol_r.i L;?lJI ~)1 ~I ~
.~i ..::...lp ~~ ~ L;?J~I
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0i ~ 0-" , .; .. ;, .: 'Ji I~ ~i 'Jil '~I c__,....;,y.JI J.;:-i 0-"
0l5 ~1)1 01 W :LoW ~IJ ~ r-1 ..::...I_,;:.AJI ~ ~ j-.oi_,.AJI
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4.:bi)J~I dJJ..UI .)~J
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(AV" _ t'1'")
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-,? L;?~ ~~ ~Jykl..r.-" ':il o4J 0l5 , 'I'' il>. -,? ~ }Jl5
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey. ( 0,)
rw

316. ~.JJ_, 01~ e:JL..aJ -s_,.ill l,r.jly dE ~ ..:;.,~ ~ .~_r.JI ~).;.)i
~ -.::....;LS -rJI -~~~~I~ J~i l?lJI ~_,JI Y.J •-s_r>-i
~~I ..:;.,~..L>...:JI ~:l .cl~ ..::...j _,JI _) .J_,...i;JI ._.;_;_y ~ u:Jl.::s-1
J5L-1I ~ SL.aJ ,~yAJI ~.JJ_, :_ro ;;_. :J WI ~:Jl.,a_:j')!I.J ~I.J
oJ~ ~ l?lJI.J c_").....o~l o~ ~ ~:J ·~ ~I..Lll
,..:lj~ ~ ~i J~ .(·)~_}JI ..:;.,L.....,~I olS~ JJl>- l.r" ~LJ
c_~_,....:.ll o.5~ o:l~ ('AiC _ WAo) _;L:JI :J~ 0.hLJI )SJ ~
~.J , ~J~~I ~1.5 , 'A • A it...- ._j __;_r-1 <0~1 ~ .Gi "JJl •'-1-}JI
Loi ~)1 ~~ l•- ~ , ·~1 • -'I · ~~ ;;L:..... o...L:>-i . . u-- '-F ~...r. .J
0_;AJI ~I_, ._j ~JL.:.S:.; ~I ...:.......-....; ..W ~ 4..J .kb....: 0lS .;JI ..:;.,l>-JL.o~I
~ ~ ._2- L".::.JI 0__,Ajl ~I.Ji .j ......Ji ~ lft.:JJ.$. j.J~.J , _2- ~1)1
.l>-i ~ •-:r-~ ~ -.>...lo ~ o~l;.o ~J~~~ _;L:JI :l~ 0.hLJI
~l_r.-1 :JI) l?..UI • ('A •A- 'VI') ~!JI r-L 0..k_LU 0-A.> ~ ~I
·~J~~I .A.; J>- pi.J ~I ~ ..:;.,l>-Jl..ol
~.J.;.... ..W 'A'I'I 1...- ._j 0y.J~~I J~ ..W ·~ o~)l ~.J
r..UI 0LkLll ~ •J.~I ._j ·l?~l ~I c_Jl..o~ _;L:JI :~
• ~I J>-b J_;.]I l.r" :JJ..y.J J~l ._j ~I.J ~L...WI l.r" js l.r"
~ (..r" ~~~l.J ~J~~~ u~ ~ yol_/')11 )~~OJ.)~ iU.J
-) J~ ~ ~~ 01-A.>11 oh ~lS ·~~ ~wl ~i.J -~
.<"):i.k.Lll ._j _J;-IJJI 0jl_,:.ll ..:;.,;? .;JI.J , -~~~ ~~I ~};
c~ ~J~~I ~ ~WUJI .h.: ~kWI ..W •-s_r>-i ~~ l.r"
:J~ 0lk.LlI i L;.J .<'n !! ~.):.I.}.J_n)I.J ~I ~ .1v ..all t_:jJ
d.......J..4.1 ~.; ~l::- Jl •o.-1..;~ ~~ J) ~t::: dE ~ _;L:JI
:Jy:-.J C: .,Aii .>- _) ~_?:-.JI ~:JlSII.J ,,A'I'V .>-_)~I
Carter V. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Port, 1789- ( •)
1922 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 114-120.
Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History, pp. 39-40. ( )
M. Siikrii Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton, NJ: ( )
Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 59.
i'A

317. d.J~ u~l 'lf._;JI ~ ~ WWI o-.4~1 uL.....yJI o~
yn<<('""""l>- A ~...U uL....rJI_, ~I ~ ~~ ~1_,)1
4.J_,..U I ~ L").....:,~ _;l:..lI ::.~ ~.k.LJI i ..9 J..i9 , ilA :r Sl,a_;
(Y .~ V"'L.....i ~ ~j ~;5.r" ~1_;_,~ i..12_; ..~1 J')l>. (Y
.,.w_,._l ~1_, -.;JI u4~1 l>J.:>-1 ~ ~l>").....:,1 ~L5 •l>?l ~L;
·l>_;..I ~L; if' ~ ~I ;J_,.ill '-!" ')L~I ~ LklI t: u-0J t....:;_, , ~L; if'
J')l>. (Y ..~ ~l;S ..jL.._.,:,~ _;l!.ll ;:,~ ~Lk.L.l ij w
.(1°~~1 ~l_;_,.r-)1 ~--41 .j ~J......~1 uL.......yJI o)::-1 ~-'
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~ .k~l ~1 ,4.J_,..UI ~y (.)"'~ _;.i-_, ~WI ..::L.:.:...JI -.i Oj_r.P
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.(
0
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~ ~~ , 'Ail its. -,i _;L:.JI ::.~ ~lk.LJ -,iy ~~ 4 L.._,
..;..,~ ir"..r" (f' c;_r.~ ~~~
~.) ::.y_, ~J ~ J~l (.;-" -~~)_,~ j-.ol_, ,Q.j..9_, J.....:
:.........,L..J ;(.;...LJ r. •-+"•~ lb ~ _j ~I i :......; ~ U l>").....:,':j L..;,L.,. . ~ I . ..;r~ F iJ". • • .
~_,.JI _} .<
11
)J-_rJI J>. l$~ ~~ ~Lb.L ..~ ~ ::.p ~~ ~. .
..).;>. J>. u-. ~ ~ l ..r:?.) u-. ~ ~ 1 ?l~l u~l r_,.....,..r" Jl1 'Q.j~
~.J-A ::.~ ~LS ~JJ ~..Lill a...JI il.t..:J ~~ _r.,'')l ~ ~-'-' ...!_,......,
.~...U ~ ..WI~ ~lyJI
::.~1 .)l .....;~ c;~~~ 4....;~1 ~L.JI ~L5 , y>-T ~~ J>.
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, p. Ill. (f)
Okumus, Tiirkiye 'nin Laiklqme Seriiveninde Tanzimat, pp. 152-171. ( ~)
Richard L. Chambers, «The :_);.;1 ...;:.,L.....;..JI :i..;_r...t.. Jl..:..ll ~~ c.r-=-i 'Ani~,_}
Civil Bureaucracy: Turkey,» pp. 317-318, and Peter F. Sugar, «Economic and Political
Modernization: Turkey,» p. 156, in: Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow, eds., Political
Modernization in Japan and Turkey (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964).
Hanioglu, A BriefHistory ofthe Late Ottoman Empire, p. 4. (0)
.i• </ ,.........o; .)~ (i)

318. .j J~L.a..ll -4~1 u~_;...JI l.Jj..9 0l5 yvr~~ o.l>-Y' ((~~ ~in
~ ~J l.r-~ "II ~ iiJL-JI i~ ~ J)~ _r? Aff ~~
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--4~1 ~pi
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0l5 .(~k:>JI) ..r..UI ~_,.JI -.Wl J')G.. ,y ~J_,..blr.~l _j 0--~ "l
, Ll...>-i..JI 1<L...:-Ji · i- o..u...L:>JI ~~ .. I) 4.......L..... . · :.11. u ~ u y . . .r-' . 0-" ~..r--
uc;l;1~ J-L..:.: ~ ~ ~JJJ11 -s_,.i!l 4----J~ ~I .k_,..;....a.Ll ~~1_,
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-~Lll .j -.LJ..,Ji Jl ..l:......J ~l5 -~U;_, 0~ J.;~ JJG.- ,y ~
Ji ~ ~jJ ~~ ~J 0 3 ~ •o-.4.1.:::- 4..):.1_)3~ ~~ ~1
- ~~ ~ ~~ ~1- ~_?..J 0')>. !Jl.:..ft> 0l5 ..,ljj ('i)~_;
..::,;.;..")L,.,~ ) ..kl ~)) ·0-. ~ Q l -.kl.Jij ~~I ~l_)j_r-)1 ~
(./ ~ J5 -:r.0. ..::,;~ ~}.J_n 0l5 -~l)_,_r.:-LJ ;;_;.;L..Wi
.-.lr :b.. J>- ~I_, ~")L,~I ~_rjl ..~
Mardin, The Genesis ofYoung Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization ofTurkish ( V)
Politicalldeas, pp. 155-164.
Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History, p. 61 . ( t)
Karpat, The Politization ofIslam: Reconcstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community ( 0.)
in the Late Ottoman State, pp. 75-76.
Halil Inalcik, «The Nature of Traditional Society: Turkey,» in: Ward and Rustow, ('i •)
eds., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, p. 62; Bernard Lewis, The Emergence ofModern
Turkey (London: Oxford University Press, 1968), pp. 110-114, and Okumu~ , Tiirkiye 'nin Laikle§me
Seriiveninde Tanzimat, pp. 324 and 328-331.
Okumus, Ibid., pp. 206-213, 323, 334-335. ( 'i)

319. ~ ~) t_..L.dl .byk- ..L>l ..::.-l>-Jl,.:,~ ~.5 •<.S?i ~L; ,:r
.~)3..r.)3 ,.kh.J
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.<'~'0,;0. i~ J
~
~_}3_r:-) :,r Js ij ..LQj ·~..WI .:,_,..;WI ~1 ~~ LAi
.J'L:.: 'AI v its. -) JW ~1 j.--J~ l_,.l.oY3 ..::.-'ljl:.:; ~~ ,.L,M3
-.:...;_,.11 -)3 ~J.....~1 .Jjlill ~ JP.) _y;3) ~_.;~ u.)y>;- -4>-i ~
_;.4.11 .JjWI .)~~ ~ ~ ~ L~J (~)3~ ..L>l ~~~
o-..1..> ~L,.a,; ~ .JjWI ur-o Jk:.S'I i~ ,:r ~) ~ _oo)...:~1
~ .:,_yu .)1~1 J ~~ ~ ,,.kLJ3 ~1)3~1 ~ uWI
.JyWI L:"' .~J...,~1 ~_rJI J ~ ~..WI _}1 J3ll i~l J
Mardin, Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey: The Case ofBediiizzaman Said ( )
Nursi, pp. 9-10.
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, pp. 160-167. ( ''')
Inalcik, «The Nature of Traditional Society: Turkey,» p. 62; Lewis, The Emergence of(~)
Modern Turkey, pp. 110-114, and Okumus, Tiirkiye 'nin Laikle~me Seriiveninde Tanzimat, pp. 324
and 328-331.
Serif Mardin, «Some Explanatory Notes on the Origins of the Mecelle (Medjelle),» ( o)
Muslim World, vol. 51, nos. 3-4 (1961), pp. 274 and 287; Ilber Ortayli, lmparatorlugun En Uzun
yiizyili (Istanbul: Hi!, 1983), and S. Sami Onar, «The Majalla,» in: Majid Khadduri and Herbert
J. Liebesny, Law in the Middle East, Vol. J: Origin and Development of Islamic Law (Washington,
DC: The Middle East Institute, 1955), p. 294.

320. .<'''>4J1Jj J> ~J_,klr."~ .j.WI 0ylA.ll y. ~ ~l j-..oj ~.UI
..;:_;Kg · Ll • II ..L...LJI · J.bJJ ;; •. II 4-.;l:.ll ~I LAiv.:::"" ~).r.:-' ) ~ . .r.:--' • •
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·-t-.}JI t!l.k.ll ul~ ~lo.WI ;;~~~
,~.r-A -)IJJ ~~ ~Y..; u~ ~..u ~ ~ ·-s.;-i ~L; :.r
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~ ~ i J • r..F · .J.Y ~ • u:- r
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V.OI.)-1) (EnderunMektebi) ~ 0JJ..GlLAl :e.,.;i ;;~-) ~'J.SJI
'-7-:U..W V.OI_r'-1) (Medrese) '-:?"JWI Ji (~ly-iJ~I J~ ~JJ..j
~1~1 IJ")...Lo ~J) (siibyanmektebi) ~ 0~1 Ji ,(..L.....LJI
..) ~_ra.>jI ~J..l-U) .r.-1I U._,.9..WI ')! ')! '-"") ..Lo Ji , (~
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~I ~~I IJ")~I.J ~~I :i.......GJI ~J..Lo j.:...o •JWI ~
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~ ..::,1 .. _12··11 ;;? 0~1 '-:f..JJ.J11 ~~~ ~.J •.;-T ~ ~
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u::-:- ~...$'""' • ..r' .r" "+' ~...$'""' ~ • ~ ~. .r'-'
~ ~Ui : 4-J~I ~ ....,L..JI ~~I JkWI 0-' .!.;..WI .) ~ il..l.>...:......l ? (n)
Hulusi Yavuz, :_);..;I . C. o1" <f-> Jl_r-11_, , C. i C. <f-> l..;J.r-" , C.n <f-> <JLJ , C. 1 A
«Mecelle'nin Tedvini ve Cevdet Pa~a'nin Hizmetleri,» paper presenred at: Ahmet Cevdet Pa$a
Semineri: 27-28 Mayis 1985 (Istanbul: Edebiyat Fakiiltesi Basimevi, 1986), p. 96.
Frederick W. Frey, «Education: Turkey,» in: Ward and Rustow, eds., Political (IV)
Modernization in Japan and Turkey, p. 211.
,..........;; J..L..a....ll (I A)
~erif Mardin, «The Ottoman Empire,» in: Karen Barkey and Mark von Hagen, eds., (1 C.)
After Empire: Multiethnic Societies and Nation-Building (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997), p. 123.

321. 0-" ~~~ ~~I ;;_..J..WI ~ ~I ~I ~_; ~~ ~G
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.4J ~I)J~I .Jl? ~.JXJ ~_;JI ~~~WI ~.Jx Jl
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~ 0~.:l~l J.:l~l :L.....J..WI oh ~ 0-.~ ~11 ~I .:l~ ~---! ~
.('t"o)~').1 .:ll~i
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~ ~ LSir .i'j.S- ~ ~ V"')..WI o-4J ~)1 W).....~l ~
·IJ"'L...~I ~~~ .Jl.o l:?..U13 ,<n)~_;JI Jw.,JI c_~.rJI
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uL...rJIJ ~_;..;jl ..::.;..:>-':>....ol Jl ~~ 0?, ~i ..::.;~1 ~~
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, p. 177. ('I •)
Robert E. Ward and Dankwart A. Rustow, «Conclusion,» in: Ward and Rustow, ('I)
eds., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, p. 455.
Frey, «Education: Turkey,» pp. 214-215. (''')
Benjamin C. Fortna, Imperial Classroom: Islam, the State, and Education in the Late ('i'i)
Ottoman Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 102-103.
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, p. 189. ('I i)
Yurdagiil Mehmedoglu, Tanzimat Sonrasinda Okul/arda Din Egitim: (1838-1920) ('I o)
(Istanbul: M. O.llahiyat Fakiiltesi Vakfi, 2001), pp.145-154.
Berkes, Ibid., pp. 189-190 and 406. ('il)

322. if)w ~ ~L...:J ~1 ul>-':>l...o'il oh ..:.>~i ~ -~k:.....JI
ur, ,dJ~ 0~ ~ .~").....,~ 1 ~Lo...h..ll ~I_,..A-J1 ~~ 1
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J ~..G:-- ¥ i~ ·~.r"' ~~ ~}_J:!~i ~}J_r.:l] ~ r-1 ~
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fii JW" J.->~ 0l5J .<'l"A)~)A....,1? u.p,-1 ~ ~l5 d...~~ .~}JI
-,i ((4..:~1n1 ((erJ:>ylln ~L..W c_3_r-ll ~ -~~~J ~G '-:-'L;...:JI ~'ly.
<n't:.>-J....ol 't:.')L..I JW' w 0l5 ..Ui ..::...,; II · lh -L .~ 1-1 '11- .J - • - '-:? .Y t./ '-:?' - -_)..r- .r:--" •
~ __;~ .J.Y---'.:l 0~1-,i t_~ JJ.:l ~ oh u~i ...L>IJ 0l -,i
.~)A....,'il ~_rll ls.:l~ t: ~~ ...;~ ci}l JJ ·~J.JJ~ .h....:JI
'-:-'~ ..:r-~~1 ~1)1..r;-)1 L' '-:-'~ 0~w...JI ......i.JL>..; .jjJ
Mardin: The Genesis ofYoung Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization ofTurkish (iV)
Political Ideas, p. 118, and Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey: The Case ofBediiizzaman
Said Nursi, p. 136.
Halil Inalcik, «Turkey between Europe and the Middle East,» Perceptions, vol. 3, (iA)
no. 1 (1998), pp. 8-10, and Kayai, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in
the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918, pp. 22-23.
Namik Kemal, Renan Miidafaanamesi: lslamiyet ve Maarif, edited by M. Fuad (i 0.)
Koprulu (Ankara: Milli Kiiltiir, 1962), and Mardin: The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought: A
Study in the Modernization ofTurkish Political Ideas, pp. 283-336.

323. ~~ c../J ·l.r.:'-~ Cr.:-:~~ i~ ''AVi i~ -,? ~~ ~..lo o~L;A:
0~ ~yJ ~...lA> ~ <t·)~_rJI ~ -/L:.JI ~I ~ I~J .....Hh~l
o-4-: ~UI ~I ~ ._;J ~~J •0Wy)1 ~J J_,::-.....UI ~
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0lk.LJI ij 'i~ 0~-,? Y'Y~ ~~ "1'1 ~L:.JI ~J -<~
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~~I 0-" Iy-::-:-5 i~.u. ~Jyblr.-" ~I ..:. I.;;- ..1 'lh ~ ~
t:~..l>- ~I;;- ~II JJ..UI .y IJ~ ~..UIJ , j.;yAJIJ 0Lil.)l .y 0-. ~ ~JI
.) ~I ~II ~l.u.i ~L._j ~ ~ Lo J-"'J '(t"I')~JJ j-"J
~')l...'~,IJ '-:"'jJI o~ J~ cr--4rJI ..r...u:; r::!>Y' 0l5 .j~l 0W.r.ll c_bl 01 (t •)
:i..;J_,:;...-..JI J_,.,-. :i......IJ~ )...L..o~ '-i~J ;;JJ..J4 ~rJI ..!-.>- 'L?..l:..i uy- ili .oly ..!-.>- ~
i.1.; ~ ,.jW_r.ll i.k.:ll o-4~ -:.>L...... ~1_,.; 0 .)1 J~. AVIi~.) ,(;;J,.J_,..:... '-...~)
;;_,._,_,.:JI t' ,<JW.r.ll d ~I _r.S- ~IJ ,,JI.k....JI 4.kL ~ ~_,.,A.)IJ ,.:_,i.;ji_,.:JIJ ~l.,..a.JI
TarikZaferTunaya,«Osmanli :J ...oJ.j-ots:..ll ~ .-:.>l........JI ,J.., ~ .)_,.; .kJL;..; ..Jj ~1 J:
Anayasacilik Hareketi ve «Hiikiimet-i Me§ruta»,» Bogazil;i Oniversitesi Dergisi, vol. 6 (1978),
pp. 227-237.
< http://www.tbmm.gov.trjtarihce/ : ~ _r.JI 0Wr,-lJ ~J_r:.S:J':il ~ _,...JI ~I (t )
kb2.htm >.
.("1' •• , <..!"") ... I)~T , c3_,...JI Jy~ (:J;)
Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821- (~"I')
1922 (Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 2004), and Erik Jan Zurcher, «Young Turks, Ottoman
Muslims and Turkish Nationalists: Identity Politics, 1908-1938,» in: Kemal H. Karpat, ed.,
Ottoman Past and Todays Turkey (Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2000), p. 171.

324. ~~ t_~l L>~11 _r4 0lS , ..::.>1)-~~'J'I .:lli ,.r-" r..t ·~Jylr, ~I
-;-11 u~l if~~~~ ~')L..,':il u~~~ ~ r. ~')L..,1
~~~ ~J_,..klr,':il ...:.-;lS .cll~ ~l:::- .)1 yn0~~~ ~.J
W ·r-lWI _) ;; ~ "ll ;; l ;;- "II J3ill ~ ~..l..Y ~ '-r" oJ...:>-13
..:;.,~11 J_,A.> if t_jJ..Ll o).~ ~I ~ -jl:..ll ~I ~ ~~I
u ~J_,.1Ir." ':iI ..L..O ~ ~ ~L... .UJ.J 0_,s:;J -s_j-I o).~3 ~I
·~.JJ.J11 ~J~'J'I
·~ .jl:..ll ~I~ 0lk..L.JI 0lS ·~I ~l:JI _r43
~3 _,..;l.;-)1 J>- ~~ 0~)) ~-~~ LL.... ~ ~ ~3 -~..l:..,o
0lS.J ' ... ~.rU113 cr-..JI.J l.rult.: Wy 0lS w ' ... ~_ri-ll
~I ~ 0i · ')I 1~. yo~ ~~~ 4..;.llL. o .. uL> ~- . Yr ~ .. r -~ .. J"""'" ...
--4~ :L.oWI ~......~ _) (>L,.':il J>- -s_r.S ~~ ~ 0lS .jl::..ll
~~I <Giy-i .yo ~~~ 01 'J'p '~).>JI ~l._:.....J ~)_,.1r." ':!I ~y
_r4 .2 ~~ J>-~ ~'J'.J 0p 0.:1 ..:;1 W' ... ~I .;-:? .yo lyl5
(.;-::-"'.JJr ~ ~ ~L.:....o ~~.J ~~~;(_.,~I~~
I : .. • ' ! I I!· . ! I I .. .. I • ( t 0) • . I .
..Y. (''-" ..UU 'c..,?"J...I..<>-! ~~ o~ o~~ ~w (..r".J • ((~
iL.11 ~ L-D ~ 4....4-JI ul_,.k>JI -sJ...:>-1 ~L.:>...;L: .jl:..ll ~
~~~~ u~lj , ~ op 0~k! .,?"J.MJI ilt.J o~t..; t.:'y..: it.; Lo...~..:..s:­
o ••• Lr" _r.s .)1 ~J..u r .. Lr" ~ ~~ ~~.>....:.: 'J'I l.)""')wl
.)1 ~J..Lo Yo • _r4 ~yl:..ll i.J""')wl ~l..l..Yi u~l~jl ~ _) .~J..Lo
Karpat: An Inquiry into the Social Foundations ofNationalism in the Ottoman Empire: ( t'")
From Social Estates to Classes, from Millets to Nations, pp. 106-107; «The Ottoman Ethnic and
Confessional Legacy in the Middle East,» in: Milton J. Esman and Itamar Rabinovich, eds.,
Ethnicity, Pluralism, and the State in the Middle East (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988),
and The Politization of Islam: Reconcstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late
Ottoman State, and Kayai, Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Jslamism in the
Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918, p. 31.
Yusuf Ak.yura, Uq Tarz-i Siyaset (Ankara: Tiirk Tarih Kurumu, 1976).
Yahya Sezai Tezel, Transformation of State and Society in Turkey: From the Ottoman ( t t)
Empire to the Turkish Republic (Ankara: Roma, 2005), p. 74.
Karpat, The Politization ofIslam: Reconcstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community ( t o)
in the Late Ottoman State, p. 155.

325. V"")...u ~~~~ •.:.d~jl W ,(..:...L::-:-ill ~ Yt ~) 4.......J...u ~~·
(f ). I I• I ~ . .. ~
~J...l.4 ' • t u-l o 0"' '-:f uu I r--.::..I
vP_; _;l!..ll ~~ ~ ;JJl>....o ,:r ~) ~ ._r>T ~ ~J
_) (>.....:·:¥I .:f' V""JJ~ J l>-~l ~)> .:f' '":-'J1JI ~ ~')......~I ...:...~J>-II
~ykJ Ll}l ) ...:~'J'I ..Jl.i;l 0"' ~ r-1 ~~ 'J'l yvQ_I ..-J ~WI
~~ .CfA)~L!..JI ...:...~~J V"")..k.ll r.,? ~} U-lAJIJ ~~WI
.;JI ~I _;5 _r>-y, &~} _;W11 ....;_,. l)JI ((Ci~WIJ c;_,.iln '":-'l:S
;JJJJ ~ ..~1 ..s.JJ ~ .Y'J ,!J.LT I~G ~~WI ~.}L:JI JJL:..:J
;__, ~ --~~ ..kJ 1.-. 4....., :lj 4.....;:... .I ..L11...:... L ·Wyo.)~~-~ J) ~ ...r-- - . .YY- - ~ -
~)) Jl1l r.,? ~J..I,j V"")..W ch '-:-'J1 ~ .~ .:f' 4-'JfJ
_co·)((;;...;~ w ·II oWl · · I · ll I i ~ ((4.jl:.J
- - .)-::' - .:f' J.:')f<A ~ - . -
~J _ ~~WI ~ykJI ~J _ ~I Lt.; j"y- ..W , lh .:f' ~
J.-:5 ')......~I ~~ ·'":-'~ 0"' ~I bL....Ji -i ')......~ ~~~ yk;JI
·~ l,?~l,a;:j'J'J ~4'J'I ~I -i ,.UI ~ ~ l,?.UI ..I..WI
-i ·? LL:JI 0,;JI .;>-IJi _) o..l:~l ...:...LA>~'J'I 0"' J~ lh 0l5
(o)_ _;~1 '":-'~ (/' ~Yl..:>lJ ":('')1......1 .Y"J- L;.~ ..~ y? J:~l
: o~I c..Ul.,a.; .) ~LJ ..$ ..ljl ~~J ~~ (f'
Tezel, Ibid., p. 76.
Benjamin C. Fortna, «Islamic Morality in Late Ottoman «Secular» Schools,» ( f V)
International Journal ofMiddle East Studies, vol. 32, no. 3 (2000), pp. 369-393.
Sel9uk Ak~in Some!, The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, (fA)
1839-1908: Islamization, Autocracy and Discipline (Boston, MA: Brill, 2001), pp. 4-5 and 275, and
Riza Bagci, Bizim Edebiyatimiz: Nesil/er, Sabsiyetler; Eser/er (Izmir: Kaynak, 1997), esp. p. 219.
M. Saito Ozervarli, «Alternative Approaches to Modernization in the Late Ottoman ( f ')
Period: Izmirli Ismail Hakki's Religious Thought against Materialist Scientism,» International
Journal ofMiddle East Studies, vol. 39 (2007), p. 80, and Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in
Turkey, p. 181.
~erif Mardin, «Religion and Secularism in Turkey,» in: Ergun Ozbudun and Ali ( o •)
Kazacigil, eds., Atatiirk: Founder ofa Modern State (London: Hurst and Company, 1997), pp. 204-
205.
Mardin, The Genesis ofYoung Ottoman Thought: A Study in the Modernization ofTurkish ( o )
Political ideas, pp. 337-359.

326. .4.13...l ijj:; il..>i 0?- _,:>:-> y. '0}~ w- '~~~I
~ ~ 0'Jil ~i3 ·.W (.;-" t;3.r"-" ~ ~ ~ r-1
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'-:-'~ ~l 4J...i;3 ~3J3i .:r ~~WI _);..:JI ..:..Lp.3 ~ '-:-'~
.~1 ilk:J JJ>.. :r ~ ':13 -~k:.,.J
o..J..:~I ~I ~i ~ ~~_/~1 '-:-'~ ~ , J3)2.ll oh jJ; ~
·-:r-r.JI 0y-il J13i3 ?- L:JI 0y-il _;>-1) ~
~ ;
tojl:l-1 ~~I JJ~ : !ll_;~l ~~I : WU
~.;~1 iY J>J ':)WI ~u_r.!l :r..~ o? .1:..o
'4 Yr' i~ J> '4 •A i~ :.r
~ -~~ '-:-'~ :r ~~~ (J>' ~1_;11 '-:-'~ ~
Jr~ ~) ~')....~I ..;:_,L....,j.A-ll .)l r..u.; ~1_;11 '-:-'~ ~3
~ WJL..-.ll u..;y 13..i...:>...JI W -~~~ ~ 13_;T3 _l)L.;i;JI
..jJI ~ ~ 0.1L.JI
~ Lo ~3 -~_;.11 Wll 03~ ~l_;i '-:-'~ o..u> 0l5 ..G
-:r-~1 ~ 03}~ w -~~ ~~ ~~ ~~J~
.)l _<on~Jl: ~ o~y._,.-)1 ~~~ ..:..~L: i~':l3 ~_;.11
Lewis, The Emergence ofModern Turkey, p. 139.
M. Siikrii Hanioglu, «Jon Tiirkler ve Fransiz Dii~iince Akimlari,» in: Jean-Louis (of)
Bacque-Grammont and Edhem Eidem, eds., De Ia Revolution Fram;aise a Ia Turquie D'Atatiirk
(Paris: Editions ISIS, 1990).

327. ~yWI ...:..>~~I _}l ~1_;'':11 '-:-'~1 ,y ,:)~ ~I • ..:.U~ ~1.;:-­
WJiy ~...U 0LS ~I ...:..>1)-~.:JI ~J • ~ IJ)l_jJ ~Lk..dJ L..; _} ~
~~ ~1__/':11 ~~I ~,....:JJ··<oo0-:.:l~ iWI ~lJI .,.ljl ~
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~~I ~J.M..ll ,y '-:-'J.1 ~) -4 ~ (oo)'AA~ i~ ~ ~l_j
~_yjl .,.')!yo~ .(ol)~_r.,J ~L:JiJ .:ll_?"ll,y ~~ :~1
~l ~I ~i ~ ._;l:JI ~I ~ 0..k._j ~~I W).....~l ~
0-" ~ ~JJ..l.: I~J -~1 0-" '-:-'~ J:,~ 0~ J.:>-')1 ..:.-;) .j
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4 ~ ·~WI 4..b...L.ll _}l ~1_;11 '-:-'~1 J_,-.oJ t:J _<oA)((,:)~ iJ
·'-:-'yA.l~ ;lJI ~l i"j._,~I _yo-:, ~_,.:JI 0-" L~ JJ....'.)1 ~Jl_j 0i
er.:~l .:l~I l.r.: ~ .:lJ ~lj':JI '-:-'~ ~w.JI _);.;.11 u.p.-J ..:__9')1
(((.)"""J~ I)~ '' 01-l>ill -.}1-s~i ~ • 0~I ~)I l>J~ 0-" .b~IJ
_)rJIJ ,:)bc_j')ll ~ 0J-"-:l:JI ~I .b~ ij ~ • '~' ~ i~ .j
-~ 0-" _;l.:.ll ~I ..u. 0lk.Lll 1_,.,..1>-J .:lr-:JI ~ (CUP)
Thierry Zarcone, «Quand la la"icite des francs-ma~ons du Grand Orient de France ( o i)
vient aux Jeunes Turcs,» dans: Pierre-Jean Luizard, ed., Le Choc colonial et /'islam: Les Politiques
religieuses des puissances coloniales en terres d'islam (Paris: La Decouverte, 2006), pp. esp. 137-
138.
M. ~iikrii Hanioglu, Bir Siyasal Orgiit Olarak Osmanli lttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti ve ( o o)
Jon Tiirkliik (1889-1902) (Istanbul: Ileti~im, 1985).
Ibrahim Temo, Ibrahim Temo 'nun lttihad ve Terakki Anilari (Istanbul: Arba, 1987), and ( o )
Lewis, The Emergence ofModern Turkey, p. 197_
M. ~iikrii Hanioglu, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908 (New (oV)
York: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 3-7 and 314, and Ziircher, «Young Turks, Ottoman
Muslims and Turkish Nationalists: Identity Politics, 1908-1938,» pp. 151-157.
Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish (0/)
Politics, 1908-1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 28.

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Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, p. 416. ( 0 0,)
Haniog1u, Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902-1908, pp. 82-129 and (i •)
293-294.

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Lewis, The Emergence ofModern Turkey, p. 231. (i )
..........;_;_;~1Cin
Hanioglu, Bir Siyasal Orgiit 0/arak Osmanli lttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti ve Jon Tiirkliik ( i i)
(1889-1902) , pp. 614-617, and Erik Jan Zurcher, «Ottoman Sources of Kemalist Thought,» in:
Elisabeth Ozdalga, ed., Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy (New York: Routledge
Curzon, 2005), p. 25.
Idris Kii~iikomer, «BatililaJma»: Diizenin YabancilaJmasi (Ankara: Baglam, 2002), (it)
pp. 70-72.
Prens Sabahattin, Tiirkiye Nasi! Kurtarilabilir?, translated by Inian Keser (Istanbul: (i o)
Liberte, 2002).
'''

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~;)WI ...:;.,~.::.SJ _r.:.:, ~l5 ~JJ ~~1 (J~ o.J;)L.aJ ~ ._:_j')1
~~ ~ L. 4-:--- 4.>-j r-lI ;)I..l>:-1I -.::....L.o) ~ 't.._..I) Ij ~I r->-_,.)
Lewis, The Emergence ofModern Turkey, pp. 204·205. ( )
Ilber Ortayli, Osmanli imparatorlugu 'nda Alman Niifozu (Istanbul: Alkim, 2006). ( V)
Mustafa Gencer, Jontiirk: Modernizmi ve «Alman Ruhu»: 1908-1918 Donemi Turk- (A)
Alman iliskileri ve Egitim (Istanbul: Ileti~im, 2003).
'''

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_ ~ ~ ~I _r..l::5 o_r:, l..> J ')..>. (.)-" l:J ~ l..> y.J , ~I_;1I ....A...:J I
M. ~iikrii Hanioglu, «Blueprints for a Future Society: Late Ottoman Materialists on (I')
Science, Religion, and Art,» in: Ozdalga, ed., Late Ottoman Society: The Intellectual Legacy, pp. 29
and 85.
Lewis, The Emergence ofModern Turkey, p. 236. : ~~I.J ~; (V •)
M. ~iikrii Hanioglu, <<Garbcilar: Their Attitudes toward Religion : ~~I.J ~;; (V )
and Their Impact on the Official Ideology of the Turkish Republic,» Studia Islamica, voL 86, no. 2
(1997), p. 135.
M. ~iikrii Hanioglu, Osmanli'dan Cumhuriyet'e Zihniyet•.J ''I" cT' '~ JJ....,a......]l (V)
Siyaset ve Tarih (Ankara: Baglam, 2006), pp. 57-63.
Zurcher, <<Ottoman Sources of Kemalist Thought,» p. 26; Mardin, «The Ottoman (V'f)
Empire,>> p. 121, and Selim Deringil, <<The Ottoman Origins of Kemalist Nationalism: Namik
Kemal to Mustafa Kemal,» European History Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 2 (1993), pp. 170-171.

332. cJL.ol u~ ~~ -A>-i Y'J _ '-:"'}JJ ~jJl:JI 1);...;r-JI -A>-i rJ
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.!JI ..d ~WI ~1-l,JI ~ 4-i_,A; 0i ~l ... [~_}<:JIJ] ~~ :i..;.)W
~_yA :.;~ ~_rU -Jl ~.) lo YJ .<vo)((~.ill o~I J)""' 11 (_r" 0l5
0_,s:.;, Lo~ ,~WI, .ila·oll ~i ~ ('O.iY _ '0.'1'1) :i..;J~
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~I~..UI ~fL-1 ~ op d>J ~J~I ~ op .l:..o
n~o·- '~~f)
{
Hanioglu,«Garbcilar:Their :~ J.>..L ~ J...L.JII~ U.,Kli ~_r.ll..:..>j,L.ol (YO
Attitudes toward Religion and Their Impact on the Official Ideology of the Turkish Republic,»
pp. 150-158.
Hanioglu, A BriefHistory ofthe Late Ottoman Empire, p. 210. (V o)
.u6.._:S_rll ;;_;l..i.r.il '-:"'.r-Jiii ~ '-:"'.r-JI .J., Js- ~(VI)

333. _ _;~y)l JJL:.>-~1 _)l_r. ~ J~l ~-' ~l ~~ o~i ~
JL.a..;i_, ~~~ JL.a..;i 0-" ~_r.o 0-" 0Wy)l 1~ ......JG_, ,~y-i]l
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-,i J..>.l_, ~L; I.Sy ~..U ~ ~ -,?..UI_, , ~I '-:-'j> JLS ~
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'-:-'pi t_~~ ~J J_,i JW (J"ob .a• ~ .~_r.JI ~J~I
dL~_, _'Gy-.o '1' AV J-..oi 0-" hy-.o oA e::9IY. ~_,...a.;JI -,i ~_,....;,WI
.'l~l _ (CHP) '-:-'j> Q, '1'i il>. -,i L-""i -,?..iJI _ ~I '-:-'j> ~
'-:-'lr-i t: ~JL::-JI 0_,.'l 0-" i.'l~ .'lJ.)1 ~ .D_, •~ rv o..W
J_,11 o~l -,i ~ ~ -~~ ~u ~_r.-.j ..l:.!::.....l: 1.5_;-i
Peter F. Sugar, «Economic and Political Modernization: Turkey,» in: Ward and (VV)
Rustow, eds., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, p. 161.
Zurcher, «Young Turks, Ottoman Muslims and Turkish Nationalists: Identity (VA)
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Ay~e Kadioglu, «Republican Epistemology and Islamic Discourses in Turkey in the (YO.)
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Tiirkiye Biiyiik Millet Meclisi [T.B.M.M], T.B.MM Zabit Ceridesi, Vol. 7, Devre II, (A •)
lr;tima I (Ankara: T.B.M.M. Matbaasi, 1924), pp. 31 and 33.
iio

334. ~~ ~ '"i ~~ 0-" o_rAJI ~ (A)l,?J~ ';('J.A:J '-:"'_j.>JI C"
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(A1")(( .:.... •• tL ~.I . J ,r . .· · · .t
. u .)..;.J • IT ~ 3 ;~ ~ . .. ~_r.-;...u
;;_;:.; L ui..u -;JI ..:;.,l>-Jl.o:{l ~ ~ •U:Jw:.ll J1 ~~ ~i
~w..JI ..:;.,L......~I .:r-: ~L....:.ll ~ ~l.SJI c_WI ..:;.,~ ,._r::--1
w ·r-5~13 ~l_,.il3 (.)'")MJ ).1.1 ~ 4....ol>- ~3 '~")L.,:{13
oh 0-" ~ 0i o-4~ ~J~ ~ ~1_,.11 :..r" ~i 03_r.. ~1
-~y:1 ~ _r.:--:. Jw:.ll l..k:J j>-l:l o~'} 01 LS .<A0~3:lj'}
· i....l.J ,;;WI j ~L.:.:.ll ~ ·II ..:;.,LI.::SJI ;; -:11 & JJ.>-..:;., •<(_;A • " '-> " 1..5'"' • .r"-' .r-' 3
,.L,o 0i '} .<Ao)(~~ ;w . ··II .• ..G II 0 'WI
• • • ~ 3 ~_)-'>-' '-'3 l.Y'· r
lhsanYilmaz,:l.o_, .u~.JJI..:...I~I i~ll ._;I ~L.;_r. ,_J '-:-'_j>JI I.l_, r_~ (A)
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Ward and Rustow, eds., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, pp. 446-447. (A i)
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, p. 468. (A o)
fil

335. , d.}kSJI J~i_, ~~;'~1 '--:-"~ <f js .).>- o__J.; .J 0l5 l:?..U ~lSY-
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~~~ 4..J_,..Lll ..; ,_r)~ (Y e.,.;i ~~ ~..:_, 0i .,.~ I.S.r..
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o-4.1 ..;_; dl ~~)) .J_,.; ..L>- ~ .11_;L:J1 c.r.LJ ~_rJI ol5~1
~ ~I :L....J-4.11 ~y rY' ~I &K.~ ~J •-Yu.:l?
, " "'I " ' 'I II<' . . . " • (Al) "•_
-.:..>t.:...o II~ 1 .._.,J.M.! n-! ~uy ~ •I.Sr "-::->"W (Y . II~
L.; . . LJ~j, ~,;)WI) ~ 4.., • ·'I -:;...WI I.:Li ·'I ..WI.r ~ . " " -~ . ~ 1..5"' ,y'J
, (AV)4__;L,.:;.,J 4._, '- ~~ .,_~i ~ • . (;;_s::, 1 o~:.l -.:;_,1..., ~ ~~. .Jr r." • 1.5"'"" --1 . .f' . Y J
: . T 0K. j ~ ~ L. I. :: 4.1A:.li JSi ~l5 & 0i ~.r '-? •.r'"', ~ . ..T •
t~ ~ (./ ~ ,_rl:JI <f -.:;....~ ~'jlj ~ lh ~ ~y.
,4.,..,J..WI ~ 0~1_, •,_rl:JI ~~ :t""'J r-Wi_, o)...a.:.JI ~J.:l ~
J~ r-l dJ11 ~~ 0i ~ .~w.JI ,_r)-4.11 ~ 0_,.~.-~_,
~ -.:.Jij Lo ~l:J ~~) -~11 J_rJI OJW-> J~T ~ ..u..:
-.:..>.:llA::......I ~I o..l;>-_,JI ~ ol:J ~~I Loi , ~_rjl oJL.a.>JI ~
~ ~ bi ~ .,.?. 0i 0 Lo YJ ·~.}JI oJl.a.>JI ~ Lo -~y
Loi , ~_,JI 0_,__,..QJI _.; ~ y->T .,.~ 0i (.r.:-> _.; , ~J...ill :y)I
~ 0 •011 ~i JLJ_, -~..WI ~I~~ ..:.JL:JI .,.~
~'jlj <f ......Jl:J _;JI o~l oh t: ~ 0~ 0i ('"""'11 <f ~i o~
oh ~ .1..:;>-y 0).:l (Y ~ ;;_.,i 0.,S:..:, 0i ~ ....A.::SJ ~~~~
(AA)~~"):_l ~_rj
...;_,~ ~ cl)..:..o ~ <f 0W_r.JI ~I ,.:l..L.aJI lh ~J
. t • 0. <..T' , ........o.; _;..L,a.....)J .4.;_, (A 1)
Ortayli, lmparatorlugun En Uzun yiizyili, pp. 165-178, and Gencer, Jontiirk: Modernizmi (AV)
ve «Alman Ruhw>: 1908-1918 Donemi Tiirk-Almanfliskileri ve Egitim, pp. 81, 85 and 186.
Frey, «Education: Turkey,» p. 209. : ~~1_, ~; (AA)
<f)..L....li ._,i ~ L,..OJ.; "'-:"~ 0-" ~_;,11 J ~..,All~_;~ .~.J I.L. ~
.( 1)1 I -~II 1~:1) 6..:JL:J 4.., • - 1i 4..,..J.., . ;i_;L...LJ ;...s:.J '.SJI<:;; u--- r- ..J~ • . ,_; • -' •• y
iiV

336. i Ls. '-r" c.Y'J Lo I); i iy.. --i ~I ~__,:; 0y j ~ G..;,,-.a-:J~
__;~ -.,r'J.M Lt.; ~l:~··dJ ~6........J.M tv~ J~l ~ '-:?jjl_, ~'~n
I~ 01 ~ ~~I~ ~J ~~1_, ~,.,.:JI o)jJ o)~~ hy
o)jJ ~ .k~~ W ~0_,.:..4J1 )~ ~ ~pi ~ ~ ~ 0_,.;W1
i- . I (AO.) "'' 'rl ~J.~ ~ :.,~: - . ~ 1.~11 - -II
u-::-"".J ~ ~ ..4 .Y'J • J"""" { ~--- r--=- OJJ~ ~ J ~_;:-
~JJJI u~lj ~ ._} ...~1_, w11 c.r).M :_r 4......J.M :..r..?-_, ~
I W ~ w YL'11 4__. -II ..1·I ..uu l.o . w~l L..a..;1 wL.aJ'llJ-" - .. - ..r-' J. . -,I - J - ..
..~~) '~rv ~~ ~ ~IJ..UI ~WI (Y ~..UI ~L.....::JI ~~~
~~ ~ ~Jwl_, ~_r-11 ~~ ~_ .. _1.-JI uiJyWI ~~1_, ~Cl5~1
~'~i· ~~ ~ ..L:-k>JI_, W11 c.r)J.,.4 ~ l~i W .<"-·>,~r~
~~ L . '~ii ~~ ~ 0_,.:..Ajl )~ ~ ~pi ~ ~ ~~ ~l
~.; ~ ,JL~ if'r- r ~LJ, ~ r-1 ~ ,~t~ ,~ ~_, -.::.J)I
(0, )cl 1-tl .-1 :II . . . 1·•- I
. ~ '-'r UJ-A-P ~ ..~~
u~l ..Wl ~w:JI ul>-">L.o~l ~ ...li9 ~~..ll; w ~
~~ (Y c.rJL.o /)~T .' ~ 0W_r.-ll J~l ~ ~~L::---1 ~Y.....~1
0_,y.:J1 ~_r-.M :_r ~ ~)I uL...;.JI_, ~J.ll 0_,_;..:.ll o)jJ '~ r t
~J ~ ~L:JI ~~}I uL....r-JI 4_;,r.J.,.4J (...::....;~~) ~J.JI
~l::-]1_, ~4'11 o~l ~ ~I _p ~~I 0yWI ~:L; ...IJj)l
~ ~ ~ l5?i ~t.; :_r ~ "Yw.~I o~~l_, o~l_, ~ ~t.; :,r
W .<o.n~~~ o)~~ ;;___,;l!JI ~ ~ ._} ~0W_r.ll :...kLl ~_,11
Tiirkiye Biiyiik Millet Meclisi (T.B.M .M], : ~ , H' • ~_;~I ...l..:-'-_,.; .J_,.;u (AO.)
T.B.MM Kavanin Mecmuasi Vol. 2, Devre II}r;tima I (Ankara: T.B.M.M. Matbaasi, 1942), p. 242.
Ismail Kaplan, Tiirkiye 'de Milli Egitim ldeolojisi (Istanbul: Ileti§im, 1999), pp. 159-160, ( 0. •)
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<-;JU. o.rAJ :.r)"'JC,.J ~.J 'o.n.} <-;JU. nn 6..........; ~T;Ji V"'.J.J..UI ~...~..<> .:.>LS <o. )
Frey, «Education: Turkey,» pp. 222-223. : _,1.;1 . 0. i 'I' i~ <)
Howard A. Reed, : __,1.;1 .(-;JU. ovo ) ~.J 6..........; ..)! ~..uJI &) ' O.iA .J~ .j
«The Religious Life of Modern Turkish Muslims,» in: Richard N. Frye, ed. , Islam and the West
(The Hague: Mouton and Co., 1955), p. 122.
T.B.M.M, T.B.MM KavaninMecmuasi Vol. 2, DevreiLlr;tima : ~ 'i '1'0. ~.J .Jywl (0,'1')
I, p. 241.

337. ~J~I t_.;.;1 ,J..WI _r..jJ ·~ ~ t_lk::.....l 0W.r.11 J ~~J
~_rjl J -~ ~ ci_,JI J 0l5 lS..UI _ ~ ~ ~.;_.;, ..W ...W'i~
- - -
: 0i J.>- - ~ ':>L'il
~ ~ .oJWI ~ ~~ ~JA .)1 c~ '1 r~'il -
·~ 4...oWI ~~~ ul-.._r.)l .r...A -rW
0~ -~~ lh .y3 -~~ ~ -rL.....i ~ oJ>JI i_,ij _
.0W.r.11 r -.j_rll ~ ~13 ~~I j:.-11
· •<i - - J ~~ oJ>JI 0L (~) ~ ·li · _0-" .r-' r--> - - . - ~ '-:?-"' cr
...wL.iJI ~I i.12.; ~ ~ ,o~ .y Los. ~'YW
4-,oL;.. -.;~1 ~~ ~':>L'il JJJJI .y ~I J_?U r-1 -
.J}il ~WI '-:-'_rJI 0~1
J-..1 • (" 0- -..1 'J I - I It " I ,..... • " • I • • I
]1.>- • ~ ].....,.. { 0 ~ '":-"-U ~ ~ ~~J i~ ~Y- 0-' -
~ Jl::-5') ~ '-:-'1_,:.)1 ~ ~J i~l -~~~ ~WI oh
~ l$_,>-11 ~':>L':il r-"11 01 :JW ·~':>L':il u~.b.JI ..~.>i _,>-11
0~k:..JI ~~~ ~ 0i ~ ~ <r~'il ~) ~ ~1_;11
.(O,o)?- U""~UI 0_;.11 J ~~ ~ J.>-
'~W Jlfl '1 '-:[" ')L':il '-:-'Lk>...ll 0i ~WI J':}.>. .y l:J ~
·-?J~I ~I ~~~ J t~l_; ~ ~i .y ~)1 J.>-
-rJI l$_;->11 u'l~l 0-" .;..w1 0ylill 0lS ,y>-T 0~ ~
.((~ ':>L'illJ (( _jw.JIll ~I 3~jl J.>- ~ ~ 0_,) w::JI lgJJ.>. .y ;_,.:;,
0__..AJI jJI3i3 2 LL:JI 0__..A-ll ~~ r:r o~l o_r.AJI )..u ~
.nr <..T' ,............;.; _,~1 :.j, tn ~_, .J_,.;WI (0.'1")
T.B.M.M, TB.M.M. Zabit Ceridesi, Vol. 7, Devre II, ktima I, pp. 24-61. (0, 0
.if<..)"',............;.; ..~~1 (O,o)

338. ~l....WI ~.WI ~I_,AJI .:.r.:-: J..::-9p u'1J~ o..~.>- G.Au -~~
.~~.WI~ -,?.ill~ t_J~ -,i JWI y ~ ~~'1.1J
~ 4.1.:.1: U~J_r.... l,?J~ ~ J+:.-o -i 0_,.;W_r.ll JJL; W'
,y 'i')l...,~ 0_,.llrJI 0.,W~I ~ (.;-? _j .--4~ ~..WI 0_,.;..QJ~
0i '11 .<''"~)w')l....'11 ·.)WI L..i 1..... • G..l4 t ·t..; & ..,,......, Jl!....i• . • e>. U" c..5'""'('.J-'l.:.. y . .
'-;--!._;..:JI 1_,....:.).~ ~ ~J.>-j ly~ r-l ~~ ,y o.;-}-J ~ ~
:i..j:.L,o · • · · L.a.Ji 0 ~~~ • 1. , · ·w1 lk...:...U I.L:J. -,r ~J j->' • .r.--o_,....., .r.>- u. '--:?" y i u
-i ,('W)((~.rJI ~~ ~~ J>-b :.r ~)) ~..l4 0_,.;j u~
l.r-:.r- Ji ~Wi ,y ~~~ U".?1 Ji ~n ~l 0h 1_,.;~ r-l (.;-?
I .I • t I .~ .....::..:; . . •I I 'I - :I • . .('A) ((" I I : •• .
'--:?"o,.;;.J U•J -,r ~ j->' ..:.>...: ~ rL..,a..l>• t"J ~ ~ -,r
·'o.n ~_,.;
u 1_,5jy,) --4~ J..uJI _r..jJ u~ .).r>'-" 0i ,~ ~ ~J
~ .<o.o.)~JJJ11 ~I_,AJI ~ j-:.--4~ ..Gi ,y 0l5 , (' O.i ~ -,r
j-:..)J~ ol_r.. l,S J • l.r-:.r- ,y 0yWI _j oJp ...U ~J.) u~ .).r->'-"
~__..;..:.] 0~1 ~ ,y JW' ~ d o)r-JI u~l ,y ~
~~'1.1 J~1 ;;.r" ul~ uj>- .)~ ~_? ~~ 0-"J ,<, .. )~
'0.'1'1 ~~ -,i uj>- .)~ ~~ W .<''.')~I.;'">U -:r.JS ~~
0yWIJ -,?..r-:..r-JI ~..WI 0yWI :y js )y-i~ <..5.)~ -,?lJI 1 l;-::JI
~JJJ11 ~I_,ill ~ 0l5 ._;W11 <..SJ~I 0_,.;..QJIJ ~lh:.'1.1 ._;~1.. .. .. .. ..
~I ~.rJI _)2.;JI ~J ~ << ~ WJIn LA...w-- ..:.j~I __,:JI 4..k..i:..lI y
1.... y·n«;;1
L.a.>JIJ 4..;.A.:.l • ~ .)''1L ~ ._jl5. . ;;_, I.:.: I....
c..$"""' -.1 . . J J . . y .j""-' c..$"""'
.1 -1 • c..T' , ........o.; J..L.a..J I (C. 1)
.1• c..T' ,........o.;J..L.a..JI :..) ,fo)JL..L,?~...,..;l:JIL-~c)(C.V)
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, p. 468. (C.A)
Ihsan Yilmaz, «Secular Law and the Emergence of Unofficial Turkish Islamic Law,» (C. C.)
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Mardin, <<Religion and Secularism in Turkey,» p. 213. ( • •)
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Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, p. 468. ( . )

339. 4.!..i:J ~ ~I ~1) _ ~_rll ~_,.AJI ~_;-. _ ~l5~ 0i ~ ~)I
L~l _rU ~ ~WJI ..:;.,..;..JL,o~ 0i 'lll -~.)JI OJ~_,~_r.JI
~; Gi)) :~_,A: ~~.:.k...ol ~4 ~ ~l5~ 0l5 k5 y·n~l 1-4-
oJ~ ,:_;.-o ~_;_, ~').....~I :i...o11 ,:_;.-o ~_;_, 0"_r-ll ~_,..U ~l_;i ,:_;.-o
.<' ·0
11~_}JI
,..:;.,~_,_:jl dl ~ l..u_,.., ~ ~l5~ J...;...j l;?..U ..:..j_,JI _).J
~ _r.JI 4.!U;JI_, i~~I ~ J~~ ~Ipi dl 0LJ1 lh _j ~.>-~_,
C~LJI -l>-i ?'JI ~WI ~ 0_,.}WJI ~ •or~ oJL..a.>JI_,
oL>JI _j U..l.SJI ~ · ..0 _j ~.;_ ~ ~ ·II• !...:> .) ....r.. !...:> • 1...5""'
. . .<' •o)ll~~')!
~kh.JJ ~ ~~ ~_,.5 ~~_,.A-!~ 0~WJI 0l...;...., W
ifLJ ~ iJ......~ ~lA ~ ..::..L..~ t¥~1 I_,J~ r-l-' ,d..,.jWI
o~~l_, ~JWI_, ~_rJI J~'JI yvo ~i if ~i J. -~ ~_;.;:.ll
• · t-i · ~ L11 · .<' ·>)liwL,.a_lll w ·II 4_!U;_ II~ u: .r" ~ ~ J • ~ • • r L>'·
iJ......~I 0~ l;?~l:.i .;JI ~l5~ J~i ~ .:.r...UI 4..,ol.>. , ~_,All ~
LS..l>-1 Jjj:.l ..~ :~ ~ L ~~~ lyl5 ~_,..;..:JI_, ~_,.AJI_,
lh ~ ,.~ ~i il>- _) (_f_rll ~) ~) ~_,.AJI ..::..~
w ·II w ~~~ 1.:.·- · t.,a.,i 0 · 1~1 1.:.·- ~ _<' ·v) • - ··II. r . ..Y'-' J _,_....... ,y- . y: J _,_....... --' ~
l.., dl ~~ .:..li_;">U ~..l::- J...oi ~~l ~.)~ JJG- ~ '~J5]1
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340. A• • _ ''~• •) ~y_r-11 ~_rU ~,k I/ J_rb~~ .j ~}....w~ ~
.!JI;i ~i ~ (~JWI j;9 '' • • _ I • •) ~J (~JWI j;9
~..U 0Jj-!J o)jJJ :UJW ~Wl 0~ , ili 1.......l. ~ ~J
.;JJ..U 0~ ~ i")L..,~ ~~ 0 ~")L..,~ ~_,..;;JJ ..:;.,L....,_rjJ
..,i lyli ,~")L...~ ~~')! ..:;.,1.,12·.,U ~kSJ ...J~1 _}11 ..,i
JJU.~ ~ 0y u U~ ~~ ' ~" o ~y I._;,1.::.J1 er:._r:..; r ·
~ ")L...~ J_,.k.ll l~i ~ _?.1: .;JI 1..;J)J ..:;.,~ ~J ..;.,LA l.i.J
·~ -*1 u~l -s...L>l Jy- 0AJ '9.ro t~Jx 0~J ill ~L........i
:L:...-.J '-r" J..5 -s..U ~..U '-:-'W~ i~ 0yWI ~~ L...S
~l:JIJ ~J ~J ~J --4~J ~JJ..UJ ~ a;..i ,:y , ~_,.LJJ
_;-:? ~..ll ~WI ~ ~ -,?lll r 1 _<' •A)~J ~J _r.:-4 1J
..,i ~..~_, ~y IY"-:-"'i ~.lJ ~L....J ..,i W~ ..l>- LA ..,i ~yj
W'.;la a• ~ ~ -~ uyl..; .-.::....;~~ ~~.._, o)~~ 0~ 4..JJ..Ll
~~~ .;JI uL.....~ oh ~ ~ ..rJL...l '-:-'lk.>- .)l ~l;.. ..,i JL..S
: o~lA..>J ~_ra-J Jl ~ ·~..b- ..G...::..... '~~ (.;>' ~~J '0J~
l;._., ~ ..; ~~ D_j~ Jyi; l:?j.J ~~')U ~~ ~J rY' '-:-'_,>-i
~ ~ c;)_,a_,...JJ u~J ~ ~~1 J~ LJ h
0~ ~i ~J..u 0_,.;1...~.: J~J ~~ L::S; ~ ._; •01~1
c;~LJ ~i ._y>-T Ji ~ ~_y J')l;... ,:y ~~WIJ ~~~ ~j ) ~1JJ
..:5; ~J~ 0i ~~ 1_,5J.J.Jj ~ '~L.u...:::- ~1j ~i ~ 0i ~
.~~~ c;_,;.-~IJ ~l::JJ ~JJ..UJ t~l ~) 0~ 0i ~ ')!
.<' ·O.)o)....2.>J ~_). y (tarikat) ~yl9J :i.A£.....1 ;511 ~_,k.Jlj
, UkSJ ..:;.,~ ~i ( _ I) ~ ) JJ~ JYl>- ,:y ~
. ~I Is. L ~J_,:-...U ~l....>J~ ~ ~ Jfl ')! .;JIJ
Daver, Tiirkiye Cumhuriyetinde Layiklik, p. 160. : _)2;1 .WV ~ J 0_,;WI ( •A)
Berkes, The Development ofSecularism in Turkey, pp. 410-411. : ~~1_, ~_; ( • ')

341. ~WI ~~~ ~l-:1 ~ ~ 'lJ ... ~~ J~J C:: •o..l;~ 4..9~
JL~I 0~ _r4 ~Jlk;IJ ... 0-)1 J>- ..uL.; ~Y. ~l ~ l:?jjl
.<" ·),,~~ ~i ~ l:?.UI ~ ljj ~~JAJI i.12.:JI ~ y.
('- i) ~)1 JJ41
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IO.n -,?_,.....:_,...ll <)..Ill 0yl4ll )}!
'rA ~').]1~~'11)}1
0.1 ~JJJII ~wl )}1
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0."t (..!~__, ~__, l:?..J.:ji j:..o) ~ '-:"'wi ii.G..:....I ~_).
0."t C•l(v,t_,JI"$) ~.J.ll ...,-!Y11 ,l..c;) ~_).
O.io ~.r.--i ah i Y- .A>-II i Y- )}!
.h..<.; J..>.~1? .ii_,..JI <..T"l:-L ~...c.) <...,o..>. ..:..bl.!J! ~WJI ..::..l>-')1...,~1 ~ r-1 (i:~)
..::.....~I ~y ..:;.,Jjs. ~j; .Ji w y...ll JY '11 ,y 0l5 . . . ~1_,.11 _d. ..:..l.lr.-~I ~
Niyazi Berkes, The Development of: _);.;I .11 • • • ..::..~ ~ ,J-">.J 4...WI ..:..L:-···.L~I J~
Secularism in Turkey (New York: Routledge, 1998), p. 474.
. Vt ~ J •~WI , C. Ar is. c.) J~L.aJI -f_,:.]I J_,.:........l.ll :J~l
Nur Yalman, «Some Observations on Secularism in Islam: The Cultural Revolution ( •)
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342. o..LY J_H--1; ~1 ~I ..l..u) 0yu JJJ.....p l>~i ..GI~ iWI ..t .~.:l~I
- • .,,..-, (lll)c 'I' r" c •tl·•l'·-1 lr I I ·I"-:~ ...::.....,LA3 ~ 11
~ '-:JJJ .:1 /Jll ~ u J~ ~ w~~
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1:.- II . . c" n ',.- 'I . I I •. ,''. •<"-'1 I.
if~ ~ . (y:.f'~ ~ i ~. l>.r:- ...l.il.9 '<.,;..AJ,:l l.r" _;..., ) ) u.
0i :11 'i~ ~ wl>-YL.o~l ...W. 4....0)...... .!}~ ...:.....;l5 -~1 0yl9 JJ.L.o
~ly J~l ~ ..W ~WJ~I oh ~ ~ lftJJ.:l w~i J~'JII rSL>...,
.iWI ilk:.ll ~ 0yl9 ~r-: c"nu-:..J--T 1" • i1~1J ~ vo ••
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.Y'J- <.,?.r-".)":(1._.i5l>- ~ ~y ,J~I ~ ~ .o_,;....JI oh 0~1
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0LftL.;y ~ 0~J ~J_,.:JI ~ 0lo)1 ~~ ,:y J5 ~_r:, W
~___.jl ~4:11 wl5 _r-JI o.:ll;.i ~ 1..~ 01illl WJ ,~WIJ ~
~L...J ~J_,.:JI 0 ..W ~ ~~~~ ,:y ~')WI l.ftJJ~ -:.-:.i.::- ~IJ
i_,..l.JIJ ~JL,~I o~l ~ .:ly~l J-91pl ~ lr'.r.-:. -.f J_,.:JI
·- 1- .• L..JI I~' It • -·11 - .•1 . (0 • . ' 'I
~...r--: ~ • u L.-..Q....U ~~ ~ "'-' ~ '-:1 ' ~ ...L:>..J
[~~]) 0~1 ~ ill~ ~_yill :.J_,j ~ lh ~) •.ul)l
~ ~J ~ ~ (>L~I ..:.,~n :4J~ .....;w,i .c"o)rr'-:-'l;.>11
~ ~A~ '-:1 .~IJ o..r~·-':JIJ o.:l~IJ J')G-11 ~~I
Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History, p. 173. (I I I)
Houchang Chehabi, «Dress Codes for Men in Turkey and in Iran,» in: Touraj (I I ~)
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Zurcher, Ibid., p. 173. (I li)
Zeynep Akbulut Kuru and Ahmet T. Kuru, «A Political Interpretation of Islam: ( t)
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p. 368.

343. r 11 lh !J_r:, L r-~ I..Ll ~ ~L::--JI i.?"I_,..:JJ .k..O ~I ~ ..l>-13
0T;J1 o>-1} ~ ~l::->- 0~G_,.; c..Y'"'? :_y>-T ~ ~ .<"'>((i~
0~1 ..uw wL>- ~~ .J.r"11 l.r" L=-"'i L?..U13 •~_r-11 ~L:
.o~yll ~)I ~~rl ~i Jy ~')UI ~~rl
~.J~ _j ~.J~Li13 ~~ J}JI ~I ·~ o~_,.ll ~3
~i lo...L:>- ~i 'i1 'lj'""3)1 ~.)..dl 41~ ~133 .l.r" 41~
oh ,- ·51 ,Q,O• i~ ~ '-;-'l_j->-fl o~.L..:...o ~~~~ .U3~ l;S~
.i:. ; L 3i :.,. ~ ~J.J ~ JL.,~I ..:;.,~~I
~~ J> iJL..~~ ~~~ ...L:>- r 11 --..J~ ~ •l>?i ~G J'
~ ~ (>......~I ~ ..:;.,l>")l..o1 J.>.~1 0_r.:Jl-SJI J3L> ~ •iWI
~3 :.ro l?" Jl...1 c~r-i ~~1 ~ ~)I ~ ..w ~ L?~_; ~
l3~l ,!J~I ~~ l..i.ft 0_r.JL...SJI & ~ /"v)~WI r'~
iJ.....,~1 c")l..o1 ~ 0i I'~ a·~ (}p ~U.~ u~l_r-....1 ~r
~ ~3..UI o~ ~_)3 ~~~ ~.Y' J'YG- J' ~ 'i3 :t.;.~·-u...W
~ ,..J.JI ~1 .; ~ -IL, ·~I · ~--· . I _<'A) JL.,'il ...:11- . . .J .r:---- . ? ~ ~ I '-:?" " r:--
~.j.r. ~.) ~ ..::..-:=S -~..l..a-ll l..i.ft -i ·~ ~3 t.r~ c~~~
c~1 Jy- l..r.__,A; Q,''A i~ J> _,.;,y:./01..r.:r ~ -i )3.r.~ ~~~
..l.Y Li.-JI ~3 C" •oJ....aJI3 0I~rI ~_r..j Iy>-_?I ..l.Aj L.~L.....JI
& -- u'i b..... .<"o.)..l>-L.JI · W........ ·-II u'i~l U. 1-i ~I..r 3 3 . -.1 __ .r-- 3 -.Y"""' •.
Bediiizzaman Said Nursi, Divan-i Harbi Orfi in Risale-i Nur Kiilliyati (Istanbul: Nesil, (I)
1996).
Yasin Aktay, Tiirk Dininin Sosyolojik lmkani (Istanbul: Ileti~im, 1999); Yesim Arat, ( V)
«Boundaries of the Nation-State and the Lure of the Islamic Community in Turkey,» in: Joel S.
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Council for Government Policy, The European Union, Turkey and Islam (Amsterdam: Amsterdam
University Press, 2004), p. 101.
Ahmet Arslan, <<Tiirk Laikligi ve Gelecegi Ozerine Bazi Dii~iinceler,» Liberal ( A)
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Muhammad Rashid Feroze, Islam and :_);..;I , __,.:pi ~ ;;,_,_~'il ~_rJJ ( Q,)
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344. ~
oh (.r4 ~) J>- .~i 0i ~ ~ ~J o~ ~.5 ..:.,I_,L.a-ll
. ~
~~J , 01~'11 4_r; y; ~ ~ -.,?JJI ~_,JI clfl'lJ , ..:.,l>_?'11
~; l:?JJI ~_r-.:11 e ~J • '~r.,. i~ .) _;;JI 01~1~ ~~ i~
01~11 I - ~: • 'w -'I ~L., W.....:,11 4..>.__;j I~ IL::J WI .u::--- r-> ....)""-' . . ~ '-?' i ~
_<'"~'·),~o· i~ ~ JWI lh ..)s- jJ;J •0ylill ~~ ~_r.ll
- .G~ ~l5J !Jy.jJ '-:"'_,..i.o ~~ YJ- l:?.ji ~J dl.9 JJ~J
~J .j d.)w:JI ::Wn :J~ ~JL.o':il ~~I oh o~ o~ ..}
~ :i.J~I ..:.-;Ji ..u.; ~ ~L.Jj ~ ~~ c":>L.ol :s.r- r 11
..?.~ !..IJ_,..;~i )~~ w ... ..:.,~~ ..~~ ~JL,':il ..:.,L,_r-l'll
01~11 ~ _J_r.JI L-UJI ..~l (.r4 i..~ o~~l 0l5) ~ ..:.,l>-'JL.ol
.)l ~ 0i 0~ ~ (.r4 .Gi ~ -~1 lh J>- .("1')(oJl,a.JIJ
.< 1
"~'"~')4..) ..lJ . ')L.,').) 1....,;. l.:i 1,... 4.....;L.J..,.ll :Ww:J .
J ~i -~~~- . ~
-s...~..>l ~J~~ 4...4-JI -:r...lll ~U;Y. ~~J~ ~ 0_r.Jw:JI 0.5 ..W
(n'') .< "tl <""t I - • • ";.i. " ' " . ' I , .I
' ~'"r'JJ~ "--::-'~ <-~J ~ _ru •4..> ~ -.::.J_y r../ ...:.,L...........>j.--
t:-!~ <G~ (.rY ~~ -~ v-"~1 .Gi ~ ~...Lll .._;~ -.,?..Uij
. • . - ("fit.
l:?..u1 iJL.':il il~l 0_r.-J~1 ~I) , 1.u ~ u~l . ~
lyu ~J -~~ ~i ~~':i obls ..:.,l>':>L.o':il ~ ~?.i
<u--S~YJJ11 ~~ ~) ~~ Q11 ~ ..:.,l!.AJI ~ J5 ~~~
4.....,~ (_;,A (~1_?11 J~l ~ ~) ~_; ~ J/' (_;,A ~J~J
4..:.1~ ~.rU ;;-; ..W •.;> 0~ )>. .("l'o)~) d..;~ J..,....;>._j
Daver, Tiirkiye Cumhuriyetinde Layiklik, pp. 168-I74.
Falih Rifki Atay, uankaya (Istanbul: Bates, 1980).
( " .)
( "~')
Zana <;::itak-Aytiirk, «Lalcite et nationalisme: pour une comparaison entre Ia ("I' "I')
Turquie et Ia France,» dans: Jean Bauberot and Michel Wieviorka, eds., Les Entretiens d 'Auxerre:
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Robert F. Spencer, «Culture :_,h.;I '...,.Jl5~J JW ~ ~ r-'45.JJ~ )~ ( H')
Process and Intellectual Current: Durkheim and Atatiirk,» American Anthropologist, vol. 60, no. 4
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Daniel L. Pals, Seven Theories of Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, ("I' i)
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345. (.;---." l "II J..r.-' JJ...>- ,y , iJL...,~ ~WJ 01jyJ o~~ -,? ~_r-ll
0Y-.'l~ 0_,..:-.bly ~i ~ ,(.'li_?JIJ !.ll_;11 ,y Js ~ (.;---) ..-•4)
J.'ll; ~ 01j} o..u.~ ,-· .. a~ k5 .ul)ji ~i ~ 0--~ .. 11 .d-J
~~YJJi ~ 0~ ''" L?.; ...::.J.....) ~ -0~.,)1 e 0~1
~ 0~_,)I Jl (00Lo _?JIJ ~_r.ll 0y~ lyl5 -:r-lll ...±JJi ~~)
~i ~ _,...k-:jl ~ ~~ ~ u..Ji ~)~ ~1~'1
~ ~kl.JI ~_r.JI .iJJ..UI d.....~ _j lS?i :UJ~ ~ .c'n)~_rJI
ylbJ • '0. U i~J '0. i '' i~ ~ o_rAJI _j oJ_;.JI ~ ~__r.b ~) _j
~ ~ WJ~I ~l_r-0-JI ~-,? ~? o.'l~j ~llS~i ~
L~ (HV)L::S; -.i 0--~ .,II~ ~I) _;si lyl5 -:r-lll r'J '0--~ .,II
.J>-..lll ~~ ~
~WI <.,?J~I ~I"':-'?~~ r-1 •lS__..>i ~~ ~
~uylJ ~~ ~ ~ .0~.'l11 ..ljl ~~ ~ (('-?_,.bl llll
;;j_jl....,11 ~ ~~ ~ w .'0. ''0 i~ -) ~L;L..9 ~i ) ~~I
~ ...::.....j.5 -;JI )J..ll ~J • 'o.rr i~ -) 0_,.;...J1 ).'l .:r 0-... 1. ~~J
_j ~_r.ll _;L:JI .'l~'11 J:,_; w .('!'A)J~l ~~ ~ 0i d.;J
j.> ''-?J~I ~~ ":-':r o.'l~ ,y ~ ~ ~~ , 'o.ro i~
•~ iWI _j ~ _r.JI ~yWI ..;..;L....._;.....II J');.l ~~ Jl . . . ~
-.) ;;__,L:JI 4.5_rJI -.) 0-:jJ~ 0~11 ,y _r:=s -.) V.j~i 0l5 ~IJ
· _nr"-)((~1 .'l~l ..Wl ~ w- ·0_;}1 ~~~ L ~;
L~) (' 0.vr - 'AA 0 _,_;_,..:..d '- " a c e:-:-oi •lS_r>-i ~ '-r"
«The Survey ofMilliyet and :_):WI .L::-5y-> .JLS:....... 0-' ~I~ o ~1y511 'L:JL>- ~
Kanda,» Milliyet, 21/3/2007, and Mustafa Akyol, Kurt Sorununu Yeniden Diisiinmek (Istanbul:
Dogan Kitap, 2006), p. 184.
Ziircher and Linden, «Searching for the Fault-Line,» p. 143. ('")
Leyla Neyzi, «Remembering to Forget: Sabbateanism, National Identity, and ( '!'V)
Subjectivity in Turkey,» Comparative Study of Society and History, vol. 44, no. 1 (2002), p. 146,
and Ali Tuna Kuyucu, «Ethno-Religious «Unmixing» of Turkey: 6-7 September Riots as a Case
in Turkish Nationalism,» Nations and Nationalism, vol. 2, no. 3 (2005), p. 371.
Ziircher, Turkey: A Modern History, pp. 180-181. ('!'A)
. A • ...r' , ..........;; _;..l...a.<JI ('!'a.)
r~v

346. ~WI '-:"'~1 '-:"'wi ~·'~fA~~ --i ~JyGi ;;jJ ~ ~JYJ
~~ _t ~ • •
o~~ L;?..ul ((_r<-'1 r--lWill :.ro I;.~~ 01 y__,..j ~ ,~l!JI
J~ ~ _,..;~1 2' L;?JJI r11 J-"'J -~r11 ;;~I ...:;.;~~_,JI
. -II •'I h:. . ('I"·> I "'I tt·.
L;?J~ ~ '-:"'r- u ~ --I . '-:"' r- l ~.M.:..o ~..~.;::- iu:L>
_) ...:;.;r. '-:"'If-11 ;;~::U.::.... ...:;.;l,;l>..;;_;l JJi _) ~"').:; ~ ~I _)
~rJI ~ W .((L;?__,-JI ::WIJ c_~l ~_,_..din i~ '~i 1 i~
Jy-- :i ;,_.;· ;_j..~.;:- ...:;.;l:,j.:...o Jl::..ll iWI _) L;?J~I '-:"'~ iWI
·0..lll ~I
Jj.>-ll : ~~ (;i,_,jWI) ~LJ..JI ~_rU ~ 0y.S'J~I J-A-il
-r...lll ~..,NJ , ((~ L;?..UI r-1WIJ , 4JJ..lll 0J~ (f- ~..lll .J~11
'-:"'? -Jl ~~ ~W_r.ll ~ 0i ~l ,<,n>((~ 4.1Ll) ~i ~
;:s1 i")L..~I ~ 4...-..y ~i ~y>;"J i~ 1J~ 1 L;?J~I ~I
t~ L?jj1 ..::.....;~~ w..;~ ~~Li:.;l 0..:::- -Jl '0-")I 0-" ~ 0-"
Jlk.;J ~lS ~LA J~L,a._.J L;?)~i JJ..i.;:.....,l L;?i 0J~ 0-" yiJ11 ;.IJJ
...:;.;bLQ;.;~I JJ.>. 0~W_r.ll ;.~_;;. J.S'i .(n>w11 ~J~ ~ ~
: 0i
-0~1 ~ ~ .., J_,A; J~ 0~ L:?;-) ~I­
·0J.ll ~~ ~ .., -) ~~~)
._;..UI t"""l.r ~ lj~ W11 Lr" ~ ... 0J~ ~ ~J_;.ll -
;;J..>WJI ...::.;~~}1 -) J~l ~ ~) ~__,.AJI ~IA..lll ~I _
.<''"'"s · · ·lj ... · · .ill W'Yv> ;s·i (~ 11. .r --1 t' r (/' r...r.. . ..r
'-:"'lj->-11 u~ ~ ~~i L;?..UI ~_,JI '-r" ~_,JI ~J
Resat Kasaba, «Populism and Democracy in Turkey: 1946-1961 ,» in: Resat ('I" •)
Kasaba, Ellis Goldberg, and Joel S. Migdal, eds., Rules and Rights in the Middle East: Democracy,
Law, and Society (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993), pp. 50-51.
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi [CHP], Yedinci Kurultay Tutanagi (Ankara: C.H.P., 1948), ('I")
p. 448.
. tov_, to-UA <..1"' ,~ _;..l..a...ll ('')
.tov_, too do-to• <..1"' ,~ _;..l..a...ll ('1"'1")
iiA

347. ~I 0-"' d :11 ,..;:.;bU;_;:JI oh o~ ~I ~ ._) oyb_ "II
uL.~I o.L. 0~ -~i l,?J~I ~I ~? .,.~i .Ji Jlttl
.(n).J..:...l.!.ll ~)d~
l,?J~I ~I ~? ~~ -~I~..JI ~_j.:>JI ~.:::- .y o.J..:~
:1 JWI ~ ~ ~.J .4........:.-JI ~ ..::..>1~1 ~ .,.l_rd -.)l
~~ ..:...;LS ~I -s-11 ..::..>~1 ii..G..:;.....~ (.~ c_l-JI ~I
V"")~ .:r5L.i c_b~ O.tO. it>. ,j ~~I ~j w- .4..l_J..JI ~
c;_r:...>- ~l ~~ (.;--" ~..u c_.JI_r:..; uiJ.J.:l ..l.k.J .,.~I.J ~11
l.tl· . .tl . . I 1: •. WI . <wo) ·i_ L,?Wuy :..r....J.J ~ ~ yr:_. i" -~ i -,I.J · k
~.:::- -.)l -~_,.k 0-".J L lSJ~I ~I ~? ._) ._,....L._:...... Y.J
~j w- ·"IJ.JyLJ ~J- i;L~1 ,j.J 4~~~ i#i J ~~ ~i
ui~.J ,c;_riji ~.:::- ~ ..~..:->_,..:..ll ~ ~ ~ L?l::JL.;~ ~~
J>- .<'n)~l~:11 V"")J....JI ,j L,?J~:11 0..J1 ~I ~L;.., JL>;,k
..;:.;...J.>...ll oh J.k (./' ~~ l,?J~I ~I ~j:>- '--;--"'~ ~ '~i
Jl ~~ I.L. lS~.J .~1 ~lk.....l ~~~ ~ ili ~~.J c;~l
j_rc-:. ~ L,?..UI ~_,.ll ,j .~ ~I ~jWI ~w.JI ~_,.ly...l:11
.:.r ;.si 0. 0. it>. ..::..>.r:- ~I ..::..>~~:11 ,j l,?J~I ~I ~j:>-
~ jj ~I~..JI ~j>JI .Ji ~ ,j ,..;:.;l_,...o11 .y ~I ,j iO.
.r-5W1 ~_j.:>JI ~ ~I ~II '-:f'.J ,..::..>l_,...o11 .y ~I ,j oi
~J~I 0Js.l t-J.J 0-" c;J..::.......JI ,c;_r.JI ~ ,J_,AJI ~ ,j.J
0. 'l'i) ~ ~ i~ .J_,s:::J ~l...W~ k>-1 L,?..UI l,?J_,:.......JI ~..G..:.) I r._?-.J
~ <./" '<..:....... .:.r..?J t::' J')..>. ~ ':?i rJ' ~ ':?i ~ .r.--; r-1 '._;.;i <.} (0
Ahmad, The Making ofModern Turkey, p. 92. :)".;I , -,?.J~I ~I ~:,> ~ o_?
Istar B. Tarhanli, Miisliiman Toplum,«Laih» Devlet: Tiirkiye 'de Diyanetlsleri ( o)
BaJkanligi (Istanbul: AFA, 1993).
Fazlur Rahman, Islam and Modernity: Transformation ofan Intellectual Tradition ( ')
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(1999), and Frey, «Education: Turkey,» pp. 222-223.

348. .L:5j ~ ~jWI ~kWI ~I J1 ~~ ~k....l>- ~~ ,(' 1iV-
..UI ·k:..JI --11· ·1 · -~~o-:I..:.L..j~L5W
'-? "-!" ~ ~ ~ ) ~ . . ..r-""'
~I -4>-J .~1 04-}_,.;-4rl LS..l>-1 :i,_.,jWI ~LJ..JI ~ ~l5
.~1 04-}_,.;--411 LS..l>-1 ~kWI d.; ~ ~1 r_?lll r_?.J~I
·('"+" ~:YJ if"}_,.;-41 )1 ~WI 4..l>-rJI o-4J 0l5 ·~ ~
#
: ~I .;L..:a.ilJ .;1.-:JI .;L..:a.il : ~t>-
toj.J-1 .:.A...,L:-JI J Jl~~IJ
~I~..DI ~)-I r- o_? .l:..o
(~A·_ ~o·) ~/J~I '1' ~'.>ZI t_)J d->J
i~ ~ ~Wy-:-11 0~l>...::..;')'l ~ oj_,.! ~I~..Lll '-:-'_r-.JI J-i>-
J.A,>- .;;,_.,~ ~ .>-ljj_,ll ~~.) ~j.....:...4 0..;..u:. ~j ~1) '- '10.
o_? J ':>l> 0?. -rJI o l.5 l.Sy>-rI 0l: L.:>...::..; ')' I ~ o.JL,a..::..; I '-:-'_j->--1 I
.01_,.:.......? o-4-J "I.Jj}l ~.J ~ ~ ,..r··u...l:..o ~J <-0~1
~j> 0l5 ..w -~~~'J'I ~l:...ll ,:yo ~~~..UI '-:-'~ ~ Lo~
.~'J'J..Lll ~ ei..J...: r_?.J~~ ~~ '-:-'j> 0l.5 ~ ~ .t;.JI_r.)
~L..L.JI ~ I+ .; ·! L>..:..; 01 ~~~..Lll '-:-'_j->--11 ~ ~ -.:.JJ~
~.rJI J~ t:_,::.l 0.....~l ~ <GI~ ..:;...;}I ~ 0~IJ , ;;,_., jWI
~I <GI~ iWI ~ 0W_,)1 ~ _)oi~J..ll '-:-'j><-11 ~L.;J _nr-v)~J..ll
01)-~.>J ~1 01 ~~ .~_r..1 ;;,.;JJ~ 01~11 }2.-> e r. 0~..; ~~
J1 ~I p Y' .J_,..;JI ~ ~~ <-01~rl .) ~.::... ~_rJIJ 15-_r.JI
~~~..Lll '-:-'_r-.JI 0L.l_:-... ,- · ~ ,a> W ~(iA)~_rJ-~ 01~rl- o>-1__..9
U"')-4-JI ~ J1 r_?.J~'J'I 0J..ll ~I J.>.~1 o~~1 lr...ll.J o~r.JI
~~ J1 ,..~IJ Wrl U"')..~_., ~ 4.....J..~_., o? ~ ~J .~WI
<.0L.~I o4J ~ .(1"')~~1 ~~~';il .,i ~..U C:"'l_r...1 ~
Kasaba, <<Populism and Democracy in Turkey: 1946-1961 ,» p. 54.
Daver, Tiirkiye Cumhuriyetinde Layiklik, p. 173.
Kaplan, Tiirkiye'de Milli Egitim ldeolojisi, p. 224.
io •
( 'l"V)
('fA)
( 'l"')

349. . (irtica) ~)I ~ J>- ~IA...UI ~j>JJ ~.u; 0_,.)WJI ~.J
rv . ._,JU;I ~ 1~1 • -II l:.W j ' . T ...w.....o I r.
-.~. ~'-?' ~. ( " ? " ~
~I~.UI ~~I~ ~J.J~ l_,.w-i.J ,,11• ,~ ~ Y-~1)-.:.i
l_y..9 W -~jJl:JI -.IJj)l ~ ..~i ,:_ro ~I.J ~J...L:A l_y~i.J
0--" o • • ·.J t~~ t~w.J ~~~ r1 · ~i 0--" n·o ~~
c;J..;L...i 0--" i~L:.....J HV ~~I er>- ~ ·~_r>-':JI ~~I
I~ • l . . 11 I' "'I .•. 1 (If•). WIo~u ~ ~..l.s- ~J u. '.J...;>...J ..U> ~ r) ~ r . <Ut....4 •
~ I.J..u.; ~i 'jl , <
1
t ',.AJ~ 01~'1 4_;:.; ~ -,r"l:--JI ~I
~~ t_~l ..~i ~ U~l o.lJ. ~ ~~~ ~ c;~
'("~ J.Jr ~ ·*~ ~ r.S.J-" ..;:..~ ~ ~ ''-?~1
UI..WI ~f> :._ro Js JD.J .~If>'1 ~...uu ("Lk.; ~1 L::-5_,.j ..::.>~l..?
~ ~J...L:A .U_; r.s..UI 0l_r.JI -.k~~ 0~ -.IJj_,JI ~J ~j.J
" "
~I ~I ~..U~ ~ L. _; 4...,.:.1.>- ,..;:..~1 ,:_ro -.jl!..ll w....a:JI
-.ljl 4.-J')G ..;:..l...~ ~~I.J ..::.>l:~'jl ~ ~~I ou'j r.s..UI
J ,,. 1 ' ·'I • "'I 1 1 ·1 • · · <ltn" ·'I.JI.::>- ..~ .J w) r..)"'J ..l.o ,:_r ~Js. ~ Y. ~ ~ -I . ~..u
L.>-I.J u.~..~.s- ~ ! -.IJj)l ~ -.k~~ ~UJ ,:.r- d.J'1 0_r:.AJI
( fr) •
. '1 I 1 ("~ J d_....J..l.o ~.J
~~I WJWI J~i ~ ~ i~ ,..;:..~1 ·.;a··· J•.••·u
~~ ~f> J~l ~ ~ 4-:-.o.J) (.:r::·U~ ~ l:S_,.j ~
Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History, p. 243.
Serif Mardin, «Turkey: Islam and Westernization,» in: Carlo Caldarola, ed., ( i )
Religions and Societies: Asia and the Middle East (Berlin: Mouton, 1982), p. 184.
~l '-:"j>3 '-.JL.wl '-:"j> .~i Cr' .:.>W.r.ll J~J .:r-: ...:.;)~ c;:JI ...:.;L..:.L.i:.....lJ ( i '1')
Tiirkiye Biiyiik Millet Meclisi [T.B.M.M]: Millet :_)a;I , ~~_,.<]I <J".JJ.JJ3 ...:..;l_;~ J_,.. l.SJ~
Meclisi Tutanak Dergisi, Vol. 39, Domem I, Top/anti 4 (Ankara: T.B.M.M. Matbaasi, 1965),
pp. 590-595, and Millet Meclisi Tutanak Dergisi, Vol. 41, Donem I, Top/anti 4 (Ankara: T.B.M.M.
Matbaasi, 1965), pp. 352-353.
Hakan M. Yavuz, Islamic Political Identity in Turkey (Oxford: Oxford University ( H')
Press, 2003), p. 123, and Bahattin Aksit, «Islamic Education in Turkey: Medrese Reform in Late
Ottoman Times and Imam-Hatip Schools in the Republic,» in: Richard Tapper, ed., Islam in
Modern Turkey: Religion, Politics and Literature in a Secular State (New York: I. B. Tauris, 1991),
p. 146.
io'

350. UI..WI '-:'T- <JY <l.V• ~~ ~ ~-'";"l::-JI ~~')L..~I ~I
(Milli Nizam) ~~ ~ r--""1 ~ J11i.J _ ~~) o.:l~ ~j>- l_,.........,i.J
~~) ~l5 ..W , ~JWI 4......~1 ~~ 0-" .(-;1_,JI i.k.JI '-:'j>-) ~.J
.~I J.J..UI t: ;;.A):..J .;_,l;~ ~ l;l Jl c..r-:..J '-:'/D ~~.:lko
4......41 ~ ~l::.......i Y.J - ~L.s:.) ~ ·~.:ll..,a_:;j'lll ~UI (f
/)~T ,.,- Y.. .j ..3i 'lll -~1 ~~ J~ :r..jN Jl- ~~~
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Yavuz, Ibid., p. 125, and Binnaz Toprak, Islam and Political Development in Turkey ( t t)
(Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, 1981), pp. 96-121.

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Ali Fuat Ba~gil , Din ve Laiklik (Istanbul: Yagmur, 1977), p. 149. ( t 0)

352. ~
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Vahap Co~kun, «Evren'den :~I -~l:-JI ~j)I ~ _;~I.J ~I C.r" 'Ilk e;;~.J
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~~ t.: II~~~~ t...:.::...;:JI;;,;.. .:~ ~ . .. '-t"' (...$' • J . J . l.;-:? ~
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355. .(to.). 'l0JI ~ 1- -~ t:.: · 0~ ol.:>- ~ Ws. I.:.: -
~ ~~ (./" " " J " f""' ~J
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..W~I Jl;.'JI
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i~ ~ -~~~ ~l:JI ..l..l:J ~L.~...::.....::~rl (.;--A J~l ~JL';ll
WJ •.?;-) ~.M y:Si-) ~.u)l ~l.i...: o~)l ~f- j~ • '~~~
.o~IJ J~l
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.)!.;.;..JI .j 11) JUI_, ~1_, ,(.;,;..Ji .j VV .)!.;.;..JI .j iV) 0T;JI_, ,(.;,;..J .j VV .)!.;.;..JI
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0 .hL_] I · WJ~ L....i I r. • WI ..LilI .~I l.l2..:lJ ~
.. ~ rJ ~~ ~ '--:f i ·-
Jr." 4J .;JI ~_r.ll ~I..::..>~ jj.J .~1 ~')....,~I uL...._;..J13
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357. ~ 4.;~ ~ .bl.WI J~ ,.:r •-,r./- u-)J ''-:f"")L.l '-:f""~
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Frey, <<Education: Turkey,» p. 209. ( ov)

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,.)lj_,.l _,....;_y J)l_;. cf_;.ll c/yWI ilk:JI ~ ~ <..j.3J3jl ~I.)! .i..:-...J~ (ot)
Roderick H. Davison, «Environmental and Foreign Contributions: Turkey,» in: Ward :~I
and Rustow, eds., Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, pp. 9I-93.
il

360. · · .r::~ · • Ul · •r::q Jl :i........:JL. ~)1 :W~I ~-I ~ ~ . c.ro .r.:-""' • . . • •
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~1)1 ..;:.,~ ~ LAJJ~ (Jacobanism) '-;-"_,.5l::- l>~~ ~
~J~I -:.J_,..; _jJ •'t!r---)) ~-} ~ ~ .Y"J ~IJ
~WI) ~£11 .;:.,L.).~-~IJ ~I .;:.,L...rJI ~ o)~l ~J_j---4
oh 0i !.J~ 0i 0J~ c.r" '-:-"~I c.r" OJ~ (~kl..JIJ ~IJ r-")1_,
(1·)~~~) ...;.;lyJ .;:_,J~J -~ (_;-0 ~ (_;-0 ~ ~f:<-" ...:...;lS
.l.>-i 0J~ <J" ~~ .;:.,..o.-')l.o~l ~ ~ <J" u-) ~1 LS
.~ ~ ~ d...jWI ~kl..JI ~_,JY-~11
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Jl ~~J '-:-"~ 1 ..~) 0.YL9 <J" k.l. -~ .;:.,L>-')l.ol cr: ~
.~_rJI Wl~ 01;11 ~
Loi -~1 ~ .;:.,l>-')L.o~ oh ~ ~ -~~l,a.:.9~1 ~l:J (_;-0
~1 ~~Li...U ~_, _rbl>....J~ u~ ~l5 ..w -~~~ ~UI
.~ w)...._., (./' ..;:_,_;..,i
~erif Mardin: «The Just and the Unjust,» Daedalus, vol. 120, no. 3 (1991), esp. ( o 0,)
p. 127, and «Islam in Mass Society: Harmony versus Polarization,» in: Metin Heper and Ahmet
Evin, eds., The Politics in the Third Turkish Republic (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1994), pp. 164-165.
~erif Mardin, «Projects as Methodology: Some Thoughts on Modern Turkish ( I • )
Social Science,» in: Sibel Bozdogan and Resat Kasaba, eds., Rethinking Modernity and National
Identity in Turkey (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997), pp. 91-93.
ii''

361. oh ..IJJ ~)I eiJ..ll ~ ~}Y---411 -.:..-il5 , .GI~ ...::....;}I ._,r
u~jL::..1 ~ ~~ 0_;;Jw::..ll j ,..;..~WI ~ -} .ul>':>l.o':il
,JWI ~ ~ .~1 ~~~ ~ 4..-jWI ~w.JI ~~~ (/'
~~ 0yJ1~1 u~l~l JJL> , 'I A· '7'')...i;l ~J '-:"'wi ~
·'-:f'~I __,k.>JI :i..p,-ly ~ ... ~ Jl '":}._._.,':il 1~1
U"'L.J 4J 0LS ~I_;....~I 4......Lll o~ ._;.> , I~ 0-" ~)I ~
.(~~ ~l:..o) ~}y.-4i
~ '1ii ~ ;;_r..JI -} ~jWI ~kh.U ~..UI ~I J.::.ol
U"'j...G ~~ Ji ~J o..L>-IJ ~J..u ~b.~~ L.....~...:...>- ,,1il
.'":}._._.,':iI
~lA-lli Jl J.>.I_,JI '-:"'j>JI ((~_,k.L)) ~u 0-" J~~l ~
~~I ~')l.....':il ~J ~l>....Jij .k......}l ~ ~ l.?..UI-
i..u ·~I ~b L .o~l o~ --~1 Jl- WJ~I u.;_,.., ._;_,.g_,J~
~ ..;..L;')WI ~IJJ ~}y.-411 l;.:y_,.)I ~ ;;~I 0y5J-.4 0_,.)WJI
·l:S'; ~ ~JJIJ ;;JJJJI
~I ~j-> ~ r-1 •u--WI J-..:U-11 ~ L.;~iJ ~ L-5
-~~~~ ..;_,~l.>...:;.jl J':>l> ~ 0W_r.ll ~ ~1~ LY- l_?J~I
~~I ~}Y---4i ~ J-'lpl ..w JJ11 ~~I~ db l>~J
.~1 ~..A:JIJ 4..- jWI
~LJ..JI ~ ..UL.ll _,.Jpl -Jl J--a-AJI ..:.U~ J':>l> ~ L.;~i W
~~ u~ ~I 0_,.5 ~ •L.;J.1..;1 ,y-_; ~ ~~~JJIJ ~jWI
~..WI ~ ..;..L.;')WI ~ _;_,.:..ll I~ ~I ..W ,4..-jWI ~kL...U
u~l ·-:'I . ~ ~.11 ~I 1 ·I;. ...::....-.;I • .(1). ~ -i~ v::-: ~ (.$'. ~ J • ..r.:-:. ~~ J
:J~ _)~I .1.......}1 ~I -.)~~I ~l:-JIJ ~~I
l_?..UI '-:"'~I j~ ~ •;;~ ul.:>...::.;1 <-l..r:-1 ... ~I ~ '~Jin
Umit Cizre, Muktedirlerin Siyaseti: Merkez Sag-Ordu-lslamcilik (Istanbul: Ileti~im, (I)
1999), pp. 63-65, and Gerassimos Karabe1ias, «The Evolution of Civil-Military Relations in
Post-war Turkey, 1980-1995,» Middle Eastern Studies, voL 35, no. 4 (1999), p. 139.
iii

362. c_? -}J ,..:;.,~~'Jf ._L:.;i J ~~ ..:;.,jJW ch u_R ..l9J ,h
, '~Af3 '~A· 3 ,~1o J '~I· il_yi J ~L:-113 .k...w_,.ll ~ o.:ly
_<'W)'I'• •'I'J '~~y -/'~ J 'v-"l>J J..aAJI J r?Y .J"" WJ
Ernest Gellner, «The Turkish Option in Comparative Perspective,» in: Bozdogan ( '1 ~)
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l,?..U '~! JL.S..ll / l,?J"---:JI l.Jl5 ..:..,').!.] uiJ.)..J o-4-J c.T"L..•.'~i •L.a..>~ l.J! ( W)
._} r-SWI ...,..,~ l,?J~ ~I"-:"'? "-;j:>- ,y ~! ~ ..W. W '-:"'')U.;I v-b).~
if~)~, 'W '7'')..0.; ~! c?}~ r-l·J.;~) o)~ ~ r-l.J Wi i~ ._} )')L]
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o)y (:".J r-SWI '-:"'j>JI l,?JL.)I ~l)r-;..UI '-:"'j>JI <~cj:>- if~!~,''' ..::.;L>.;.;1
.0~)

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~ ~ ~~':/13 ~l_r-.....~1 ..:..>y_,LJI ~ ~11 J..:.Lu dl
uL..~I i..Lij -rJI ..:.>~I ~ .;...;~ , ~lJ_, .~WI JS:ji
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~ ~ ul::-:::-_,..ly.::~11 ~i ~ ~..L..:..; ~1,-9 dl~ ~ ~..!...:J.. j:. _, j:. j,:.
~ J~ -rJI 4-_,.ly.--4~ ..:..>LY~1 ~J .~1_)'>J ul}...aj~l
..:.>~WI -:i ~ ui_,A.JI -:iJ l::-LJI ~I -:i ~J ~l.r"
~ _r.Si ~i ~~ 0J-::-""~I 0~WI _)y.:: W....:.S .;.,JU
~ ~ •0_r.lw:JI ~L>. ~ .~L...rJI .,.~_,JI ,:_ro u4-_,.ly.~11
;L .12..9~ "~ J5 J;93- ~_,i -.Y' '-?~ .k.:WJI 0~ , JWI
_;L...~I .,.~ ~ '-?~ .k.:W ~~ ~J ·~_rly.~~
~kWI .}J." 0i ~ .dl~ :_ro ~) ~J .~ ..:.>_rill
~ •0y->-i u4_rly.::~i l?i ~ ,;...jWI ~w...JI _,i ;;_,1 I
•..:..>~_,Jy.::~11 oh 0~ 0_,J...:.l.9 .:l..:J, 0l5 l~l .k...U uL..l::-JI
,:_ro c_...Q.SJ I (.;>' SWJ •~l ~ o~..~.>...<> ~~ ..:.>I)-~-:.>-I 0_,..;~J
.oh ;i.....~ uiJ~ ~ J.o:-i
.b~ '-?ill (~_,..lll ~rJI) _;~ 3..UI ~ '-:"'l:.S:.ll 0~ W
~ If' J~ ;i.....l::-JI ~W, ~ ~_,JJI K>. 0i J>- ~~ ~
J~l 0_,J ;;-· .. l ~i ..W .~_,.AJI ~,a.... U l?J~ ~ L'
~ ~ .)l ~~~I 0_,.AJI •Jl~ ~y:':"" ~ , ~~_,..ll
<<~I ~ ~_,J..lll Jl~ ~ C: ~ ~_, .<')~_,JJ-1 ;i.....,~
~.I J....,1 ..;._, C: ... I) J')l>. . ;;j ...LJ I ~L.; L.....A..; ....A.....::..5 ·.. . J-'J-:: .. ~ (.;-" J '-:?'""" i -.r
oJ..>-Y' ~JJ ~ ~Y' LSJJ JJG.. ,:_ro ~_,..U ..:..>L.~ ....;~~J
t~ r ~,a·: <:::: ~_,..u1 _,..LYu ~ 0i ~~ ,y3 .~_,..w ~
Joel S. Migdal, State in Society: Studying How State and Societies Transform and ( )
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iii

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~ ~ _;kWIJ 0...U -:r.:SI.r-JI 'YS 01 ~1 ,~ ~l..il.>-
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<n - •
. ~~ ~1~J
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'-:"'.>-:11 ~ cr- r- •- ,.S ~y-1~--411 :i · ,. _ g I i~ '-:"'l::-5:J
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~i) -~~ ~~~ ~ J~i -.i ~}y...-411 L .~_,1
'L~i 0J~ ~ 0-"J .~~ o)y L>..r>-i 01-LL: 0-" y_;J~J~
~~ ..l.t.: ''-?"J..WI ~J ~~J~ J':>>- 0-" ~I ~ ~~~
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~J.A.1 ~I ~_,.Jy...-4II Jl~')! (4..,......l:> ~~L>..::.; Ji •~~L,a;.;'l'l
~l.,...1:....J (J_,....JIJ ·~I_,A.IJ 'J_,;.........UI) ~L.....y l: o..-4~ o.J...:>.IY.
:i ·,. -~u -~L..; 0-"J .o~~ <~~~J •r-S"L>....,.JIJ 'V"")wl)
~J 4..-J.4.., ~~ J1 ~ly:; ~1 ~1 d~i w..k,., ..:.......) ~_,.ly...-4II
._;:..> :i·,._g-.11 ~)Y-~11 ~ •L>..r>-i ~L.; l.r"J .<n4-""bl
~_; ~ 0_,.J;..;~I ..:.i.:Jy~l ~ •~.;-") r ~ ·~J~
~~ IJJ~J ,~L,..W 4JJJJI ..l.P ~J.4.., if l::S")" ~ 0.J::A')L~IJ
..L..>l; ~ ')! ~ (~I ~ w..J I) ~ill J-:.L,a..l I ~ w..J I c_~_,..,...JI
.~~ ~j-o
w~l ;;s.rJI :.r .r:- C>LS C>LA;.) ..u~..;_.u 0i -L>-i ~ J-'11 ,~ ..Uij .r.L. J~ <n
Mayer N. Zald, «Ideologically Structured : _,h;l .11~ ~_r; 0 ~-' 4...-IJ_,lJ c?r-;_ C>i J-:.9
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r'IY

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'fVI

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Leonardo A. Villalon, Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and ( V)
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Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of
Predominantly Muslim Countries,» (2005), esp. p. 7, < http:ffwww.uscirf.govfcountriesfglobal/
comparative_constitutions/030820051/Study0305.pdf> (accessed on 13 June 2008), and «The
Religion-State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative
Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Predominantly Muslim Countries,» Georgetown Journal
ofInternational Law, vol. 36, no. 4 (2005), esp. p. 955.
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