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RedaIbrahim19

Ento pathogenic fungi

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﻬﻢ‬ُ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺻﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻮﻗﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ، ً ‫ﺍﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻍ‬ ، ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺈﺩﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ .
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ) Vestergaard et al., 2003 . ( ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬ ً ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻟﺒﺤﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮ‬ 700 ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻵﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮ‬ 90 ً ‫ﺟﻨﺴﺎ‬ ) Roy et al., 2006 ( ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ 170 ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ 12 ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ) de Faria & Wraight, 2007 . (
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ُ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ) Vega et al., 2009 ( ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻵﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ) Lord, 2005 (
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﻏﺸﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺰﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ .
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ : ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰﻭﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻼ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ) ‫ﻫﻴﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻤﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﺑﺎﻟﺴﺖ‬ ( ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻬﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻮﺕ‬ ، ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪ‬ ً ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻃﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ) Roy et al., 2006 (
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ , ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ 1 ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ 2 . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ . 3 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ . 4 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ : ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻴﺔ‬ Ascomycota ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬ Laboulbeniales ‫ﻭ‬ Hypocreales ً ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ) Enkerli & Widmer, 2010 ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ Hypocreales ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﺤﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ) Blackwell, 2009 .( ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ Laboulbeniales ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ً ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ) Roy & Cottrell 2008 . (
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ Entomophthorales ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺠﻴﺔ‬ Zygomycota ‫ﻓﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﺃﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴﺎ‬ ) Tanada & Kaya, 1993 ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ :
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ Chytridiomycetes -: ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ Coelomomyces : ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ C.dodgei ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ C.puncatus ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺵ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻮﺩ‬ . ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﺘﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺛﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﻲ‬ .
‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻄﺮ‬ C.puncatus
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ Oomycetes : ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ Lagenidium giganteum ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻮﻟﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ , ‫ﻧﻮﻓﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ , ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻻﻫﺪﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) A ( ‫ﺍﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) B ( ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) c ( ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) D ( ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) E ( ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻳﺠﻴﺔ‬ Zygomycetes : ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ Amoebidium barasiticum ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻨﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ Entomophthora ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ E.musca ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻡ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ E.aphid ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻨﺲ‬ Entomophthora
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ Ascomycetes : ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ Cordyceps ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ C.militaris ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ . ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﻸ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﻭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ .
‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻨﺲ‬ Cordyceps
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ Deutromycetes : ‫ﺍﺟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻱ‬ 10 _ 7 ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ً ‫ﻫﺸﺎ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ Beauveria ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺒﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻢ‬. ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ‬ Boverin ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ B.bassiana .
‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻨﺲ‬ Beauveria
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Metarhizium ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺎﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ , ‫ﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺎ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﻨﺲ‬ Metarhizium
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ) Entomopathogenic Fungi Database (EPFDB -: Acremonium ، Aphanomycopsis ، Akanthomyces ، Aschersonia ، Ascosphaera ، Aspergillus ، Atkinsiella ، Beauveria ، Bettsia ، Calonectria ، Chrysosporium ، Coelomomyces ، Conidiobolus ، Cordyceps ، Cordycepioides ، Culicinomyces ، Engyodontium ، Entomophaga ، Entomophthora ، Erynia ، Eryniopsis ، Fusarium ، Gibellula ، Hirsutella ، Hymenostilbe ، Hypocrella ، Lagenidium ، Leptolegnia ، Massospora ، Meristacrum(=Tabanomyces) ، Metarhizium ، Myriangium ، Nectria ، Neozygites ، Nomuraea ، Orthomyces ، Paecilomyces ، Paraisaria ، Podonectria ، Polycephalomyces ، Pseudogibellula ، Smittium ، Sorosporella ، Sporodiniella ، Sporothrix ، Stilbella ، Strongwellsea ، Tarichium ، Tetracrium ، Tilachlidiopsis ، Tolypocladium ، Torrubiella ، Verticillium ، Zoophthora
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻻﺻﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ) McCoy et al., 1988 ( ، ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ Entomophthorales ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Entomophthora muscae ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﺟﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻫﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻏﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Beauveria bassiana ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ) Hajek & St. Leger, 1994 (
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ) St. Leger et al., 1992 ( ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﺍﻟﺖ‬ ) 1994 Hajek & St. Leger ( ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ) Bogus et al., 2010 . ( ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ) Charnley, 1989 ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ً ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﻈﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ .
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ) ‫ﻟﻴﺒﺎﺯ‬ ( ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻷﻟﺤﻤﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻮﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺯ‬ ( ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺯ‬ ) Tanada & Kaya, 1993 ( ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ Metarhizium anisopliae ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻜﻚ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ) Goettel et al., 1989 ( ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬ ) Gillespie & Claydon 1989 (
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ : ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻋﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ Phagocytosis ، ‫ﺗﻨﺠﺬﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ) Hajek & Delalibera, 2010 .( ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ،‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻼﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ) Hung et al., 1993 (
ً ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ B. bassiana ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‬ ) Hajek & St. Leger, 1994 ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ) 1993 Hung et al ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ B. bassiana ، ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ). Boucias & Pendland, 1998 (
‫ﻛﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ) Hajek & St. Leger, 1994 ( ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ Camnula pellucida ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Entomophaga grylli ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ً ‫ﺍﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺫﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ‬ Trialeurodes vaporariorum ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻹﻟﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ B. bassiana ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ Tomatine ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬ ً ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍ‬ ً ‫ﺿﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ B. bassiana ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ) Poprawski & Walker, 2000 (
‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻄﺮ‬ B.bassiana ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺍﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ . ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ً ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻗﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ) McCoy et al., 1988 ( ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ) Moore et al., 1992 (
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ) McCoy et al., 1988 ( ، ً ‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻤﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺩﺏ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺑﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ) Samson et al., 1988 (
‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻨﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺴﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ). Hajek & St. Leger, 1994 (
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ) Butt et al., 1992 .( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ) Tanada & Kaya1993 ( ‫ﻭ‬ . ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﺰﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ .
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ B. bassiana ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ). McCoy et al., 1988 (
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ : ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ) Classical Biological control ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ) Eilenberg et al., 2001 . ( ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ) Hajek et al., 2007 ( ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Entomophaga maimaiga ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ Lymantria dispar ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻛﺮ‬ ). Hajek et al., 1996 (
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ Entomophaga maimaiga ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ 20 ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻵﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ، Hypocreales (Ascomycota) ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ M. anisopliae ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ) Bischoff et al., 2009 ( ، ‫ﺗﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Fusarium coccophilum ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ Diaspididae ، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ Entomophthorales ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ E. maimaiga ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺠﺮ‬ Hajek & Delalibera, 2010 ) Lymantria dispar (
‫ﻋﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ Metarhizium anisopliae (Gao et al . ، 2011) . ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ) A ) .‫ﺃﺑﺮﻳﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﻮﻡ‬ ( B ‫ﺍ‬ ( ‫ﻟﻤﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ ) .‫ﺟﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ C ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ( ) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺮﻋﻤﺔ‬ blastospores ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ( ‫ﻓﻲ‬ hemocoel ) .‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ D ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺜﺔ‬ ( ) ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬ E ، ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ .‫ﺃﺑﺮﻳﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﻮﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ .( 5 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ Fusarium coccophilum ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ‬ Neozygites floridana ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺎﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺮ‬ Tetranychus evansi ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ، 90 ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ % ) Sarr et al., 2002 ( ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺪﻯ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Neozygites floridana ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ) Humber et al., 1981 ( ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻠﺤﻆ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺎﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺱ‬ Phytoseiulus longipes ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ) Furtado et al., 2007 ،( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﻻﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻛﺎﺭﻭﺱ‬ . Hajek & Delalibera, 2010 ) T. evansi (
‫ﺍﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﻄﺮ‬ Neozygites floridana ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺎﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺮ‬ Tetranychus evansi
‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻫﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ) Hajek et al., 2007 (
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻼ‬‫ﺑﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺂﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺐ‬
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الفطريات الممرض-سارة.pdf

  • 2. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺴﻬﻢ‬ُ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻻﺻﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻮﻗﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﻴﺮﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬
  • 3. ‫ﺗﺠﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ، ً ‫ﺍﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻍ‬ ، ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺈﺩﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ .
  • 4.
  • 5. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ) Vestergaard et al., 2003 . ( ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‬ ً ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻟﺒﺤﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮ‬ 700 ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻵﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﺮ‬ 90 ً ‫ﺟﻨﺴﺎ‬ ) Roy et al., 2006 ( ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ 170 ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ 12 ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ) de Faria & Wraight, 2007 . (
  • 6. ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ُ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ) Vega et al., 2009 ( ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻵﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻄﺮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ) Lord, 2005 (
  • 7. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻻﻏﺸﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻏﺰﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ .
  • 8. ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ : ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺶ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰﻭﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻼ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ) ‫ﻫﻴﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺮﻋﻤﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﺑﺎﻟﺴﺖ‬ ( ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻬﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻮﺕ‬ ، ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪ‬ ً ‫ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻃﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ) Roy et al., 2006 (
  • 9. ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ , ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ : ‫ﻫﻲ‬ 1 ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ 2 . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ . 3 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ . 4 . ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻬﻲ‬
  • 10. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ : ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻴﺔ‬ Ascomycota ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬ Laboulbeniales ‫ﻭ‬ Hypocreales ً ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ) Enkerli & Widmer, 2010 ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ Hypocreales ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﺤﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺟﻨﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ) Blackwell, 2009 .( ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ‬ Laboulbeniales ،‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺭﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ‬ ً ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ) Roy & Cottrell 2008 . (
  • 11. ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ Entomophthorales ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺠﻴﺔ‬ Zygomycota ‫ﻓﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ،‫ﺍﺃﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ‬ ً ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻴﺎ‬ ) Tanada & Kaya, 1993 ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ :
  • 12. ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ Chytridiomycetes -: ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ Coelomomyces : ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ C.dodgei ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ C.puncatus ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺲ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮ‬ ‫ﺵ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻮﺩ‬ . ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﺘﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺛﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺄﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻨﻲ‬ .
  • 14. ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ Oomycetes : ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ Lagenidium giganteum ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻮﻟﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ , ‫ﻧﻮﻓﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ , ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻻﻫﺪﺍﺏ‬
  • 15. ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) A ( ‫ﺍﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) B ( ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) c ( ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻳﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) D ( ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬ ) E ( ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬
  • 16. ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﻳﺠﻴﺔ‬ Zygomycetes : ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ Amoebidium barasiticum ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﻨﺎﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ Entomophthora ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ E.musca ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻘﻮﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺪﺭﺍﻡ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ E.aphid ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
  • 18. ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ Ascomycetes : ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ Cordyceps ‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ‬ C.militaris ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ . ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺒﺮﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻤﻸ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﻭﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ .
  • 20. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ Deutromycetes : ‫ﺍﺟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻢ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻃﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﻬﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺴﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻱ‬ 10 _ 7 ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ‬ ً ‫ﻫﺸﺎ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ Beauveria ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺒﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻢ‬. ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺤﻮﻕ‬ Boverin ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ B.bassiana .
  • 22. ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ Metarhizium ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺎﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺨﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺫ‬ , ‫ﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺮﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺎ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
  • 24. ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ) Entomopathogenic Fungi Database (EPFDB -: Acremonium ، Aphanomycopsis ، Akanthomyces ، Aschersonia ، Ascosphaera ، Aspergillus ، Atkinsiella ، Beauveria ، Bettsia ، Calonectria ، Chrysosporium ، Coelomomyces ، Conidiobolus ، Cordyceps ، Cordycepioides ، Culicinomyces ، Engyodontium ، Entomophaga ، Entomophthora ، Erynia ، Eryniopsis ، Fusarium ، Gibellula ، Hirsutella ، Hymenostilbe ، Hypocrella ، Lagenidium ، Leptolegnia ، Massospora ، Meristacrum(=Tabanomyces) ، Metarhizium ، Myriangium ، Nectria ، Neozygites ، Nomuraea ، Orthomyces ، Paecilomyces ، Paraisaria ، Podonectria ، Polycephalomyces ، Pseudogibellula ، Smittium ، Sorosporella ، Sporodiniella ، Sporothrix ، Stilbella ، Strongwellsea ، Tarichium ، Tetracrium ، Tilachlidiopsis ، Tolypocladium ، Torrubiella ، Verticillium ، Zoophthora
  • 25. ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻻﺑﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻻﺻﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ) McCoy et al., 1988 ( ، ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ Entomophthorales ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Entomophthora muscae ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻟﺰﺟﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻫﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻏﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Beauveria bassiana ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ) Hajek & St. Leger, 1994 (
  • 26. ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ) St. Leger et al., 1992 ( ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻨﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﺍﻟﺖ‬ ) 1994 Hajek & St. Leger ( ‫ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ) Bogus et al., 2010 . ( ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ) Charnley, 1989 ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ً ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ، ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﻈﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ .
  • 27. ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺪﻫﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ) ‫ﻟﻴﺒﺎﺯ‬ ( ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻷﻟﺤﻤﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻮﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪﺍﺯ‬ ( ، ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻴﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻴﻨﺎﺯ‬ ) Tanada & Kaya, 1993 ( ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ Metarhizium anisopliae ‫ﻟﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﻜﻚ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ،‫ﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺣﻖ‬ ) Goettel et al., 1989 ( ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺰﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺨﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬ ) Gillespie & Claydon 1989 (
  • 28. ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ : ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻋﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ Phagocytosis ، ‫ﺗﻨﺠﺬﺏ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ) Hajek & Delalibera, 2010 .( ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ،‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻼﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ) Hung et al., 1993 (
  • 29. ً ‫ﻻ‬‫ﻣﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﻄﺮ‬ B. bassiana ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‬ ) Hajek & St. Leger, 1994 ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ) 1993 Hung et al ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻮﺍﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ B. bassiana ، ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ). Boucias & Pendland, 1998 (
  • 30. ‫ﻛﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ) Hajek & St. Leger, 1994 ( ، ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ Camnula pellucida ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Entomophaga grylli ، ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ‬ ‫ﻻﺷﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻗﻒ‬
  • 31. ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ً ‫ﺍﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺬﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ، ‫ﺫﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺣﻆ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ‬ Trialeurodes vaporariorum ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻹﻟﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ B. bassiana ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺰﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬ Tomatine ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻇﻬﺮﺕ‬ ً ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍ‬ ً ‫ﺿﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ B. bassiana ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ) Poprawski & Walker, 2000 (
  • 33. ‫ﻋﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻋﺮﺍﺿﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ . ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ً ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻗﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﻄﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎﺳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ) McCoy et al., 1988 ( ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ) Moore et al., 1992 (
  • 34. ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ) McCoy et al., 1988 ( ، ً ‫ﻼ‬‫ﻓﻤﺜ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺴﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺩﺏ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺬﺑﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ) Samson et al., 1988 (
  • 35. ‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻤﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟﻨﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻨﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺴﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﻮﺍﻍ‬ ). Hajek & St. Leger, 1994 (
  • 36. ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺟﺘﻴﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ) Butt et al., 1992 .( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ) Tanada & Kaya1993 ( ‫ﻭ‬ . ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﺰﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ .
  • 37. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ً ‫ﻣﺨﺘﺒﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﻳﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﻱ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ B. bassiana ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ). McCoy et al., 1988 (
  • 38. ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ : ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ) Classical Biological control ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ) Eilenberg et al., 2001 . ( ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻑ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺪﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻃﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬
  • 39. ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ) Hajek et al., 2007 ( ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻛﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺑﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻃﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Entomophaga maimaiga ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ Lymantria dispar ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻛﺮ‬ ). Hajek et al., 1996 (
  • 41. ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ 20 ‫ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻵﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ، Hypocreales (Ascomycota) ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ M. anisopliae ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ) Bischoff et al., 2009 ( ، ‫ﺗﻼﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Fusarium coccophilum ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ Diaspididae ، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ Entomophthorales ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ E. maimaiga ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺠﺮ‬ Hajek & Delalibera, 2010 ) Lymantria dispar (
  • 42.
  • 43. ‫ﻋﺪﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ Metarhizium anisopliae (Gao et al . ، 2011) . ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ) A ) .‫ﺃﺑﺮﻳﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﻮﻡ‬ ( B ‫ﺍ‬ ( ‫ﻟﻤﻴﺴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬ ) .‫ﺟﻠﻴﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ C ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ( ) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺮﻋﻤﺔ‬ blastospores ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ( ‫ﻓﻲ‬ hemocoel ) .‫ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ D ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺟﺜﺔ‬ ( ) ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬ E ، ‫ﺑﺎﺭ‬ .‫ﺃﺑﺮﻳﺴﻮﺭﻳﻮﻡ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﻛﻮﻧﻴﺪﻳﻮﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬ .( 5 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬
  • 45. ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ‬ Neozygites floridana ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺎﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺮ‬ Tetranychus evansi ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ، 90 ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺎﻃﻢ‬/‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ % ) Sarr et al., 2002 ( ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺪﻯ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ Neozygites floridana ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺻﻠﻲ‬ ) Humber et al., 1981 ( ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻠﺤﻆ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬ ‫ﻻﻛﺎﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺱ‬ Phytoseiulus longipes ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺔ‬ ) Furtado et al., 2007 ،( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﻻﺩﺧﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻛﺎﺭﻭﺱ‬ . Hajek & Delalibera, 2010 ) T. evansi (
  • 47. ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻘﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻫﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺟﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ‬ ) Hajek et al., 2007 (
  • 48. ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺗﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺭﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻼ‬‫ﺑﺪﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺂﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻛﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺎﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺿﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻋﺪﺍﺋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺗﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﻆ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻄﻌﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﻨﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺐ‬