Slides from President-Elect Patricia F. Walker, MD DTM&H, FASTMH, keynote adress to the 6th Annual North American Refugee Health Conference , June 12, 2016 in Niagara Falls, NY: “Refugee Healthcare: Imagining our Future.”
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Patricia Walker_NARCH Keynote_June 2016
1. Refugee Health:
Imagining Our Future
North American Refugee Health Conference
Niagara Falls, New York
June 12, 2016
Patricia F Walker, MD, DTM&H, FASTMH
Professor, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine
Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Minnesota
Medical Director, HealthPartners
Travel and Tropical Medicine Center
2. Disclosure
I receive royalties for the following
educational products:
o Elsevier Publishing for sales of Immigrant
Medicine
o UpToDate for publication of Guidelines for
Care of Adult Immigrants
o Critical Measures, Inc. for on line cross
cultural case studies
3. Imagining Our Future
• Introduction
• Two case studies
• International
imaginings
• Domestic
imaginings
Photo Credit:
Albany Daily Star
June 6, 2016
4. Imagining Our Future/
Khalil Gibran, On Children
“Your children are not your
children...they are the sons
and daughters of Life’s
longing for itself…you may
house their bodies, but not
their souls, for their souls
dwell in the house of
tomorrow, which you
cannot visit, not even in
your dreams”
6. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
• Modern refugee
protection
movement is less
than 100 years old
7. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
• Protection of refugees has
occurred since antiquity
• International protection
began with the League of
Nations (1921-1946)
https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/ot
her/727_738_jaeger.pdf
8. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
• Convention on the
International Status of
Refugees - 1933
• First time the principle of
non-refoulment acquired the
status of international treaty
law
9. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
• FDR and the Evian
Resolution – 1938
• Help people fleeing the
Third Reich from Germany
and Austria
• First time protection was
extended to would be
refugees inside the country
of potential departure
10. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
• International Refugee
Organization (IRO) 1946-
1951
• Established by UN General
Assembly to help resettle
central European refugees
to US, Canada, W Europe,
Australia, Israel and Latin
America
Photo: Wikimedia Commons: Passenger ship, possibly
MS SKAUBRYN, berthed at a wharf (8400394605).jpg
11. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
• IRO was meant to complete
it’s work by 30 June 1950
• “As soon became evident, it
was unlikely – to say the
least – that the problem of
refugees would be solved by
that date”
• “A Study of Statelessness”
Photo Credit: Wikimedia
The Palmach - Immigration to Israel
12. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
“A Study of Statelessness” :
o International travel
o Right of entry and sojourn
o Personal status
o Family rights
o Rights of exercise of trades or profession
o Education, relief, social security
o Exemption from reciprocity, expulsion,
taxation and military service
Original photo uploaded by Fischerjs/Wikipedia
13. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
This study served as the main
elements of the
UN Convention Relating to the
Status of Refugees, 1951
14. Imagining our future requires
remembering our past
US Refugee Program:
o 1600’s…Americans fleeing persecution
since the Pilgrims
o 1948 -250,000 displaced Europeans
from WWII
o 1940’s-50’s – laws assisting those
fleeing Communism (China, Hungary,
Korea, Poland, Yugoslavia)
o 1960’s- fleeing Cuba
o 1980- US Refugee Act after Vietnam
War
15. Imagining Our Future/International
• The tragic reality
is that we have
guaranteed job
security in
refugee health….
• Yet that allows us
to imagine a
better future
16. Case study number 1
• The most difficult
day in my career
as a physician
• Vietnamese
refugee crisis
1988-1989
17. Imagining Our Future/International
• A world where we
work for peaceful
resolutions of
international
conflicts (so that we
don’t have
refugees…)
Photo: Arcadia University
18. Imagining Our Future/International
• A world where
we honor key
principles of
international
refugee law
Photo Credit:
University of Baltimore
School of Law
April 6,2016
19. Imagining Our Future/International
• A world where
governments,
IO’s and NGO’s
are prepared for
high volume, long
term tragedies
such as the
Syrian conflict
20. Imagining Our Future/International
• A world which views
refugee situations as
the indescribable
human tragedies
which they are, and
which responds with
generosity and
compassion
23. Imagining Our Future/International
• A world where long
term warehousing of
refugees is
unacceptable…where
durable solutions
include local
integration, not just
repatriation or
resettlement
24. Imagining Our Future/International
• A world where
leading
governments
respond by
increasing refugee
acceptance
numbers
Refugees admitted to the US
1980-2015
www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data
-hub/us-immigration-trends
25.
26. Imagining Our Future/International
• A world where
upstream PH
interventions are
supported, and
assessment and
interventions
occur before
resettlement
27. Overseas
Medical Exam
Sites
Refugee Camps
Urban Centers
Resettlement
Communities
Mobility: time for health interventions
Prevention, surveillance &
Intervention opportunities
Quarantine
Stations
Slide courtesy of Dr. William Stauffer
35. Knowledge which didn’t exist 35 years ago….
Domestic screening guidelines
Australia http://www.asid.net.au/documents/item/1225
Canada
http://www.cmaj.ca/content/183/12/E824
United States
http://www.cdc.gov/immigrantrefugeehealth/guidelines/r
efugee-guidelines.html
36. Knowledge which didn’t exist 35 years ago
Dr. Phyllis Kozarsky, CDC Atlanta
Dr. Jay Keystone, Toronto
• The intersection of
refugee health and
travel medicine
• CDC Yellow Book:
o Chapters since 2010 on
refugee health
38. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Knowledge
o A world where
we have the
demographic
data we need to
provide best
care
Vietnam,
1876, 16%
Thailand,
1332, 12%
Nepal,
1144,
10%
Cambodia,
1123, 10%
United States,
1061, 9%
Other, 982, 9%
Somalia, 982,
9%
Ethiopia, 910,
8%
Russia, 798, 7%
Laos, 629, 6%
Unknown, 174,
2%
Mexico, 157, 1%
Eritrea, 152, 1%
Liberia, 25, 0% Kenya, 6, 0%
Center for International Health
Country of Origin
Jan-Oct 2014
Vietnam
Thailand
Nepal
Cambodia
United States
Other
Somalia
Ethiopia
Russia
Laos
Unknown
Mexico
Eritrea
Liberia
Kenya
39. “Just count something”
Atul Gawande, MD
“Effective data collection is the
linchpin of any comprehensive
strategy to eliminate racial and
ethnic disparities in health.”
Tom Perez
Unequal Treatment
Institute of Medicine,2003
40. Just count something:
Data Collection at HealthPartners*
• Language 99%
• Interpreter Needed 99%
• Race/ethnicity 98%
• Country of Origin 40-98%
*Integrated care delivery system
(hospitals, medical group with >40 clinics, insurance provider)
in the Upper Midwest, US
41. 86% 86%
73.5% 78.4%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1st Qtr 2007 3rd Qtr 2009
white patients patients of color
Mammography Screening: % of women age 50-75 who have been screened by Mammography in the 18 months prior to
and including their most recent primary care visit.
HPMG – Mammography Screening
Disparity by Race
GAP is 7.3%GAP is 12.4%
76.8%
2009 HEDIS
national 90th
percentile
(commercial)
48. What Really Creates Health?
Social and
Economic Factors
40%
Health Behaviors
30%
Clinical Care
10%
Physical
Environment
10%
Genes and
Biology
10%
Determinants of Health
Determinants of Health Model based on frameworks developed by: Tarlov AR. Ann N Y Acad Sci
1999; 896: 281-93; and Kindig D, Asada Y, Booske B. JAMA 2008; 299(17): 2081-2083.
51. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Knowledge
o A world where providers
have access to colleagues
and experts which is
timely and easy to access,
and where we leverage
that expertise more
effectively
53. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Knowledge
o A world where providers
and patients have access
to an international data
base of patient education
material tailored to
language and health
literacy of refugees
54. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Knowledge
o A world where providers
and patients have access
to an international data
base of patient education
material tailored to
language and health
literacy of refugees
56. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Knowledge
o A world where providers
routinely ask “Where were
you born, and where have
you traveled?”… and
know what to do with the
answer
Photo Credit:
IOM via WHO
57. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Knowledge
• “In the field of observation,
chance favors only the mind
which is prepared”
Louis Pasteur
Maltreatment of Strongyloides:
case series and worldwide survey
of physicians in training
Boulware, Stauffer,
HendelPaterson, Walker et al
AM J Med 2007
58. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Knowledge
o A world where we
remember that migration
is circular – and we
routinely ask “are you
planning to travel back
home?” (the Visiting
Friends and Relatives or
VFR traveler)
59. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Attitudes
• Refugee health providers
are guided by a shared
set of core values, but…..
• What attitudes could we
use a little more of?
o Compassion
o Health Equity
o Humility
o Trust
o Respect
Walker PF, Barnett ED;
Immigrant Medicine;Ch1
Elsevier, 2007.
61. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Attitudes we need more of…
Advocacy/calm outrage
o About anti-immigrant attitudes
o About health disparities
Leading by example:
o Academic excellence
o Mentorship and feedback
62. Imagining Our Future/Domestic
Attitudes we need more of…
“These are folks who have
lived through
unimaginable trauma," he
says. "Just from a point of
decency, to cut those
people off from the care
that they need just doesn’t
seem like the Canada that
I know.“
Dr Meb Rashid
CBC News, Canada
May 11,2012
64. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where
refugees have
universal access to a
basic set of health and
social services
https://www.projectworthmore.org/tun-lin-
bus-passes-for-refugees
66. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where refugees
are empowered
o We leverage technology
and social media more
effectively
o Cell phones for new
arrivals
o Portable health records
are the norm
67. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where our staff
reflects the communities
we serve
o Identify and mentor
refugees in health careers
early
o Support International
Medical Graduates
69. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where we
listen more – really
listen – to the voices
of refugees
“To understand the
other as other”
Riche: 15th century
explorer to China
71. If We Knew Their Stories…
Documentary filmmaker
Chris Newberry
http://www.medicineboxproject.org/
72. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where community
based services are the
norm, not the exception
o Community Health
Workers
73. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where “use of
family and friends to
interpret” occurs < 1% of
the time
o In person
o Telephone in every room
o Video interpreting
75. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where health
disparities report cards
using granular
demography are routine
(and money flows where it
is needed most)
HealthPartners
Disparities Report Card
76. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where
electronic
health records
are used more
effectively
o Smart
sets/check lists
77. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
o Pop up reminders
(“Global Health
Wizard”)
o Registries (ie
tracking of hepatitis
B carriers
“This patient is from a
country where Hepatitis B
prevalence rates exceed
2%.CDC recommends
screening such patients for
Hepatitis B”
78. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where incentives
are aligned:
o Providers aren’t
discouraged financially
from caring for refugees
o Refugees are paid to
complete basic preventive
services
79. Imagining Our Future/
Domestic Practices
• A world where we learn
more quickly – where
feedback loops between
international and domestic
refugee health are fast
and bidirectional
o (Providers- that means we
need to publish more)
80. Leveraging big data in global health
Kamran Khan, MD,MPH
University of Toronto
• www.bluedot.global
• A social benefit
corporation launched in
2014
81. Imagining Our Future…..
Take the long view, and be hopeful
o Smallpox eradicated 1980 (work
started in 1967)
o 1986 Carter Center sets goal to
eradicate Guinea worm
(3.5 million cases worldwide)
o This year to date: only two confirmed
cases
“I just want to get rid of the last case of
Guinea worm during my lifetime, that's what I
want to do.
Well, with the number of cases this year,
it's looking very good.
It does look good so far”
NPR June 3, 2016
82. Imagining Our Future…..
maybe it is not rocket science
Transforming how we think:
“It's not a technical issue, at least not to me.
There are so many amazing ways in which
the risks of epidemics can be minimized with
innovative technologies, but ultimately I think
we need to radically transform the way we
think about pandemics and contagion.
They're less about invasions of foreign
microbes and much more about the way
we live and our shared social
responsibilities”.
Author Sonia Shah
Future of Public Health
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health
June 9, 2016
83. The future is in great hands
New York Times June 3, 2016
‘Symbol of Hope’: Refugee Team Named for
Rio Olympics
84. The future is in great hands
New York Times June 3, 2016
“You’re an athlete; you don’t
think like you’re Syrian or
from London or from
Germany,” Mardini, 17, said
in a video produced by the
I.O.C. “You will just think
about your race. You have
your lane, your swimming
cap, your swimming lesson.
That’s it.”
85. My final thoughts…
• Listen more
• Learn more
• Advocate more
• Change the system
more
86. Thank you…Mahad sanid….. Galatome….Krop khun
kha…..Gracias…..Ameseginale
Special thanks to….
My patients
My parents
My family
My colleagues