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Pathophysio_Module_2 - Inflammatory Response
- 1. INFLAMMATION, INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, & FEVER Module II RegieDe Jesus, MAN College of Health Sciences PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- 2. Inflammation •An innate, automaticresponse to cell injury that: •Neutralizes harmful agents (bacteria, etc…) •Removes damaged and dead tissues •Generates new tissues •Promotes healing •Minimizes the effects of injury or infection
- 3. INFLAMMATION IS NECESSARY, BUTIF PROLONGED CAN LEAD TO UNWANTED EFFECTS
- 4. Inflammation •Damaged cells releaseinflammatory mediators •Local responses •Vascular Stage •Cellular Stage •Systemic (whole-body) responses •White blood cell response •Acute-phase response
- 5. White Blood Cells(Leukocytes in Inflammation • Granulocytes • Neutrophils – first responder – most plentiful (60-70%) – short lived – pus • Eosinophils – associated with parasites(worms) involved in allergic response • Mast cells – localized in tissue of allergic responses – (involved in anaphylaxis) • Basophils – amplification of allergic response
- 7. • Depending onthe cell, the granules contain a range of chemicals including • Histamine(local inflammatory trigger) • Heparin (prevents clotting) • Toxins to kills invaders (like bacteria & worms) • Proteases • Enzymes to synthesize Prostaglandin & Leukotrienes • Signal molecules – cytokines and chemokines
- 8. Agranulocytes • Monocytes –Macrophages: • Inactive monocytes circulate until they receive a chemotaxic signal that something has occurred • Then they move into the interstitial space as macrophages • Macrophages phagocytose (eat) & digest invaders rather than secreting toxins. They also produce signal molecules to prolong the immune response
- 10. Agranulocytes •Lymphocytes •T lymphocytes –kill infected or damaged cells •B lymphocytes – plasma cells (antibody producers) •Lymphocytes communicate with each other and with other leukocytes for a prolonged and targeted immune response
- 11. INFLAMMATION •Normally (no injuryor inflammation) •The endothelial cells form a selective barrier that keeps most microbes out & controls what can move into & out of the vessels (vessel environment & insterstitial environment) •The endothelial cells lining the vessels produce agents that keep them open & unobstructed (constriction or dilation)
- 12. •The blood vesselsare non-thrombogenic (do not promote clotting) •Platelets are unable to bind to other platelets & cells so clotting does not occur •Many cells & other chemical factors are circulating but do not cause inflammation
- 14. Acute Inflammatory Response •Theearly or immediate local reaction to injury (associated with innate immune system) •Designed to remove injurious agent and limit tissue damage •Triggered by: •Infections •Immune reactions •Physical or chemical trauma
- 15. Cardinal signs ofinflammative (from 1st & 2nd century AD) •Rubor – REDNESS •Tumor – SWELLING •Calor – HEAT (localized) •Dolar – PAIN •Functia laesa – Loss of function
- 16. 2 stages ofAcute Inflammation •Vascular (fluid moves to tissues) •Cellular (leukocytes move into tissues)
- 17. Vascular •Quick period of vasoconstrictionfollowed by vasodilation •Increased blood flow (but slower) •Redness and heat
- 18. •Increased blood flow leadsto net flow & plasma proteins out of vessels and into tissue, creating swelling, triggering pain, & impairing function
- 23.