An overview of the institution and processes of the Australian parliament, featuring the Commonwealth and Queensland to illustrate and question its representative nature.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the United States government as established by the Constitution, including the three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and how they check and balance each other. It also discusses the amending process and some key principles like separation of powers and federal supremacy.
Democracy in Britain - Getting elected as an MPmrmarr
This document outlines several key reforms in British history that improved democratic representation and expanded the pool of potential candidates for Parliament:
- The Property Qualification for Members of Parliament Act of 1858 removed the requirement for MPs to own land, allowing those without property to serve.
- The introduction of secret ballots in 1872 meant voters could choose freely without influence, helping more working-class candidates get elected.
- MPs were first paid a salary in 1911, making it financially possible for those without independent wealth to serve in Parliament.
- The Qualification of Women Act of 1918 allowed women over age 21 to stand for election, though not all women gained the right to vote until 1928.
This document is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966 and entered into force in 1976. It recognizes a variety of economic, social, and cultural rights including the rights to work, form trade unions, social security, an adequate standard of living, health, education, and participation in cultural life. States that ratify the covenant agree to take steps to progressively realize these rights to the maximum of available resources and submit periodic reports on their implementation efforts.
The Victorian Electoral Commission ensures voter privacy by using anonymous ballot papers and voting screens. Ballot papers are the pieces of paper used to cast votes and are marked with numbers rather than names or ticks. Elections are traditionally held on Saturdays at the state and local level in Victoria.
The document discusses key amendments to the US Constitution around slavery, citizenship, voting rights, and representation. It notes that the original Constitution avoided discussing slavery, while the 13th Amendment banned slavery, the 14th granted citizenship, and the 15th guaranteed voting rights for all races. It then outlines the 19th granting women's suffrage, the 24th banning poll taxes, and the 26th lowering the voting age to 18 due to the wars in Korea and Vietnam. The 27th amendment regarding congressional pay is also briefly mentioned.
International Covenant of Civil and Political RightsHrwg Working
This document outlines the preamble and articles 1-10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It establishes that all peoples have the right to self-determination and to their natural resources. It requires states to respect and ensure all individuals equal rights without discrimination. States must provide effective remedies for violations of rights and develop judicial remedies. It protects rights to life, prohibits torture, slavery and forced labor, and guarantees rights to liberty, security of person, and humane treatment for those deprived of liberty.
The document outlines the structure and powers of the United States government as established by the Constitution, including the three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and how they check and balance each other. It also discusses the amending process and some key principles like separation of powers and federal supremacy.
Democracy in Britain - Getting elected as an MPmrmarr
This document outlines several key reforms in British history that improved democratic representation and expanded the pool of potential candidates for Parliament:
- The Property Qualification for Members of Parliament Act of 1858 removed the requirement for MPs to own land, allowing those without property to serve.
- The introduction of secret ballots in 1872 meant voters could choose freely without influence, helping more working-class candidates get elected.
- MPs were first paid a salary in 1911, making it financially possible for those without independent wealth to serve in Parliament.
- The Qualification of Women Act of 1918 allowed women over age 21 to stand for election, though not all women gained the right to vote until 1928.
This document is the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1966 and entered into force in 1976. It recognizes a variety of economic, social, and cultural rights including the rights to work, form trade unions, social security, an adequate standard of living, health, education, and participation in cultural life. States that ratify the covenant agree to take steps to progressively realize these rights to the maximum of available resources and submit periodic reports on their implementation efforts.
The Victorian Electoral Commission ensures voter privacy by using anonymous ballot papers and voting screens. Ballot papers are the pieces of paper used to cast votes and are marked with numbers rather than names or ticks. Elections are traditionally held on Saturdays at the state and local level in Victoria.
The document discusses key amendments to the US Constitution around slavery, citizenship, voting rights, and representation. It notes that the original Constitution avoided discussing slavery, while the 13th Amendment banned slavery, the 14th granted citizenship, and the 15th guaranteed voting rights for all races. It then outlines the 19th granting women's suffrage, the 24th banning poll taxes, and the 26th lowering the voting age to 18 due to the wars in Korea and Vietnam. The 27th amendment regarding congressional pay is also briefly mentioned.
International Covenant of Civil and Political RightsHrwg Working
This document outlines the preamble and articles 1-10 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It establishes that all peoples have the right to self-determination and to their natural resources. It requires states to respect and ensure all individuals equal rights without discrimination. States must provide effective remedies for violations of rights and develop judicial remedies. It protects rights to life, prohibits torture, slavery and forced labor, and guarantees rights to liberty, security of person, and humane treatment for those deprived of liberty.
The Australian parliamentary system is based on the Westminster system used in the United Kingdom. Key principles of the Australian system include representative government, where the government is chosen by the people through regular elections; responsible government, where ministers are accountable to parliament and must resign if they lose the support of the lower house; and separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. In practice, the legislative and executive powers are closely linked, with ministers drawn from parliament and the prime minister as head of the executive.
The document summarizes several important landmarks and museums in Australia's capital city of Canberra, including the Australian War Memorial, Parliament House, National Museum, Questacon science center, and Old and New Parliament Houses. It provides brief descriptions of key exhibits and features at each location such as the Hall of Memory at the War Memorial and the Great Hall Tapestry at New Parliament House.
Australia is an island continent located in the Southern Hemisphere between the Indian and South Pacific oceans. It has a population of over 22 million people and its capital and largest city is Canberra. English is the main language spoken and the currency is the Australian dollar. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have inhabited Australia for over 50,000 years and British colonization began in 1788, with Australia gaining independence in 1901.
[2010] e-Participation - better parliament-to-citizen communication - by Simo...e-Democracy Conference
The document discusses e-participation and its role in better communication between parliaments and citizens. It examines different models of democracy and the ICT tools suited to each. Case studies from Slovenia and Macedonia show how parliaments can provide information access, discussion forums, and consultations with citizens online. The document also outlines developments in e-participation across the Southeast European region and argues for a regional strategy to address common issues and narrow gaps compared to EU countries.
The document summarizes the three main political parties in Australia:
1) The Labor Party is Australia's oldest party, formed in 1891 to represent workers. It has had several Prime Ministers and has shifted between socialist and pragmatic ideologies.
2) The Liberal Party formed in 1944 to provide an alternative to Labor. It is currently the most successful post-war party and follows a conservative liberal ideology focused on individual freedoms and a market economy.
3) The Greens emerged from environmental campaigns and gained representation in the 1980s. Their ideology focuses on ecological sustainability, social justice, and non-violence.
Australia has a market-based economy that is considered one of the freest in the world. The government does not own major industries and businesses, and prices are set by supply and demand rather than government rules. It is easy to start a business in Australia, and the courts protect property rights. Four key factors that drive Australia's economic growth are its natural resources like minerals and agricultural land, investments in human capital through education, use of advanced capital goods, and high levels of entrepreneurship.
Australia has a parliamentary democracy form of government where Queen Elizabeth II is the official head of state, though represented locally by a governor-general. The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 when six British colonies agreed to unite under a single constitution. Australia remains connected to Great Britain through being part of the Commonwealth but is now self-governing. Power is shared between federal and state governments, with states retaining control over most issues like healthcare, education, transportation and law enforcement.
The Australian Parliamentary System consists of a federation of six former British colonies that united in 1901 to form the nation of Australia. Each colony previously had its own government and institutions but ceded some powers to the newly formed federal system. The colonies united due to inefficiencies in their economic and trade systems as well as a growing sense of national identity and need for collective defense. The new system established a separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches at both the state and federal levels while also implementing the principle of responsible government to ensure accountability.
Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers which proposes dividing the sovereign power of a state among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This was intended to prevent tyranny and protect liberty. He argued each branch should have distinct and independent powers to check the others. While complete separation is impossible, the theory emphasizes limiting concentration of power. It influenced government designs like the US Constitution's system of checks and balances among the three branches.
This document discusses the use of semiotics in legislative architecture through analyzing two case studies. It aims to understand how meanings are formed in these buildings' designs. The scope is limited to semiotic analysis through literature. It discusses how architecture represents ideas and different semiotic models. The case studies are the Manitoba Legislative Building, which depicts ancient ideology through symbolic elements, and the Australian Parliament House, whose forms reference that nation's history and aspire to represent unity. Both buildings effectively communicate intentional meanings through symbolic design elements despite having different specific messages. The conclusion is that meaning formation in architecture results from a social consensus interpreting design symbols.
There are three levels of government in Australia: commonwealth, state, and local councils. The commonwealth parliament consists of the monarch, governor general, and two houses - the senate and house of representatives. Bills must pass through both houses before becoming law. The federal government is responsible for taxation, economic matters, national security, foreign affairs, and welfare. State governments are responsible for health, education, and policing. Local councils provide services like waste collection and public facilities.
This document discusses the concept of sovereignty and its application to Russia and Georgia. It defines sovereignty as a state possessing absolute authority over its bounded territory. Internally, this means a monopoly on the use of force, while externally it means recognition and territorial integrity. After the Cold War, Georgia gained independence but Russia still exerts influence over it. Recent conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia between Russia and Georgia have escalated tensions and highlighted issues of sovereignty.
The document provides tips for designing effective PowerPoint presentations with engaging content and positive delivery. It recommends using simple, visually appealing designs with limited text on slides. Content should be interactive, incorporating media like videos and diagrams to explain complex topics. Presenters should interact with the audience through games and questions to maintain engagement.
The Australian Constitution protects rights through both structural protections like the separation of powers as well as some express and implied individual rights determined by the High Court. The High Court has found implied rights to political communication and voting despite few express rights being in the Constitution, showing their role in further developing protections for rights. Constitutional structures are designed to prevent power from being concentrated in the hands of a few to guard against abuse of power and rights.
This document provides an overview of the US Constitution and various amendments. It contains questions about key aspects of the Constitution like the separation of powers, checks and balances, qualifications for office, and powers of the three branches of government. It also summarizes the 27 amendments, outlining what each did and providing examples. The document serves as a study guide for understanding the US Constitution and its amendments.
This document provides an overview of the US Constitution and various amendments. It begins with basic questions about the Constitution and the structure of the US government. It then covers each branch of government in more detail, including qualifications for office and key powers. The document also summarizes each of the 27 amendments, providing brief explanations of what each did and examples to illustrate their impact. It concludes by outlining the process for amending the Constitution. In total, the document serves as a comprehensive review of the Constitution and amendments through a question-and-answer format.
The document proposes several electoral reforms put forth by the Election Commission of India. It discusses proposed amendments to the Constitution of India to provide greater constitutional protection and safeguards to all members of the Election Commission, including Election Commissioners, similar to what is provided to the Chief Election Commissioner. It proposes making the budget of the Election Commission a "charged" expenditure to symbolize its independence. It also proposes establishing an independent secretariat for the Election Commission to insulate it from executive interference in matters like appointments and promotions of staff.
Constitutional Realism and Sustainability: Lessons Learned From a Systemic De...RSD7 Symposium
This document discusses lessons learned from investigating New Zealand's democratic system and constitution. It finds that while New Zealand has no single written constitution, its constitution has evolved incrementally over time through legislation, common law, and conventions. However, incremental changes have not effectively limited the power of the executive. The document suggests more discontinuous reforms, such as writing down basic rights and democratic rules in a publicly accessible constitution, could foster greater civic participation and limit elite interests. Overall, the investigation finds New Zealand's unwritten constitution may be an exception to the rule that complex systems are best changed incrementally, and constitutions should provide a framework for political debate.
The document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to democracy. It defines direct democracy as a system where citizens are continually involved in political decisions through elections and referendums. Representative democracy is a system where citizens elect representatives, like Members of Parliament, to make decisions on their behalf. Other terms defined include referendums, political participation, partisan de-alignment, power, legitimacy, authority, tyranny of the majority, mandate, elections, accountability, and democratic deficit. The document also lists some tasks for students related to assessing their understanding of the concepts and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different types of democracy.
In modern legal systems, referendums allow citizens to participate directly in democracy.
one of the first theorists and supporters of the referendum was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered direct democracy the only way to ensure the formation of the general will.
As part of my MA program in Organizational Leadership at St. Catherine University, I recently took a strategic communications class. Over the course of the class, I applied different written and oral treatments to my chosen topic of compulsory voting. I explored the political and civic culture of Minnesota and potential channels for advocacy. This is the deck for my informational speech.
The Australian parliamentary system is based on the Westminster system used in the United Kingdom. Key principles of the Australian system include representative government, where the government is chosen by the people through regular elections; responsible government, where ministers are accountable to parliament and must resign if they lose the support of the lower house; and separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. In practice, the legislative and executive powers are closely linked, with ministers drawn from parliament and the prime minister as head of the executive.
The document summarizes several important landmarks and museums in Australia's capital city of Canberra, including the Australian War Memorial, Parliament House, National Museum, Questacon science center, and Old and New Parliament Houses. It provides brief descriptions of key exhibits and features at each location such as the Hall of Memory at the War Memorial and the Great Hall Tapestry at New Parliament House.
Australia is an island continent located in the Southern Hemisphere between the Indian and South Pacific oceans. It has a population of over 22 million people and its capital and largest city is Canberra. English is the main language spoken and the currency is the Australian dollar. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have inhabited Australia for over 50,000 years and British colonization began in 1788, with Australia gaining independence in 1901.
[2010] e-Participation - better parliament-to-citizen communication - by Simo...e-Democracy Conference
The document discusses e-participation and its role in better communication between parliaments and citizens. It examines different models of democracy and the ICT tools suited to each. Case studies from Slovenia and Macedonia show how parliaments can provide information access, discussion forums, and consultations with citizens online. The document also outlines developments in e-participation across the Southeast European region and argues for a regional strategy to address common issues and narrow gaps compared to EU countries.
The document summarizes the three main political parties in Australia:
1) The Labor Party is Australia's oldest party, formed in 1891 to represent workers. It has had several Prime Ministers and has shifted between socialist and pragmatic ideologies.
2) The Liberal Party formed in 1944 to provide an alternative to Labor. It is currently the most successful post-war party and follows a conservative liberal ideology focused on individual freedoms and a market economy.
3) The Greens emerged from environmental campaigns and gained representation in the 1980s. Their ideology focuses on ecological sustainability, social justice, and non-violence.
Australia has a market-based economy that is considered one of the freest in the world. The government does not own major industries and businesses, and prices are set by supply and demand rather than government rules. It is easy to start a business in Australia, and the courts protect property rights. Four key factors that drive Australia's economic growth are its natural resources like minerals and agricultural land, investments in human capital through education, use of advanced capital goods, and high levels of entrepreneurship.
Australia has a parliamentary democracy form of government where Queen Elizabeth II is the official head of state, though represented locally by a governor-general. The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 when six British colonies agreed to unite under a single constitution. Australia remains connected to Great Britain through being part of the Commonwealth but is now self-governing. Power is shared between federal and state governments, with states retaining control over most issues like healthcare, education, transportation and law enforcement.
The Australian Parliamentary System consists of a federation of six former British colonies that united in 1901 to form the nation of Australia. Each colony previously had its own government and institutions but ceded some powers to the newly formed federal system. The colonies united due to inefficiencies in their economic and trade systems as well as a growing sense of national identity and need for collective defense. The new system established a separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches at both the state and federal levels while also implementing the principle of responsible government to ensure accountability.
Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers which proposes dividing the sovereign power of a state among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This was intended to prevent tyranny and protect liberty. He argued each branch should have distinct and independent powers to check the others. While complete separation is impossible, the theory emphasizes limiting concentration of power. It influenced government designs like the US Constitution's system of checks and balances among the three branches.
This document discusses the use of semiotics in legislative architecture through analyzing two case studies. It aims to understand how meanings are formed in these buildings' designs. The scope is limited to semiotic analysis through literature. It discusses how architecture represents ideas and different semiotic models. The case studies are the Manitoba Legislative Building, which depicts ancient ideology through symbolic elements, and the Australian Parliament House, whose forms reference that nation's history and aspire to represent unity. Both buildings effectively communicate intentional meanings through symbolic design elements despite having different specific messages. The conclusion is that meaning formation in architecture results from a social consensus interpreting design symbols.
There are three levels of government in Australia: commonwealth, state, and local councils. The commonwealth parliament consists of the monarch, governor general, and two houses - the senate and house of representatives. Bills must pass through both houses before becoming law. The federal government is responsible for taxation, economic matters, national security, foreign affairs, and welfare. State governments are responsible for health, education, and policing. Local councils provide services like waste collection and public facilities.
This document discusses the concept of sovereignty and its application to Russia and Georgia. It defines sovereignty as a state possessing absolute authority over its bounded territory. Internally, this means a monopoly on the use of force, while externally it means recognition and territorial integrity. After the Cold War, Georgia gained independence but Russia still exerts influence over it. Recent conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia between Russia and Georgia have escalated tensions and highlighted issues of sovereignty.
The document provides tips for designing effective PowerPoint presentations with engaging content and positive delivery. It recommends using simple, visually appealing designs with limited text on slides. Content should be interactive, incorporating media like videos and diagrams to explain complex topics. Presenters should interact with the audience through games and questions to maintain engagement.
The Australian Constitution protects rights through both structural protections like the separation of powers as well as some express and implied individual rights determined by the High Court. The High Court has found implied rights to political communication and voting despite few express rights being in the Constitution, showing their role in further developing protections for rights. Constitutional structures are designed to prevent power from being concentrated in the hands of a few to guard against abuse of power and rights.
This document provides an overview of the US Constitution and various amendments. It contains questions about key aspects of the Constitution like the separation of powers, checks and balances, qualifications for office, and powers of the three branches of government. It also summarizes the 27 amendments, outlining what each did and providing examples. The document serves as a study guide for understanding the US Constitution and its amendments.
This document provides an overview of the US Constitution and various amendments. It begins with basic questions about the Constitution and the structure of the US government. It then covers each branch of government in more detail, including qualifications for office and key powers. The document also summarizes each of the 27 amendments, providing brief explanations of what each did and examples to illustrate their impact. It concludes by outlining the process for amending the Constitution. In total, the document serves as a comprehensive review of the Constitution and amendments through a question-and-answer format.
The document proposes several electoral reforms put forth by the Election Commission of India. It discusses proposed amendments to the Constitution of India to provide greater constitutional protection and safeguards to all members of the Election Commission, including Election Commissioners, similar to what is provided to the Chief Election Commissioner. It proposes making the budget of the Election Commission a "charged" expenditure to symbolize its independence. It also proposes establishing an independent secretariat for the Election Commission to insulate it from executive interference in matters like appointments and promotions of staff.
Constitutional Realism and Sustainability: Lessons Learned From a Systemic De...RSD7 Symposium
This document discusses lessons learned from investigating New Zealand's democratic system and constitution. It finds that while New Zealand has no single written constitution, its constitution has evolved incrementally over time through legislation, common law, and conventions. However, incremental changes have not effectively limited the power of the executive. The document suggests more discontinuous reforms, such as writing down basic rights and democratic rules in a publicly accessible constitution, could foster greater civic participation and limit elite interests. Overall, the investigation finds New Zealand's unwritten constitution may be an exception to the rule that complex systems are best changed incrementally, and constitutions should provide a framework for political debate.
The document provides definitions and explanations of key terms related to democracy. It defines direct democracy as a system where citizens are continually involved in political decisions through elections and referendums. Representative democracy is a system where citizens elect representatives, like Members of Parliament, to make decisions on their behalf. Other terms defined include referendums, political participation, partisan de-alignment, power, legitimacy, authority, tyranny of the majority, mandate, elections, accountability, and democratic deficit. The document also lists some tasks for students related to assessing their understanding of the concepts and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different types of democracy.
In modern legal systems, referendums allow citizens to participate directly in democracy.
one of the first theorists and supporters of the referendum was Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who considered direct democracy the only way to ensure the formation of the general will.
As part of my MA program in Organizational Leadership at St. Catherine University, I recently took a strategic communications class. Over the course of the class, I applied different written and oral treatments to my chosen topic of compulsory voting. I explored the political and civic culture of Minnesota and potential channels for advocacy. This is the deck for my informational speech.
This document discusses the key principles of the US Constitution, including popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. It provides examples and discussion questions for each principle. It also covers the qualifications for offices in the three branches of government and how a bill becomes law, including the amendment process outlined in Article V of the Constitution.
The document provides an overview of the origins and constitutional underpinnings of the United States government. It discusses key influences like the Magna Carta, English Bill of Rights, and Enlightenment thinkers including Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. The document also summarizes the development of the US system of government from the colonial period, Articles of Confederation, Constitutional Convention, ratification debates, and key compromises and principles embedded in the Constitution like separation of powers and federalism. It also reviews the Bill of Rights and amendment process.
The document summarizes the key aspects of fundamental rights as outlined in the Indian constitution. It discusses that fundamental rights are incorporated in Part III of the constitution from Articles 12-35. It also describes the six categories of fundamental rights - right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. Additionally, it provides details on the composition and functions of the National Human Rights Commission of India.
The document provides an overview of the UK parliamentary system. It includes a table of contents that lists topics such as history, democracy, the constitution, parliament, elections and voting, political parties, and how to get involved. The introduction explains that the guide takes the reader to the heart of parliament and helps navigate its history, people, and processes. It also discusses how to get more involved and have your voice heard.
Election Result Dispute Fritz Egypt Finalfritz Siregar
The document discusses Indonesia's experience with settling disputes over general election results at the Constitutional Court. It provides background on amendments to Indonesia's 1945 Constitution, the history of elections, requirements for political parties, and the process for resolving election disputes and challenges to results. The Constitutional Court now has sole authority over disputes related to election results based on its mandate in the amended Constitution to act as the guardian of the Constitution.
Election Result Dispute Fritz Egypt Finalfritz Siregar
The document summarizes Indonesia's experience with settling election disputes at the Constitutional Court. It provides background on amendments to Indonesia's 1945 Constitution, which established mechanisms for checks and balances, human rights protections, and resolving election results challenges. It then outlines the structure of Indonesia's election commissions and political party regulations for participation in national elections.
Direct democracy and representative democracy each have benefits and drawbacks when it comes to citizen participation and decision-making. Direct democracy allows for more direct citizen control and involvement in government through regular voting on issues, as was seen with Scotland's 2014 independence referendum. However, direct democracy is largely seen as impractical for modern states except in small communities. Representative democracy is a more indirect but manageable system where citizens elect representatives to make decisions, as is the case in the UK. While this can reduce direct participation, it allows for specialization and more stable governance. Political theorists like Rousseau supported more direct democracy, while others like Schumpeter felt representative democracy a workable compromise between participation and expertise in governance.
The document discusses the 27 amendments to the US Constitution. It provides a brief summary of each amendment, including what rights they protect or modify presidential and congressional elections. It also discusses informal amendments to the Constitution through means like legislation, executive actions, Supreme Court decisions and customs developing over time.
The document discusses voting and political participation in the United States. It covers the history of voting rights in the country, from only white male landowners being allowed to vote initially, to the gradual expansion of suffrage to all adult citizens over time through constitutional amendments and legislation. The document also examines factors that influence voter turnout, such as demographics, methods of voting, and comparisons to turnout rates in other established democracies.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of the English Parliament and the Singapore Parliament. It traces the development of the English Parliament from the Great Council and Curia Regis to the establishment of the House of Lords and House of Commons in the 14th century. For Singapore Parliament, it discusses key developments like the Rendel Constitution of 1955, the establishment of a fully elected Parliament under the 1958 State Constitution, and subsequent reforms like the introduction of Group Representation Constituencies in 1988 and Non-Constituency Members of Parliament in 1984. It also outlines the roles and functions of the Singapore Parliament.
The document discusses the history of voting rights in the United States. It describes how voting rights have expanded over time from only allowing white male property owners to vote to now allowing all citizens over 18 years of age to vote. It also outlines the key amendments and acts that extended voting rights to different groups, such as the 15th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, and 26th amendments as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The document also discusses the constitutional limits placed on states for setting voter qualifications and the current universal requirements of citizenship, residency, and age.
Similar to Parliament: Australian Representative Democracy (20)
Meeting the changing demands of legal educationKate Galloway
This document summarizes a project aimed at developing professional development resources for sessional law teachers in Australia. It notes that sessional teachers undertake half of university teaching but receive little support. The project aims to identify development needs, design and evaluate resources, and distribute them freely online. It involved surveys of sessional staff and associate deans, as well as focus groups. The resulting resources cover areas like critical thinking, ethics, and diversity. They are peer-reviewed, discipline-specific, and focus on just-in-time support. The project seeks to address longstanding and emerging needs in legal education.
The Smart Casual project includes resources on how to teach law students to 'think like a lawyer'. This presentation canvasses some of the challenges in teaching these complex skills, and some solutions.
Distributive Justice and Gender in Intimate Relationships: A Relational ApproachKate Galloway
In 'performing property' the common law courts enact a market based, transactional understanding of property distribution. This approach is ill-suited to ascertaining distribution within a marriage (or marriage-like) relationship. This paper suggests ways of contesting such claims to property, applying a relational approach to intention as to property distribution.
Tenure in North Queensland: The Autonomy MythKate Galloway
For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in North Queensland, the discourse around tenure promises economic growth and opportunity for autonomy. However these claims occur within neoliberal discourse that privileges the individualism of private property as the sole determinant of value. Claims of autonomy in ‘secure and tradeable’ tenure ignore the real mechanisms by which land has been marketised. An idealised or ideological understanding of land and development ignores diverse values of land with two implications. Tenure changes are unlikely to yield the desired economic outcomes; and they will likely perpetuate the historical colonialism of the north.
Presentation for the 2015 TASA Conference, JCU, Cairns
The document discusses the Torrens land title system and the principle of indefeasibility. It examines how interests in land are created under the Land Title Act (LTA) upon registration of instruments, with the registered interest holding indefeasible title. However, there are some exceptions outlined in the LTA where indefeasibility does not apply, such as in cases of fraud. The document also explores how courts have interpreted the LTA and exceptions outside the Act, seeking to balance indefeasibility with other rights through a multi-factorial approach considering the text, context and purpose of the relevant laws.
A Lawyering Approach to Teaching StatutesKate Galloway
Judicial concern with the adequacy of statutory interpretation education in law school has been persistent. In some discipline areas such as property law, the nature of the problem has been slightly puzzling for some in light of the inevitability of working with statutes in a statute-based subject. This presentation articulates what may be a differential experience with ‘statutory interpretation’ from the standpoints of judging and lawyering. Further, it asks whether the well-described focus in legal education on the appellate adjudicative process has contributed to the apparent lack of graduates’ experience in ‘statutory interpretation’. This presentation suggests that teaching ‘statutory interpretation’ needs to encompass both a judicial and a lawyering approach to statutes, and presents for discussion teaching approaches that emphasise the role and application of statutes in a transactional context.
Teaching Social Justice through Statutory InterpretationKate Galloway
The contemporary dialogue surrounding statutory interpretation in Australian legal education has tended to focus on the adjudicative experience. Much of the literature on the discrete subject of statutory interpretation is written by experts in public law and by judges. There is however a much wider experience of working with statutes, including the daily practice of transactional lawyers and the application of statutory provisions in contexts that are unlikely ever to see judicial interpretation. In the latter case, it is often by parliamentary design that rights, obligations, and processes for dispute resolution are provided for explicitly outside the context of courts of record. Usually the purpose of such statutes is to promote access to justice. Legislation of this type is therefore a rich context for student learning about the need for and processes of access to justice. Because clues to interpretation, to resolution of ambiguity, or to the meaning of terms cannot be found in the courts, the question for the legal educator becomes how best to teach the reading of a statute outside express judicial guidance through precedent. This paper uses the example of property law to illustrate a statutory interpretation framework within which to use statutes to reveal issues of power, and to understand the operation of legislative responses that promote access to justice.
The Torrens system of land title registration was introduced in Queensland to address problems with the previous voluntary deeds registration system, including complicated title searches and uncertainty of ownership. It established a system of compulsory, state-guaranteed land title registration governed by the Land Title Act 1994 (Qld). Key elements of the Torrens system include the land title register, which provides indefeasible and guaranteed title, and compulsory registration of interests and instruments to provide certainty. Compensation may be paid under the Act if a person is deprived of an interest in land or suffers loss or damage due to error or omission on the register.
This presentation covers the history of land dealings from old system, through deeds registration, to Torrens title. It outlines the problems with the old system, and how Torrens has created a better, more sustainable system of land dealings. It deals with the Queensland jurisdiction.
Institutions of International Law: An Australian PerspectiveKate Galloway
Drawing on existing knowledge about legal institutions and processes, this presentation provides an overview of the origin and nature of international law and its institutions and processes of governance. It highlights the relationship between international law and Australian domestic law, through the concept of sovereignty and also Australian processes for incorporating international law domestically.
This presentation looks beyond the principal institutions of the three arms of government, canvassing the role of other actors within the system of governance in general and the legal system in particular. It covers the structure of the legal profession - the roles of solicitors and barristers - and their regulation. Royal commissions and law reform commissions provide a contrast to the courts and parliament, and serve a particular purpose in the administration of justice. The Attorney-General oversees an extensive portfolio of justice-related departments and institutions, including the DPP. Finally we ask: does the media play a role in good governance?
The Parliament: Its Law-making FunctionKate Galloway
The document discusses the functions and processes of parliament. It explains that parliament serves to represent communities, debate issues, and make laws. The legislative process begins with an idea that undergoes drafting, approval, and introduction as a bill. Bills pass through readings and debate in both houses before receiving royal assent to become law. Parliamentary sovereignty means parliament can make or repeal any law, though it is limited by constitutional provisions. The origin of legislative power differs between state and federal parliaments as defined in their respective constitutions.
Corporate Governance : Scope and Legal Frameworkdevaki57
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
MEANING
Corporate Governance refers to the way in which companies are governed and to what purpose. It identifies who has power and accountability, and who makes decisions. It is, in essence, a toolkit that enables management and the board to deal more effectively with the challenges of running a company.
Lifting the Corporate Veil. Power Point Presentationseri bangash
"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
What are the common challenges faced by women lawyers working in the legal pr...lawyersonia
The legal profession, which has historically been male-dominated, has experienced a significant increase in the number of women entering the field over the past few decades. Despite this progress, women lawyers continue to encounter various challenges as they strive for top positions.
The Future of Criminal Defense Lawyer in India.pdfveteranlegal
https://veteranlegal.in/defense-lawyer-in-india/ | Criminal defense Lawyer in India has always been a vital aspect of the country's legal system. As defenders of justice, criminal Defense Lawyer play a critical role in ensuring that individuals accused of crimes receive a fair trial and that their constitutional rights are protected. As India evolves socially, economically, and technologically, the role and future of criminal Defense Lawyer are also undergoing significant changes. This comprehensive blog explores the current landscape, challenges, technological advancements, and prospects for criminal Defense Lawyer in India.
Genocide in International Criminal Law.pptxMasoudZamani13
Excited to share insights from my recent presentation on genocide! 💡 In light of ongoing debates, it's crucial to delve into the nuances of this grave crime.
सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
Sangyun Lee, 'Why Korea's Merger Control Occasionally Fails: A Public Choice ...Sangyun Lee
Presentation slides for a session held on June 4, 2024, at Kyoto University. This presentation is based on the presenter’s recent paper, coauthored with Hwang Lee, Professor, Korea University, with the same title, published in the Journal of Business Administration & Law, Volume 34, No. 2 (April 2024). The paper, written in Korean, is available at <https://shorturl.at/GCWcI>.
Receivership and liquidation Accounts
Being a Paper Presented at Business Recovery and Insolvency Practitioners Association of Nigeria (BRIPAN) on Friday, August 18, 2023.
Business law for the students of undergraduate level. The presentation contains the summary of all the chapters under the syllabus of State University, Contract Act, Sale of Goods Act, Negotiable Instrument Act, Partnership Act, Limited Liability Act, Consumer Protection Act.
2. Learning outcomes
Explain history of
Westminster system
Functions of Parliament
in Australian
governance
Evaluate eligibility
requirements: voting,
standing
Evaluate electoral
system: access to
justice
2
8. Westminster system
Head of state + head
of govt divvy power
Responsible
govt
Representative
govt
Govt =
majority
parli
Ministers drawn
from gov party
8
9. Westminster in Queensland
Nominal
power: head
of state
De facto
power: head
of govt
(premier)
Majority in
parliament
forms govt
Cabinet from
majority
Nominal
power
through
Governor
9
10. Westminster in the
Commonwealth
Nominal power:
head of state
De facto
power: head of
govt (Prime
Minister)
Majority in lower
house forms
govt
Cabinet from
majority party
Nominal power:
through
Governor-
General
10
12. Westminster in a federation
Each State
Queen
(Governor)
Legislative
Council
Legislative
Assembly
Commonwealth
12
Queen
(Governor-
General)
Senate
House of
Representatives
Queensland
13. House of
Representatives:
Vital statistics
How many members?
Whom do they represent?
What is the function of this
chamber in Australian
governance?
What electorate do you live
in?
Who is your federal member?
13
14. The Senate:
Vital statistics
How many members?
Whom do they represent?
What is the function of this
chamber in Australian
governance?
How many senators in
Queensland?
When are they due for re-
election?
14
15. (Qld) Legislative
Assembly:
Vital statistics
How many members?
Whom does it represent?
What is its role in Australian
governance?
Is this system sustainable in
terms of governance?
What electorate do you live
in?
Who is your local member?
15
16. (Qld) Legislative
Council:
Vital statistics
What is the role of the
Queensland Legislative
Council?
How does it contrast with
other Australian states, and
the Commonwealth?
Is this system sustainable in
terms of governance?
Why is the Governor sitting in
the Legislative Council?
16
17. Local government
Is local government a part of
our constitutional
framework?
Where does it derive its
power?
What role does it play in our
system of governance?
Is this system sustainable in
terms of governance?
How might it be improved?
17
23. Source of suffrage (Cth)
Commonwealth Constitution, ss 7, 24:
The Senate and the House of
Representatives shall be composed of
members directly chosen by the people
of the Commonwealth…
23
24. Langer v Cth (1996) 70 ALJR 176
Electoral system
required full
preferential voting
Criminal offence to
advocate informal
vote
Langer: Constitution
requires ‘directly
chosen by the
people’
Court: full preferential
voting didn’t breach
‘directly chosen’
‘MPs may be chosen
by the people even
though the people
dislike voting for
them’
Constitution not
source of civil right to
vote
24
25. King v Jones (1972) 128 CLR 221
Applicants under 21
Entitled to vote in SA
but too young for Cth
1. Claim to be ‘adult
person’ per s41
Constitution
2. Claim that
franchise for elector
of House Reps
determined by state
(s30 Const)
S41 Const to operate
when parli had made
a law determining
Cth franchise
Otherwise, refers to
adult persons, which
are persons over 21
25
26. Source of suffrage (Cth)
Langer
King
No
constitutionally
enshrined right
to vote
26
27. Commonwealth Electoral
Act 1918 (Cth), s93
Eligible Ineligible
is 18 years of age or over, and is of unsound mind
is an Australian citizen, or is serving a prison sentence of
three years or longer; or
was a British subject on a
Commonwealth electoral roll as at
25 January 1984; and
has been convicted of treason or
treachery and has not been
pardoned.
has lived for at least one month at
their current address (or within the
division).
is a permanent resident but not an
Australian citizen
is on a temporary visa or unlawful
non-citizen
27
28. Electoral Act 1992 (Qld), s64
(1) A person is entitled to be enrolled for an
electoral district if the person—
(a)either—
(i) is entitled to be enrolled under the
Commonwealth Electoral Act for the purposes of
that Act in its application in relation to an election
within the meaning of that Act; or
(ii) is not so entitled, but was entitled to be enrolled
under the Elections Act 1983 on 31 December 1991;
and
b) lives in the electoral district and has lived in
it for the last month.
28
32. Democracy
Do ‘donkey votes’ enhance or
hinder democracy?
How do they affect your
understanding of compulsory
voting?
32http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=35434#.VSshNxceYwE
33. One vote, one value:
representation?
33http://thecosmicgoose.deviantart.com/art/Gerrymander-333309433
34. One vote, one value?
A-G (Cth) Ex rel McKinlay v Cth (1975) 135 CLR1
Electorate
#1
10,000 voters
Electorate
#3
40,000
voters
Electorate
#2
20,000
voters
34
Not constitutionally entrenched
36. Parliament of Queensland
Act 2001 (Qld), s64
Eligible Disqualified
Adult Australian citizen living in Qld In jail
Enrolled to vote Within 2 years of nomination
convicted, sentenced to one year
imprisonment or more
Not disqualified Within 7 years of nomination,
convicted of bribery as an MP
Within 10 years, convicted of
electoral offence
Not pardoned for treason, sedition,
sabotage
Bankruptcy issues
36
37. Parliamentary
Representation
What does it mean?
How far does it go?
Consider formal equality and
substantive equality.
Does excluding people from
eligibility to stand affect how
representative parliament is?
37
http://rampyourvoice.com/2013/08/15/why-representation-matters-in-
childrens-books-media/
39. Single Member
Constituency
House of Representatives
(preferential voting)
Queensland Legislative
Assembly (optional preferential
voting)
39
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Preferential_bloc_voting_ballot_3.pn
g
45. Is parliament representative?
Where did parliament come from?
What is its role?
Who can vote?
What is the voting process?
Who can stand for election?
What are the Australian electoral systems?
45