This document summarizes a review article on the third chapter of the Indriya Sthana section of the Charaka Samhita called Parimarshaneeyam Indriya. This chapter describes various fatal signs and symptoms that can be detected through palpation or touch. It details clinical conditions that can be diagnosed using palpation for surgical, ophthalmological and other areas. Technical terms used to describe pathological signs detected by palpation are discussed in detail. The concepts in the chapter provide potentially useful information for clinical prognosis but require further standardization and research to substantiate the claims.
The document provides a history and overview of Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine from India. It discusses the origins of Ayurveda in the Vedic texts of India. It describes the major Ayurvedic texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita that systematized Ayurveda. It also explains some fundamental Ayurvedic concepts like the panchamahabhutas (five great elements) and the three doshas or biological humors (vata, pitta, kapha) that are central to diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda.
The document provides an introduction to the Caraka Samhita, a fundamental text of Ayurveda. It notes that the Caraka Samhita has 8 sections totaling 120 chapters and is primarily a text on internal medicine. It explains the basic principles of Ayurvedic science for healthy living. The summary briefly outlines some of the 8 sections and provides 3 short quotes from the text on the importance of diagnosis, the 3 doshas (vata, pitta, kapha), and the 8 branches of Ayurveda.
Presented by N..SRIIKANTH, ASST..DIIRECTOR (AY) & G.S.LAVEKAR,
DIIRECTOR, CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
I like this presentation to read by others
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that is based on maintaining balance in one's life, health, and treatment of diseases. It views health as a balance between the mind, body, and spirit. The document discusses the origins and principles of Ayurveda, noting it is one of India's most important contributions to the world. It also outlines some key figures in the development of Ayurveda like Charaka and Susruta, the latter being considered the father of surgery for describing over 300 surgical procedures centuries before modern medicine.
Ayurveda originated over 5,000 years ago from the four main Hindu Vedas and is classified as an Up-Veda of the Atharva Veda. The earliest knowledge is contained in the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya texts dating back 1,200 years. Ayurveda has eight branches including internal medicine, surgery, toxicology, psychiatry, and rejuvenation. The two main schools are Charaka's physicians and Sushruta's surgeons, with Vagbhata also an influential classical writer who synthesized their teachings.
INDRIYANEEKAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
The document discusses a chapter from the ancient Indian medical textbook Charaka Samhita called "Indriyaaneekam indriyam". This chapter describes various perceptual abnormalities and signs that indicate imminent death. It explores the contents of this chapter and analyzes their potential role in clinical prognosis today. The chapter from Charaka Samhita explains illusions, hallucinations, and other distortions of the senses as signs of underlying pathology in the central or peripheral nervous systems. Some conditions described resemble modern concepts like visual perceptual distortions, neurocognitive disorders, and organic psychosis. Further research is needed to validate the experiences described in the chapter and correlate them with death.
The document provides details about a field visit report submitted by Dr. Sumaiya Akter Snigdha to their supervisor, Dr. Baizid Khoorshid Riaz. The report summarizes Dr. Snigdha's visit to the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) & National Influenza Center (NIC) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The report describes IEDCR's history, objectives, activities like disease surveillance and laboratory facilities. It also outlines IEDCR's organizational structure and key departments. The field visit helped Dr. Snigdha gain knowledge about IEDCR's role in research, outbreak response, and workforce development in Bangladesh.
This document discusses the importance of Ayurveda and Ayurvedic medicine. It provides an introduction to Ayurveda, explaining that it is an ancient Indian medical system focused on balancing the three doshas (energies) in the body. It describes Ayurvedic practices like diagnosis using the senses and panchakarma cleansing therapies. It emphasizes the importance of medicinal plants in Ayurveda, describing and providing the therapeutic uses of plants like tulsi, eranda, and asoka. The conclusion reiterates that Ayurveda and herbal medicine are very important for modern life and many scientific studies have validated Ayurvedic plants.
The document provides a history and overview of Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine from India. It discusses the origins of Ayurveda in the Vedic texts of India. It describes the major Ayurvedic texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita that systematized Ayurveda. It also explains some fundamental Ayurvedic concepts like the panchamahabhutas (five great elements) and the three doshas or biological humors (vata, pitta, kapha) that are central to diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda.
The document provides an introduction to the Caraka Samhita, a fundamental text of Ayurveda. It notes that the Caraka Samhita has 8 sections totaling 120 chapters and is primarily a text on internal medicine. It explains the basic principles of Ayurvedic science for healthy living. The summary briefly outlines some of the 8 sections and provides 3 short quotes from the text on the importance of diagnosis, the 3 doshas (vata, pitta, kapha), and the 8 branches of Ayurveda.
Presented by N..SRIIKANTH, ASST..DIIRECTOR (AY) & G.S.LAVEKAR,
DIIRECTOR, CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
I like this presentation to read by others
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that is based on maintaining balance in one's life, health, and treatment of diseases. It views health as a balance between the mind, body, and spirit. The document discusses the origins and principles of Ayurveda, noting it is one of India's most important contributions to the world. It also outlines some key figures in the development of Ayurveda like Charaka and Susruta, the latter being considered the father of surgery for describing over 300 surgical procedures centuries before modern medicine.
Ayurveda originated over 5,000 years ago from the four main Hindu Vedas and is classified as an Up-Veda of the Atharva Veda. The earliest knowledge is contained in the Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya texts dating back 1,200 years. Ayurveda has eight branches including internal medicine, surgery, toxicology, psychiatry, and rejuvenation. The two main schools are Charaka's physicians and Sushruta's surgeons, with Vagbhata also an influential classical writer who synthesized their teachings.
INDRIYANEEKAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
The document discusses a chapter from the ancient Indian medical textbook Charaka Samhita called "Indriyaaneekam indriyam". This chapter describes various perceptual abnormalities and signs that indicate imminent death. It explores the contents of this chapter and analyzes their potential role in clinical prognosis today. The chapter from Charaka Samhita explains illusions, hallucinations, and other distortions of the senses as signs of underlying pathology in the central or peripheral nervous systems. Some conditions described resemble modern concepts like visual perceptual distortions, neurocognitive disorders, and organic psychosis. Further research is needed to validate the experiences described in the chapter and correlate them with death.
The document provides details about a field visit report submitted by Dr. Sumaiya Akter Snigdha to their supervisor, Dr. Baizid Khoorshid Riaz. The report summarizes Dr. Snigdha's visit to the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) & National Influenza Center (NIC) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The report describes IEDCR's history, objectives, activities like disease surveillance and laboratory facilities. It also outlines IEDCR's organizational structure and key departments. The field visit helped Dr. Snigdha gain knowledge about IEDCR's role in research, outbreak response, and workforce development in Bangladesh.
This document discusses the importance of Ayurveda and Ayurvedic medicine. It provides an introduction to Ayurveda, explaining that it is an ancient Indian medical system focused on balancing the three doshas (energies) in the body. It describes Ayurvedic practices like diagnosis using the senses and panchakarma cleansing therapies. It emphasizes the importance of medicinal plants in Ayurveda, describing and providing the therapeutic uses of plants like tulsi, eranda, and asoka. The conclusion reiterates that Ayurveda and herbal medicine are very important for modern life and many scientific studies have validated Ayurvedic plants.
VARNA SWAREEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document provides a summary of a research article that explores the contents of the "Varna Swareeyam indriyam" chapter of Charaka Samhita's Indriya Sthana section. The chapter deals with various fatal signs and symptoms pertaining to skin color and voice which indicate imminent death. The research aims to analyze the role of these prognostic factors in clinical practice today. Many of the conditions mentioned have poor prognosis and involve acute, life-threatening illnesses like cyanosis, various cancers, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Further research is needed to validate the clinical applicability of the opinions in this ancient text.
ANU JYOTEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a review article from the International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine titled "Anu Jyoteeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study". The article explores the 11th chapter of the Indriya Sthana section of the Charaka Samhita, which describes various fatal signs and symptoms that lead to death within a certain period of time. Many of the conditions described denote advanced stages of dementia and delirium. The chapter also describes unique pathological features and concepts in medical ethics. Prospective studies are needed to substantiate the claims, and to calculate the predictive value of the fatal signs described.
PURVARUPEEYAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a review article from the International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine. The article explores concepts from the "Purvarupeeyam indriyam" chapter of Charaka Samhita, which discusses prognostic signs and symptoms related to the prodromal or early stages of various diseases. Some key points:
- The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding prodromal symptoms for predicting disease progression and prognosis. More severe early symptoms may indicate a more serious course of illness.
- Concepts from the chapter like different types of dreams and their meanings are analyzed in the context of modern studies of sleep, dreams, and brain imaging.
- Examples are given of how prodromal symptoms
GOMAYA CHOORNEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a review article on the "Gomaya Choorneeyam" chapter of Charaka's "Indriya Sthana". The chapter describes various fatal signs and symptoms related to caregivers, omens, and medical ethics. It also summarizes the entire "Indriya Sthana". The review explores the contents of this chapter and analyzes their relevance today. It finds descriptions of conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, Parkinson's disease, and references to concepts like caregiver roles and psychoneuroimmunology. Further research is needed to validate the clinical findings in this ancient text.
Ayurveda is one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine that has survived and flourished from ages till date. Ayurveda is knowledge system dealing with what is required to maintain health and to cure diseases. The basic theories of Ayurveda are the Panchamahabhuta, Tridosha, Saptadhatus, Trimalas etc. Understanding and practices of Ayurveda are based on these theories. In an age where validity of concepts is judged by their scientific relevance, establishing the scientific validity of basic concepts is atmost important. It requires translating concepts and their practical application. There are many approaches still to be explored by the Researchers, practitioners, experts in the field of Ayurveda to keep the traditional system alive and contributing to its growth in the future. However, due to many barriers such as lack of literature sources in different languages and insufficiency of awareness about the basic principles, there is a lacuna of exchange of information from the system around the globe. In this work we have made an attempt to put forth the basic principles of doctrines of Ayurveda to contribute to the society. Dr. Reshma Shivanagutti | Dr. Mahantesh R Sajjanashetty | Dr. G N Kannolli "Understanding Basic Principles of Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49482.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/49482/understanding-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/dr-reshma-shivanagutti
AVAAKSHIRASEEYAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a research article that explores concepts from the 8th chapter of the Indriya Sthana section of the Charaka Samhita. The chapter, called Avaakshiraseeyam, deals with various "Arishta lakshanas" or fatal signs and symptoms that predict death within days. It describes conditions like eye infections, transient vision loss, and abnormalities in shadows that indicate serious underlying issues. The research aims to understand the concepts in the chapter and their prognostic relevance today. It analyzes several modern conditions that may relate to the ancient signs. Further study is needed to verify the associations between signs and mortality.
A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sheravydha and Jalo...ijtsrd
The aim of the entire human is to attain happiness. To achieve this, a healthy state of physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual plans is necessary. Ayurveda is the science of life has an aim of preservation of health of a healthy person and cures the diseases. It has eight branches, which comprises of kaya chikitsa, shalya tantra, shalakya tantra, bhutavidhya, kaumarabrithya, agada tantra, rasayana and vajikarana chikitsa. Dr. Santhosh S Pujari "A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sheravydha and Jaloukaacarana in Ardhavabhedaka with Special Reference to Migraine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52650.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52650/a-randomised-controlled-trial-to-evaluate-the-efficacy-of-sheravydha-and-jaloukaacarana-in-ardhavabhedaka-with-special-reference-to-migraine/dr-santhosh-s-pujari
Ayurveda: Best way to stay connected with the traditional system of medicineapurva4
The traditional Hindu system of medicine (incorporated in Atharva Veda, the last of the four Vedas), which is based on the idea of balance in bodily systems and uses diet, herbal treatment, and yogic breathing. It is a simple, practical science of life, the principles and practices of which evolved through many centuries. Ayurvedic Doctors uses the techniques of ayurveda for providing the relief to the patients.
Analogical Insights Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda A Reviewijtsrd
The Ancient Science of Ayurveda explores the significance of Upamana Pramana, a method of knowledge acquisition through comparison or analogy, in clinical practice. Upamana Pramana is referred to as aupamya in the Charak Samhita within the framework of logical reasoning terms vaadamarga . It describes how two objects are similar to each other. Drawing upon the rich heritage of Ayurveda and classical Indian philosophy, this paper delves into the pivotal role that Upamana Pramana plays in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving treatment outcomes, and broadening the understanding of clinical conditions. Through a comprehensive review of the historical roots and the theoretical underpinnings of Upamana Pramana, the paper highlights the unique approach it offers in clinical reasoning. Case studies and real world examples demonstrate how clinicians can leverage Upamana Pramana to establish connections between unfamiliar clinical scenarios and well documented reference cases, enabling them to make informed decisions with greater confidence. Dr. Sandeep S. Khandalikar | Dr. Harshali R. Murade | Dr. Ganesh Mundada "Analogical Insights: Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60013.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60013/analogical-insights-unveiling-the-role-of-upamana-pramana-in-ayurveda-a-review/dr-sandeep-s-khandalikar
A Critical Review on Clinical Application of Sadvidhopakramaijtsrd
The eternal science of life Ayurveda has indicated various types of chikitsa for the management of diseases among these the chikitsa mentioned sadvidhopakrama where is lot of significance. Now a days our way of living lifestyle is drastically changing and our desires are growing day by day this results in excessive growing needs of people due to which they are facing numerous diseases or illness in the letter stage of life. These are mainly caused by lack of physical activities and unhealthy eating habits. in ayurvedic text acharyas have mentioned the origin of diseases is broadly classified in a two ways 1.santarpana Janya vyadhis. 2.apatarpana Janya vyadhis. Acharya charaka emphasized on the concept that method of treatment depends on the Intelligence and of a physician, considered a part of yuktivyapshraya chikitsa. sadvidhopakrama plans to act by balancing the proportion of Panchamahabhutas in the body, result of any upakrama is dosasamyata, whatever may be the treatment modalities it will come under the peerview of Sadu pakrama, that is reason these principles of sadvidhopakrama are implemented in day today clinical practices. Dr. Rajine. ET | Dr. Mahantesh R. Sajjanshetty. | Dr. G. N. Kannoli. "A Critical Review on Clinical Application of Sadvidhopakrama" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58594.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/58594/a-critical-review-on-clinical-application-of-sadvidhopakrama/dr-rajine-et
To Evaluate the Efficacy of Arkaksheradi Lepa after Prachanna in Shwitra A Si...ijtsrd
Skin is the largest organ which covers body. Vata and Bhrajaka pitta are responsible for maintaining healthy skin. Shwitra is one among the Kilasa kushta which is characterized by the manifestation of Swetha Mandala and Kandu. It can be corelated to Vitiligo in certain extent which is characterized by white patches. In Rasendrasarasangraha, Arkaksheeradi lepa after Prachanna is advised in Shwitra. Here an attempt is made to evaluate the efficacy of Arkaksheeradi lepa after Prachanna in the management of Shwitra Kushta. Dr. Nagesh Kumar S | Dr. Syeda Ather Fathima | Dr. Shivalingappa J Arakeri | Dr. Mohasin Kadegaon | Dr. Geetanjali Hiremath "To Evaluate the Efficacy of Arkaksheradi Lepa after Prachanna in Shwitra - A Single Case Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31391.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/31391/to-evaluate-the-efficacy-of-arkaksheradi-lepa-after-prachanna-in-shwitra--a-single-case-study/dr-nagesh-kumar-s
SADYO MARANEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a research article that explores the 10th chapter of Charaka Samhita called "Sadyo Maraneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana". The chapter deals with fatal signs and symptoms that lead to death within a short time span (3-7 days). It describes conditions like carcinomas, vascular lesions, acute abdomen, and hypovolemic shock. The current study analyzes the clinical relevance and prognostic significance of the conditions mentioned in the chapter. It finds similarities between descriptions in the ancient text and modern conditions like various cancers, neurosyphillis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and common carotid artery occlusion. Further research is needed to validate the clinical findings and develop
PUSHPITAKAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
The document summarizes the contents of the Pushpitakam Indriya chapter of Charaka Samhita, which deals with fatal signs and symptoms related to body odor and taste that indicate imminent death. Some key points:
- The chapter classifies signs of death (arishta lakshanas) as either definite (niyata) indicators of death or uncertain (aniyata) indicators. It notes signs can vary in intensity.
- Odds ratios are discussed as a way to measure the strength of association between signs and death. A ratio above 1 indicates correlation between a sign and death.
- Signs may appear suddenly and then vary over time in their manifestation, disappearing, becoming episodic
The document provides an overview and summary of the first chapter of the classical Ayurvedic text Ashtanga Hridaya. It discusses the purpose of life according to Ayurveda as fourfold: dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. It emphasizes the importance of having a long life to fulfill this purpose. It also outlines some key concepts in Ayurveda, including the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), the eight branches of Ayurveda, and how the doshas are distributed throughout the body and each day. Maintaining balance of the doshas is important for health, while imbalance can lead to disease.
YASYA SHYAVA NIMITTEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document discusses a chapter from the Charaka Samhita titled "Yasya Shyava Nimitteeyam" which explores various signs and symptoms that indicate imminent death. The chapter examines clinical findings from examining sputum, feces, and semen. It also describes assessing prognosis by giving meat soup and mentions signs for conditions like neurological diseases, epilepsy, skin diseases, tuberculosis, tumors, edema, ascites, and diabetes. Most conditions discussed relate to cancer cachexia, shock, delirium, advanced dementia, and other chronic illnesses at end-of-life. The document analyzes concepts from the chapter and their potential relevance today. It examines various diseases and symptoms that could relate to passages from the chapter,
This document discusses research methodology in Ayurveda. It begins by stating that the main objectives of Ayurveda are to maintain health and treat disease. It then defines research methodology as the systematic procedures used to study a hypothesis. Ayurveda has its own established research methodologies, such as the Panchaavyava Vakya framework involving five components - hypothesis, research methods, previous work, conclusions, and validating the hypothesis. Overall, the document outlines various Ayurvedic research tools and methodologies, including direct observation, inference, logic, debate frameworks, and systematic techniques for interpretation - demonstrating that Ayurveda has highly developed indigenous research traditions.
An Article on Rasayana Therapy in Ayurveda Confers as Rejuvenation Therapy an...IJARIIT
As we know, in this modern era, every human being is living under pressure to survive. This stressful life harms our
health, happiness and inner sense of well being. Increased toxicity in society, pollution and uses of excess chemical based
products are also a big degenerative factors, which leads the great health problems and they are roots of many fatal
diseases.So, in this condition, Rasayana Therapy becomes very necessary to rejuvenate the body system for a better harmony in
body, mind and soul. Rasayan Therapy helps in maintaining health, prevention of diseases and also gives power to the body to
avoid the recurrence of diseases.Ayurveda has two main objects, first to maintain the health of healthy person and second is to
cure the disease of suffering.So, Rasayana Therapy is also known as Rejuvenation therapy which aims to restore the body vigour and vitality.
Review Study of Nidra as Per Ayurveda by Vidya Chore | Swati Mehta | Pravin J...ijtsrd
According to Ayurveda Nidra Sleep is depends on Kapha and Tamas, thus balancing condition of Kapha and Tamas are responsible for good Nidra. Ahara food , Nidra and Brahmacharya Celibacy are the supporting vital pillar of health, It also called Trayopasthamb of life. It comes under unsupressable urge Adharniya vega . If it is suppressed then it can cause headache, body pain, heaviness of eyes etc.1 Happiness, Pleasure, nourishment, energy strength, weakness all these factors are depend upon good sleep and long life.The physical and mental status merely depends upon Nidra. Proper Nidra helps in the balance of sensory organs, weight and physiological activity of body. Improper balance of Sharir Dosha Vata, Pitta and Kapha and Manas Dosha Satva, Raja and Tama causes many effect on the Nidra. Aahar Vihar are also responsible for good Nidra. Vidya Chore | Swati Mehta | Pravin Jawanjal "Review Study of Nidra as Per Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63435.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/63435/review-study-of-nidra-as-per-ayurveda/vidya-chore
This article discusses the need to remodel the pillars of Ayurveda in order to strengthen it. The current approaches are disposing of the predestined Ayurvedic methods. The author expresses the need to focus on Ayurveda's holistic approach and metaphysical scientific attitude rather than just trying to impress the modern scientific community. The definition of health in Ayurveda, which includes a balanced state of body, mind and soul, is discussed. This is compared to definitions of quality healthcare which focus on dimensions like safety, effectiveness, timeliness, efficiency, equity and patient-centeredness. Remodeling Ayurveda based on its foundational concepts can help strengthen it for the future.
The document discusses the formation of the Society for Hand Therapy (SHT) in India. Key details:
1. In January 2007, a group of occupational therapists and physical therapists with an interest in hand rehabilitation came together to form an association called the Indian Society for Hand Therapy after a two-day workshop in Thane, India.
2. The SHT was officially registered after this event. Its mission is to represent hand therapists in India and support the development of knowledge and skills in hand therapy.
3. The newsletter provides information on the SHT's aims, treatment techniques used in hand therapy, and an upcoming international conference on hand therapy. It invites contributions from members for the newsletter.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
VARNA SWAREEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document provides a summary of a research article that explores the contents of the "Varna Swareeyam indriyam" chapter of Charaka Samhita's Indriya Sthana section. The chapter deals with various fatal signs and symptoms pertaining to skin color and voice which indicate imminent death. The research aims to analyze the role of these prognostic factors in clinical practice today. Many of the conditions mentioned have poor prognosis and involve acute, life-threatening illnesses like cyanosis, various cancers, neurological disorders, and autoimmune diseases. Further research is needed to validate the clinical applicability of the opinions in this ancient text.
ANU JYOTEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a review article from the International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine titled "Anu Jyoteeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study". The article explores the 11th chapter of the Indriya Sthana section of the Charaka Samhita, which describes various fatal signs and symptoms that lead to death within a certain period of time. Many of the conditions described denote advanced stages of dementia and delirium. The chapter also describes unique pathological features and concepts in medical ethics. Prospective studies are needed to substantiate the claims, and to calculate the predictive value of the fatal signs described.
PURVARUPEEYAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a review article from the International Journal of Ayurveda & Alternative Medicine. The article explores concepts from the "Purvarupeeyam indriyam" chapter of Charaka Samhita, which discusses prognostic signs and symptoms related to the prodromal or early stages of various diseases. Some key points:
- The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding prodromal symptoms for predicting disease progression and prognosis. More severe early symptoms may indicate a more serious course of illness.
- Concepts from the chapter like different types of dreams and their meanings are analyzed in the context of modern studies of sleep, dreams, and brain imaging.
- Examples are given of how prodromal symptoms
GOMAYA CHOORNEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a review article on the "Gomaya Choorneeyam" chapter of Charaka's "Indriya Sthana". The chapter describes various fatal signs and symptoms related to caregivers, omens, and medical ethics. It also summarizes the entire "Indriya Sthana". The review explores the contents of this chapter and analyzes their relevance today. It finds descriptions of conditions like seborrheic dermatitis, Parkinson's disease, and references to concepts like caregiver roles and psychoneuroimmunology. Further research is needed to validate the clinical findings in this ancient text.
Ayurveda is one of the oldest traditional systems of medicine that has survived and flourished from ages till date. Ayurveda is knowledge system dealing with what is required to maintain health and to cure diseases. The basic theories of Ayurveda are the Panchamahabhuta, Tridosha, Saptadhatus, Trimalas etc. Understanding and practices of Ayurveda are based on these theories. In an age where validity of concepts is judged by their scientific relevance, establishing the scientific validity of basic concepts is atmost important. It requires translating concepts and their practical application. There are many approaches still to be explored by the Researchers, practitioners, experts in the field of Ayurveda to keep the traditional system alive and contributing to its growth in the future. However, due to many barriers such as lack of literature sources in different languages and insufficiency of awareness about the basic principles, there is a lacuna of exchange of information from the system around the globe. In this work we have made an attempt to put forth the basic principles of doctrines of Ayurveda to contribute to the society. Dr. Reshma Shivanagutti | Dr. Mahantesh R Sajjanashetty | Dr. G N Kannolli "Understanding Basic Principles of Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49482.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/49482/understanding-basic-principles-of-ayurveda/dr-reshma-shivanagutti
AVAAKSHIRASEEYAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a research article that explores concepts from the 8th chapter of the Indriya Sthana section of the Charaka Samhita. The chapter, called Avaakshiraseeyam, deals with various "Arishta lakshanas" or fatal signs and symptoms that predict death within days. It describes conditions like eye infections, transient vision loss, and abnormalities in shadows that indicate serious underlying issues. The research aims to understand the concepts in the chapter and their prognostic relevance today. It analyzes several modern conditions that may relate to the ancient signs. Further study is needed to verify the associations between signs and mortality.
A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sheravydha and Jalo...ijtsrd
The aim of the entire human is to attain happiness. To achieve this, a healthy state of physical, emotional, intellectual and spiritual plans is necessary. Ayurveda is the science of life has an aim of preservation of health of a healthy person and cures the diseases. It has eight branches, which comprises of kaya chikitsa, shalya tantra, shalakya tantra, bhutavidhya, kaumarabrithya, agada tantra, rasayana and vajikarana chikitsa. Dr. Santhosh S Pujari "A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Sheravydha and Jaloukaacarana in Ardhavabhedaka with Special Reference to Migraine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52650.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/52650/a-randomised-controlled-trial-to-evaluate-the-efficacy-of-sheravydha-and-jaloukaacarana-in-ardhavabhedaka-with-special-reference-to-migraine/dr-santhosh-s-pujari
Ayurveda: Best way to stay connected with the traditional system of medicineapurva4
The traditional Hindu system of medicine (incorporated in Atharva Veda, the last of the four Vedas), which is based on the idea of balance in bodily systems and uses diet, herbal treatment, and yogic breathing. It is a simple, practical science of life, the principles and practices of which evolved through many centuries. Ayurvedic Doctors uses the techniques of ayurveda for providing the relief to the patients.
Analogical Insights Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda A Reviewijtsrd
The Ancient Science of Ayurveda explores the significance of Upamana Pramana, a method of knowledge acquisition through comparison or analogy, in clinical practice. Upamana Pramana is referred to as aupamya in the Charak Samhita within the framework of logical reasoning terms vaadamarga . It describes how two objects are similar to each other. Drawing upon the rich heritage of Ayurveda and classical Indian philosophy, this paper delves into the pivotal role that Upamana Pramana plays in enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving treatment outcomes, and broadening the understanding of clinical conditions. Through a comprehensive review of the historical roots and the theoretical underpinnings of Upamana Pramana, the paper highlights the unique approach it offers in clinical reasoning. Case studies and real world examples demonstrate how clinicians can leverage Upamana Pramana to establish connections between unfamiliar clinical scenarios and well documented reference cases, enabling them to make informed decisions with greater confidence. Dr. Sandeep S. Khandalikar | Dr. Harshali R. Murade | Dr. Ganesh Mundada "Analogical Insights: Unveiling the Role of Upamana Pramana in Ayurveda: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60013.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/60013/analogical-insights-unveiling-the-role-of-upamana-pramana-in-ayurveda-a-review/dr-sandeep-s-khandalikar
A Critical Review on Clinical Application of Sadvidhopakramaijtsrd
The eternal science of life Ayurveda has indicated various types of chikitsa for the management of diseases among these the chikitsa mentioned sadvidhopakrama where is lot of significance. Now a days our way of living lifestyle is drastically changing and our desires are growing day by day this results in excessive growing needs of people due to which they are facing numerous diseases or illness in the letter stage of life. These are mainly caused by lack of physical activities and unhealthy eating habits. in ayurvedic text acharyas have mentioned the origin of diseases is broadly classified in a two ways 1.santarpana Janya vyadhis. 2.apatarpana Janya vyadhis. Acharya charaka emphasized on the concept that method of treatment depends on the Intelligence and of a physician, considered a part of yuktivyapshraya chikitsa. sadvidhopakrama plans to act by balancing the proportion of Panchamahabhutas in the body, result of any upakrama is dosasamyata, whatever may be the treatment modalities it will come under the peerview of Sadu pakrama, that is reason these principles of sadvidhopakrama are implemented in day today clinical practices. Dr. Rajine. ET | Dr. Mahantesh R. Sajjanshetty. | Dr. G. N. Kannoli. "A Critical Review on Clinical Application of Sadvidhopakrama" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58594.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/58594/a-critical-review-on-clinical-application-of-sadvidhopakrama/dr-rajine-et
To Evaluate the Efficacy of Arkaksheradi Lepa after Prachanna in Shwitra A Si...ijtsrd
Skin is the largest organ which covers body. Vata and Bhrajaka pitta are responsible for maintaining healthy skin. Shwitra is one among the Kilasa kushta which is characterized by the manifestation of Swetha Mandala and Kandu. It can be corelated to Vitiligo in certain extent which is characterized by white patches. In Rasendrasarasangraha, Arkaksheeradi lepa after Prachanna is advised in Shwitra. Here an attempt is made to evaluate the efficacy of Arkaksheeradi lepa after Prachanna in the management of Shwitra Kushta. Dr. Nagesh Kumar S | Dr. Syeda Ather Fathima | Dr. Shivalingappa J Arakeri | Dr. Mohasin Kadegaon | Dr. Geetanjali Hiremath "To Evaluate the Efficacy of Arkaksheradi Lepa after Prachanna in Shwitra - A Single Case Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31391.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/ayurvedic/31391/to-evaluate-the-efficacy-of-arkaksheradi-lepa-after-prachanna-in-shwitra--a-single-case-study/dr-nagesh-kumar-s
SADYO MARANEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document summarizes a research article that explores the 10th chapter of Charaka Samhita called "Sadyo Maraneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana". The chapter deals with fatal signs and symptoms that lead to death within a short time span (3-7 days). It describes conditions like carcinomas, vascular lesions, acute abdomen, and hypovolemic shock. The current study analyzes the clinical relevance and prognostic significance of the conditions mentioned in the chapter. It finds similarities between descriptions in the ancient text and modern conditions like various cancers, neurosyphillis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and common carotid artery occlusion. Further research is needed to validate the clinical findings and develop
PUSHPITAKAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
The document summarizes the contents of the Pushpitakam Indriya chapter of Charaka Samhita, which deals with fatal signs and symptoms related to body odor and taste that indicate imminent death. Some key points:
- The chapter classifies signs of death (arishta lakshanas) as either definite (niyata) indicators of death or uncertain (aniyata) indicators. It notes signs can vary in intensity.
- Odds ratios are discussed as a way to measure the strength of association between signs and death. A ratio above 1 indicates correlation between a sign and death.
- Signs may appear suddenly and then vary over time in their manifestation, disappearing, becoming episodic
The document provides an overview and summary of the first chapter of the classical Ayurvedic text Ashtanga Hridaya. It discusses the purpose of life according to Ayurveda as fourfold: dharma, artha, kama, and moksha. It emphasizes the importance of having a long life to fulfill this purpose. It also outlines some key concepts in Ayurveda, including the three doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), the eight branches of Ayurveda, and how the doshas are distributed throughout the body and each day. Maintaining balance of the doshas is important for health, while imbalance can lead to disease.
YASYA SHYAVA NIMITTEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDYPRASAD MAMIDI
This document discusses a chapter from the Charaka Samhita titled "Yasya Shyava Nimitteeyam" which explores various signs and symptoms that indicate imminent death. The chapter examines clinical findings from examining sputum, feces, and semen. It also describes assessing prognosis by giving meat soup and mentions signs for conditions like neurological diseases, epilepsy, skin diseases, tuberculosis, tumors, edema, ascites, and diabetes. Most conditions discussed relate to cancer cachexia, shock, delirium, advanced dementia, and other chronic illnesses at end-of-life. The document analyzes concepts from the chapter and their potential relevance today. It examines various diseases and symptoms that could relate to passages from the chapter,
This document discusses research methodology in Ayurveda. It begins by stating that the main objectives of Ayurveda are to maintain health and treat disease. It then defines research methodology as the systematic procedures used to study a hypothesis. Ayurveda has its own established research methodologies, such as the Panchaavyava Vakya framework involving five components - hypothesis, research methods, previous work, conclusions, and validating the hypothesis. Overall, the document outlines various Ayurvedic research tools and methodologies, including direct observation, inference, logic, debate frameworks, and systematic techniques for interpretation - demonstrating that Ayurveda has highly developed indigenous research traditions.
An Article on Rasayana Therapy in Ayurveda Confers as Rejuvenation Therapy an...IJARIIT
As we know, in this modern era, every human being is living under pressure to survive. This stressful life harms our
health, happiness and inner sense of well being. Increased toxicity in society, pollution and uses of excess chemical based
products are also a big degenerative factors, which leads the great health problems and they are roots of many fatal
diseases.So, in this condition, Rasayana Therapy becomes very necessary to rejuvenate the body system for a better harmony in
body, mind and soul. Rasayan Therapy helps in maintaining health, prevention of diseases and also gives power to the body to
avoid the recurrence of diseases.Ayurveda has two main objects, first to maintain the health of healthy person and second is to
cure the disease of suffering.So, Rasayana Therapy is also known as Rejuvenation therapy which aims to restore the body vigour and vitality.
Review Study of Nidra as Per Ayurveda by Vidya Chore | Swati Mehta | Pravin J...ijtsrd
According to Ayurveda Nidra Sleep is depends on Kapha and Tamas, thus balancing condition of Kapha and Tamas are responsible for good Nidra. Ahara food , Nidra and Brahmacharya Celibacy are the supporting vital pillar of health, It also called Trayopasthamb of life. It comes under unsupressable urge Adharniya vega . If it is suppressed then it can cause headache, body pain, heaviness of eyes etc.1 Happiness, Pleasure, nourishment, energy strength, weakness all these factors are depend upon good sleep and long life.The physical and mental status merely depends upon Nidra. Proper Nidra helps in the balance of sensory organs, weight and physiological activity of body. Improper balance of Sharir Dosha Vata, Pitta and Kapha and Manas Dosha Satva, Raja and Tama causes many effect on the Nidra. Aahar Vihar are also responsible for good Nidra. Vidya Chore | Swati Mehta | Pravin Jawanjal "Review Study of Nidra as Per Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63435.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/literature/63435/review-study-of-nidra-as-per-ayurveda/vidya-chore
This article discusses the need to remodel the pillars of Ayurveda in order to strengthen it. The current approaches are disposing of the predestined Ayurvedic methods. The author expresses the need to focus on Ayurveda's holistic approach and metaphysical scientific attitude rather than just trying to impress the modern scientific community. The definition of health in Ayurveda, which includes a balanced state of body, mind and soul, is discussed. This is compared to definitions of quality healthcare which focus on dimensions like safety, effectiveness, timeliness, efficiency, equity and patient-centeredness. Remodeling Ayurveda based on its foundational concepts can help strengthen it for the future.
The document discusses the formation of the Society for Hand Therapy (SHT) in India. Key details:
1. In January 2007, a group of occupational therapists and physical therapists with an interest in hand rehabilitation came together to form an association called the Indian Society for Hand Therapy after a two-day workshop in Thane, India.
2. The SHT was officially registered after this event. Its mission is to represent hand therapists in India and support the development of knowledge and skills in hand therapy.
3. The newsletter provides information on the SHT's aims, treatment techniques used in hand therapy, and an upcoming international conference on hand therapy. It invites contributions from members for the newsletter.
Similar to PARIMARSHANEEYAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY (20)
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
PARIMARSHANEEYAM OF CHRAKA INDRIYA STHANA - AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY
1. I J MA A
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
www.ijaam.org
Free Full Text @ www.ijaam.org
- 2348 - 0173
p-ISSN - 2395 - 3985
e-ISSN
Bi-Monthly Peer Reviewed Indexed International Journal
Vol - 7 / Issue - 5 / Sept - Oct - 2019
SPECIAL THEME ON CHARAKA SAMHITA - INDRIYA STHANA
(Part - 1)
3. VOL 7
ISSUE 5 (2019)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
eISSN-2348-0173
pISSN-2395-3985
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
Page184
REVIEW ARTICLE
Abstract:
Samhitas are considered as highly codified store houses of ancient wisdom. The Charaka samhita (an ancient Indian textbook of
medicine written thousands of years before), as available in its present form consists 8 ‘Sthanas’ (sections) and ‘Indriya sthana’
(section which deals with prognosis) is one among them. Indriya sthana deals with various fatal signs and symptoms which denote
imminent death and prognostication of life expectancy in the patients who are at end-of-life stages. Indriya sthana of Charaka
samhita contain 12 chapters and ‘Parimarshaneeyam indriyam’ is the 3rd chapter of Indriya sthana. ‘Parimarshaneeyam indriyam’
chapter contains various arishta lakshanas (fatal signs and symptoms which indicates imminent death) which can be elicited by
touch or palpation. Various clinical conditions (surgical and ophthalmological) and methods of diagnosing them by using palpation
were described in this chapter. The present study is aimed to explore the contents of this chapter and to analyse their role and
potential in clinical prognostication. Concepts such as medical ethics & etiquette regarding palpation are mentioned in this
chapter. Various pathological technical terms like ‘Aspandanm’ (absence of pulsations), ‘Darunatvam’ (stony hardness or
induration), ‘ Kharatvam’ (sclerosis or licehnification or scaling), ‘Asat bhava’ (atrophy), ‘Sramsa’ (subluxations), ‘Bhramsha’
(dislocations), ‘Swedanubandha’ (hyperhidrosis), ‘Sweda stambha’ (anhidrosis), ‘Mamsa shonita veeti bhava’ (cachexia/ sarcopenia
/atrophy), ‘ Sheetam’ (hypothermia), ‘Stabdham’ (rigidity / spasticity), ‘Chyuta’ (prolapse), and ‘Skanna’ (clotting) etc are
mentioned in this chapter along with arishta lakshanas related to eyes which are having profound clinical importance. The
concepts mentioned in this chapter needs to be standardized. Further research works are required to substantiate the opinions
or claims mentioned in this chapter.
Key Words: Atrophy, Hypothermia, Induration, Rigidity, Sclerosis, Spasticity
Quick Response Code: IJAAM Access this journal online
Website: www.ijaam.org
*Corresponding Author
Prasad Mamidi,
Professor, Dept of Kayachikitsa,
SKS Ayurvedic Medical College & Hospital, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India,
Contact No. +91 7567222856,
E-mail- drprasadmamidi@gmail.com
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36672/ijaam.2019.v07i05.003
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others
to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
For reprints contact: editorijaam@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION:
Samhitas are considered as highly codified store
houses of ancient wisdom. [1]
Agnivesha has composed
‘Agnivesha samhita’ based on the teaching of his
preceptor ‘Acharya Punarvasu Atreya’. Later,
Agnivesha samhita was elaborated, edited and redacted
by Acharya Charaka and Dridhabala, since then
‘Agnivesha samhita’ got popularized as ‘Charaka
samhita’. The Charaka samhita (an ancient Indian
textbook of medicine written thousands of years
before), as available in its present form consists 8
‘Sthanas’ (sections) and ‘Indriya sthana’ (section
which deals with prognosis) is one among them. [2]
Indriya sthana of Charaka samhita contain 12 chapters
and ‘Parimarshaneeyam indriyam’ is the 3rd
chapter of
Indriya sthana. ‘Parimarshaneeyam indriyam’ chapter
contains various arishta lakshanas (fatal signs and
symptoms which indicates imminent death) which can
be elicited by touch or palpation. The word
‘Parimarshana’ denotes touch or palpation; hence the
chapter is named as ‘Parimarshaneeyam indriyam’. In
this chapter various clinical conditions (surgical and
ophthalmological) and methods of diagnosing them by
using palpation were described. [3]
The present study is
aimed to explore the contents of this chapter and to
analyse their role and potential in clinical
prognostication.
MAIN CONTENTS:
‘àk&itSwen pai[na’
‘Prakrutisthena paaninaa’ [Verse 4] [3]
‘àk&itSweneit naTyu:[zIten’
‘Prakrutistheneti naatyushnasheetena’ [Chakrapani,
Verse 4] [3]
Palpation is an art of touching a patient in a therapeutic
manner to elicit specific information. Prior to palpating
a patient, some medical ethics and etiquette needs to be
observed (bed side manners). Physician should warm
his hands prior to placing them on the patient’s body.
Palpating with cold hands can make a patient’s muscles
tense (which can distort assessment findings) and also
can cause discomfort to the patient. The word ‘àk&itSwen
pai[na’ denotes the same i.e., physicians hands should be
sufficiently warm that they shouldn’t cause discomfort
to the patient while doing palpation.
‘pirmzRyeÖa=Nyen’
‘Parimarshayed vaa anyena’ [Verse 4] [3]
‘guédarade> Svy< SpzaeR yda n yuJyte tda ktRVymah pirmzRyeÖa=Nyeneit’
‘Gurudaaraade ---- anyeneti’ [Chakrapani, Verse 4] [3]
If the physician is not allowed (not in a position) to do
palpation (due to cultural or religious backgrounds or
circumstances which may cause embarrassment or
discomfort to the patient), he can get assistance from
another person. ‘Tacesics’ involves tactile
PARIMARSHANEEYAM OF CHARAKA INDRIYA STHANA – AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY
YAVAGU (GRUEL)
4. VOL 7
ISSUE 5 (2019)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
eISSN-2348-0173
pISSN-2395-3985
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
Page185
communication and is the study of touch and of the
characteristics that are involved, including the gender
and age of the communicators (physician and patient),
duration, location, action (speed and manner of
approach that precede the touch), intensity (pressure
exerted), frequency and sensations caused by the touch
(degrees of comfort and discomfort generated in the
communicating agents). Another aspect when studying
tacesics is related to ‘where’ the person is touched (it
influences the degree of embarrassment), context, age,
intention and cultural diversity. When performing
palpation, the physician should remember that,
misinterpretations may occur which may cause
embarrassment and discomfort. Therefore, personal
factors, communication skills, attitudes, beliefs, values
and even technical knowledge must be considered
while doing palpation. [4]
Before doing palpation
physician should be alert regarding various factors like
religious or cultural background, gender and part of the
body, education level and patient’s position in society
etc.
‘stt< SpNdmanana< zrIrdezanamSpNdnm!’
Satatam ---- aspandanam [Verse 4] [3]
Diminished or absent pulses in the various arteries
examined may be indicative of impaired blood flow
due to a variety of conditions. All pulses (brachial,
radial, and ulnar arteries of the upper extremities and
the femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis, and posterior
tibial arteries of the lower extremities) should be
palpated bilaterally. The aorta and temporal arteries
also can be palpated. Diminished pulses are ominous in
children and they suggest cardiac failure or shock.
Absent or weak pulses in the arm may result from a
coarctation of the aorta. If the pulse is of low volume
and amplitude (hypokinetic), it suggests low cardiac
output in shock or myocardial infarction. Idiopathic
dilated cardiomyopathy, valvular stenosis, pericardial
tamponade, or constrictive pericarditis can also cause
low cardiac output and small peripheral pulses.
Absence of a pulse could also suggest an occlusion by
thrombus, embolus, or dissection. Unilateral absence
of a pulse can aid in the diagnosis of a dissected aortic
aneurysm. Intermittent loss of pulse can be seen in
cardiac tamponade and cardiac herniation. [5]
‘inTyae:m[a< zItI-av>’
‘Nityoshmaanaam sheeti bhaavaha’ [Verse 4] [3]
Spontaneous temperature fluctuations occur
commonly in neurological patients. Thermo-
dysregulation after spinal cord injury causes
dysfunction of the peripheral warm/cold receptors,
autonomic control, and sweating mechanisms.
Hypothermia can be caused by cold exposure, severe
infection, and endocrine abnormalities. Paroxysmal
hypothermia with hyperhidrosis (PHH), multiple
sclerosis (MS), and Wernicke encephalopathy (WE)
are associated with spontaneous episodic hypothermia.
Lower body temperatures in patients with infections
are associated with an extremely high mortality rate.
Hypothermia is one of the most important prognostic
factors for poor outcome in trauma patients. Old age,
comorbid conditions, and comatose state are associated
with an increased incidence of spontaneous
hypothermia in patients with brain injury. [6]
Two
important cutaneous microvascular disorders that may
be related to altered reflex or local thermoregulation
are ‘Raynaud phenomenon’ and ‘Erythromelalgia’.
Reduced vascular density, impaired local vasodilator
responsiveness, and reflex sympathetic dysfunction are
responsible for above two conditions. [7]
Decreased
local temperature also suggests ischemia or reduced
blood flow to that part.
‘m&dUna< daé[Tvm!’
‘Mrudunaam darunatvam’ [Verse 4] [3]
Those structures or body parts which are soft in nature
becoming hard or firm on palpation (hard or firm
consistency) is considered as arishta. For example, on
palpation, hard consistency of liver denotes primary or
secondary malignancy of liver. On palpation, ‘hard but
yielding consistency’ is found in chondroma, ‘bony
hard yielding consistency’ denotes osteoma, ‘stony
hard consistency’ denotes carcinoma and ‘variable
consistency’ denotes malignancy either carcinoma or
sarcoma.
‘ðú[ana< orTvm!’
‘Slakshnaanaam kharatvam’ [Verse 4] [3]
The word ‘Kharatva’ denotes various pathological
conditions like fibrosis or sclerosis or hyperplasia or
patches or lichenification or scaling etc. Fibrosis is the
formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an
organ or tissue. Sclerosis is the stiffening of a tissue or
anatomical structure, caused by a replacement of the
normal organ-specific tissue with connective tissue.
Hyperplasia is enlargement of an organ or tissue caused
by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells,
generally seen in the initial stages of cancer. Rough or
scaly or patchy skin is observed in various skin
conditions like chronic eczema, secondary syphilis,
leishmaniasis, onchodermatitis, icthyosis and
tuberculoid leprosy etc. Rough skin is also seen in
hypothyroidism (myxoedema). ‘Kharatva’ also
denotes hyperplasia of skin.
‘stamsÑav>’
‘Sataam asadbhaavaha’ [Verse 4] [3]
Atrophy is a process of waste away of body tissue or
an organ, due to degeneration. For example, in
testicular atrophy the testes shrink due to loss of some
germ and leydig cells. Secondary testicular atrophy
may occur due to ischemia, carcinoma, mumps orchitis
and acquired cryptorchidism. Atrophy of various body
parts or organs denotes underlying carcinoma or
degenerative processes.
5. VOL 7
ISSUE 5 (2019)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
eISSN-2348-0173
pISSN-2395-3985
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
Page186
‘SvedanubNx> StM-ae va’
‘Swedaanubandhaha stambho vaa’ [Verse 4] [3]
The word ‘SvedanubNx>’ denotes excessive sweating
(generalized or regional) hyperhydrosis (secondary in
the arishta lakshana’s context). Secondary
hyperhydrosis is seen in various conditions like
carcinoid, lymphoma, various malignancies, Frey’s
syndrome, insulinoma, pheochromocytoma,
hyperthyroidism, diabetes (due to neuropathy or
hypoglycaemia), various infectious diseases,
endocarditis, chronic malaria, brucellosis, HIV,
vascular deformities and idiopathic unilateral focal
hyperhydrosis etc. Horner’s syndrome with loss of
sweating from one side of the face can cause
compensatory hyperhidrosis from the contra lateral
side. [8]
The word ‘Sved StM->’ denotes absence of
sweating or anhidrosis in which the body does not
respond appropriately to thermal stimuli by sweating.
Anhidrosis (secondary) can be seen in various
conditions like ‘Multiple system atrophy’ (MSA),
Parkinson’s disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies
(BLD), stroke, Multiple sclerosis (MS), tumours and
infections etc which involves autonomic pathways.
Anhidrosis is also observed in other conditions such as
‘Pure autonomic failure’ (PAF), sensory motor
polyneuropathy in diabetes, Guillain-Barre’s syndrome
(GBS), Autoimmune autonomic gangliopathy (AAG),
amyloidosis, alcoholic neuropathy, Fabry disease,
Ross syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and Acquired
idiopathic generalized anhidrosis (AIGA). [9]
‘ma<szaei[tyaevIRtI-av>’
‘Maamsa sonithayo veetee bhavaha’ [Verse 4] [3]
‘vItI-av> Ait]I[Tvm!’
‘Veetee bhavaha ati ksheenatvam’[Chakrapani, Verse 4]
[3]
The above condition denotes ‘Cachexia’. Cachexia is
described as a wasting syndrome involving loss of
muscle and fat directly caused by tumour factors, or
indirectly caused by an aberrant host response to
tumour presence. The etymology of the word cachexia
points to its association with poor prognosis and it has
long been recognised as a key sign in many cancers. It
is a multi-factorial condition which comprises skeletal
muscle and adipose tissue loss. Cachexia correlates
with poor performance status and quality of life with a
high mortality rate in cancer patients. [10]
According to
a study ‘refractory cachexia’ develops approximately
90 days before death in cancer patients. Various terms
are prevalent related to cachexia like ‘cancer cachexia’,
‘cardiac cachexia’, ‘pulmonary cachexia’, and so on,
are generally accepted. Progressive deterioration of
nutritional status is frequently observed in patients
suffering from acute and chronic diseases. Cachexia
also known as disease-associated malnutrition is
associated with negative effects on patients’ morbidity,
mortality and quality of life (QoL). [11]
Chronic heart
failure (CHF) patients develop a generalized wasting
syndrome with extremely poor prognosis termed as
‘cardiac cachexia’. Cardiac cachexia in CHF patients is
associated with weight loss, loss of lean tissue, gross
reduction in fat tissue mass (i.e. energy reserves),
reduced bone mineral density (osteoporosis), reduction
in total body fat and impaired peripheral blood flow.
[12]
‘%CD!vasae=itdI"aeR=itÿSvae va’
‘Ucchwaaso ati deergho ati hrasvo vaa’ [Verse 6] [3]
There are multiple types of abnormal respiration. They
include apnea, orthopnea, dyspnea, hyperpnea,
hyperventilation, hypoventilation, tachypnea,
Kussmaul respiration, Cheyne-Stokes respiration,
sighing respiration, Biot respiration, apneustic
breathing, central neurogenic hyperventilation, and
central neurogenic hypoventilation etc. Apneustic
breathing is is characterized by regular deep
inspirations with an inspiratory pause followed by
inadequate expiration. This respiratory pattern is often
associated with severe brain injury and carries a poor
prognosis. [13]
Prolonged exhalation (‘pursed-lip’ in
severe cases) caused by chronic intra thoracic
obstruction is seen in patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) (which includes
emphysema and chronic bronchitis). Obstructive lung
diseases (such as asthma, COPD, cystic fibrosis,
bronchiectasis) cause more difficulty with exhaling air.
Various abnormal breathing patterns occur due to an
underlying cardiac, respiratory or central nervous
system pathology.
‘mNye pirm&Zymane n SpNdyatam!’
‘Manye parimrushyamaane na spandayaataam’
[Verse 6] [3]
‘Manya’ denotes carotid arteries. Palpation of the
carotid arterial pulse provides a clue to the LV (left
ventricle) stroke volume; a small pulse suggests a
reduced stroke volume, whereas a sharp brief upstroke
is often observed in patients with mitral regurgitation
(MR) or ruptured ventricular septum with a left-to-
right shunt. [5]
A weak or impalpable carotid pulse is
indicative of severe aortic stenosis. [14]
The hypokinetic
carotid artery pulse is found in patients with a reduced
stroke volume. This group includes patients with
hypovolemia, left ventricular failure, and mitral
stenosis. [15]
‘dNta> pirkI[aR> ñeta jatzkRra>’
‘Dantaaha --- jaatasharkaraaha’ [Verse 6] [3]
‘pirkI[aR #it mlilPta’
‘Parikeernaa iti malaliptaa’ [Chakrapani, Verse 6] [3]
The word ‘pirkI[aR’ indicates dental plaque, ‘ñeta’ indicates
chalky white discoloration of teeth and ‘jatzkRra’
indicates dental calculus. The presence of clinically
detectable, localized areas of enamel demineralization,
observed as white spot lesions of different opacity, is a
sign that the caries process has begun. The subsurface
6. VOL 7
ISSUE 5 (2019)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
eISSN-2348-0173
pISSN-2395-3985
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
Page187
porosity caused by demineralization gives the lesion a
milky appearance which can be found on the smooth
surfaces of teeth. White spot lesions are also seen in
fluorosis, hypomineralization, hypomaturation and
hypoplasia. [16]
Chronic periodontitis is an infectious
inflammatory disease caused by the bacteria of the
dental plaque, resulting in the progressive destruction
of the tissues that support the teeth. Plaque
accumulation (pirkI[aR #it mlilPta), calculus formation
(jatzkRra), gingival redness and swelling, gingival
bleeding and suppuration may occur spontaneously in
periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis is associated with
coronary heart disease (CHD), atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease or its sequelae, COPD, bacterial
pneumonia, and rheumatoid arthritis. Chronic
periodontitis is associated with head and neck
squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), especially in the
oral cavity, followed by the oropharynx and larynx. A
significant association was found between the history
of periodontitis and risk of developing lung, kidney,
pancreas, and hematological cancers. However, the
most consistent increased risk was noted in the studies
of oral and esophageal cancers and periodontal disease.
Gastric and pancreatic cancers had an association with
periodontitis in most of the studies. Patients with
periodontal disease were more likely to have poorly
differentiated oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
(SCC). [17]
‘púmai[ jqabXdain’
‘Pakshmaani jataabaddhaani’ [Verse 6] [3]
Matted eyelashes can be seen in ‘Blepharitis’. Matted
eyelashes may also denote ‘Seborrheic deramtitis’
(SD). SD often presents as well-defined erythematous
plaques with greasy-looking, yellowish scales of
varying extents in regions rich in sebaceous glands,
such as the scalp, the retro-auricular area, face
(nasolabial folds, upper lip, eyelids and eyebrows), and
the upper chest. SD is more prevalent in immune-
compromised patients such as HIV/AIDS patients and
patients with lymphoma. SD is also associated with
neurological disorders and psychiatric diseases, such as
Parkinson’s disease (PD), neuroleptic induced
parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, traumatic brain
injury, epilepsy, facial nerve palsy, spinal cord injury,
depression, chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, hepatitis C
virus and in patients with congenital disorders such as
Down syndrome. [18]
‘kezlaemaNyayMymanain àluCyern! n ceÖedyeyu>’
‘Keshaloma ---- vedayeyuhu’ [Verse 6] [3]
‘Hypoesthesia’ is decreased sensitivity to stimulation
whereas ‘Hypoalgesia’ denotes decreased sensitivity to
painful stimuli. [19]
Lack of pain sensation while
plucking hair denotes various underlying conditions
like neuropathies or neuronopathies. Neuropathic
disorders encompass those that affect the neuron’s cell
body or neuronopathies, those affecting the peripheral
process, or peripheral neuropathies. The peripheral
neuropathies can be broadly subdivided into the
myelinopathies and axonopathies. Sensory
neuronopathy (ganglionopathy) is seen in cancer
(paraneoplastic), idiopathic sensory neuropathy and
HIV related neuropathy. Most of the patients with
sensory loss associated with peripheral neuropathy
(e.g., cryptogenic sensory polyneuropathy or CSPN
and diabetes) clinically show diminished light touch,
pin, and vibration sensation. [20]
Hypoesthesia is also
seen in tabes dorsalis, parietal lobe lesions, Brown-
sequard syndrome (BSS) and leprosy.
‘%dre isra> àkazer|! ZyavtaènIlhirÔzuKla va’
‘Udare siraaha ---- shuklaa vaa’ [Verse 6] [3]
Enlarged tortuous superficial abdominal veins are seen
in various conditions like IVCS (inferior vena cava
syndrome), hepatic sarcoidosis, portal hypertension,
cirrhosis of liver with caput medusae, alcoholic liver
disease, Budd chiari syndrome, and spider nevi in
hepatitis C etc.
‘noa> vItma<szaei[ta> pKvjaMbvv[aR>’
‘Nakhaa --- varnaaha’ [Verse 6] [3]
Discoloration of nails (purple or blue or black) along
with atrophy denotes various underlying systemic
diseases. Cyanosis may manifest as blue or purple
discoloration of the nail bed and digits due to lower
oxygen saturation causing accumulation of
deoxyhemoglobin in the small blood vessels of the
extremities. Central cyanosis is caused by congenital
heart diseases whereas peripheral cyanosis is caused by
vasoconstriction and diminished peripheral blood flow
due to exposure to cold, shock, congestive cardiac
failure, and peripheral vascular disease. Melanonychia
(brown or black lines on nails) may be due to an
underlying melanocytic nevus or malignant melanoma,
hemochromatosis, malnutrition, thyroid disease,
smoking, HIV infection, and Addison's disease. [21]
Vasoreactive individuals often have a perniotic
circulation, especially at the hands and feet
(acroperniosis). At rest, a perniotic circulation is
characterized by a cold purplish (pKvjaMbvv[R) periphery.
In perniosis, cold can cause vasoconstriction severe
enough to induce temporary distal ischaemia. This
prolonged vasoconstriction would be able to cause
prolonged relative hypoxia at the periphery which may
cause pulp atrophy (vItma<szaei[t) and secondary
curvature and hyperplasia of finger nails. [22]
The
purplish discoloration along with atrophy of nails
denotes ischemia or gangrene.
‘A<¼uly AayMymana n S)uqeyu>’
‘Angulaya ---- na sphuteyu’ [Verse 6] [3]
Loss of ability to crack one’s knuckles is one of the
manifestations of hyperparathyroidism. Soft tissue
calcification in secondary hyperparathyroidism
reduces tendon elasticity and restricts finger joint
motion. This limitation reduces the vacuum and
7. VOL 7
ISSUE 5 (2019)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
eISSN-2348-0173
pISSN-2395-3985
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
Page188
cavitation caused by phalanx flexion, and thereby
attenuates or eliminates the audible ‘pop’ or cracking
of the knuckles. Articular and other musculoskeletal
manifestations of secondary hyperparathyroidism have
been a longstanding concern for patients with chronic
kidney disease. [23]
Benign joint hypermobility
syndrome (BJHS) is characterized by generalized joint
laxity and hypermobility. Hypermobility may occur in
several different connective tissue disorders including
Marfan syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS),
and osteogenesis imperfecta, Down syndrome,
metabolic disorders (homocystinuria and
hyperlysinemia) and Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. [24]
‘sNxIna< ö<sæ<zCyvnain’
‘Sandheenaam --- chyavanaani’ [Verse 4] [3]
ö<s> mnaGgmnm! , æ<zStu sudUraxaegmnm!, xavn< tu paZvRtae gmnm!.
‘Sramsaha --- gamanam’ [Chakrapani, Verse 4] [3]
The word ‘ö<s>’ denotes subluxation (subluxation of
temporomandibular joint or TMJ), ‘æ<z>’ denotes
dislocation (shoulder dislocation) and ‘xavn<’ denotes
deviation (ulnar deviation in rheumatoid arthritis) or
varus or valgus deformities (genu valgum & genu
varum) of various joints. Generalized joint laxity is
characterized by increased length and elasticity of
normal joint restraints, resulting in an increased range
of motion and increased distractibility. This
hyperlaxity can be congenital and acquired. Congenital
hyperlaxity is caused by connective tissue disorders,
such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Marphan syndrome,
osteogenesis imperfecta, and benign hypermobility
syndrome. Acquired joint hyperlaxity is seen in
athletes (swimmers, gymnasts, pitchers, etc). The term
“multidirectional instability” (MDI) is defined as
symptomatic involuntary instability of the
glenohumeral joint in more than one direction (anterior
and/or posterior, and inferior). [25]
Hypermobility is
seen in various conditions like ‘Benign joint
hypermobility syndrome’ (BJHS), Marfan syndrome,
‘Ehlers–Danlos syndrome’ (EDS), and osteogenesis
imperfecta, ‘Down syndrome’, metabolic disorders
(homocystinuria and hyperlysinemia) and ‘Juvenile
rheumatoid arthritis’. [24]
‘tSy cet! pirm&Zyman< p&wKTven pad j<"aeé iS)gudr paZvR p&óei;ka pai[ ¢Iva
taLvaeó llaq< iSvÚ< zIt< StBx< daé[< vItma<szaei[t< va Syat!’
‘Tasya chet --- vaa syaat’ [Verse 5] [3]
Various pathological findings like ‘iSvÚm!’ (Secondary
hyperhydrosis either generalized or localized seen in
various conditions like carcinoid, lymphoma,
malignancies, insulinoma, pheochromocytoma,
hyperthyroidism, diabetes, infectious diseases,
endocarditis, brucellosis, HIV, vascular deformities,
idiopathic unilateral focal hyperhydrosis and Horner’s
syndrome etc), [8]
‘zItm!’ (Generalized or localized
hypothermia due to various conditions like ischemia,
erythromelalgia, reflex sympathetic dysfunction,
Raynaud phenomenon, brain injury or severe trauma,
Wernicke encephalopathy, Multiple sclerosis,
paroxysmal hypothermia with hyperhidrosis, severe
infections and endocrinal abnormalities etc), [6&7]
‘StBxm!’ (Hypertonia or rigidity or spasticity etc seen in
diseases of basal ganglia or extrapyramidal system
such as parkinsonism, Huntington’s disease, dystonia,
Tourette syndrome, Wilson’s disease, blepharospasm,
and other conditions like fibromyalgia,
hypothyroidism, tetanus, epilepsy, and frozen shoulder
etc), ‘daé[m!’ (Stony hardness seen in carcinoma or
sarcoma) and ‘vItma<szaei[tm!’ (Pulmonary, cardiac and
cancer cachexia or atrophy seen in carcinoma and
various other chronic debilitating diseases) occurring
spontaneously (without any visible or known reason or
cause) at various parts of the body (feet, legs, thighs,
buttocks, abdomen, spine, ribs, neck, hands, palate, lips
and forehead) denote Arishta lakshana’s.
‘tSy cet! p&wKTven guL) janu v<][ gud v&;[ meF+na_y<sStn mi[k pzuRka hnu
naiska k[aRi] æU zŒadIin öStain VyStain Cyutain Swane_y> SkÚain va
Syu>’
‘Tasya chet --- vaa syuhu’ [Verse 5] [3]
Manifestation of various pathological features
(spontaneously without any known cause) like, ‘öSt’
(subluxation or dislocation or laxity or flaccidity), ‘VySt’
(altered or dispersed or seperated), ‘Cyut’ (prolapsed or
fallen or dropped), and ‘SkÚ’ (trickled down or emitted
or thickening or clotting) at various body parts (ankle,
knee, inguinal, anus, testicles, penis, umbilicus, wrist,
breast, shoulder, ribs, jaw, nose, ears, eyes, eyebrows
and temple region) indicates or denote Arishta (Table
1).
‘tSy ce½]u;I àk&ithIne ivk&ityuKte ATyuiTpi{fte Aitàivòe Aitijüe Aitiv;me
AitmuKtbNxne Aitàs&te sttaeiNmi;te sttinimi;te inim;aeNme;aitàv&Tte
ivæa<td&iòke ivprItd&iòke hInd&iòke VyStd&iòke nkulaNxe kpaetaNxe Alatv[eR
k&:[pItnIlZyavtaèhirthirÔzuKlvEkairka[a< v[aRnamNytmenaitPlute va
Syata< tda prasuirit iv*at!’
‘Tasya chet ---- vidyaat’ [Verse 6] [3]
Various aristha lakshana’s related to netra (eye) are
explained in the above verse (Table 2).
CONCLUSION:
Some medical ethics & etiquette regarding palpation
are mentioned in this chapter. The importance of
proper knowledge or training regarding identification
of Arishta lakshana’s is essential and it makes the
physician confident while prognosticating and
minimizing personal biases. Concepts such as medical
ethics & etiquette regarding palpation are mentioned in
this chapter. Various pathological technical terms like
‘Aspandanm’ (absence of pulsations), ‘Darunatvam’
(stony hardness or induration), ‘ Kharatvam’ (sclerosis
or licehnification or scaling), ‘Asat bhava’ (atrophy),
‘Sramsa’ (subluxations), ‘Bhramsha’ (dislocations),
8. VOL 7
ISSUE 5 (2019)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
eISSN-2348-0173
pISSN-2395-3985
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
Page189
‘Swedanubandha’ (hyperhidrosis), ‘Sweda stambha’
(anhidrosis), ‘Mamsa shonita veeti bhava’ (cachexia /
sarcopenia / atrophy), ‘ Sheetam’ (hypothermia),
‘Stabdham’ (rigidity / spasticity), ‘Chyuta’ (prolapse),
and ‘Skanna’ (clotting) etc are mentioned in this
chapter along with arishta lakshanas related to eyes
which are having profound clinical importance. The
concepts mentioned in this chapter needs to be
standardized. Further research works are required to
substantiate the opinions or claims mentioned in this
chapter.
Table 1: Sparshagata Arishta lakshanas
Part of the body Relevant conditions
guL) (Ankle) Foot drop / Functional or chronic ankle instability / Predislocation syndrome / Subluxations and
dislocations of ankle joint / Inflammatory joint disease / Multiple sclerosis / Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis / Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease etc
janu (Knee) Subluxation & dislocation of patella / Genu valgum & varum / Rickets / Inflammatory joint diseases /
Rupture of quadriceps tendon
v<][
(Inguinal or Hip)
Acetabular rim syndrome / Avascular necrosis / Hip dysplasia / Labral tears / Dislocation of hip /
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) / Acetabular dysplasia / Poliomyelitis / Femoral neck fracture
(due to osteoporosis)
Gud (Anus) Rectal prolapse or Procidentia / Adenocarcinoma of rectum or sigmoid colon / Rectosigmoid tumour
/ Ischio rectal abscess etc
v&;[
(Testicle / Scrotum)
Acquired cryptorchidism / Testicular torsion / various tumours of testes / Anteversion and inversion
of testis etc
meF+ (Penis) Peyronie’s disease / Lichen sclerosis / Fournier’s gangrene / Buried penis / Idiopathic partial
thrombosis of corpus cavernosum (IPT) / Ischemic priapism etc
Naai- (Umbilicus) Exomphalos / Umbilical or paraumbilical hernias / Everted umbilicus due to intra abdominal
neoplasms etc
A<s (Shoulder) Subluxation & dislocation of shoulder / winging of the scapula / Sprengel’s deformity / Glenohumeral
joint dysplasia / Rotator cuff disease (RCD) / Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder) / Subacromial
impingement syndrome (SIS) / Labral tears etc
Stn (Breast) Benign tumours and carcinoma of breast / Retracted, deviated, inverted and flattened nipples (due to
abscess or neoplasms)
mi[k (Wrist) Radial or ulnar deviation / Flexion deformity / Rheumatoid hand / Madelung’s deformity / Preiser’s
disease / Kienbock’s disease / Ligament tears / Motor neuron disease (MND) / Wrist drop / Varus and
Valgus deformities of wrist / Rickets / Lunate or perilunate dislocations etc
pzuRk (Rib) Metastatic rib lesions / Gorham disease / Chondrosarcoma / Fibrous dysplasia / Rib fractures / Cervical
rib / Paget disease / Kyphosis / Scoliosis / Rachitic rosary etc
hnu (Jaw) Subluxation or dislocation or ankylosis of TMJ (Temporomandibular joint) / Trismus / Oromandibular
dystonia
Naaisk (Nose) Saddle nose / Septal deviation / Sinonasal tumours / Rhinoscleroma / Leprosy / Nasal polyps etc
k[R (Ear) Protruding or bat ears / Cup shaped or low-set ears in Down syndrome / Cauliflower ears / Mastoid
abscess / Ear tumours
Ai] (Eye) Exophthalmos (in Graves’ disease) / Enophthalmos / Squint / Retro orbital or orbital tumours /
Ophthalmoplegia etc
æU (Eyebrow) Madarosis / Facial nerve palsy / Horner syndrome / Myasthenia gravis / Brow tumours like
pleomorphic adenoma etc
zŒ (Temple region) Multiple venous malformations with phleboliths at temples / Giant cell arteritis / Intra cranial abscess
/ Temporal osteitis or myositis / Multiple myeloma / Maxillary carcinoma etc
Table 2: Netragata Arishta lakshanas
Arishta lakshana Relevant conditions
ATyuiTpi{fte
(Exophthalmos)
Graves ophthalmopathy / Retro orbital or orbital tumours / Orbital cellulitis / Severe glaucoma etc
Aitàivòe
(Enophthalmos)
Horner’s syndrome / Marfan syndrome / Duane’s syndrome / Silent sinus syndrome / Phthisis bulbi /
Atrophy etc
Aitijüe
(Crossed eyes)
Squint or Strabismus / Acquired paralytic strabismus in Diabetes / Graves disease / Guilain-Barre
syndrome (GBS) / Stroke / Brain tumours / Hydrocephalus / Cerebral palsy etc
Aitiv;me
(Uneven)
Irregular astigmatism / Keratoconus / Central cornea islands / Map-Dot-Fingerprint dystrophy (MDF) /
Cysts or tumours in one eye etc
AitmuKtbNxne
(Plegia)
Ophthalmoplegia / Myasthenia gravis / GBS / Kearns-Sayre syndrome / Foville’s syndrome / Internuclear
ophthalmoplegia / Multiple sclerosis / Parinaud’s syndrome / Stroke / Wernicke encephalopathy /
Cavernous sinus syndrome / Paralysis of cranial nerves (CN III, IV & VI) etc
Aitàs&te
(Watering eyes)
Epiphora / Allergic or infective conjunctivitis / Trichiasis / Ectropion / Keratitis / Corneal ulcers /
Chalazion / Bell’s palsy / Dacrocystitis / Punctal eversion / Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Neoplasms etc
9. VOL 7
ISSUE 5 (2019)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
eISSN-2348-0173
pISSN-2395-3985
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
Page190
sttaeiNmi;te
(Lagophthalmos)
Lagophthalmos / Symblepharon formation / Acquired oculomotor synkinesis / Exophthalmos / Facial palsy
/ Ectropion etc
sttinimi;te
(Drooping / Ptosis)
Ptosis / Ocular myopathies / Horner’s syndrome / Cranial nerve palsy (CN III) / Myasthenia gravis /
Stevens-Johnson syndrome / Atrophy etc
inim;aeNme;aitàv&Tte
(Excessive blinking)
Corneal abrasion / Trichiasis / Inflammatory or allergic conditions of eyes / Benign essential
blepharospasm / Meige syndrome / Tics etc
ivæa<td&iòke
(Dancing eyes)
Nystagmus / Cataracts / Strabismus / Meniere’s disease / Multiple sclerosis / Stroke / B12 or Thiamine
deficiencies / Brain tumours etc
ivprItd&iòke
(Distorted vision)
Metamorphopsia / Age related macular degeneration / Astigmatism / Keratoconus / Glaucoma / Migraine
/ Epiretinal membrane etc
hInd&iòke
(Defective vision)
Central retinal artery or vein occlusion / Ischemic optic neuropathy / Vitreous haemorrhage / Retinal
detachment / Acute glaucoma / Transient ischemic attack / Tumours or infections in brain etc
VyStd&iòke
(Oscillopsia)
Seizures / Multiple sclerosis / Superior oblique myokymia / Stroke / Meningitis / Brain tumours / Meniere’s
disease etc
nkulaNxe
(Nyctalopia)
Congenital high myopia / Tapeto-retinal degeneration / Glaucoma / Cataract / Diabetes / Retinitis
pigmentosa / Vitamin A deficiency etc
kpaetaNxe
(Hamarlopia)
Cone dystrophy / Achromatopsia / Central lenticular opacity / Central cataracts / Cancer associated
retinopathy (CAR) etc
Alatv[eR
(Bloodshot eyes)
Chemosis / Various inflammatory & allergic conditions / Acute conjunctivitis / Sub conjunctival
haemorrhage / Glaucoma etc
ANy vEkairk v[aRin
(Eye discoloration)
Panda eye / Jaundice / Heterochromia iridis / Iris nevi / Pigment dispersion syndrome / Horner’s syndrome
/ Osteogenesis imperfecta / Arcus senilis / Keyser Fleischer ring in Wilson’s disease etc
REFERENCES:
1. Vishwakarma R, Goswami PK. A review through Charaka
Uttara-Tantra. Ayu. 2013; 34 (1): 17-20. doi: 10.4103/0974-
8520.115438. PMID: 24049400; PMCID: PMC3764873.
2. Murlidhar P, Byadgi PS. Charaka - The great legendary and
visionary of Ayurveda. Int J Res Ayurveda Pharm. 2011; 2
(4): 1011-1015.
3. Agnivesha. Charaka samhita revised by Charaka &
Drudhabala, commentary by Chakrapanidatta, edited by
Jadavji Trikamji Acharya (1st ed). Indriya sthana - 3rd
chapter: Parimarshaneeyam indriyam adhyayam. Varanasi:
Chaukhamba surbharati prakashan; 2008. p. 357-358.
4. Schimidt TC, Silva MJ. An approach to touching while
providing high-quality affective health care to hospitalized
elderly patients. Rev Esc Enferm USP. 2013; 47 (2): 426-432.
Available from:
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/reeusp/v47n2/en_22.pdf
5. Maddury J. Arterial pulse. Indian Journal of Cardiovascular
disease in Women. 2017; 2 (4): 99-110. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1636691
6. Wang B, Mustroph ML, Wang H (2016) Spontaneous Body
Temperature Fluctuations in Neurological Patients. J Neurol
Neurobiol 2 (4): doi http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/2379-
7150.127
7. Charkoudian N. Skin blood flow in adult human
thermoregulation: How it works, when it doesn’t, and why?
Mayo Clin Proc. 2003; 78: 603-612.
https://doi.org/10.4065/78.5.603
8. Rystedt A, Brismar K, Aquilonius SM, Naver H, Swartling C.
Hyperhidrosis – an unknown widespread “silent” disorder. J
Neurol Neuromedicine 2016; 1 (4): 25-33. Available from:
https://www.jneurology.com/articles/hyperhidrosis--an-
unknown-widespread-silent-disorder.html
9. Park KH, Park KJ. Neurological aspects of anhidrosis:
differential diagnoses and diagnostic tools. Ann Clin
Neurophysiol 2019; 21 (1): 1-6. doi:
https://doi.org/10.14253/acn.2019.21.1.1
10. Donohoe CL, Ryan AM, Reynolds JV. Cancer cachexia:
mechanisms and clinical implications. Gastroent Res Pract.
2011; 2011. Article ID 601434. doi:10.1155/2011/601434
11. Laviano A, Paldino A. Diagnosing cachexia. Clin Pract. 2014;
11 (1): 71-78. doi: 10.2217/CPR.13.87
12. Sharma R, Anker SD. From tissue wasting to cachexia:
changes in peripheral blood flow and skeletal musculature.
Eur Heart J Supplements 2002; 4 (Suppl D): D12-D17.
13. Whited L, Graham DD. Abnormal Respirations. [Updated
2019 Jul 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL):
StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470309/
14. Sachithanandan A, Bonde P, MacGowan SW. An absent
carotid pulse may indicate critical aortic stenosis. Interact
Cardiovas Thorac Surg 2002; 1 (2): 81
82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1569-9293(02)00059-2
15. Morris DC. The carotid pulse. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst
JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and
Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths;
1990. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK312/
16. Alshehri A, Kwon SR. Etiology and management of white
spot lesions. Decisions in dentistry. 2016. Available from:
https://decisionsindentistry.com/article/lesions-0116/
17. Arigbede AO, Babatope BO, Bamidele MK. Periodontitis and
systemic diseases: A literature review. J Indian Soc
Periodontol. 2012; 16 (4): 487-491. doi: 10.4103/0972-
124X.106878. PMID: 23493942; PMCID: PMC3590713.
18. Borda LJ, Wikramanayake TC. Seborrheic Dermatitis and
Dandruff: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Investig
Dermatol. 2015; 3 (2): 10.13188/2373-1044.1000019. doi:
10.13188/2373-1044.1000019. PMID: 27148560; PMCID:
PMC4852869.
19. Pickering AE. An overview of neuropathic pain. Br. J.
Anaesth. 2002; 2 (3): 65-68. Available from:
https://bjaed.org/article/S1472-2615(17)30088-2/pdf
20. Barohn RJ, Amato AA. Pattern-recognition approach to
neuropathy and neuronopathy. Neurol Clin. 2013; 31 (2): 343-
361. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2013.02.001. PMID: 23642713;
PMCID: PMC3922643.
21. Singal A, Arora R. Nail as a window of systemic
diseases. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2015; 6 (2): 67-74. doi:
10.4103/2229-5178.153002. PMID: 25821724; PMCID:
PMC4375768.
22. Payne-James JJ, Munro MH, Payne CR.
Pseudosclerodermatous triad of perniosis, pulp atrophy and
‘parrot-beaked’clawing of the nails–a newly recognized
10. VOL 7
ISSUE 5 (2019)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
eISSN-2348-0173
pISSN-2395-3985
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
Page191
syndrome of chronic crack-cocaine use. J. Forensic. Leg. Med.
2007; 14 (2): 65-71. doi:10.1016/j.jcfm.2006.01.013
23. Ross EA, Paugh-Miller JL, Nappo RW, Knuckle cracking:
secondary hyperparathyroidism and what your mother did not
tell you. Clin Kidney J 2013; 6 (6): 671–673. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sft123
24. Simpson MMR. Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome:
Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Management. J Am Osteopath
Assoc 2006; 106 (9): 531–536. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079522
25. Saccomanno MF, Fodale M, Capasso L, Cazzato G, Milano
G. Generalized joint laxity and multidirectional instability of
the shoulder. Joints. 2014; 1 (4): 171-179. doi:
10.11138/jts/2013.1.4.171. PMID: 25606530; PMCID:
PMC4295707.
CITE THIS ARTICLE AS –
Mamidi P. et.al., Parimarshaneeyam of Charaka Indriya Sthana - An Explorative Study, Int. J. Ayu. Alt. Med., 2019; 7(5): 183-191
(DOI: https://doi.org/10.36672/ijaam.2019.v07i05.003)
Source of Support – Nil Conflict of Interest – None Declared.
11. TP Rd., Bhandup (W),Mumbai- 400078
#401/8-A, 4th Floor, Shiv Shrishti Apt. Nardas Nagar,
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE