parasite vaccine

1. A.SHEEBA

2.  Vaccine: Intentional induction of the adaptive
immune response by injection of a pathogen that
is dead or attenuated (made less virulent)
 Adjuvant: An adjuvant is simply a substance that
enhances the immune response, thus improving
the vaccine.

3. Types of vaccine
 Killed whole organisms : GUTS
 Attenuated organisms : attenuated vaccines exist for
Dictyocaulus, Theileria, Ancylostoma, , Eimeria
 Defined vaccines: based on purified parasite proteins,
or recombinant proteins
 Recombinant vector vaccines: induce both a cellular
and an antibody response
 DNA Vaccines:using plasmids
 Subunit vaccine: Fragment can create an immune
response

4. Stages in vaccine development
 The identification and characterization of protective
antigens.
 The production of antigens as immuno-logically
effective, recombinant proteins in a commercially
viable manner.
 The delivery of antigens in the context of the desired
immunological response.
 The validation of the prototype vaccine in a field
situation.
 Its delivery to the market.

5. Vaccine against Dictyocaulus viviparous
 Using X ray irradiated infective larvae.
 Two doses of 1000 irradiated larvae given at interval of
a month.
 Giving at two months of age.
 Huskvac (Intervet)
 Dictol
 Available in Europe

6. Disadvantages:
 Relatively unstable
 larvae must be produced annually, requiring the
sacrifice of many donor calves
 Animals can continue to act as carriers
 Dose of irradiation: 40 -60 rads
 Route of administration :
oral-96.6% reduction in worm burden
s/c-97.8% reduction in worm burden

7. Vaccine against Ancylostoma caninum
 Canine Hookworm Vaccine, Jensen-Salsbery
Laboratories.( Miller,1971)
 Gamma-irradiated third stage larvae of Ancylostoma
caninum
 Up to 90 percent protection
Disadvantage:
 Failure to induce sterilizing immunity, short-shelf
life, the cost of production is expensive.

8.  Vaccine Vs ruminant trichostrongyloids
 Involves “hidden gut” antigens (Munn et al.,1993;Smith
,1999;Knox et al.,2003)
 Derived from the gut of the nematode
 When administered antibodies are formed and it
bind to target proteins on intestinal cells
 Disruption of digestive processes lead to starvation
and weakness
 Worm is then removed from the gut by peristalsis

9. Protective antigens of H. contortus
H 11
 110 kDa integral membrane glycoprotein in the
intestinal microvilli .
 90% reductions in faecal egg output, 75% reduction in
worm burden (Newton and Munn, 1999)
 Effective immunogen in young lambs.
 Effective in a range of sheep breeds and against
anthelmintic-resistant worms.

10.  Haemonchus galactose-containing glycoprotein
complex (H-gal-GP)
 1,000 kDa
 SDS-PAGE resolves as four major protein zones of 233,
172, 40 and 31 kDa (Smith et al., 1999)
 Reduced worm burdens by up to 72% and mean faecal
egg counts by up to 93%.

11. P46 and P52
 A pair of protective glycoproteins of 46 and 52 kDa
from Haemonchus membranes
 Reduced the egg output and worm count of
immunised lambs by 78 and 33%, respectively (Smith
et al., 2000)
Thiol cepharose binding protein :
 cystein protease activity
 47% protection against worm burden

12. Vaccines Vs Liver fluke
Fatty acid-binding protein (FABP)
 Involved in the binding and transportation of variety
of hydrophobic ligands
 FABPs size: range between 14 and 16 kDa in mass and
127-133 amino acids in length
 FABPs were the first defined and purified antigen
fractions to be tested as a vaccine against fasciolosis
(Hillyer 1979; Tendler et al., 1996)

13. Glutathione S Transferase(GST)
 GSTs present as several isoenzymes in F. hepatica.
 Involved in the detoxification of endogenous or
exogenous toxic compounds (Brophy etal.,1990)
 Imunisation of sheep and cattle with GSTs gives
Partial protection against experimental F.hepatica
challenge .
 57% reduction in worm burden in sheep against F.
hepatica .

14. Cysteine proteinases(Cathepsin)
 Secretes by cells lining the gut of parasite.
- Facilitate the penetration of parasite through tissue
-Degrading ingested host tissue and blood
 Stored as Procathepsin L (inactive form) in secretory
vesicles of gastro dermal epithelial cells.

15.  Synthesized 0.5 to 1.0 mg/fluke/hour .
 Designated as Cat-A,B,C,G,L and Z(based on primary
sequence)
 Vaccine trials with purified FheCL1 and FheCL2 -
in sheep and cattle 33 -79% protection to experimental
challenge with F. hepatica .

16. Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)
 A metalloprotease from F. hepatica.
 Piacenza et al., 1999 - vaccination of sheep groups with
LAP.
 Cathepsin L1, L2 and LAP were more protective than
cathepsin L1 or L2 alone.
 Reduced liver damage assessed by liver enzyme
gamma-glutamyl transferase in all vaccinated sheep
group.

17. Vaccine vs schistosomes
 Mainly aims at human Schistosomiasis
S. mansoni and S. haematobium
 Tetraspanins.
 Sm 29
 Sm 23 : present in Tegument apicalmembrane
 Sm 14 : present inWhole body,
 BILHVAX, or the 28-kDa GST from S. haematobium is
the only one enter clinical trial

18. Vaccine Vs Cestodes
Defined antigens
T. ovis
 To 45 W 94 % protection(Johnson et al,1989)
 To45 S 87% protection ( Lightowlers et al ,1996)
 To 16 K 92% protection (Harrison et al,1996)
 To 18 K 99% protection (Harrison et al,1996)
 T. saginata
 TSA 9 99% protection ( Lightowlers et al ,1996)
 TSA 18 99% protection ( Lightowlers et al ,1996)
 T.solium
 TSOL 18 100% protection (Fisser et al, 2004)
 TSOL 45 97% protection (Fisser et al, 2004)

19.  Echinococcus Granulosus
 EG 95 100 % protection ( Lightowlers et al, 1996,1999)
 Oral Recombinant Vaccine
 Using two recombinant proteins from adult worms, a
tropomyosin (EgTrp) and a fibrillar protein similar to
paramyosin (EgA31), cloned and expressed in a live attenuated
strain of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium
 70% to 80% reduction in worm burden(Petavy,2007)
Lamb- primary immunisation at 4 wks of age
secondary immunisation at 8 wks .
E.multilocularis
 EM 95 83% protection (Gauci et al,2002)

21. NAME OF
INSECTS
CANDIDATE Ag COMMERCIAL
VACCINES
REMARKS
FLIES :
1.Stomoxys
calcitrans(Stable
fly)
2.Glossina
morsitans
a)Cuticle &
adhering
hypodermal cells.
b)Thoracic
muscles
c) Abdominal
muscles
d)Wing buds
a) Cuticle/
Adhering
hypodermal
cells.
b) Wing buds of
S.calcitrans
_No_
_No_
•Fly mortality
higher in all
immunized gp.
than control gp.
•Wing bud
homogenate
causes difficulty in
probing(Schlein&
Lewis,1976)
Fly mortality was
higher than
controls when feed
on immunized
rabbit with
S.calcitran tissues.

22. NAME OF
INSECTS
CANDIDATE
Ag
COMMERCIAL
VACCINES
REMARKS
3.Lucilia
cuprina(blow fly)
a) Secretory Ags
b) Salivary gland
extract
c) Whole larval
extracts
_No_
_No_
_No_
• Vaccination
against secretory
Ags may stop
strike
establishment by
preventing the
initial skin
damage.
•Inhibited the
growth of larvae
both in vivo & in
vitro.(Broad
meadow, )
•Soluable
components of 2nd
instar larvae →
smaller (58%)

23. Antitick Vaccines
 Exposed antigens
Secreted in tick saliva.Introduced to host while tick feeding and
immunity will maintained by multiple feeding of ticks Eg: Cement
proteins
 Cement proteins
64P: R. appendiculatus
p29: H.longicornis
HL34: H.longicornis
RIM36: R. appendiculatus
RH50: R.haemaphysaloides
Calreticulin:,B.microplus

24.  Bm8Concealed antigens as recombinant vaccine
candidates
 Bm95,Bm91,BmA7: B.microplus
 P27/30: H. longicornis
 Serpins: : H. longicornis

25.  Commercial vaccines
 Tickgard
 Bm86 (Rand et al.,1994)
 E.coli
 Reduced the survival rates of ticks.
 Reduced the number of ticks surviving between
generations by 70-90%
 Hoechst Animal Health, Australia

26.  Gavac
 BM86 (Garcia et al.,1998) Pichia pastoris
 Dose: 100µg
 Montanide and mineral oil as an adjuvant, I/M in the
neck.
 Prime immunization – 0,4 and 7 wks
 Maintanance-every 6 months
 Effectiveness vary between 51 and 91% in field
conditions.

27.  Tickgard Plus
 Bm86 (Jonson et. al., 2000)
 Altered Adjuvant
 Reduced the reproductive index of cattle 72% and 53%
reduction in the production of eggs. (higher than
GAVAC)
 Higher and long lasting immunity

28.  Bm 86
 Membrane bound glycoprotein located on tick gut digest
cells. Occurs in very low abundance
 89 kDa
 Expressed (at varying levels) throughout the life cycle, from
eggs through larvae, nymphs and adults
 Ingestion by the feeding tick of antibody to Bm86 leads to
destruction of the digest cells,disruption of the gut, leakage
of bovine blood into the tick haemolymph
 Observed effects are low engorgement weight of female
ticks, low egg laying and death of ticks on the host cattle
 Bm91 and BMA7 found to increase the efficiency of Bm86
 Vaccination should repeated in 6 months interval

29. Future Challenges
Vaccine against multiple tick species
 Universal vaccine against all stages of multiple tick
species, in all species
 Bm86 :cross protection Vs B.annulatus, and partial
protection Vs Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus spp but no
protection Vs Amblyomma spp (de Vos,2001)
Dual Action Vaccine
 Combined advantages of Exposed and Concealed
antigens
 64P,a 15 kDa protein of R. appendiculatus

30.  Transmission Blocking Vaccine
Reduction of the tick borne pathogens by reduction
of vectors
 Application of genomics
Expression library immunization(ELI)
Expressed sequence tag(EST)
RNA interference(RNAi)

31. Antiprotozoan Vaccines
Vaccine for canine visceral leishmaniosis
Leishmune
 First vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniosis
 Licensed by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture,
Livestock and Food Supply.
 produced by the Fort Dodge Animal Health
 Consists of a purified fraction isolated from
Leishmania donovani plus a saponin adjuvant.

32.  It contains the Fucose–Mannose-ligand (FML) antigen
of Leishmania donovani
 The purified fraction, named fucose mannose ligand
(FML), is a glycoprotein complex that strongly inhibit
macrophages by promastigotes and amastigotes of L.
donovani (Palatnik et al., 1989; Palatnik-de-Sousa et
al., 1993)
 Three subcutaneous doses of Leishmune® vaccine on
the flank

33. Vaccine Vs Toxoplasmosis in Sheep
 Toxovax®
 By Intervet U.K.
 Live, concentrated vaccine containing > 105 tachyzoites
of the S48 strain of Toxoplasma gondii per dose.
 Dose: 2 ml by intramuscular injection.
 Animals should be given a single dose at least 3 weeks
prior to mating.

34.  Do not use during pregnancy.
 Toxovax should not be handled by pregnant women, or
women of child-bearing age as the vaccine may
interfere with normal foetal development
 Should not be handled by persons who are
immunodeficient
 The S48 strain was originally isolated from an aborted
lamb in New Zealand and was maintained in the
laboratory by repeated passage in mice.

35. Vaccine to reduce Neospora
caninum abortion in cows
BOVILIS NEOGUARD
 Intervet, Inc
 A vaccine containing inactivated tachyzoites of Neospora
caninum and adjuvant SPUR.
 Indicated for use in healthy, pregnant cattle as an aid in the
reduction of abortions caused by Neospora caninum
 Two 5 ml doses, subcutaneously, of NeoGuard™ vaccine on
days 56 and 77 of gestation

36. Vaccination against Canine
Babesiosis
Pirodog and Nobivac Piro
 Manufacturers: Merial and Intervet
 Against Babesia canis
 First produced in France in 1988
 Vaccines consist of soluble parasite antigens (SPA)
release into the culture supernatant by in vitro-
cultured parasites,combined with adjuvant.

37.  Prepared by MASP(Microaerophilic Stationary phase)
erythrocyte in vitro culture technique
 Reported to induce 70-100% protection if animal is
given a booster dose in an endemic area
 Nobivac Piro contains SPA from B. canis and Babesia
rossi in an attempt to broaden the strain-specific
immunity

38. Vaccine Vs Giardiosis in Dogs
 Giardiavax
 Giardia Lamblia Vaccine for dogs
 Produced by Fort Dodge Australia
 Active constituent is Giardia lamblia trophozoites
 Cultured trophozoites, reduces disease
 Killed vaccine
 For subcutaneous vaccination of healthy dogs, 8 weeks
of age or older

39.  Proven to prevent clinical disease caused by Giardia
lamblia infection in dogs
 Significantly reduce the incidence, severity and
duration of cyst shedding.
 Some vaccinates may shed, therefore, proper hygiene
and sanitation practices should be implemented.
 DOSE: Dogs, inject one 1 ml dose subcutaneously
 A second dose is given 2 to 4 weeks after the first
vaccination
 Annual revaccination is recommended.

40. Vaccines for Anaplasmosis
 2 killed Anaplasma vaccines available in USA
 ANAPLAZ: with adjuvant,2 doses S/C,14- 19 weeks
 Lyophilised preparation of lyzed erythrocytes obtained from
the blood of Anaplasma marginale infected animals collected at
peak of parasitemia.
 Lyophilised material is reconstituted in oil adjuvant and 2 doses
of vaccine are administered S/C.
 An annual booster is recommended,it induce antibodies against
bovine blood group antigens which in turn cause neonatal
isoerythrolysis in calves ingesting colostrums from vaccinated
dams.

41.  AMVAX contains purified initial bodies of the
A. Marginale and is devoid of erythrocyte
components.
 The vaccine do not produce neonatal isoerythrolysis.
 A new vaccine, Plasvax®, was introduced in 1995. It
has no danger of neonatal isoerythrolysis and can be
administered at any stage of reproduction.
 This vaccine has been shown to protect against several
strains of anaplasma

42. RAKSHAVAC T for Theileriosis
 It is a SIL (Schizont Infected Lymphocyte) culture
vaccine
Preparation of SIL Vaccine.
 To obtain large inoculums,invitro cultivation is needed
 104-106infected lymphocytes/animal is needed to
establish this effect
 25- 300 passages may be needed to attenuate

43. Rakshavac T
 Indian cell cultured SIL vaccine
 Marketed by Indian immunologicals,Hyderabad
 150 passages
 Consists of 106 cells/dose
 Freeze dried cells stored in liquid nitrogen
 A single dose for adults and calves aged above 4
months,S/C @3ml/animal
 Annual vaccination is recommended in enzootic areas
 Vaccinated animal is protected against homologous strain
 Vaccinated animal does not transmit the parasites,but this
does not prevent RBC with field parasite. Thus it does not
eradicate the infection, but maintain premunity

44. Vaccine Vs Avian Coccidiosis
Non attenuated
Trade Name Bird Type Species Administration Route Age of chicks
Coccivac®-B Heavy
broilers
E. acervulina, E. maxima,
E. mivati, E. Tenella
Hatchery spray, ocular,
water,
feed spray
Single dose at 1 to 14
days
Coccivac®-D Breeders/
layers
E. acervulina, E.
brunetti, E. hagani, E.
maxima, E. mivati, E.
necatrix, E. praecox
Hatchery spray, ocular,
water,
feed spray
Single dose at 1 to 14
days
Immucox®C1 Broilers,
roasters
E. acervulina, E.
maxima, E. necatrix,
E. tenella
Water, oral gel Single dose at 1 to 4
days
Immucox®C2 Breeders,
layers
E. acervulina, E.
brunetti, E. maxima,
E. necatrix, E. tenella,
E. mivati, E. praecox
Water, oral gel Single dose at 1 to 4
days

45. VAC M® Broilers E. maxma (ionophore
resistant)
Beak-o-Vac® machine
(Oral gavage)
Single dose at day-old
Nobilis®
COX ATM
Broilers E. acervulina, E.
tenella, E. maxima
(two antigenically
different strains)
Hatchery
spray/water
Single dose at
1 or 3 days

46. Attenuated
Trade Name Bird Type Species Administration
Route
Age of chicks Manufacturer
Livacox® D Caged
chickens
E. acervulina, E.
tenella
Water Single dose at 1 to
10 days
Biopharm
(Czech
Republic)
Livacox ® T Broilers,
breeders
E. acervulina, E.
maxima, E. tenella
Water, ocular Single dose at 1 to
10 days
Biopharm
(Czech
Republic)
Livacox® Q Broilers E. acervulina, E.
brunetti, E.
maxima,
E. tenella
Water, ocular Single dose at 1 to
10 days
Schering-
Plough Animal
Health (UK)
Paracox® Broilers,
breeders,
layers
E. acervulina, E.
brunetti, E. maxima
(two antigenically
different strains), E.
mivati,E. necatrix,
E. praecox, E.
tenella
Water, feed spray Single dose at 1 to
9 days
Schering-
Plough Animal
Health (UK)
Paracox®-5 Broilers E. acervulina, E.
maxima (two
antigeni cally
different strains), E.
mivati, E. tenella
Hatchery spray,
water, feed
spray
Single dose at 1 or
3 days
Schering-
Plough Animal
Health (UK)