2. CHANGE THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT.
a. Verbs - nouns:
The Normans invaded in 1066 / The Norman invasion took place in 1066.
b. Adverbs - Adjectives:
Politically, it was a bad decision. / From a political point of view, it was a bad
decision.
c. Active - Passive:
- We can relate a study of this kind to texts in other media too / A study of this
kind can be related to texts in other media too.
- People say that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels/ Global
warming is said to be caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
- The property developers invested $20 million in the development of the shopping
centre/ $20 million was invested in the developments of shopping centre.
3. CHANGE THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT.
d. Adjective - noun:
- Everyone was surprised at how intelligent he is/ His intelligence was what made
everyone surprised
e. Use equivalent structures
- The number of hungry people has increased in the last decade.
+ There has been a growth in the number of starving population in the last decade.
- You need the most up-to-date antivirus programs to ensure your hard drive and
e-mail are not infected.
+ It is necessary (for you) to have the most modern antivirus programs to protect
your hard drive and e-mail.
+ The most modern antivirus programs will protect your hard drive and e-mail.
4. PRACTICE
Rewrite the sentences using the alternative grammar structure/
joining word suggested.
a) The woman ate nothing but vegetables and fruit over the month
and trained regularly. However, she gained 2 kilograms. (equivalent
structures, verb to noun)
b) More than 6 billion people around the world speak English (active
to passive)
c) The girl is too small to go to that party. (equivalent structures, adj
phrases noun phrases)
d) Smoking every day is more dangerous for your health than eating
a block of chocolate. (adj to noun, equivalent structures)
5. USING SYNONYMS
Example: My car needs petrol/ My vehicle requires fuel.
Use synonyms to paraphrase the following sentences:
1. Violent crime is on the rise among teenagers
2. Global warming is mostly caused by emissions from internal combustion
engines.
3. It can be difficult to choose a suitable place to study English.
4. You need the most up-to-date antivirus programs to ensure your hard
drive and e-mail are not infected.
5. The number of hungry people has increased in the last decade.
6. USING SYNONYMS
Suggested answers:
1 Violent crime is on the rise among teenagers
+ Violent offences are rising among young people
+ Violent offences are rising among adolescents.
2 Global warming is mostly caused by emissions from internal combustion engines
+ Climate change is mainly caused by the release of fumes from motor vehicles.
3 It can be difficult to choose a suitable place to study English.
+ It is often a challenge to pick up a relevant school to learn English.
+ It is sometimes hard to select an appropriate place to learn English."
7. USING SYNONYMS
Suggested answers:
4 You need the most up-to-date antivirus programs to ensure your hard
drive and e-mail are not infected.
+ You must have the most modern antivirus programs to make sure your
hard drive and e-mail are not damaged.
+ You must have the most modern antivirus programs to protect your hard
drive and e-mail.
5 The number of hungry people has increased in the last decade.
+ The number of starving population has grown in the last decade.
8. PRACTICE
Re-write these sentences using synonyms for the underlined words.
a) The citizens of this country are appalled at the decisions made by
their new leader.
b) Many teenagers are attracted to social mediums such as Facebook.
c) There are concerns regarding how the carbon tax will affect
Australian businesses.
d) My aim is to achieve the highest possible score in the test.
e) Approximately ¼ of the marine life surrounding the Great Barrier
Reef has suffered from the pollution of oil spills.
9. USE A COMBINATION OF
TECHNIQUES
Look at the following examples. What techniques are used in each
example?
1. Memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving information.
+ Memory is the facility for storage and recovering data.
+ Data recovery and storage are facilitated in the memory
2. Paraphrasing is one of the most important skills to learn before
doing your IELTS test.
+ Prior to taking the IELTS test, mastering paraphrasing is one of the
most crucial things to do.
10. PARAPHRASE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING AT LEAST 2
TECHNIQUES FOR EACH ONE.
1. Writing essays can be a challenging task.
2. She continued to do her job despite her poor health.
3. Overuse of ground water would cause widespread dryness.
4. Ronny told his aunt that a bear had attacked him, which she found difficult to
believe.
5. Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay, and they can consume 75 pounds of food a day.
6. The student requested that the professor excuses her absence, but the professor
refused.
7. There will be a music concert next to Vienna coffee shop. Would you like to go?
8. The office of International Students and Scholars at Purdue University is located in
Schleman Hall.
9. The car that was pulled over by the police officer yesterday just had an accident.
That driver is not careful.
10. Because of Tamra’s passion for travelling through South-East Asia, she started
learning an Asian language.
11. There are a large number of people going to this water park every year
