Para wanita memainkan peran penting dalam kehidupan dan pelayanan Yesus, termasuk Maria, Elisabet, Hana, janda dari Nain, Martha, Maria Magdalena, dan banyak lagi. Mereka ambil bagian dalam kelahiran dan kematian-Nya, melayani kebutuhan-Nya, dan menjadi saksi kebangkitan-Nya. Yesus menghargai iman dan pengorbanan mereka, terlepas dari status sosial, seperti seorang janda miskin yang memberikan
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
Para wanita memainkan peran penting dalam kehidupan dan pelayanan Yesus, termasuk Maria, Elisabet, Hana, janda dari Nain, Martha, Maria Magdalena, dan banyak lagi. Mereka ambil bagian dalam kelahiran dan kematian-Nya, melayani kebutuhan-Nya, dan menjadi saksi kebangkitan-Nya. Yesus menghargai iman dan pengorbanan mereka, terlepas dari status sosial, seperti seorang janda miskin yang memberikan
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
The document discusses various AI tools from OpenAI like GPT-3 and DALL-E 2, as well as ChatGPT. It explores how search engines are using AI and things to consider around AI-generated content. Potential SEO uses of ChatGPT are also presented, such as generating content at scale, conducting topic research, and automating basic coding tasks. The document encourages further reading on using ChatGPT for SEO purposes.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
The document discusses various AI tools from OpenAI like GPT-3 and DALL-E 2, as well as ChatGPT. It explores how search engines are using AI and things to consider around AI-generated content. Potential SEO uses of ChatGPT are also presented, such as generating content at scale, conducting topic research, and automating basic coding tasks. The document encourages further reading on using ChatGPT for SEO purposes.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
1. Karakterisasi Geokimia Tailing Tambang Emas terkait Metode Penempatan Tailing
pada Tailing Storage Facility
Prof. Dr. Ir. Rudy Sayoga Gautama1
, Ahmad Ashari2
1
Dosen Program Studi Teknik Pertambangan, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
2
Mahasiswa Program Studi Teknik Pertambangan, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
ABSTRAK
Proses pengolahan bijih emas menghasilkan tailing yang berpotensi menimbulkan air asam tambang (AAT), karena mineral
pembawa emas umumnya berasosiasi dengan mineral sulfida. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik geokimia
tailing berhubungan dengan proses pengolahan bijih dan metode penempatan tailing yang digunakan pada tailing storage facility
(TSF). Sampel tailing yang diperoleh dari dua daerah berbeda pada TSF menunjukkan karakteristik yang berbeda. Hal ini disebabkan
oleh metode penempatan tailing pada TSF yang memisahkan air dan material padatan tailing sehingga material padatan terekspos ke
udara dan menunjukkan potensi untuk menghasilkan asam dalam jumlah besar (Potential Acid Forming-PAF). Sampel tailing dari
daerah inlet TSF tidak berpotensi asam (Non Acid Forming-NAF) karena dipengaruhi oleh kandungan kapur pada air yang berasal
dari proses pengolahan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, metode penempatan tailing yang sesuai ialah subaqueous, dengan menempatkan
material tailing secara permanen di bawah air. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil uji kinetik yang menunjukkan bahwa metode tersebut dapat
membatasi laju oksidasi dan menghasilkan pH air lindian yang lebih mendekati netral, serta menurunkan konsentrasi padatan terlarut
(Total Dissolved Solid-TDS) dan logam-logam berat.
Kata kunci: tailing, air asam tambang, karakteristik geokimia, tailing storage facility, proses pengolahan bijih, metode penempatan
tailing
ABSTRACT
Gold processing produces tailing that potentially forms Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), as gold are generally associated with
sulfide minerals. The objective of this research is to identify tailing’s geochemical characteristics related to ore processing and
tailing disposal method at tailing storage facility (TSF). Tailing sampled from two different points at TSF give different
characteristics, due to different water contents that affect oxidation rates of sulfide minerals in tailing. Tailing sample from inlet area
of TSF classified as non-acid forming (NAF) material, indicated by high lime content remaining from ore processing. Based on that
result, subaqueous is chosen a suitable method for tailing disposal. This method agrees with result of kinetic test and assumes to limit
oxidation rate and maintain leachate-pH near neutral, also to decrease total dissolved solids (TDS) and heavy metals concentration.
Keywords: tailing, acid mine drainage, geochemical characteristics, tailing storage facility, ore processing, tailing’s disposal method
1. Pendahuluan
Proses pengolahan bijih merupakan salah satu kegiatan
dalam industri pertambangan yang mengolah bijih dan
menghasilkan konsentrat serta material sisa berupa tailing.
Tailing berpotensi untuk menimbulkan dampak negatif pada
lingkungan, salah satunya ialah air asam tambang (AAT).
Proses pembentukan AAT terjadi karena adanya interaksi
antara mineral sulfida dan oksigen melalui reaksi oksidasi
yang menghasilkan sejumlah mol ion H+
, diiringi oleh
turunnya nilai pH larutan. Pada kondisi pH yang rendah
(asam), logam-logam berat mengalami kelarutan yang tinggi.
Hal ini dapat mengkontaminasi badan air ataupun sumber air
tanah, sehingga berbahaya bagi ekosistem sekitar. Oleh sebab
itu, karakteristik geokimia tailing menjadi salah satu
parameter penting yang diperlukan untuk perancangan
fasilitas penempatan tailing (tailing storage facility-TSF).
Berhubungan dengan hal tersebut, penelitian dilakukan
pada tailing yang berasal dari tambang emas. Penelitian
ditujukan untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik geokimia
tailing dalam kaitannya dengan proses penempatan tailing.
Karakteristik geokimia ini diperlukan untuk mengetahui
potensi keasaman maupun penetralan yang dimiliki oleh
tailing. Apabila karakteristik geokimia tailing diketahui,
dapat diberikan rekomendasi metode penempatan tailing
yang sesuai untuk tailing tambang emas tersebut.
2. Kondisi Umum Lapangan
Tambang emas berlokasi di Kabupaten Katingan,
Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah, sekitar 5,6 km dari desa Mirah.
Tipe endapan ialah epitermal sulfidasi rendah (epithermal low
sulfidation) dengan bentuk endapan didominasi oleh urat
kuarsa (quartz vein). Batuan induk (host rock) pada urat bijih
ialah batuan tuff (tuffaceous), sementara batuan samping (wall
rock) adalah adularia. Urat kuarsa didominasi mineral kuarsa
(SiO2) yang berasosiasi dengan mineral pirit (FeS2). Mineral
ikutan (gangue minerals) terdiri atas, mineral illite
{(K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]} yang
berasosiasi dengan mineral ankerite {Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2},
chlorite {(Mg,Fe,Li)6AlSi3O10(OH)8}, dan kaolinite
{Al2Si2O5(OH)4}; serta mineral hematite (Fe2O3) yang
berasosiasi dengan mineral chlorite dan calcite (CaCO3).
Penambangan emas dilakukan dengan operasi
penambangan terbuka (open pit mine). Bijih dari tambang
diproses pada pabrik pengolahan yang berkapasitas total
700.000 ton per tahun. Bijih diangkut menggunakan Front
End Loader (FEL) dari stockpile menuju pabrik dan diperkecil
ukurannya hinggal 80% lolos ukuran 110 mm menggunakan
jaw crusher. Dilanjutkan dengan penambahan kapur (lime)
dan air saat proses Semi-Autogenous Grinding (SAG) mill
yang menghaluskan bijih hingga 80% lolos ukuran 75 mikron
(200 mesh) hingga berbentuk lumpur (slurry). Setelah
melewati beberapa unit hydrocyclone proses pelindian
(leaching) dilakukan dengan menambahkan larutan sodium
cyanide (NaCN). Emas yang telah terlindi diikat oleh karbon
aktif melalui proses Carbon in Leach (CIL) dan diteruskan
untuk proses elusi karbon, electrowinning, hingga smelting
dan menjadi produk bullion.
Disisi lain, lumpur sisa proses pelindian diteruskan ke
sirkuit cyanide recovery untuk memperoleh kembali siandia
yang terdapat dalam lumpur dengan menambahkan resin.
2. Selanjutnya lumpur akan dibuang sebagai tailing dengan pipa
menuju Tailing Storage Facility (TSF). Pembuangan tailing
dilakukan dengan menerapkan metode subaerial, material
padatan akan mengendap pada daerah dekat discharge point
dan terus melandai hingga daerah kolam supernatant, tempat
tujuan aliran air. Pemisahan dilakukan karena sekitar 60% air
dari TSF akan digunakan kembali untuk proses pengolahan.
Metode ini menyebabkan terbentuknya pantai (beach),
sehingga material tailing terpapar ke udara dan terjadinya
proses oksidasi terhadap mineral-mineral yang terkandung
didalamnya. Tailing yang mengandung mineral sulfida akan
memproduksi asam dan dapat menimbulkan air asam tambang
(AAT).
Lokasi tambang emas dekat dengan daerah katulistiwa,
sekitar 1-2ᵒ LS, dengan curah hujan rata-rata sebesar 3.600
mm per tahun. Tingkat penguapan yang tercatat sebesar 750
mm per tahun. Kelebihan air jarang terjadi oleh sebab
pemanfaatan kembali air untuk proses pengolahan. Namun,
kolam pengendapan (settling pond) tetap disediakan untuk
mengatasi total padatan yang tersuspensi (total suspended
solid-TSS) dan apabila terjadi masalah kelebihan air. Air ini
akan dibuang menuju badan air yang berada di sekitar lokasi
tambang antara lain, sungai Bakam dan sungai Kalanaman,
yang merupakan dua anak sungai Katingan.
3. Material dan Metode Penelitian
3.1. Deskripsi Sampel
Sampel merupakan material tailing yang berasal dari
tambang emas dan diperoleh dari dua daerah berbeda
padaTSF. Sampel A diperoleh dari daerah inlet (upstream)
TSF dengan kondisi masih “fresh” dari pabrik pengolahan,
yakni berbentuk slurry dengan dominasi butir berupa material
lanau (silt) dan berwarna coklat kemerahan. Sampel B
diperoleh dari daerah outlet (downstream) TSF dengan
kondisi berbentuk pasiran dan berwarna abu-abu kekuningan
seperti pasir pantai.
Gambar 1. Kondisi awal sampel A dan B
3.2. Uji Sifat Fisik
Uji sifat fisik yang dilakukan seperti uji specific gravity,
uji batas-batas Atterberg (Atterberg limits), dan analisis
ukuran butir (grain size analysis) yang ditujukan untuk
mengetahui sifat fisik sampel secara umum. Uji specific
gravity dilakukan dengan memakai alat picnometer untuk
membandingkan massa dari sampel dengan volume air. Uji
Atterberg limits dilakukan untuk mencari batas cair (liquid
limit) dan batas plastis (plastic limit) untuk mengetahui
konsistensi tanah. Sementara analisis ukuran butir dilakukan
dengan dua cara, yaitu uji ayak (sieving) dan uji pengendapan
(settling). Uji ayak dilakukan dengan mengayak sampel
tailing yang telah dikeringkan selama 24 jam dengan
menggunakan ayakan berukuran 4, 10, 18, 35, 60, 100, dan
200 mesh. Uji ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui sebaran butir
yang berukuran lebih besar. Sebaliknya uji pengendapan
bertujuan untuk mengetahui ukuran butir yang lebih kecil,
seperti lanau (silt) dan lempung (clay). Uji pengendapan
menggunakan alat hydrometer yang didasarkan pada prinsip
Stoke (Stoke’s law), bahwa kecepatan pengendapan butiran
partikel dalam fluida dengan viskositas cukup tinggi
dipengaruhi oleh diameter ukuran butir dan berat jenis dalam
suspensi dan fluida.
3.3. Uji XRD dan XRF
Uji X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan X-Ray Fluorescence
(XRF) didasarkan pada hukum Bragg, yang merupakan
hubungan antara panjang gelombang (λ), jarak antar kisi (d),
dan sudut difraksi (θ).
n λ = 2 d sin θ (1)
Kedua uji tersebut memanfaatkan radiasi gelombang
elektromagnetik dari sinar-X yang dipancarkan kepada
material sampel, sehingga dihasilkan emisi elektron yang
kemudian tercatat dalam bentuk grafik gelombang dengan
puncak-puncak tertentu.
Uji XRD memberikan hasil berupa kandungan mineral-
mineral yang terdapat dalam sampel. Namun tidak dapat
memberikan persentase tiap mineral. Sedangkan uji XRF
memberikan hasil yang lebih kuantitatif, yakni komposisi
unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam sampel, baik unsur-unsur
utama maupun unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam jumlah
sedikit (trace element).
3.4. Uji Statik
Uji statik dilakukan pada skala laboratorium untuk
mengetahui karakteristik geokimia sampel. Beberapa uji yang
umum dilakukan, antara lain pH pasta, total sulfur, Acid
Neutralizing Capacity (ANC), dan Net Acid Generation
(NAG). Uji pH pasta dilakukan dengan cara mencampurkan
air destilat dengan sampel sehingga berbentuk pasta. pH pasta
ditujukan untuk mengetahui kondisi yang telah dialami
sampel.
Total sulfur dihitung berdasarkan jumlah BaSO4 yang
dihasilkan dari uji tersebut. Dalam hal ini, nilai total sulfur
yang didapat merupakan banyaknya sulfur yang bereaksi.
Berbeda dengan hasil uji XRF, dimana sulfur dari uji tersebut
tidak direaksikan melainkan hanya pembacaan terhadap
permukaan sampel.
ANC dilakukan dengan cara menambahkan HCl ke
dalam sampel dan dititrasi dengan menggunakan NaOH. Hal
ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan jumlah asam dari sampel
yang telah dikonsumsi. Sementara NAG bertujuan untuk
mengevaluasi pembangkitan asam sulfur pada sulfida. Uji
NAG menggunakan hidrogen peroksida (H2O2) untuk
mempercepat reaksi oksidasi sulfida.
Perhitungan asam-basa (Acid-Base Accounting - ABA)
dapat dilakukan dengan menentukan beberapa komponen,
antara lain potensi keasaman maksimum (Maximum Potential
Acidity - MPA) yang didapat dengan mengkonversi persentase
total sulfur, potensi pembentukan asam neto (Net Acid
Producing Potential - NAPP) yang merupakan selisih antara
MPA dan ANC, dan rasio potensi penetralan (Neutralizing
Potential Ratio - NPR) dengan cara membandingkan nilai
ANC dan MPA.
3.5. Uji Kinetik
Uji kinetik dilakukan pada skala laboratorium dengan
menerapkan metode Free Draining Column Leach (FDCL).
Prinsipnya ialah dengan melakukan siklus kering dan basah
secara bergantian. Siklus kering merupakan penerapan panas
dengan memakai lampu pijar yang bertujuan agar sampel
mengalami proses oksidasi. Siklus basah dilakukan dengan
menyiram sampel dengan air destilat untuk melindi hasil
oksidasi. Selanjutnya kualitas air lindian (leachate) tiap
sampel diuji. Beberapa parameter diuji secara fisik
menggunakan alat multimeter, antara lain pH, Oxidation-
3. Reduction Potential (ORP), Electric Conductivity (EC), Total
Dissolved Solid (TDS), dan temperatur. Sedangkan beberapa
parameter seperti alkalinitas, asiditas, ion sulfat (SO42-), ion
bikarbonat (HCO3-), besi, dan beberapa logam berat (heavy
metals) sesuai KEPMEN LH No.202 Th. 2004, diukur secara
kimiawi.
Uji kinetik dilakukan selama kurang lebih 20 minggu
dengan melakukan beberapa pergantian siklus, yaitu siklus
dua kali seminggu, mingguan, dua mingguan, dan bulanan.
Pergantian siklus bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku sampel
ketika waktu oksidasi berlangsung lebih lama. Uji ini
membuat dua kondisi bagi tiap sampel, antara lain kondisi
submerged dan exposed. Kondisi ini dibuat untuk mengetahui
cara penempatan tailing yang sesuai, yakni dengan metode
subaerial ataukah subaqueous.
4. Hasil dan Pembahasan
4.1. Karakteristik Geokimia Tailing
Merujuk pada penelitian Steffen, Robertson dan Kirsten,
nilai pH dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui karakteristik
geokimia sampel. Sampel yang tidak berpotensi menimbulkan
asam memiliki nilai pH > 5, sebaliknya sampel akan
menghasilkan asam jika nilai pH < 5. Sampel A memiliki pH
pasta yang bersifat basa seperti ditunjukkan oleh Tabel 1.
Sebaliknya nilai pH pasta sampel B dibawah tiga yang
menunjukkan bahwa sampel ini bersifat asam. Berdasarkan
hal tersebut sampel A merupakan material yang tidak
berpotensi menghasilkan asam, sedangkan sampel B
berpotensi menimbulkan asam.
Tabel 1. Data hasil uji statik
Kode Sampel A Sampel B
Total Sulfur % 0,17 1,68
MPA
Kg
H2SO4/ton
0,05 0,51
ANC
Kg
H2SO4/ton
16,8±0,019 0,1±0,019
NAPP
Kg
H2SO4/ton
-16,75 0,41
NPR - 322,9 0,19
NAG pH S.U. 6,38±0,016 2,82±0,016
NAG (Kg
H2SO4/ton)
pH 4,5 <0,1±0,03 27±0,03
pH 7,0 3,5±0,019 34±0,019
pH pasta
(1:5)
S.U. 9,47 2,7
Secara teoritis, potensi asam terjadi jika nilai NAPP > 0
dan NPR < 1 (GARD Guide, 2010). Tabel di atas
menunjukkan bahwa sampel A memiliki NAPP yang negatif
(NAPP < 0) dan nilai NPR yang sangat besar dibandingkan
dengan sampel B yang memiliki NPR sangat kecil dan nilai
NAPP yang cenderung positif. Hal tersebut menyatakan
bahwa sampel A memiliki potensi penyangga asam yang besar
sehingga diklasifikasikan sebagai material NAF. Price et al.
(1997) menambahkan bahwa sampel dengan persentase total
sulfur di bawah 0,3% dan pH pasta > 5,5 tidak berpotensi
menimbulkan asam. Sebaliknya, bila total sulfur > 0,3% dan
pH pasta < 5,5 maka sampel tersebut berpotensi membentuk
asam seperti hasil yang ditunjukkan pada sampel B.
Selain itu, hasil ABA dapat disandingkan dengan hasil
uji NAG. Salah satunya ialah klasifikasi berdasarkan NAPP
dan pH NAG yang diberikan oleh Smart et al. (2002) seperti
diilustrasikan oleh Gambar 2. Nilai NAPP yang positif
didukung dengan pH NAG yang berada di bawah 4,5 maka
sampel akan dikategorikan ke dalam material PAF. Apabila
sebaliknya sampel dikategorikan sebagai material NAF.
Berdasarkan hal-hal yang telah disebutkan kedua sampel
tailing tersebut memiliki karakteristik geokimia yang berbeda.
Sampel A sebagai material NAF, yakni material yang tidak
berpotensi menghasilkan asam, sedangkan sampel B sebagai
material PAF dengan kapasitas yang besar.
Gambar 2. Klasifikasi geokimia berdasarkan NAPP dan pH
NAG (Smart et al., 2002)
4.2. Verifikasi Karakteristik Geokimia Tailing
Verifikasi terhadap karakteristik geokimia tersebut
dilakukan berdasarkan hasil uji kinetik dan mineralogi sampel.
Sesuai dengan penelitian Salmawati (2012) pada sampel ore
dan waste dari tambang emas-tembaga porfiri, sampel dengan
nilai pH < 4,5 dan konsentrasi TDS > 800 ppm memiliki
karakteristik geokimia sebagai material PAF berkapasitas
besar (PAF KB). Pernyataan ini memperkuat bahwa sampel B
merupakan material PAF KB. Gambar 3 di bawah ini
menunjukkan bahwa sampel B memiliki nilai pH dibawah
empat yang relatif stabil dan konsentrasi TDS yang sangat
besar (TDS > 1000 ppm). Kondisi sebaliknya, nilai pH yang
berada di atas netral dan konsentrasi TDS < 800 ppm
menyatakan bahwa sampel A tergolong sebagai material NAF.
Gambar 3. Grafik TDS vs pH
Mineralogi kedua sampel juga menunjukkan terdapat
perbedaan mineral-mineral yang terkandung dalam kedua
sampel tailing tersebut. Tabel 2 menunjukkan bahwa sampel
A mengandung banyak mineral alkali, seperti mineral siderite,
mineral karbonatan yang dapat menghasilkan ion karbonat
(CO3
2-
) dan bikarbonat (HCO3
-
), serta mineral illite dan
kaolinite, mineral aluminosilikat yang mengandung gugus
hidroksida (OH-
). Ketiga ion tersebut merupakan pemeran
utama alkalinitas di dalam leachate. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh
konsentrasi bikarbonat pada sampel A sebesar 76 mg/L,
dengan konsentrasi alkalinitas mencapai 56 mg/L.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
pHNAG
NAPP (kg H2SO4/ton)
Sampel A
Sampel B
UC
UC PAF
NAF
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150
TDS(ppm)
Waktu Pengukuran (hari)
TDS Sampel A Exposed TDS Sampel B Exposed
pH Sampel A Exposed pH Sampel B Exposed
pH
4. Kondisi sebaliknya, sampel B mengandung beberapa
jenis mineral sulfida, antara lain mineral pyrite, cobaltite, dan
sphalerite. Hal ini ditandai dengan besarnya konsentrasi ion
sulfat (SO4
2-
) di dalam leachate, yaitu sekitar 2.500 mg/L,
dibandingkan dengan sampel A hanya sebesar 74 mg/L.
Akibatnya, asiditas leachate mencapai 1.666 mg/L dan
alkalinitasnya 0 mg/L.
Tabel 2. Kandungan mineral bijih dan sampel tailing
Bijih Quartz (SiO2), Kaolinite {Al2Si2O5(OH)4}, Illite
{(K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]},
Pyrite (FeS2), Hematite (Fe2O3), Calcite
(CaCO3), Chlorite {(Mg,Fe,Li)6AlSi3O10(OH)8},
Ankerite {Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2}
Sampel A Quartz (SiO2), Kaolinite {Al2Si2O5(OH)4}, Illite
{(K,H3O)(Al,Mg,Fe)2(Si,Al)4O10[(OH)2,(H2O)]},
Pyrite (FeS2), Sphalerite (ZnS), Magnetite
(Fe2+
Fe2
3+
O4), Siderite (FeCO3)
Sampel B Quartz (SiO2), Pyrite (FeS2), Sphalerite (ZnS),
Siderite (FeCO3), Cobaltite (CoAsS), Diopside
(MgCaSi2O6), Orthoclase (KAlSi3O8)
4.3. Penyebab Perbedaan Karakteristik Geokimia Tailing
Hal utama yang menyebabkan perbedaan karakteristik
geokimia kedua sampel tailing ialah metode penempatan
tailing yang digunakan. Disisi lain, sampel A sangat
dipengaruhi oleh proses pengolahan bijih. Hal ini dapat dilihat
dari kondisi sampel yang berbentuk slurry dan didominasi
oleh material berbutir halus (silt 59%) serta nilai pH yang
bersifat basa. Pada saat pengolahan dilakukan penambahan air
untuk membantu proses milling sehingga berbentuk slurry,
serta ditambahkan pula sejumlah kapur (lime) untuk
membantu proses pelindian (leaching). Tujuan utama
ditambahkannya kapur ialah untuk meningkatkan pH larutan
agar asam sianida (HCN) yang bersifat racun tidak terbentuk.
Selain itu proses pelindian menggunakan sodium sinaida
(NaCN) untuk melindi emas. Akan tetapi, sianida juga reaktif
terhadap beberapa logam cyanicides, seperti Cu2+
, Hg2+
, Zn2+
,
Fe2+
, Fe3+
, Cd2+
, dan Co2+
. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan
terbentuknya mineral-mineral sekunder (secondary minerals).
Tabel 2 di atas menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa mineral
pada sampel A yang berbeda dengan mineral-mineral dalam
bijh. Mineral magnetite dan siderite merupakan mineral
sekunder yang terbentuk akbiat proses pengolahan tersebut.
Mineral magnetite mungkin terbentuk dari pemisahan ion besi
dari mineral hematite. Begitu pula mineral siderite yang dapat
pula menjadi perpaduan antara ion besi dari mineral hematite
dengan ion karbonat dari mineral calcite atau pula dari
mineral ankerite.
Pembentukan mineral sekunder juga terjadi setelah
penempatan tailing di TSF. Pemisahan air dengan material
padatan tailing menyebabkan terbentuknya pantai (beaching)
dan mengekspos material padatan, sehingga terjadi evaporasi
dan pelapukan (proses oksidasi). pH air pori dan konsentrasi
spesies larutan mengalami perubahan. Hal ini dapat
menimbulkan interaksi baru, sehingga kandungan mineral
primer akan menurun dan terjadi pengayaan mineral sekunder
(Petrunic et al., 2009). Mineral diopside dan orthoclase
merupakan mineral sekunder yang mungkin dapat terbentuk
dari mineral kaolinite dan illite berdasarkan komposisi
senyawa-senyawa tertentu, misalnya SiO2 dan Al2O3.
Sampel B memiliki pH yang rendah dan dominasi oleh
material sand 45% dan silt 49%. Hal ini merupakan efek dari
proses penempatan tailing. Material padatan yang terendap
merupakan material-material yang berukuran besar sedangkan
material-material yang berukuran halus akan terlarut ataupun
terbawa bersama air. Kapur merupakan material yang halus,
sehingga mudah terbawa bersama air. Karena itulah sampel B
menjadi lebih berpotensi menghasilkan asam.
4.4. Dampak terhadap Kualitas Air Lindian Tailing
Gambar 4 menunjukkan bahwa sampel A yang
didominasi material berukuran halus menghasilkan leachate
yang keruh, sedangkan sampel B tidak. Namun leachate
sampel B berwarna merah kecoklatan seperti warna teh. Hal
ini mengindikasikan kandungan logam terlarut yang tinggi,
khususnya besi.
Gambar 4. Air lindian sampel A dan B
Besarnya konsentrasi besi dalam leachate sampel B
ditunjukkan oleh Gambar 5 di bawah ini. Konsentrasi besi
pada sampel B sekitar 100 kali lipat dibandingkan dengan
sampel A. Hal ini sesuai dengan konsentrasi TDS yang besar
pula. Besi menjadi salah satu penyumbang besar bagi
konsentrasi TDS. Besarnya kelarutan TDS dipengaruhi oleh
nilai pH sampel B yang kecil (kondisi asam), yang
diindikasikan oleh konsentrasi ion sulfat dalam leachate.
Gambar 5. Pengaruh sulfat dan besi terhadap TDS
Kelarutan logam-logam berat pada sampel B juga lebih
besar daripada sampel A. Selain itu, beberapa logam berat
melebihi standar baku mutu KEPMEN LH No. 202 Tahun
2004, antara lain logam arsen (As) dan kadmium (Cd).
Gambar 6 menunjukkan bahwa terlewatnya batas baku muku
hanya terjadi pada sampel B. Hal ini sesuai dengan hasil uji
XRF, sampel B memiliki kandungan unsur As sebesar 512
ppm sementara pada sampel A hanya sebesar 180 ppm. Trend
kedua logam tersebut relatif stabil, kecuali logam kadmium
pada sampel B.
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
9 16 19 22 26 29 33 36 40 43 47 50 54
TDS(ppm)&SO4(mg/L)
Fe(mg/L)
Waktu Pengukuran (hari ke-)
Fe A Exposed Fe B Exposed TDS A Exposed
TDS B Exposed SO4 A Exposed SO4 B Exposed
5. Gambar 6. Konsentrasi logam arsen dan kadmium melebihi
standar baku mutu
4.5. Rekomendasi Penempatan Tailing
Proses penempatan tailing yang dilakukan berdampak
pada terjadinya perubahan karakteristik geokimia tailing. Oleh
sebab itu tailing sebaiknya ditempatkan pada TSF dengan
menggunakan metode subaqueous sebab kondisi submerged
menunjukkan beberapa keuntungan, antara lain leachate yang
dihasilkan memiliki nilai pH yang lebih mendekati netral.
Akibatnya konsentrasi TDS menjadi lebih kecil, dan dapat
menurunkan konsentrasi logam-logam berat hingga di bawah
ambang batas, serta menurunkan asiditas larutan. Hal tersebut
ditunjukkan oleh Gambar 7.
Pada gambar tersebut, nilai pH sampel A kondisi
submerged akan menjadi lebih kecil karena mineral-mineral
alkali didalamnya menjadi terbatasi oleh kehadiran air yang
menutupi permukaan sampel (water cover). Hal yang sama
terjadi pada sampel B kondisi submerged. Namun mineral-
mineral yang terbatasi ialah mineral sulfida, sehingga pH
cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan kondisi exposed. Hal ini
secara tidak langsung menyatakan bahwa water cover dapat
menurunkan laju oksidasi mineral sulfia.Hal ini digambarkan
dengan konsentrasi sulfat yang lebih kecil ditemukan pada
kondisi submerged. Dengan demikian, kelarutan logam-logam
menjadi menurun, sehingga konsentrasi logam-logam berat
berada di bawah ambang batasnya.
Vigneault et al. (2001) pada penelitiannya menggunakan
air sebagai penutup tailing dengan ketebalan air yang relatif
dangkal yaitu sebesar 0,3 m. Vigneault mengemukakan bahwa
sampel yang diberi perlakuan seperti ini menunjukkan laju
oksidasi hingga 2.000 kali lebih kecil daripada sampel yang
terekspos ke udara. Walaupun demikian, sifat water cover
hanya membatasi, sebab oksigen masih tetap dapat berdifusi
dan terlarut dalam air (dissolved oxygen-DO).
Gambar 7. Nilai pH, TDS, dan SO4
2-
pada tiap kondisi
Konsentrasi DO di dalam air menjadi faktor yang
berpengaruh terhadap laju oksidasi (Smith & Shumate, 1970
dalam Diana, 2013). Konsentrasi DO dipengaruhi oleh
temperatur dan salinitas. Kandungannya berkurang seiring
dengan meningkatnya temperatur dan salinitas. Konsentrasi
DO juga semakin besar apabila luas daerah permukaan
perairan yang terbuka dan tekanan atmosfer sekitar bertambah
(Willoughby, 1978; Reid, 1961; dan Welch, 1980). Kadar DO
dalam air nilainya relatif antara 6-14 ppm (Connel et al., 1995
dalam Ruyitno dkk., 2003). Tapi kenyataannya nilai DO
bervariasi sesuai dengan kedalaman air. Bertambahnya
kedalaman cenderung menurunkan konsentrasi DO. Konsep
ini diterapkan oleh Lishen Mine di Ireland untuk
menempatkan tailing secara subaqueous dengan kedalaman
air minimal 1,3 meter di atas permukaan tailing pada bulan
Juni dan satu meter pada bulan Oktober (EPA, 2000).
5. Kesimpulan dan Saran
5.1. Kesimpulan
Tailing merupakan material sisa proses pengolahan yang
yang dapat berpotensi menimbulkan air asam tambang.
Karena itu karakteristik geokimia tailing sangat penting dalam
merencanakan dan merancang suatu TSF. Penelitian
menghasilkan bahwa adanya perbedaan karakteistik geokimia
sampel tailing yang diperoleh dari dua daerah berbeda pada
TSF. Sampel yang diperoleh dari daerah inlet TSF (upstream)
memiliki karakteristik sebagai material yang tidak berpotensi
dalam menghasilkan asam (NAF), sedangkan sampel yang
diperoleh dari daerah outlet TSF (downstream) merupakan
material yang berpotensi besar dalam memproduksi asam
(PAF).
0.0001
0.0010
0.0100
0.1000
1.0000
10.0000
100.0000
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
As(mg/L)
Waktu Pengukuran (hari ke-)
Sampel A Exposed KEPMEN 202
Sampel B Exposed
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
Cd(mg/L)
Waktu Pengukuran (hari ke-)
Sampel A Exposed Sampel B Exposed
KEPMEN 202
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9 16 19 22 26 29 33 36 40 43 47 50 54
TDS(ppm)&SO4
2-(mg/L)
pH
Waktu Pengukuran (hari ke-)
pH A Submerged pH A Exposed
TDS A Submerged TDS A Exposed
SO4 A Submerged SO4 A Exposed
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
9 16 19 22 26 29 33 36 40 43 47 50 54
TDS(ppm)&SO4
2-(mg/L)
pH
Waktu Pengukuran (hari ke-)
pH B Submerged pH B Exposed
TDS B Submerged TDS B Exposed
SO4 B Submerged SO4 B Exposed
6. Perbedaan ini terjadi karena metode penempatan tailing
yang digunakan serta adanya pengaruh proses pengolahan
terhadap tailing yang dihasilkan. Proses pengolahan yang
menggunakan kapur menyebabkan nilai pH yang besar
(bersifat basa). Namun, proses penempatan tailing
memisahkan air dan material padatan tailing. Hal ini
menyebabkan kapur yang berbutir halus menjadi terlarut dan
terbawa bersama air sehingga material berbutir kasar yang
mengandung mineral sulfida mengendap dan mendominasi
material tailing.
Hasil uji statik menunjukkan bahwa sampel dari daerah
inlet TSF memiliki ANC yang besar (16,8 kg H2SO4/ton) dan
total sulfur yang kecil (0,17%) sehingga nilai pH pasta dan pH
NAG relatif netral hingga basa. Sementara sampel dari daerah
outlet TSF memiliki persentase total sulfur yang lebih besar
(1,68%), NAPP yang positif, dan NPR < 1. Hal ini diperkuat
oleh uji kinetik bahwa sampel dari daerah outlet TSF memiliki
nilai pH stabil di bawah 4 dengan konsentrasi TDS melebihi
1.000 ppm. Sebaliknya sampel dari daerah inlet TSF memiliki
pH sekitar 7-8,5 dengan konsentrasi TDS < 800 ppm.
Uji kinetik dengan kondisi submerged menghasilkan
leachate yang lebih baik yakni nilai pH yang lebih mendekati
netral (pH 7), dan konsentrasi TDS dan logam-logam berat
yang terlarut lebih kecil daripada kondisi exposed. Dengan
demikian metode subaqueous lebih sesuai diterapkan untuk
tailing ini. Karena water cover dapat membatasi interaksi
antara oksigen dan mineral sulfida sehingga laju oksidasi yang
terjadi sangat kecil.
5.2. Saran
Berikut ini beberapa saran yang dapat diberikan untuk
penelitian selanjtunya:
1. analisis karakteristik bijih tambang emas sebaiknya
dilakukan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian dengan karakteristik
tailing,
2. perlunya penambahan sampel pada titik-titik di
antara daerah inlet dan outlet TSF untuk mengetahui pola
perubahan karakteristik tailing, dan
3. perlu dilakukannya variasi dan penjagaan ketebalan
air penutup untuk meneliti ketebalan optimum yang efektif
dalam pencegahan AAT, serta pengukuran oksigen terlarut
(dissolved oxygen-DO) dalam air penutup untuk melihat
seberapa efektif penggunaan metode subaqueous tersebut.
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