reference pathology by inam danish all pathology all pathogensis and all treatment and drugs

1. PALPITATION
CVS

2. PALPITATION
• Forceful or rapid beating of heart
• Patient describe
• Pounding
• Jumping
• Racing
• Irregularity of heart

3. PALPITATION CAN DEVELOPE
• Change in heart rhythm
• Ectopic beats
• Compensatory pause
• Augmented stroke volume due to valvar regurgitation
• High cardiac output
• All form of tachycardia sudden bradycardia

4. TACHYCARDIAS
• Sinus tachycardia may be due to anxiety, anemia fever or drugs etc
• Paroxysmal tachycardia due to SVT atrial flutter or fibrillation
palpitation = slow, fast or irregular heart rhythm

5. PREMATURE (ECTOPIC) BEATS
• Usually due to atrial or ventricular ectopic beats
• Patient describe it dropped beat because the premature beat followed by the a
pause before next normal beat which is more forceful as a result of longer
diastolic filling period
• Most of the time it is related to anxiety and aggravated by chocolate and
excessive intake of tea.

6. PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA
• Beats are >120/min
• Starting abruptly and terminating suddenly result from the proxysmal
supraventricular (atrial or junctional ) tachycardia or ventricular tachycardia
• Paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
are common causes
• Some patient feel tachycardia on standing from sitting position associated with
mild drop in BP symptoms is dizziness
• These patient have form of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

7. • Paroxysmal tachycardia when prolonged may be associated with
• Syncope
• Dyspnea
• Chest pain
• Diagnose measure BP check pulse and perform ECG
• Avoidance of stress, coffee and treatment with beta blockers are usually enough
to control the symptoms

8. BRADYCARDIA
• Generally palpitation means is tachycardia
• Sometime patients of heart block and bradycardia also complain of palpitation
• Ghabrahat is very conmen
• Restlessness