PADM-02 You did this before add 5 for the comments below .Ty Comments for below discussions: Yes, women have expanded their presence in many fields in the workplace. I always find the 80% number interesting. I wonder if they are including part-time or just full-time and whether they are comparing the exact same job, education, and experience or lumping everything together.  That would be a good thing to know. Did your source say?  I don’t know and I just wonder.  Forces shaping the implementation of the Act Today, ladies make up about half the portion of the U.S. labor force and more ladies than any time in recent history are the providers in their families. More ladies are likewise working in positions and fields that have been customarily possessed by men. However in 2015, the normal lady working all day all year in the United States earned just 80 percent of what the run of the mill man earned working all day all year. The compensation crevice is much more prominent for African American and Latina ladies, with African American ladies gaining 63 pennies and Latina ladies acquiring 54 pennies for each dollar earned by a white non-Hispanic man. The gender wage gap keeps on being an undeniable and determined issue that proceeds to dupe American ladies and their families (National Research Council, 2011). Secondly, disparities in the wages earned for the two genders was found to infringe on the rights of the employees and their economic rights. Unfair wages to women depress their income and consequently their living standards. The employees are forced sub-standard healthcare services and live in houses that are very uncomfortable. To the organization, denial of equal pay hinders optimum utilization of labor. Workers in such discrimination industries feel unappreciated and even worse not paid that which they deserve. They, therefore, limit their input at work thus affecting production and efficiency. The segregation of women to Pink Color jobs is the leading cause of labor disputed in organization. The representation of their grievances and with consideration of the negative impacts all fueled the legislation of the Equal Pay Act.                                               Theories of Politics National elites empower organizations to implement policies efficient for the realization of equal pay. Elite bargaining is a political strategy for implementing policies where the two bodies negotiate on policies to attain a middle ground for favorable implementation. National elites and economic organizations work in coordination to support the legislation and implementation the Equal Pay Act as this was also a matter of national concern. Rational choice also had a part to play in the formulation and implementation of the policy. The rational policy stands to ensure that a logical and reasonable policy and providences are reached at. Ideally, a policy such as the Equal Act policy should aim at striking harmony in the wages of the labor force without a.

1. PADM-02 You did this before add 5 for the comments below
.Ty
Comments for below discussions: Yes, women have expanded
their presence in many fields in the workplace. I always find the
80% number interesting. I wonder if they are including part-
time or just full-time and whether they are comparing the exact
same job, education, and experience or lumping everything
together. That would be a good thing to know. Did your source
say? I don’t know and I just wonder.
Forces shaping the implementation of the Act
Today, ladies make up about half the portion of the U.S. labor
force and more ladies than any time in recent history are the
providers in their families. More ladies are likewise working in
positions and fields that have been customarily possessed by
men. However in 2015, the normal lady working all day all year
in the United States earned just 80 percent of what the run of
the mill man earned working all day all year. The compensation
crevice is much more prominent for African American and
Latina ladies, with African American ladies gaining 63 pennies
and Latina ladies acquiring 54 pennies for each dollar earned by
a white non-Hispanic man. The gender wage gap keeps on being
an undeniable and determined issue that proceeds to dupe
American ladies and their families (National Research Council,
2011).
Secondly, disparities in the wages earned for the two genders
was found to infringe on the rights of the employees and their
economic rights. Unfair wages to women depress their income
and consequently their living standards. The employees are
forced sub-standard healthcare services and live in houses that
are very uncomfortable. To the organization, denial of equal pay
hinders optimum utilization of labor. Workers in such
discrimination industries feel unappreciated and even worse not
paid that which they deserve. They, therefore, limit their input
at work thus affecting production and efficiency. The

2. segregation of women to Pink Color jobs is the leading cause of
labor disputed in organization. The representation of their
grievances and with consideration of the negative impacts all
fueled the legislation of the Equal Pay Act.
Theories of Politics
National elites empower organizations to implement policies
efficient for the realization of equal pay. Elite bargaining is a
political strategy for implementing policies where the two
bodies negotiate on policies to attain a middle ground for
favorable implementation. National elites and economic
organizations work in coordination to support the legislation
and implementation the Equal Pay Act as this was also a matter
of national concern. Rational choice also had a part to play in
the formulation and implementation of the policy. The rational
policy stands to ensure that a logical and reasonable policy and
providences are reached at. Ideally, a policy such as the Equal
Act policy should aim at striking harmony in the wages of the
labor force without any discrimination whatsoever. Therefore,
appropriate and relevant conditions have to be fulfilled, and
human rights at the work place have to be in place for the policy
to be working as expected. Case in point, job content have to be
similar to dictate equal wages. These political policies play
central key in the enactment of the Equal Pay Act (McCann,
2004).
References
National Research Council. (2011). Women, work, and wages:
Equal pay for jobs of equal value. National Academies Press.
McCann, M. W. (2004). Rights at work: Pay equity reform and
the politics of legal mobilization. University of Chicago Press.
Response one –PADM-02
Currently all 50 states have set the driving under the influence,
blood alcohol concentration limit at .08% (DMV.org, n.d.). Utah
legislature just recently voted to change that beginning at the
end of 2018. House Bill 155, entitled Driving Under the
Influence and Public Safety Revisions, was introduced on

3. January 1, 2017 in the Utah 2017 legislative session. The main
goal of this bill was to amend previous provisions concerning
driving under the influence. This bill passed in the Utah House
of Representatives with a 48 yea and 26 nay vote a month later.
In the senate the bill passed with a 17 yea to an 11 nay vote
almost a month-and-a-half later. Shortly after, Governor Gary
Hebert signed it into law on March 23, 2017. This law goes into
effect on December 30, 2018 and lowers the blood alcohol
concentration limit to .05% across the whole state of Utah (H.
155, 2017). The implementation will be simple as Law
Enforcement will continue to do what they have been doing, but
observe the stricter limit. This bill contained a few other
elements as well.
When the law entitled, Driving Under the Influence and Public
Safety Revisions, goes into effect on December 30 this year, it
will also lower the blood alcohol concentration limit of anyone
carrying a dangerous weapon to .05%, as this law piggybacks
off the DUI limit. Due to this limit change and the changes
related to carrying a weapon, there are multiple parties that
expressed varying opinions on the law (Chappell, 2017).
Multiple parties articulated their support or discontent through
the process of this bill. The Sutherland Institute praised the bill
stating that it would improve safety and save lives (Winslow &
Roth, 2017). The National Transportation Safety Board actually
recommended that all states lower blood alcohol concentration
limits to .05% to encourage people to drive sober. The
American Beverage Institute shared their displeasure stating
that a blood alcohol concentration of .05% is safer than a driver
talking on a hands free device, and that studies show that a
120lb woman can reach the .05% limit with around one drink
(Chappell, 2017). They went on to say that this bill would
damage some of Utah’s hospitality and tourism businesses. The
Utah Restaurant Association also chimed in with strong
displeasure stating that it would damage Utah’s reputation for
liquor (Winslow & Roth, 2017). The Utah Shooting Sports
Council urged members to write to Governor Hebert to

4. encourage him to veto the bill. These voices of support or
dissatisfaction with the policy changes can be better understood
by theories that analyze how policies are made.
Throughout this process of changing the blood alcohol
concentration limit, there were multiple theories of politics at
play. Elite theory could be a working theory here, as the state
House, Senate, and Governor could be considered the elite, and
they are the ones who voted to pass this bill. At the same time,
they are assumed to represent those they serve, so this could be
a counterargument for whether this theory is actually in play.
Group theory seems to play a big part of this policy change as
there were many interest groups striving to influence the elected
officials so that the law would favor their preferences. Many
groups that were against lowering the alcohol limit had
something to gain for their organizations. Political System
Theory was also at play as there was much public opinion and
many interest groups that were expressing views based off of
potential social and economic effects (American Public
University, n.d.). As this law does not go into effect until the
end of 2018, it is likely that these interest groups may still try
to influence a change to this law.
References
Chappell, B. (2017). Utah cuts DUI alcohol limit to lowest level
In U.S.; Law also affects gun owners. Retrieved from
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-
way/2017/03/24/521356512/utah-cuts-dui-alcohol-limit-to-
lowest-level-in-u-s-law-also-affects-gun-owners.
DMV.org. (n.d.). DUI & DWI. Retrieved from
https://www.dmv.org/automotive-law/dui.php.
Driving Under the Influence and Public Safety Revisions, House
Bill 155, 62nd Legislature (2017).
American Public University (n.d.) Lesson 2: Theories of politics
and public policy. In PADM530: Public Policy: Winter 2018
Session B [Online Class Lesson]. Retrieved from
apus.realizeithome.com.
Winslow, B., & Roth, M. (2017). Utah to become first state to

5. lower DUI level to .05. Retrieved from
http://fox13now.com/2017/03/08/utah-will-become-the-first-
state-to-lower-the-dui-rate-to-05/.
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Response two-PADM-02
There are several key elements of Nevada’s policy regarding the
legalization of marijuana, which was passed via Ballot Question
2 (Q2) in November 2016 and takes effect in January of 2018.
The law is referred to as the “Regulation and Taxation of
Marijuana Act” and declares that the use of marijuana by
persons aged 21 or older, should be legal and its cultivation and
sale regulated like other legal businesses (Initiative to regulate
and Tax Marijuana, 2016). The Governor’s Task Force (GTF)
on the Implementation of Q2 released a report in May of 2017
that outlines public safety, education and research, law
enforcement, advertising, packaging, labeling, potency
limitations, distribution and transportation, cultivation
operations, taxation, and licensing requirements. For the
purpose of analyzing the key aspects of Q2, I will focus on the
law enforcement and public safety sections of the
implementation policy. Public Safety concerns such as the
Clean Air Act, preventing distribution to minors, and amending
the Nevada revised statute to allow Nevada health authorities to
regulate the production and labeling of edible marijuana
products were addressed by the governor’s task force working
group.
Under the law enforcement policy section several questions are
addressed, such as driving under the influence of drugs and
statutory limitations. Regarding driving under the influence of
drugs (DUID) the public policy recommendations were: an
aggressive media campaign to educate the motoring public,
support Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) and Advanced
Roadside Impairment Driving Enforcement (ARIDE) training,
improve data collection through increased drug screening during
forensic testing of blood, and ensure that Nevada’s per se limits
are consistent with scientific findings as research and data are

6. collected (GTF, 2017). These recommendations are based upon
the promotion of the well-being of Nevada residents and
ensuring that youth are protected from risks associated with
marijuana use (GFT, 2017). DUID policy centers on using a
media campaign to inform the public of the effects of
impairment and that driving under the influence is
commensurate to the consequences of DUI alcohol. The use of
media to communicate public policy highlights its importance in
the policy making process and the role it plays in policy
implementation.
Several other parties also greatly affected the decisions on how
to implement Q2; these include interest groups like the
Marijuana Policy Project, governor appointed working groups,
and law enforcement agencies. The combined efforts of these
policy actors represents group theory in action. Group theory
posits that policy decisions are the product of a struggle
between interest groups who fight each other to enact
legislation favorable to them (Lesson, 2018). Question 2 started
out as an initiative, which enables citizens to bypass their state
legislature by placing proposed statutes, and in some cases,
constitutional amendments on the ballot (McCann, 2012). Some
scholars argue that this process weakens legislatures and allows
interest groups greater control over policy making, though the
process does ensure greater responsiveness in the case of
legislative inaction (Djupe and Olson, 2007). In the case of Q2,
the interest group the Marijuana Policy Project was instrumental
in getting the initiative on the ballot via the Coalition to
Regulate Marijuana like Alcohol, which has supported
legalization of marijuana campaigns in several other states,
including Arizona, California, and Maine (Question 2 Fact
Sheet, 2016). Question 2 also offers insight into the group
theory when opposition to Question 2 is taken into
consideration; the Nevada Resort Association, Nevada
Sherriff’s and Chief’s Association, Carson City Chamber of
Commerce and the Church of Latter Day Saints all opposed Q2.
An argument used by the opposition include calling attention to

7. current efforts to improve K-12 education and performance,
arguing that the legalization of a “mind-altering substance”
would only hurt this effort (Rep. Pat Hickey, 2016). As
discussed in the Governor’s Task Force, the implementation of
Q2 includes several recommendations to prevent the usage of
marijuana by underage individuals such as requiring medical
marijuana establishments to provide security personnel, ID
check stations, video surveillance, and locked access to
inventory in all retail establishments, as well as the prevention
of retail marijuana advertising that would appeal to minors, and
creating a structure for civil/and or criminal penalties for
selling or giving marijuana to a person under 21 (GTF,2017).
This is one example of how the implementation of Q2 operates
as a compromise between interest groups and individuals both
for and against Q2.
Sources:
Governor’s Task Force on the Implementation of Question 2.
(2017, May 30). Retrieved
from https://tax.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/taxnvgov/Content/.../NVR
M%20Reportv1.25.pdf
Fulstone, L., & Wadhams, J. (n.d.). Nevada Marijuana
Legalization Initiative. Retrieved January 10, 2018,
from https://www.nvbar.org/wp-
content/uploads/NevadaLawyer_Oct2016_MarijuanaLegalizatio
n.pdf
Working to Reform Marijuana Laws. (n.d.). Retrieved January
10, 2018, from http://norml.org/laws/item/nevada-penalties-2
Project, M. P. (n.d.). Nevada. Retrieved January 10, 2018,
from https://www.mpp.org/states/nevada/
McCann, M. (2012). Initiative, Referendum, and Recall.
Retrieved January 11, 2018,
from http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and-
campaigns/initiative-referendum-and-recall-overview.aspx
Djupe, P., & Olson, L. (2007). Religious Interests in
Community Conflict. Retrieved January 11, 2018,

8. from https://books.google.com/books?id=xRI1K_-
DIooC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Fact Sheet on Question 2. (2016, September). Guinn Center for
Policy Priorities. Retrieved January 11, 2018,
from https://guinncenter.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/01/Guinn-Center-Fact-Sheet-Q2.pdf
Response three-PADM-02
One of the policy topics I would like to look at has to do with
the use of police body worn cameras (BWC). This issue started
to heat up after many unjust shootings across the United States.
Maryland looked to take quick action on this issue to better
protect the public and the officers. Maryland has a police and
training commission that oversees all police activity within the
state. Whether you are local, state or county, you must be
certified and abide by policy sent from the police and training
commission I order to be a certified police officer that is legally
allowed to have law enforcement powers in the state.
With this policy, direction was handed down on the
coverage limits that each department needed to come up with in
order to abide by the police and training commissions policy,
this included when it was to be turned on, tested, not used, how
it can be used and many other categories (Maryland Police
Training Commission, 2016). This reminded me of what many
states use for car insurance, but in those instances, it is referred
to as “minimum coverage”.
Group theory can be defined by a struggle between
interest groups that are trying to persuade elected officials in
policy making decisions (APU, 2018). In this instance the
formation of Black Lives Mater, although lacking a clear
agenda, did accomplish advocating heavily for unjust shootings.
On the flip side of this issue police unions everywhere where
trying to protect their officers from being constantly recorded at
work, infringing on constitutional rights of the people and the
officer (Nielsen, 2016). Also in play is Political System
Theory, this can be defined by the political key players in
legislative/policy development being pressured by public

9. opinion to make change (APU, 2018). In the protests across the
county that went on for months, the political arena jumped on
the opportunity to express their side of the issue. Both of these
are evident in the policy making decision, they actually both go
hand in hand, which is likely why there has been support of the
use of BWC’s by both the officers and the general public
(Goetschel & Peha ,2017).
Other facts about BWC’s are that that drastically reduce
public complaints on the police, this is likely because of the
public knowing that frivolous complaints will no longer be
justifiable as they would all be recorded (Goetschel & Peha
,2017). Most importantly, this policy is saving lives and is
likely curving the over aggressive officer who would have
gotten away with murder previously. This was a needed policy
change and would not have been able to be done if not for the
interest groups bringing light to the situation, the media then
covering it and of course the political arena seeing it as a
chance to energize their base from their perspective viewpoints.
However, this likely is one of only few times that everyone is a
winner with this system.
Maryland policy specifically directs each agency to
leave the policy as a living document that can be altered
overtime. This allows the agency to come up with best practices
and adjust to current issues and trends.
American Public University (2018) Lesson 2: Theories of
politics and public policy. In PADM530: Public Policy: Winter
2018 Session B [Online Class Lesson]. Retrieved from
apus.realizeithome.com.
Goetschel, M., & Peha, J. M. (2017). Police perceptions of
body-worn cameras. American Journal of Criminal Justice :
AJCJ, 42(4), 698-726.
doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.apus.edu/10.1007/s12103-017-94
Maryland Police Training Commission. (2016). Body-worn
Camera Policy. Retrieved January 11, 2018,
from http://mdle.net/pdf/BWC_Policy_1-8-16.pdf

10. Nielsen, E. H. (2016). Fourth amendment implications of
police-worn body cameras. St. Mary's Law Journal, 48(1), 115.
RESPONSE FOUR-PADM-02
Top of Form
The policy that I have chosen to analyze this week is the New
York State reorganization of Medicaid under Governor Cuomo’s
Medicaid Redesign Team, and the Affordable Care Act. Under
the expansion, New York received $7.72 billion in federal
funding in 2015, and in the following year over two million
New York State residents were able to get coverage under the
Medicaid expansion. As of 2017, Medicaid covers over 6
million residents, which equals to about one third of the state’s
population. Most of New York States enrollees are children and
non-disabled adults, however, disabled adults, children and
seniors are eligible for enrollment. In addition, with the
Medicaid Managed Care (MMC) plans, the state is now able to
provide behavioral health services, as well as Health and
Recovery Plans for those with substance abuse disorders and
those with serious mental illnesses (Bachrach, 2017).
The changes seen in New York State’s Medicaid were shaped by
a few factors, the first being the policy and administrative
reforms generated by Governor Cuomo’s Medicaid Redesign
Team which was implemented in 2014. Another being the
Affordable Care Act implemented in 2010, which established
greater eligibility for Medicaid, while also increasingly federal
support for states by covering all costs of the expansion
(Patchias, & Samis, 2014). The Medicaid Redesign Team was
issued as an Executive Order from Governor Cuomo, and was
made up of 25 members, appointed by the Governor. The team
included individuals with various expertise, including State
Officers, members of the New York State Senate, and those with
experience in the healthcare industry. The redesign team was
tasked to find ways to save money within the Medicaid program
due to the vast number of New Yorkers now utilizing the
inclusive healthcare coverage, which Cuomo stated, would give

11. New York State tax payers a much-needed break (New York
State). The initiatives that followed were the introduction of a
cap on state spending for Medicaid, and program cuts which
were made wherever necessary (Patchias, & Samis, 2014).
I believe that Institutional Theory was present during the
implementation of the Medicaid restructuring, as well as the
creation of the Medicaid Redesign Team. This is due to the
change made by one institution, the federal government, which
had an effect on the policy and decision making of New York
State legislators in relation to the spending on Medicaid. When
the Affordable Care Act was enacted, New York could not have
predicted the vast number of enrollees that would opt in for
Medicaid. In response to the federal governments new mandate,
a cap on Medicaid spending, as well as the program cuts, were
created as a way to lessen the financial burden felt by the
residents, which was due to the coercive pressures brought
about by the Affordable Car Act. This pressure shaped the
adoption of new policies in order to curb the negative responses
felt by New York residents, whose taxes were substantially
increased from the Medicaid expansion (Keavney, 2018).
References
Bachrach, Deborah. (October 19, 2017). The Federal Medicaid
Agenda: Considerations and Concerns for New York State.
Retrieved January 11, 2018, from https://mhanys.org/wp-
content/uploads/2015/04/TheFederalMedicaidAgenda-
MHANYSKeynote.pdf.
Keavney, Elizabeth. (2018). PADM530 Public Policy. Lesson
Two: Theories of Politics and Public Policy. American Public
University System. January, 01, 2018.
New York State. (2014, September 28). Governor Cuomo Issues
Executive Order Creating Medicaid Redesign Team. Retrieved
January 11, 2018,
from https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-cuomo-
issues-executive-order-creating-medicaid-redesign-team.
Patchias, Elizabeth M., & Samis, Sarah K. L. (2014). New

12. York’ s Medicaid in Transition: A New Primer for 2014.
Medicaid Institute at United Hospital Fund. Retrieved January
11, 2018, from
file:///C:/Users/Johnson/Downloads/Medicaid_in_Transition-
final20140714.pdf.
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