P160 Hempel, Hume, Deduction, and Induction
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The document discusses Semmelweis' work in the 1840s to address childbed fever in Vienna hospitals. Semmelweis observed that the mortality rate from childbed fever was much higher in the first division ward staffed by doctors and medical students compared to the second division ward staffed by midwives. Through a process of elimination, Semmelweis hypothesized that cadaveric particles carried from autopsies to patients caused the disease. Reducing these particles by washing hands and instruments with chlorinated lime lowered the mortality rate, supporting his hypothesis. However, his conclusion could not be logically proven through the evidence, as other factors could also explain the outcome. The document also discusses the problem of induction in drawing conclusions about
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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- 1. PHIL 160 "Induction & Confirmation" PHIL 160
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: PHIL 160 Strategy for theorizing & testing Role of deduction Role of induction Problem of induction
- 3. PHIL 160 meaningful claims are testable Verifiability theory of meaning:
- 4. SENTENCES IN SCIENTIFIC THEORIES PHIL 160 SENTENCES DESCRIBING EXPERIENCE logical relation that counts as support
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- 8. PHIL 160 Exemplar of good scientific reasoning: Semmelweis takes on childbed fever 1840s Vienna General Hospital, mothers becoming ill and dying shortly after giving birth. Death rate 5 times higher in 1 st division ward than 2 nd division ward. 1 st division ward – staffed by physicians & med students 2 nd division ward – staffed by midwives.
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- 15. PHIL 160 STRATEGY: • Identify phenomenon to explain (childbed fever). • Find similar settings, one with the phenomenon, the other without.
- 16. PHIL 160 STRATEGY: • Identify phenomenon to explain (childbed fever). • Find similar settings, one with the phenomenon, the other without. • Identify differences between settings. • Test to see which differences are relevant to the phenomenon.
- 17. PHIL 160 Find the difference between wards that explains higher rate of childbed fever in 1st division ward. Test: changing the difference lowers rate of childbed fever in 1st division ward. STRATEGY:
- 23. PHIL 160 Big Assumptions • Cadaveric matter exists, transmitted from autopsies. • Chlorinated lime removes or destroys cadaveric matter. No one observed cadaveric matter!
- 27. PHIL 160 Semmelweis used his observations to find the relevant difference. His theory led to an effective intervention. But, the data didn’t prove his conclusion.
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- 32. PHIL 160 All knowledge through experience. Empiricism: (Anything I know has backing in empirical data.)
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- 37. PHIL 160 Can’t get empirical data about things you haven’t observed! Problem of induction: Can’t be certain things you haven’t observed will be like things you have observed!