Improving global healthcare and wellbeing requires addressing major challenges with vaccines and immunization acceptance. Key challenges include maintaining high vaccination rates without targeted diseases, overcoming vaccine fatigue, and dealing with misinformation that reduces trust. The path forward is promoting education on how vaccines comply with Islamic law while working to develop vaccines free of animal components through defined manufacturing processes. Addressing pressures around affordability, supply reliability, and demonstrating value are also important for immunization strategies and vaccine development.
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update37-vaccine-development.pdf?sfvrsn=2581e994_6
Disclaimer -
The Content belongs to WHO (World Health Organisation). Sharing here is just to spread awareness about Covid-19.
https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update37-vaccine-development.pdf?sfvrsn=2581e994_6
Vaccines are designed to elicit an immune response against the particular microbe or bits of the microbe from which the vaccine is made. This idea dates back several centuries, when British surgeon, Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine against a lethal infectious disease, small pox. Between the 18th century and now, more than 65 products have been approved which, together with public health and other developments, have contributed to the tapering and, in some cases, eradication of infectious diseases that used to kill millions. The problem is that the design is based on the physical attributes of the microbe. So, one person might be infected with virus x, which mutates rapidly to become 10 or more different strains. So, between approval and reaching the public, effectiveness may drop or wane over time. The sheer logistics of designing a trial means that follow-up periods are not long enough to account for every possible safety issue. Nevertheless, they remain our go-to defense for lethal infections, such as Ebola, and ones that reduce productivity. In other cases, timely inoculations may protect against the risk of developing specific cancers later in life. They have also contributed to the fact that most people are not at home sick with polio or some of the other ancient plagues.
However, anti-infective vaccines are typically given to healthy children and people on the basis that it will not make them sick or that it will reduce the risk of premature death. Because vaccines need to be preserved, properly stored and kept free of other contamination before it reaches many distribution sites, other ingredients are added to the mix. And some people, especially those with weakened immune systems, may have severe/life-threatening allergies to additives or a contaminated batch.
So, one in a million complications/deaths is one in a million too many. To this end, I have compiled a summary culled from various sources, to foster a positive dialogue towards improvements.
Dr. Theoklis Zaoutis - Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship in the Pediatric Out...John Blue
Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship in the Pediatric Outpatient Setting - Dr. Theoklis Zaoutis, Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology of the University of Pennsylvania, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
WHAT IS VACCINE
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL VACCINE
TYPES OF VACCINEs
TRADIONTIONAL VS EDIBLE VACCINES
EDIBLE VACCINES :- INTRO AND DEFINITION
STANDARDS FOR EDIBLE VACCINE
HISTORY OF EDIBLE VACCINE
WHY TO CHOOSE EDIBLE VACCINE?
CRITERIA FOR HOST PLANT
DEVELOPING AN EDIBLE VACCINE
METHOD OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
HOW TO MAKE EDIBLE VACCINE
HOW EDIBLE VACCINE WORK (MECHANISM)
FACTOR AFFECTING EDIBLE VACCINE
PROS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
CONS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
PLANTS USED FOR EDIBLE VACCINE PRODUCTION
PROS AND CONS OF SELECTED HOST PLANT
APPLICATION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
The epidemic of misinformation about vaccinesCILIP
Dr Pauline Paterson's (Research Fellow and co-director of The Vaccine Confidence Project, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine) presentation at the CILIP 2017 Conference in Manchester #CILIPConf17
Whilst most people vaccinate, some groups or individuals delay or refuse vaccines due to concerns about safety, whether real or perceived, and concerns about information (including mis-information or mis-trust in information). Public concerns about vaccines have occurred around the world, spreading quickly and sometimes leading to vaccine refusals and disease outbreaks.
The presentation will explore case studies on non-vaccination of measles containing vaccine (MCV) and concerns around HPV vaccine globally. This talk will attempt to address the question of how misinformation can undermine public health, exploring selective exposure, selective perception and the issue of multiple realities.
Vaccines are designed to elicit an immune response against the particular microbe or bits of the microbe from which the vaccine is made. This idea dates back several centuries, when British surgeon, Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine against a lethal infectious disease, small pox. Between the 18th century and now, more than 65 products have been approved which, together with public health and other developments, have contributed to the tapering and, in some cases, eradication of infectious diseases that used to kill millions. The problem is that the design is based on the physical attributes of the microbe. So, one person might be infected with virus x, which mutates rapidly to become 10 or more different strains. So, between approval and reaching the public, effectiveness may drop or wane over time. The sheer logistics of designing a trial means that follow-up periods are not long enough to account for every possible safety issue. Nevertheless, they remain our go-to defense for lethal infections, such as Ebola, and ones that reduce productivity. In other cases, timely inoculations may protect against the risk of developing specific cancers later in life. They have also contributed to the fact that most people are not at home sick with polio or some of the other ancient plagues.
However, anti-infective vaccines are typically given to healthy children and people on the basis that it will not make them sick or that it will reduce the risk of premature death. Because vaccines need to be preserved, properly stored and kept free of other contamination before it reaches many distribution sites, other ingredients are added to the mix. And some people, especially those with weakened immune systems, may have severe/life-threatening allergies to additives or a contaminated batch.
So, one in a million complications/deaths is one in a million too many. To this end, I have compiled a summary culled from various sources, to foster a positive dialogue towards improvements.
Dr. Theoklis Zaoutis - Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship in the Pediatric Out...John Blue
Antimicrobial Use and Stewardship in the Pediatric Outpatient Setting - Dr. Theoklis Zaoutis, Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Pediatrics and Epidemiology of the University of Pennsylvania, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Dr. Richard Raymond - Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. RealityJohn Blue
"Antibiotics and Food Safety: Perceptions vs. Reality - Dr. Richard Raymond, Former Undersecretary for Food Safety, U.S. Department of Agriculture, from the 2014 Minnesota Pork Congress, January 14-15, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-minnesota-pork-congress"
WHAT IS VACCINE
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL VACCINE
TYPES OF VACCINEs
TRADIONTIONAL VS EDIBLE VACCINES
EDIBLE VACCINES :- INTRO AND DEFINITION
STANDARDS FOR EDIBLE VACCINE
HISTORY OF EDIBLE VACCINE
WHY TO CHOOSE EDIBLE VACCINE?
CRITERIA FOR HOST PLANT
DEVELOPING AN EDIBLE VACCINE
METHOD OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
HOW TO MAKE EDIBLE VACCINE
HOW EDIBLE VACCINE WORK (MECHANISM)
FACTOR AFFECTING EDIBLE VACCINE
PROS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
CONS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
PLANTS USED FOR EDIBLE VACCINE PRODUCTION
PROS AND CONS OF SELECTED HOST PLANT
APPLICATION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
The epidemic of misinformation about vaccinesCILIP
Dr Pauline Paterson's (Research Fellow and co-director of The Vaccine Confidence Project, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine) presentation at the CILIP 2017 Conference in Manchester #CILIPConf17
Whilst most people vaccinate, some groups or individuals delay or refuse vaccines due to concerns about safety, whether real or perceived, and concerns about information (including mis-information or mis-trust in information). Public concerns about vaccines have occurred around the world, spreading quickly and sometimes leading to vaccine refusals and disease outbreaks.
The presentation will explore case studies on non-vaccination of measles containing vaccine (MCV) and concerns around HPV vaccine globally. This talk will attempt to address the question of how misinformation can undermine public health, exploring selective exposure, selective perception and the issue of multiple realities.
Prevention is better than any cure. Smallpox has been eradicated. Polio is largely controlled. Hepatitis A&B now largely preventable. Measles and rubella are targeted for elimination.
What is a vaccine? How are they developed and implemented? What is the public health effectiveness? What vaccines are in use? Learn the answers to these questions and so much more in this free report: Vaccine Fact Book 2013.
Dr. Rick Sibbel - Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective of the Impacts of the R...John Blue
Pharmaceutical Industry Perspective of the Impacts of the Regulatory Environment - Dr. Rick Sibbel, Merck Animal Health, from the 2012 NIAA One Health Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Symposium, October 26-27, 2012, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at:
http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2012-one-health-to-approach-antimicrobial-resistance-and-use
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
Environmental stimulus effect our health more than genetics. Epigentics is the control above the genes that determines why one person reacts one way while another person reacts differently to environmental stimulus.
LATHERSVETERINARY MEDICINE IN PUBLIC HEALTHCOMMENTARY COMMENTA.docxcroysierkathey
LATHERSVETERINARY MEDICINE IN PUBLIC HEALTHCOMMENTARY COMMENTARY
Role of Veterinary Medicine in Public Health:
Antibiotic Use in Food Animals and Humans
and the Effect on Evolution of
Antibacterial Resistance
Claire M. Lathers, PhD, FCP
VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH: A FRONTIER IN
THE FIGHT AGAINST HUMAN DISEASE
Veterinary public health is another frontier in the fight
against human disease.1 The veterinary public health
scope includes the control and eradication of zoonoses,
diseases that are naturally transmitted between verte-
brate animals and man. These diseases pose a continu-
ous hazard to the health and welfare of the public.
There are more than 100 diseases categorized as
zoonoses, including salmonellosis. For example, ap-
proximately 20% of U.S. broiler chickens are contami-
nated with Salmonella, while more that 80% are con-
taminated with Campylobacter.2 The veterinary public
health scope, in addition to the control and eradication
of zoonoses, also includes the development and super-
vision of food hygiene practices, laboratory and re-
search activities, and education of the public.
ANTIBIOTIC USE IN FOOD ANIMALS AND
HUMANS AND THE EFFECT ON EVOLUTION
OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE
Antibiotic Use in Food Animals:
Therapeutic and Subtherapeutic
It is important to understand how antibiotics are used
in humans and in food animals and how these uses af-
J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:595-599 595
From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary
Medicine, Rockville, Maryland. This commentary represents the opinion of
the author and does not reflect policy of the FDA or the U.S. government.
Presented at the American College of Clinical Pharmacology Teaching Fo-
rum, chaired by David M. Benjamin, “Educational Issues in Clinical Phar-
macology: Updating the Curriculum for the New Millennium: Who Are Our
Audiences and What Are Their Specialized Needs? One Specialized
Need: Understanding the Role of Veterinary Medicine in Public Health,”
September 19, 2000. Address for reprints: Claire M. Lathers, PhD, FCP,
Director, Office of New Animal Drug Evaluation, Center for Veterinary
Medicine, Room 390, HFV-100, 7500 Standish Place, Rockville, MD
Veterinary public health is another frontier in the fight
against human disease. The veterinary public health scope
includes the control and eradication of zoonoses, diseases
that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals
and man. These diseases pose a continuous hazard to the
health and welfare of the public. More than 100 diseases are
categorized as zoonoses, including salmonellosis. It is im-
portant to understand how antibiotics are used in humans
and in food animals and how these uses affect the evolution
of antibacterial resistance. Appropriate use of antibiotics for
food animals will preserve the long-term efficacy of existing
antibiotics, support animal health and welfare, and limit the
risk of transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans. An under-
standing of the ep ...
2014 Report: Medicines in Development for HIV/AIDSPhRMA
Biopharmaceutical Company Researchers Are Developing More Than 40 Medicines and Vaccines For HIV Infection Treatment and Prevention
Globally, approximately 35 million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, new infections have dropped by 38 percent since 2001, according to UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
ConclusionAs we have stated in this paper earlier, we have seen .docxdonnajames55
Conclusion
As we have stated in this paper earlier, we have seen that the practice of vaccination has raised controversies. The supporters of vaccination are indicating that it has been able to save lives, especially that of children because it boosts immunity. The opponents are against it saying that vaccination has a lot of risks than benefits since it affects the hormones and interferes with the functioning of the body. This controversy is serious since it deals with health issues. When it stops, people will die from chronic diseases, and when this practice continues, health problems are likely to arise. However, there has to be a solution to this controversy, since opponents question the safety, effectiveness, and necessity of vaccination and also violation of the rights of an individual in the medical decision. On the other hand, vaccination has prevented suffering and death from deadly diseases. Therefore, the government and health institutions should first test the dangers and risk that can occur to an individual. Moreover, consent from an individual should be granted before they are administered.
Abstract
For approximately 80 years, controversies in vaccination have been going on. The opponents have stated that vaccination is neither safe nor effective regarding health whereas the supporters of vaccinations have indicated that vaccination has prevented suffering and death caused by infectious diseases. This paper will analyze both the benefits and drawbacks of the practice of vaccination. The benefits of vaccination are that it has prevented death and suffering from deadly diseases. Furthermore, diseases such as measles have been prevented and controlled, especially in children through the use of vaccination. Additionally, opponents have argued that vaccination has been a way of controlling population, particularly on the girl child. Another reason why vaccination is to be banned is that sometimes they are given all at once, and this causes allergies to some of the children. Therefore, a conclusion should be made on whether vaccination should be practiced or not.
Running head: REVISION OF LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION 1
REVISION OF LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION 7
Revision of Literature Review and Introduction
Yolanda Godbee
Columbia Southern University
Introduction
Vaccinations is the process by which antigenic substances called vaccines are administered to the body to enable or boost the immune system of individuals against certain diseases or pathogens. The main aim of vaccination is to improve the immunity and prevent the vulnerability of individuals or their susceptibility to certain sicknesses and illnesses. There are two major perspectives of this study which is the pro side of vaccination and the con side of vaccination.
The pro side of vaccination is generally the benefits of vaccination administration which are such as the safety.
Measles, Vaccines, Antibodies and Big Pharma Money
Did you know that the AMA strongly discourages ANY comments by Medical Professionals that cast any doubt on the efficacy of vaccines? Did you also know there are several studies that show vaccines as being ineffective and that the basis of vaccines (formation of antibodies to speed up the immune response) has been shown to be invalid? Learn the truth here. Oh, by the way, no vaccine manufacturer can be held liable for any negative side-effects of their products.
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At http://bergmanchiropractic.com and http://Owners-Guide.com we strive to educate people on natural solutions to health.
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http://www.theArthritisReversalSystem.com is my online video course with 21 videos, 3 manuals and an online forum!
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CALL TOLL FREE 1-855-712-0012 to get bonus materials not on YouTube or text your first name and email plus 89869 to 1-817-591-2905.
Vaccinations in the USA is a comprehensive report that delves into the current landscape of vaccination efforts in the United States. The document provides detailed insights into vaccination rates, distribution challenges, public perception, and the impact of vaccination campaigns on public health. It also discusses the role of government policies, healthcare infrastructure, and community engagement in promoting vaccination uptake across different demographics. The report offers valuable information and analysis for individuals, policymakers, and healthcare professionals interested in understanding and improving vaccination strategies in the USA.
Novel paper researched 3 vaccine preservatives: Aluminum, Ethyl Mercury, and Formaldehyde to assess if concerns regarding their presence in vaccines was valid in certain patient populations. Vaccine ingredient tables and graphics were included and determination that certain populations were at risk for negative health effects. Recommendations were made.
P Morgon_AJBiologics_World Vaccine Congress_2015 11_vFinal
1.
2. Improving Global Healthcare And
Wellbeing
What are the Path to and Place for “Halal” Vaccines
Pierre A. Morgon, PharmD, LL.M, MBA
Chief Executive Officer
AJ Biologics
9. 1930
Jonas Salk in 1955 holds two
bottles of a culture used to grow
polio vaccines
1931, Ernest Goodpasture discovers
the egg as a sterile system to produce
vaccine for fowl pox virus
10. Top left: Sir Alexander Fleming
(front) in 1945 at a pharmaceutical
production facility
Top right: Sulphamide production
in 1950
Left: Ready-made liquid
preparations manufacturing plant
in 1950
14. Take-home messages from historical evolution?
Not known or understood by lay public
Vaccines are biologics which evolved from complex preparations of
undefinedcontent,towholeorganisms,topurifiedwholeorganismsand
subunitcomponent
Theconceptofwellcharacterizedbiologicisrecentandevolving
Vaccines are the most important contributors to global health
improvement,onlysecondtocleanwaterandsanitation
ModernvaccineR&D,productionandvaccinationprovideasignificantand
sustainablesourceofemploymentacrosspublicandprivateinstitutions
16. Users are healthy
Diseases are infectious, transmissible
Over time, usage reduces the prevalence of
disease and thereby motivation to prevent
Only adverse effects can be observed:
perception of benefits requires counterfactual
thinking
« Without the flu shot I would have gotten the flu »
Vaccines Are Unique Prescription Medications
Differing From Therapeutic Products
Source: Angelmar R & Morgon P, 2012
17. Protect the health of treated AND untreated
individuals: ‘herd-protective’ effect, hence
positive externalities
Vaccines Are Unique Prescription Medications
Differing From Therapeutic Products
Source: Angelmar R & Morgon P, 2012
18. Infrequent or once-in-a-lifetime use limits
opportunities to learn from direct experience
Usage can be mandatory across large
population groups, against societal trends
Significant governmental involvement through
public health campaigns
Vaccines Are Unique Prescription Medications
Differing From Therapeutic Products
Source: Angelmar R & Morgon P, 2012
21. Which are the Key Determinants of Influencers’
Immunization Recommendation Decisions?
1. Disease epidemiology
2. Burden of disease
3. Public perception of the disease
4. Vaccine clinical effectiveness and safety
5. Vaccine cost-effectiveness
6. Recommendations by other influencers
Sources: Duclos et al., 2011 - Smith, J.C., 2010 - Berndt et al., 2009 - Bryson et al., 2010
22. Which are the Key Determinants of
Vaccine Purchasers’ Decisions?
1. Acceptability by medical/public health influencers
2. Affordability of the vaccine
3. Accessibility to the vaccine: infrastructure
4. Availability and reliability of supply
5. Public opinion toward disease and vaccine
6. Decisions by other purchasers:
1. Governments: neighboring countries
2. Private insurers: public purchasers
Sources: Levine et al., 2011 - McNeill Jr., 2011 - Hall, 2010 - Gessner et al., 2010 - Lindley et al., 2009
23. Which are the Key Determinants of
Healthcare Professionals’ Immunization Behavior?
Sources: Chow et al., 2010 - Daley et al., 2010 - Gidengil et al., 2010 - Humiston et al., 2009 - Kempe et al., 2007
1. Medical Concerns
1. Knowledge and Perception of disease
2. Attitudes towards vaccines
3. Norms
2. Consumer-related Concerns
1. Perceived vulnerability to the disease
2. Perceived attitude towards vaccination
3. Self-efficacy in engaging vaccination discussion
3. Financial Concerns: perceived costs of, and
revenues from vaccination
24. Which are the Key Determinants of
Consumers’ Immunization Behavior?
1. Perceived risk/threat from a disease
2. Attitude toward vaccination
3. Subjective —or injunctive— norms
and descriptive norms
4. Anticipated regret
5. Perceived behavioral control
6. Past vaccination behavior
25. The primary driver of immunization?
Trust…
• Vaccine
• Prescriber
• Authorities
• Influencers
26. Did you say “Trust”?
Lexington - Thundering herd - California’s anti-vaccine brigade and the dark side of individualism
Sep 26th 2015 | The Economist
27. Anti-vaccine campaigners – Clueless - Celebrities
make us sick
Jun 28th 2014 | LOS ANGELES | The Economist
[…the anti-vaccination cause has been taken up
by Alicia Silverstone, an actress whose name
may now forever be linked to “Clueless” …]
Did you say “Trust”?
28. What happens when Trust disappears?
Sources: Leask J. (2011) Target the fence-sitters. Nature 473; 443-45. http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/news/
29. What happens when Trust disappears?
Sources: Noble R et al., JAMA 1987
30. The Way Forward:
Addressing Successfully Major Challenges
Associated With
Vaccines And Immunization Acceptability
31. Major Challenges Associated With
Vaccines and Immunization
Consumer motivation and behavior
Chicken or egg?: Do immunization beliefs cause related
behavior, or does causality flow in the other direction?
Maintaining high immunization coverage rates in the
absence of targeted diseases
Reducing the percentage of people who refuse or delay
immunization
Overcoming vaccine fatigue
« What?
Yet another
vaccine?! »
Source: Angelmar R & Morgon P, 2012
32. Dealing with anti-vaccine sentiment and
misinformation
Poor knowledge about vaccine-preventable diseases
Lack of trust in vaccine efficacy and safety
Societal aspirations & scientific trend towards
personalized medicine
Beliefs about immunization as the cause of serious
health issues, up to conspiracy theories
And… Religious assertions and objections
Major Challenges Associated With
Vaccines and Immunization
33. The way forward: drive positive awareness
Immunization is compliant with the objectives of
Islamic Law, by preserving health, sanity and life
of one and one’s family and progeny, and
contributing to the preservation of wealth
There is no detectable evidence of animal
components in the finished products
Providing vaccines that are totally free of animal
components is a desirable target
Major Challenges Associated With
Vaccines and Immunization
34. The path to vaccines “free of animal components”
No common definition for “Halal”, therefore need for
a referential and certification process: Pharmacopeia
Animal components: replace by chemically defined
ingredients or ensure compliance with Islamic Law
Define principles and extent of segregation along
each step of the manufacturing and supply chain
Ensure technical and financial feasibility while
preserving efficacy, safety and quality
Source: StratGurus 2015
Major Challenges Associated With
Vaccines and Immunization
35. Immunization & manufacturing strategy questions
Do not undermine importance of current vaccines
or compromise existing immunization programs
Reinforce positive awareness through fact-based
education campaigns
Predictability of demand dynamics (especially for
infrequently used vaccines): impact on industrial
capacity utilization, to align with Authorities’
expectation for reliability of supply
Major Challenges Associated With
Vaccines and Immunization
36. Immunization & manufacturing strategy questions
Addressing pressures for price and cost
transparency, affordability, and value-for-money
concerns
Balancing constrained health care budgets and
containing vaccine-related costs in the short-term
while preserving long-term economic sustainability
and benefits of vaccination
Major Challenges Associated With
Vaccines and Immunization
37. Thank You!
Pierre A. Morgon
PharmD LL.M MBA
Chief Executive Officer
c/o AJ Pharma Holding Sdn Bhd
Level 4, Menara Atlan, 161B, Jalan Ampang
50450 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Tel: +603 2161 1585
Fax: +603 2161 1595
pierre@ajbiologics.com
pierremorgon