Overview of Climate Research
Here is an internet article that describes the climate research data.
Click http://www.exploratorium.edu/climate/primer/index.html link to open resource.
The Little Ice Age
[http://www.grisda.org/origins/header.htm]
THE LITTLE ICE AGE
Richard D. Tkachuck
Geoscience Research Institute
Origins 10(2):51-65 (1983).
Related page — | IN A FEW WORDS |
Have climatic changes taken place over centuries? If so, what were the causes and effects?
INTRODUCTION
The changeability of weather is a phenomenon known to all who live on Earth. Daily fluctuations in temperature, moisture and wind represent the most rapid weather changes that we experience. Changes in weather patterns through the seasons, the annual cycles, as well as multi-annual cycles are generally predictable. Spring does, in fact, follow winter year after year. Climate is defined as the composite of all the components that determine weather in a particular area averaged over time (i.e., a number of years). A particular region can be defined by the dominant weather feature(s) which affect the environment to the greatest extent: polar, monsoon, desert, tropical, etc. While a climate is described in terms of certain weather features, the presence of anomalies such as an unusual rainstorm or high-velocity wind need not change one's opinion about the overall climate for a specific region. In other words, extremes in a particular weather factor can be included just as long as the measurable weather characteristics approximate some average value over long periods of time.
Long-term climate changes measured in decades or centuries are difficult to quantify. Reminiscences of old-timers who recount the rigors of winters in the olden days are often taken with the proverbial grain of salt. Yet such comments do indeed raise the question: Has the climate in different parts of the earth changed over the centuries? The answer appears to be yes, but the basis for this answer is complex and, of necessity, relies on inferential data. It is the purpose of this article to examine a postulated climatic change in recent history. More specifically we shall analyze a time spanned by the dates 1450 AD to about 1850 AD when, at least in the Northern Hemisphere, there appeared to be temperatures much cooler than at present, a time which some have named the "Little Ice Age."
As we examine this topic, it will be seen that evidence for a significant fundamental climatic change is substantial, but — and perhaps more interestingly — the specific reasons for this change are not understood. It is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation for the very delicate balance that allows life on Earth to continue, and for the serious changes in this balance that could result from catastrophic events.
There are certain difficulties in attempting a historical study of climate because the most common instruments of today such as the thermometer, wind gauge, barometer and rain gauge are all of .
Few global trends have been as controversial as climate change and the Earth’s warming. The Earth has gone through many shifts in cooling and warming driven by natural factors like the sun’s energy or variations in its orbit, but the trend scientists have seen over the past 50 years is unmistakable.
It explains about how climatic changes are inducing natural disaster. It contains a series of climatic changes, which ultimately results in disasters. Enjoy the facts and info.
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Futuregeomillie
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
Are ‘little ice ages’ and ‘megadroughts’ possible?
Scientists are investigating whether changes in ocean circu- lation may have played a role in causing or amplifying the “Little Ice Age” between 1300 and 1850. This period of abruptly shift- ing climate regimes and more severe winters had profound agri- cultural, economic, and political impacts in Europe and North America and changed the course of history.
Are we overlooking potential abrupt climate shifts?
Most of the studies and debates on potential climate change, along with its ecological and economic impacts, have focused on the ongoing buildup of industrial greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and a gradual increase in global tempera- tures. This line of thinking, however, fails to consider another potentially disruptive climate scenario. It ignores recent and rapidly advancing evidence that Earth’s climate repeatedly has shifted abruptly and dramatically in the past, and is capable of doing so in the future.
Fossil evidence clearly demonstrates that Earth’s climate can shift gears within a decade, establishing new and different patterns that can persist for decades to centuries. In addition, these climate shifts do not necessarily have universal, global effects. They can generate a counterintuitive scenario: Even as the earth as a whole continues to warm gradually, large regions may experience a precipitous and disruptive shift into colder climates.
This new paradigm of abrupt climate change has been well established over the last decade by research of ocean, earth
The global ocean circulation system, often called the Ocean Conveyor, transports heat worldwide. White sections represent warm surface cur- rents. Purple sections represent cold deep currents.
and atmosphere scientists at many institutions worldwide. But the concept remains little known and scarcely appreciated in the wider community of scientists, economists, policy mak- ers, and world political and business leaders. Thus, world lead- ers may be planning for climate scenarios of global warming that are opposite to what might actually occur.1
It is important to clarify that we are not contemplating a situation of either abrupt cooling or global warming. Rather, abrupt regional cooling and gradual global warming can un- fold simultaneously. Indeed, greenhouse warming is a desta- bilizing factor that makes abrupt climate change more prob- able. A 2002 report by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) said, “available evidence suggests that abrupt climate changes are not only possible but likely in the future, poten- tially with large impacts on ecosystems and societies.”2
The timing of any abrupt regional cooling in the future also has critical policy implications. An abrupt cooling that hap- pens within the next two decades would produce different climate effects than one that occurs after another century of continuing greenhouse warming.
For this assignment, students will need to observe the activities th.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, students will need to observe the activities that take place in a courtroom setting. Find a video on YouTube... Pay attention to the courtroom actors including the judge, jury, attorneys, and defendant. Complete a one page reflection of your experience. Provide details about the case/cases you heard and note if anything surprised you during your observation.
Use APA format for this assignment.
.
For this assignment, select a human service organization from .docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, select a human service organization from a public, nonprofit, or government sector that you are familiar with, or one that you find interesting. You will use this organization to complete all of the course assignments. You must be able to access information about the organization’s governance, financial sources and practices, mission, population served, and its political and social landscape. Review all the assignments now to verify the types of information you will need about the organization in order to complete them.
The following list provides examples of acceptable types of organizations. You can select an organization of the types included on this list or propose another type of organization to your instructor. The organization must provide human service program services. The selected organization will be included in all your assignments, so you will look at leadership and collaboration practices for that organization through several areas of focus.
Possible Organization Types
City, county, or state human services or mental health programs.
State hospitals (Western State Hospital, Milwaukee County Hospital, or another state or county hospital in your area).
School-based human services or case management programs.
Private mental health organizations.
Employee assistance programs.
For-profit hospital or health care organizations (Humana, Kaiser-Permanente, Aurora, etcetera).
Catholic community services.
Lutheran Social Services.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Overview of Climate ResearchHere is an internet article that d.docx
Few global trends have been as controversial as climate change and the Earth’s warming. The Earth has gone through many shifts in cooling and warming driven by natural factors like the sun’s energy or variations in its orbit, but the trend scientists have seen over the past 50 years is unmistakable.
It explains about how climatic changes are inducing natural disaster. It contains a series of climatic changes, which ultimately results in disasters. Enjoy the facts and info.
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Futuregeomillie
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
Are ‘little ice ages’ and ‘megadroughts’ possible?
Scientists are investigating whether changes in ocean circu- lation may have played a role in causing or amplifying the “Little Ice Age” between 1300 and 1850. This period of abruptly shift- ing climate regimes and more severe winters had profound agri- cultural, economic, and political impacts in Europe and North America and changed the course of history.
Are we overlooking potential abrupt climate shifts?
Most of the studies and debates on potential climate change, along with its ecological and economic impacts, have focused on the ongoing buildup of industrial greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and a gradual increase in global tempera- tures. This line of thinking, however, fails to consider another potentially disruptive climate scenario. It ignores recent and rapidly advancing evidence that Earth’s climate repeatedly has shifted abruptly and dramatically in the past, and is capable of doing so in the future.
Fossil evidence clearly demonstrates that Earth’s climate can shift gears within a decade, establishing new and different patterns that can persist for decades to centuries. In addition, these climate shifts do not necessarily have universal, global effects. They can generate a counterintuitive scenario: Even as the earth as a whole continues to warm gradually, large regions may experience a precipitous and disruptive shift into colder climates.
This new paradigm of abrupt climate change has been well established over the last decade by research of ocean, earth
The global ocean circulation system, often called the Ocean Conveyor, transports heat worldwide. White sections represent warm surface cur- rents. Purple sections represent cold deep currents.
and atmosphere scientists at many institutions worldwide. But the concept remains little known and scarcely appreciated in the wider community of scientists, economists, policy mak- ers, and world political and business leaders. Thus, world lead- ers may be planning for climate scenarios of global warming that are opposite to what might actually occur.1
It is important to clarify that we are not contemplating a situation of either abrupt cooling or global warming. Rather, abrupt regional cooling and gradual global warming can un- fold simultaneously. Indeed, greenhouse warming is a desta- bilizing factor that makes abrupt climate change more prob- able. A 2002 report by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) said, “available evidence suggests that abrupt climate changes are not only possible but likely in the future, poten- tially with large impacts on ecosystems and societies.”2
The timing of any abrupt regional cooling in the future also has critical policy implications. An abrupt cooling that hap- pens within the next two decades would produce different climate effects than one that occurs after another century of continuing greenhouse warming.
For this assignment, students will need to observe the activities th.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, students will need to observe the activities that take place in a courtroom setting. Find a video on YouTube... Pay attention to the courtroom actors including the judge, jury, attorneys, and defendant. Complete a one page reflection of your experience. Provide details about the case/cases you heard and note if anything surprised you during your observation.
Use APA format for this assignment.
.
For this assignment, select a human service organization from .docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, select a human service organization from a public, nonprofit, or government sector that you are familiar with, or one that you find interesting. You will use this organization to complete all of the course assignments. You must be able to access information about the organization’s governance, financial sources and practices, mission, population served, and its political and social landscape. Review all the assignments now to verify the types of information you will need about the organization in order to complete them.
The following list provides examples of acceptable types of organizations. You can select an organization of the types included on this list or propose another type of organization to your instructor. The organization must provide human service program services. The selected organization will be included in all your assignments, so you will look at leadership and collaboration practices for that organization through several areas of focus.
Possible Organization Types
City, county, or state human services or mental health programs.
State hospitals (Western State Hospital, Milwaukee County Hospital, or another state or county hospital in your area).
School-based human services or case management programs.
Private mental health organizations.
Employee assistance programs.
For-profit hospital or health care organizations (Humana, Kaiser-Permanente, Aurora, etcetera).
Catholic community services.
Lutheran Social Services.
.
For this Assignment, read the case study for Claudia and find tw.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this Assignment, read the case study for Claudia and find two to three scholarly articles on social issues surrounding immigrant families.
By Day 7
In a 2- to 4-page paper, explain how the literature informs you about Claudia and her family when assessing her situation.
Describe two social issues related to the course-specific case study for Claudia that inform a culturally competent social worker.
Describe culturally competent strategies you might use to assess the needs of children.
Describe the types of data you would collect from Claudia and her family in order to best serve them.
Identify other resources that may offer you further information about Claudia’s case.
Create an eco-map to represent Claudia’s situation. Describe how the ecological perspective of assessment influenced how the social worker interacted with Claudia.
Describe how the social worker in the case used a strengths perspective and multiple tools in her assessment of Claudia. Explain how those factors contributed to the therapeutic relationship with Claudia and her family.
Support your Assignment with specific references to the resources. Be sure to provide full APA citations for your references.
.
For this assignment, download the A6 code pack. This zip fil.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, download the
A6 code pack
. This zip file contains several files:
main.cpp
- the predetermined main.cpp. This file shows the usage and functionality that is expected of your program. You are not allowed to edit this file. You will not be submitting this file with your assignment.
CMakeLists.txt
- the preset CMake file to build with your functions files.
input/greeneggsandham.txt
- the contents of Green Eggs and Ham in text format.
input/aliceChapter1.txt
- the first chapter of Alice in Wonderland in text format.
output/greeneggsandham.out
- the expected output when running your program against the
greeneggsandham.txt
file
output/aliceChapter1.out
- the expected output when running your program against the
aliceChapter1.txt
file
Your task is to provide the implementations for all of the referenced functions. You will need to create two files:
functions.h
and
functions.cpp
to make the program work as intended.
You will want to make your program as general as possible by not having any assumptions about the data hardcoded in. Two public input files have been supplied with the starter pack. We will run your program against a third private input file.
Function Requirements
The requirements of each function are given below. The input, output, and task of each function is described. The functions are:
promptUserForFilename()
openFile()
readWordsFromFile()
removePunctuation()
capitalizeWords()
filterUniqueWords()
alphabetizeWords()
countUniqueWords()
printWordsAndCounts()
countLetters()
printLetterCounts()
printMaxMinWord()
printMaxMinLetter()
promptUserForFilename()
Input
: None
Output
: A string
Task
: Prompt the user to enter a filename.
openFile()
Input
: (1) The input file stream (2) The string filename to open
Output
: True if the file successfully opened, False if the file could not be opened
Task
: Open the input file stream for the corresponding filename. Check that the file opened correctly. The string filename will remain unchanged.
readWordsFromFile()
Input
: The input file stream
Output
: A vector of strings
Task
: Read all of the words that are in the filestream and return a list of all the words in the order present in the file.
removePunctuation()
Input
: (1) A vector of strings (2) A string of all the punctuation characters to remove
Output
: None
Task
: For each word in the vector, remove all occurrences of all the punctuation characters denoted by the punctuation string. When complete, the input vector will now hold all the words with punctuation removed. The punctuation string will remain unchanged.
capitalizeWords()
Input
: A vector of strings
Output
: None
Task
: For each word in the vector, convert each character to its upper case equivalent. When complete, the input vector will now hold all the words capitalized.
filterUniqueWords()
Input
: A vector of strings
Output
: A vector of strings
Task
: The function will return only th.
For this assignment, create infographic using the Canva website..docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, create infographic using the Canva website. Pictorially and using short phrases, depict the way in which an organization you are affiliated (Charter School) with celebrates its achievements.
Next, identify research conducted that supports and emphasizes the importance of leaders’ taking the time to celebrate. How does a leader’s taking the time to recognize victories and reinforce shared values enhance the culture and climate of an organization?
Then, explain how leaders could build upon or improve purposeful celebrations within the organization. Make sure that you utilize scholarly literature and document supportive research for the short phrases identified and used in your Canva infographic.
Length: 1 infographic and 2–3 page essay, not including references or title page.
References: Minimum of five scholarly resources
.
For this assignment, compare California during the Great Depression.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, compare California during the Great Depression and Great Recession. Provide historical details about California during the Great Depression. What did Californians go through? Think economic, social, political, etc., for the historical details. Describe (at least) one similarity and one difference between the two eras.
You may also compare the Great Depression to the economic problems caused by Covid-19 in 2020. Focus on California, not the United States.
Requirements: 500 words
Plagiarism check
.
For this assignment, create a 10- to 12-slide presentation in Mi.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, create a 10- to 12-slide presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint that addresses the following points:
What are the points of conflict between Sunni and Shia Muslims? Where do their interpretations of Islam differ significantly?
How and when did these conflicts come into existence?
In what ways do they share the same beliefs? Is antipathy toward the West an automatic position?
Identify which nations are predominantly Sunni and which are Shia. Illustrate with a map.
Provide an example of at least one significant terrorist action by each branch of Islam.
Discuss whether counterterrorism authorities should prepare differently for Sunni terrorism than they would for Shia terrorism.
.
For this assignment, begin by reading chapters 12-15 in Dr. Bells t.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, begin by reading chapters 12-15 in Dr. Bell's text. Then, consider and respond to the following questions.
The SALT talks accomplished little, but it was important to keep both parties talking. Does the evidence of the 1970s and 1980s support this thesis? Support your opinion with at least three examples.
Critics of "Star Wars" argued that an effective nuclear defense shield would have increased the dangers of nuclear war. How so?
During much of the 1970s, the Soviets became increasingly dependent on US grain in order to feed their people. These exports were popular with American farmers, but played a more ambiguous role in American efforts to control the Soviets. If you had been a presidential advisor for Presidents Ford and Carter, what economic strategy would you have recommended?
The Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan has been described as the Soviets’ Vietnam. Discuss at least three similarities and one dissimilarity between these conflicts.
.
For this assignment, assume you are the new Secretary of Homelan.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, assume you are the new Secretary of Homeland Security. You are drafting a Policy Document referred to as a “White Paper” for the Biden Administration to highlight the impact of open/closed borders in the age of COVID-19 on migration, asylum seekers, and economic recovery. In this white paper, consider the following to frame your paper.
Define what YOU believe an “OPEN” vs “CLOSED” border means especially when dealing with those seeking asylum. Reminder that you can provide your opinion without using “I think” or something similar.
How do you believe illegal migrants can be treated humanely and with dignity/inclusion?
How does an “open” vs a “closed” border impact the United States economy?
What are your recommendations for the next 12-24 months on specific steps that the new administration needs to take?
DO NOT answer this as if it is a four Question Exam. This is a WHITE PAPER and is a single narrative framed by these questions, but do NOT use first person (I statements).
.
For this assignment, address the following promptsIntroductor.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, address the following prompts:
Introductory paragraph to topic about unemployment.
Write an introductory paragraph with at least 150 words that clearly explains the topic, the importance of further research, and ethical implications.
My thesis statement:
Unemployment and lack of economic opportunity have social consequences creating anxiety and added stress because it allows for reduced economic growth and directly influences our society's mental, physical, and emotional well-being
(A thesis statement should be a concise, declarative statement. The thesis statement must appear at the end of the introductory paragraph.)
Annotated bibliography.
Develop an annotated bibliography to indicate the quality of the sources you have read.
Summarize in your own words how the source contributes to the solution of the global societal issue for each annotation.
Address fully the purpose, content, evidence, and relation to other sources you found on this topic (your annotation should be one to two paragraphs long—150 words or more.
Include no less than five scholarly sources in the annotated bibliography that will be used to support the major points of the Final Paper.
Demonstrate critical thinking skills by accurately interpreting evidence used to support various positions of the topic.
.
For this assignment, analyze the play by focusing on one of the .docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment, analyze the play by focusing on
one
of the following characters: Cassio, Desdemona, Othello, or Iago. Explore the motives, emotions and circumstances of the character you choose, and his or her relationships with all the other significant characters in the play. Try to give your reader a good sense of why things play out as they do. Each of these characters has significant interactions with all the others, and you will end up discussing them all no matter which one you choose to focus on. But try to explain what happens in
Othello
by following the trajectory of a single character throughout the entire play. As always, use short but effective quotations from the play to point out significant words and actions, but focus mainly on your explanations of what the words and deeds mean and why we should agree with your analysis.
To cite the text, place
A
ct,
S
cene, and
L
ine numbers in parentheses at the end of your quotation. Example: “Your quotation here” (1.3.5).
.
For this assignment I would like you to answer these questions.docxalfred4lewis58146
For this assignment I would like you to answer these questions
1. Explain what a black hole is, describe its characteristics (size, mass), and give a detailed explanation on how they form. Make sure to explain what the Schwarzschild radius and event horizon are. Describe the two types of black holes.
2. Describe the observational evidence for black holes that are discussed in Chapter 15.
Bonues: Do a little research on the Internet (read a few articles) and summarize how astronomers were able to make this image of a black hole. This came out in April 2019.
.
For the Weekly Reports I need 2 reports. For the First two weeks the.docxalfred4lewis58146
For the Weekly Reports I need 2 reports. For the First two weeks they need to do the weekly report and each report must be a minimum of one page.
For the Final Report Its only 1, But it's pretty much putting all the weeks together to do one final report. It needs to be minimum 2 pages
.
For the shortanswer questions,you will need to respo.docxalfred4lewis58146
For the
short
answer questions,
y
ou will need to respond to 7
of the questions
provided (bellow). Each answer should be around
200 words
. Your answers should provide evidence of engagement with and understanding of the key concepts about identity, alienation, rationality, and power.
Your answers should be expressed in academic English.
You will not be able to use direct quotations from the readings or lecture material.
Explain concepts in your own words; if you cannot clearly explain an idea/concept in your own words, you probably haven’t yet fully grasped its meaning.
To what extent can identities be said to be "integral" to a person (i.e. is a particular identity an essential feature of who you are)?
When thinking sociologically about identity, subject positions are associated with roles learned through socialisation. Explain how individuals learn those roles through socialisation?
According to Benedict Andersen the nation is a cultural artefact and an imagined community. What did he mean by this and what are key means through which the nation is imagined?
Marx described “alienation” as an outcome of capitalist economic relations. Sociologists have since expanded the concept to think about how it might relate to other social processes (i.e. “social alienation”). In what other ways might we be said to experience alienation in society?
Gramsci understood hegemony as a form of rule in which subordinate groups consent to the exercise of power or domination. According to Gramsci how does hegemony operate in capitalist societies?
Weber saw rationalisation as an “iron cage” that increasingly dominated all social life. Discuss how rationalisation shapes higher education.
According to Marxists how do relationships of power operate in capitalist societies?
According to Foucault how does modern disciplinary power differ from traditional sovereign power? (e.g. as exercised by monarchs, kings and emperors)
.
For the sake of argument (this essay in particular), lets prete.docxalfred4lewis58146
For the sake of argument (this essay in particular), let's pretend that
Sophia (Links to an external site.)
has discovered a fundamental truth about our concept of the soul: that it is, as she defined it,
the mind's essence
.For this essay, I'd like you to first take a deep dive into
defining
and
elaborating
on what that might mean
(to Sophia, then, as a consequence, to humanity) Then, I'd like you to take into consideration the technologies that have had the greatest impact on how the soul-as-mind's-essence idea expresses itself in our era. Can we have a "virtual afterlife"? A "digital soul"? Can we beat death? If we create nonbiological entities into which we put our identities, and, thus, that entity "thinks" and "feels" like it is "you," well, to what degree can we say that it is "you" and that it is a contemporary version of how Sophia defines the soul? Furthermore, do you think that is what Sophia means--a digital simulacrum of the self? I am hoping you consider how our civilization's ideas are profoundly influenced by our technological world, and that these philosophical questions only exist in the first place because we have invented tools that inevitably create problems for and probe into the most sacred spaces of human identity.
This essay should be 4.5 pages minimum and, as usual, MLA format.
.
For the proposal, each student must describe an interface they a.docxalfred4lewis58146
For the proposal, each student must describe an interface they are interested in exploring and developing. The interface can be screen-oriented or other. It may be multi-model, web-based, mobile, etc. Please describe the interface, its intended target audience, and the data collection method you think is most appropriate for developing this system.
Your proposal should be between 1 and 2 pages. Submit the proposal in a word document
.
For the project, you will be expected to apply the key concepts of p.docxalfred4lewis58146
For the project, you will be expected to apply the key concepts of program evaluation to conduct a comprehensive evaluation, using quantitative and qualitative methods, of a health behavior change intervention among residents of a rural or underserved community. Essentially, you will develop, implement and evaluate a small-scale health behavior change intervention among 5-10 individuals residing in a rural or underserved community. You will be asked to choose a specific health behavior (e.g. healthy eating, physical activity, stress management, getting adequate sleep, increased water consumption, following dental hygiene recommendations, reducing distracted driving, etc.) that you can feasibly promote for a duration of two weeks. You may ask family members, friends, co-workers, neighbors or other individuals who you interact with on a regular basis to participate in your intervention as long they reside in a rural or underserved community. The intervention may occur via social media (e.g. posting health education messages on a Facebook page and/or facilitating discussion of health behavior among participants on Facebook), print media, email interaction, phone conversations, text messages, or in person; you may also employ a combination of these techniques. The focus of this project will be on the evaluation of the intervention. You will be expected to identify which evaluation questions you will be exploring, use both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data, and analyze and interpret your qualitative data. You will be required to submit all of your data as well as expound on the development, implementation and evaluation of your health behavior change intervention in a paper.
should be
4-6 pages and double-spaced using 12- pt. Times Roman or Arial font with 1- inch page margins
.
Please see the following document regarding the required content of the paper:
Required Content for Evaluation Project Paper-1.pdf
.
For the past several weeks you have addressed several different area.docxalfred4lewis58146
For the past several weeks you have addressed several different areas of telecommunications and information technology in relation to different types of communication across the organizational footprint of Sunshine Health Corporation. Review the work you have done and formulate the Network Security Plan to be implemented across the network footprint. This is not to be an overly detailed report but to address different network concerns and recommendations for improving and securing organizational data, personnel records, intellectual property, and customer records.
Please address the narrative plan as well as a network diagram (no IP addresses, or circuit data required) and what is being done to secure the network at different levels of the OSI model and the organizational structure. Please make sure that you bring in a minimum of two external sources to strengthen and support your presentation.
The assignment should be 5-6 pages of content not counting title page, reference page or appendices (diagrams, budget sheet, equipment list, etc.). Please follow APA format.
Note: it is suggested that as you are reviewing your previous assignments in order to complete this assignment, also be making modifications and refining your previous work in order to successfully complete the week seven assignment, which is a final project report.
.
For the Mash it Up assignment, we experimented with different ways t.docxalfred4lewis58146
For the Mash it Up assignment, we experimented with different ways to use existing digital media in unexpected ways to generate something meaningful. What does this express about our relationship with digital media? We use popular digital platforms to expand the ways that we can express ourselves, but can they constrain our self-expression?
.
For the first time in modern history, the world is experiencing a he.docxalfred4lewis58146
For the first time in modern history, the world is experiencing a health system crisis through the current coronavirus known as (COVID-19), which has put the international financial market and economy, like never before, under cut-throat pressures. In light of your understanding of accounting and finance, please discuss how you and the world should assess the impacts of COVID-19, from the financial, social, educational, and ethical viewpoint.
1 page
.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Overview of Climate ResearchHere is an internet article that d.docx
1. Overview of Climate Research
Here is an internet article that describes the climate research
data.
Click http://www.exploratorium.edu/climate/primer/index.html
link to open resource.
The Little Ice Age
[http://www.grisda.org/origins/header.htm]
THE LITTLE ICE AGE
Richard D. Tkachuck
Geoscience Research Institute
Origins 10(2):51-65 (1983).
Related page — | IN A FEW WORDS |
Have climatic changes taken place over centuries? If so, what
were the causes and effects?
INTRODUCTION
The changeability of weather is a phenomenon known to all who
live on Earth. Daily fluctuations in temperature, moisture and
wind represent the most rapid weather changes that we
experience. Changes in weather patterns through the seasons,
the annual cycles, as well as multi-annual cycles are generally
predictable. Spring does, in fact, follow winter year after year.
Climate is defined as the composite of all the components that
determine weather in a particular area averaged over time (i.e.,
a number of years). A particular region can be defined by the
dominant weather feature(s) which affect the environment to the
greatest extent: polar, monsoon, desert, tropical, etc. While a
2. climate is described in terms of certain weather features, the
presence of anomalies such as an unusual rainstorm or high-
velocity wind need not change one's opinion about the overall
climate for a specific region. In other words, extremes in a
particular weather factor can be included just as long as the
measurable weather characteristics approximate some average
value over long periods of time.
Long-term climate changes measured in decades or centuries
are difficult to quantify. Reminiscences of old-timers who
recount the rigors of winters in the olden days are often taken
with the proverbial grain of salt. Yet such comments do indeed
raise the question: Has the climate in different parts of the earth
changed over the centuries? The answer appears to be yes, but
the basis for this answer is complex and, of necessity, relies on
inferential data. It is the purpose of this article to examine a
postulated climatic change in recent history. More specifically
we shall analyze a time spanned by the dates 1450 AD to about
1850 AD when, at least in the Northern Hemisphere, there
appeared to be temperatures much cooler than at present, a time
which some have named the "Little Ice Age."
As we examine this topic, it will be seen that evidence for a
significant fundamental climatic change is substantial, but —
and perhaps more interestingly — the specific reasons for this
change are not understood. It is hoped that the reader will gain
an appreciation for the very delicate balance that allows life on
Earth to continue, and for the serious changes in this balance
that could result from catastrophic events.
There are certain difficulties in attempting a historical study of
climate because the most common instruments of today such as
the thermometer, wind gauge, barometer and rain gauge are all
of quite recent development or only relatively recently came
into continuous and extensive use for climatic measurements.
Therefore, in order to deduce the climate in past centuries,
inferential data must be taken from records intended for other
purposes. These include shipping logs, taxation schedules,
settlement or community histories, crop production records and,
3. interestingly, information from literature and art.
The name "Little Ice Age" implies that there was also a
significantly larger ice age. Several large-scale ice movements
are postulated to have occurred in the Pleistocene epoch.
Evidence suggests that the polar ice caps extended significantly
further from the poles than they do now. In the Western
Hemisphere, much of Canada and a portion of the northern
United States show evidence of glaciation: glacial soils,
scouring marks and striations on rocks, moraines, and erratic
boulders moved far from their site of origin. All these testify to
the presence of a significant amount of ice and its large-scale
movement.
The Little Ice Age is not characterized by similar amounts of
polar ice so far south but rather by a period of several hundred
years in which the winters were particularly severe in the
Northern Hemisphere. In addition, other climatic features such
as cooler summer temperatures, changes in the amount of
rainfall and major shifts in wind patterns were observed. There
were significant changes in the size of glaciers in the
mountains.
The period just before the Little Ice Age — 1100-1300 — also
presents a weather anomaly. It was characteristically different
from the present day in that average temperatures were higher.
Thus a more marked shift to a colder time is more visible in the
historical record.
HISTORICAL INDICATORS OF CLIMATIC CHANGE
Let us first examine the effect of climatic changes as indicated
by plants and animals. The cultivation of grapes for wine
making was extensive throughout the southern portion of
England from about 1100 to around 1300 (Lamb 1965). This
represents a northward latitude extension of about 500 km from
where grapes are presently grown in France and Germany.
Grapes were also grown in the north of France and Germany at
this time, areas which even today do not sustain commercial
vineyards. The grape production in England was more than that
4. of local farmers for their own use. The amount of wine
produced in England during this period was substantial enough
to provide significant economic competition with the producers
in France. With the coming of the 1400s, temperatures became
too cold for sustained grape production, and the vineyards in
these northern latitudes ceased to exist. It is interesting to note
that at the present time the climate is still unfavorable for wine
production in these areas.
Estimates can be made as to the average temperature
differences between the warm period and the centuries which
followed. In this warm time, vineyards were found at 780
meters above sea level in Germany. Today they are found up to
560 meters. If one assumes a 0.6-0.7ºC change/100 meter
vertical excursion, these data imply that the average mean
temperature was 1.0-1.4ºC higher than the present. For the
successful production of grapes a frost-free spring is required
after the blossoms are finished. Additionally a warm summer
and autumn are required to increase the sugar content.
Harvesting should be accomplished before the first fall frost.
A further botanical evidence which suggests a climatic shift to
a colder time is the lowering of the tree line by 70 to 300 meters
in the Alps (Lamb 1977, p. 436). This observation is supported
by the remains of peat deposits and forests at higher elevations
than they presently occur. A similar 100-200 meter lowing of
the tree line also occurred in Northern Germany. Iceland
experienced a 300 meter lowering of the tree line to the present
day levels (Lamb 1977, p. 228). Birch tree trunks are still being
expelled at the termini of Icelandic glaciers. In addition, the
decrease in temperature resulted in lower-altitude requirements
for fruit-and-grain crop production areas and an extension of 20
days for the average grape ripening time.
Human remains in Norse burial grounds located in Greenland
have been found which are now in permanently frozen soil. This
suggests an average local temperature at the time of Norse
occupation 2-4ºC higher than at present. Additionally, the
finding of plant roots at this same level supports this
5. supposition, since the permafrost layer provides a barrier to
growth. There is evidence that American Eskimos occupied
areas in the north of Greenland, on Ellesmere Island and the
New Siberia Islands. At these locations, large dwellings made
from driftwood have been found. There is also archeological
evidence of large villages that were developed for whaling and
fishing. These settlements eventually were forced south by
climatic change until they came in contact with Viking colonies
in southern Greenland. Conflict occurred, and the Viking
colonies eventually died out in the 1400s (Lamb 1977, p. 248).
Communication with Europe was abandoned in 1410 and not re-
established until the 1720s. Europeans did not recolonize there
until the 1800s. The excavation of Viking colony sites on
Greenland has shown the presence of corn pollen, which implies
cultivation of this crop. Historical records predating the Little
Ice Age also suggest that grain was grown in the Viking
colonies, an occupation not attempted again in this region until
the present century (Lamb 1977, p. 257).
Grain growing in Iceland was given up in the 14th century. In
1695 sea ice completely surrounded Iceland except for one port.
Even from the highest mountains, open water could not be seen
in all directions (Figure 1h) (Lamb 1977, p. 453). This and later
sea ice flows resulted in the island getting its present name.
Glaciers can provide a record of long-range weather conditions.
Glaciers begin their life in snowfields at high elevations. The
compacted snow flows by gravity to form a river of ice. At the
lower elevations the ice at the terminal end of the glacier breaks
off (calves) and melts away. If the average temperatures become
warmer, there will be a transition in which the rate of melt is
greater than the rate of formation, and the glacier will diminish
in size and recede to higher elevations. The opposite transition
will occur if average temperatures become cooler, provided the
moisture supply is maintained.
While it is not possible to look back into history and say that
the cooling trend began in a particular year or even decade,
certain phenomena can act as harbingers of these trends. Glacial
6. advances in Europe began about the mid-13th century.
Habitable structures which were once at high altitudes in the
Alps were destroyed by glacial activities. Extension of glaciers
continued into the 16th century. For example, a glacier blocked
the Saas valley, including its river, in 1589 and eventually
formed a lake (Lamb 1977, p. 9). Ponded water from the river
soon broke through the ice and caused flooding. Similar events
were repeated in this area numerous times in the next two
centuries. In the late 1500s, land and property were destroyed in
Chamonix (France) by glacial action.
Glacial advances in North America occurred from 1711-1724
and 1835-1849 (Lamb 1977, p. 453). Increase in the amount of
Arctic sea ice resulting from calving of more northern glaciers
also was observed. Once-productive Icelandic farms were
covered by advancing glaciers. So serious was the climatic
change experienced by Icelanders that Denmark, the parent
country, considered evacuating all the islanders and re-settling
them in Europe.
The change in climate during these years can also be deduced
by the economic conditions in the affected lands. Such
perturbations can greatly affect crop production and animal
husbandry. The availability of varieties of seed with tolerances
for extremes of cold or heat, wetness or drought as are found in
the present day was, of course, unknown centuries ago. Thus it
is possible to detect climatic changes by measuring productivity
or its absence — famine.
Warm climatic conditions are generally accompanied by a
tendency towards dryness resulting from reduced rainfall and
increased evaporation. If seasons are cooler than usual, rainfall
increases (cooling favors increased condensation of moisture-
laden air), and there is also a reduced level of evaporation after
the rain has fallen.
In the middle of the Little Ice Age (ca. 1700), there was famine
in the higher elevations of Scotland (Lamb 1977, p. 11). Each
grain crop requires several conditions before a successful
growing season and harvest is possible. Minimum temperatures
7. are necessary for seed germination. Higher altitudes are more
susceptible to adverse climatic cooling. Frost will occur later in
the spring and earlier in the fall causing a shortened growing
season. Increased cloud cover and cool weather retard the
growing process and prolong the ripening of the grain. In
addition, if the summer remains wetter than usual, grain crops
may not be able to mature by drying out. If an early frost
comes, the still-moist grain will suffer damage. Thus, a cooling
trend can affect the growing plant in several ways,
compounding the possibility of crop failure.
Using a variety of indicators, Lamb (1965) has synthesized a
temperature profile of the average mean temperatures in
England from about 1100 AD to the present (Figure 1a). This
estimate was based on a wide variety of data such as economic
values of produce and severity of winters recorded in historical
records, to list a few (Figure 1b,c). For example, in the years of
the Little Ice Age the price of grain increased over five times,
imposing an obvious hardship on the poor (Figure 1d).
It is estimated that in the coldest decades of the Little Ice Age
the growing season was shortened by 3-4 weeks (Manley 1957).
This may represent an approximate reduction of 20% of the total
growing season which would range from May to September in
the northern latitudes.
Significant crop production differences result from small
temperature changes. In Iceland in the late 1950s the mean
April-October temperature was 7.6ºC, resulting in a 4.33 metric
ton/acre hay yield. In 1966 for the same time period, the mean
temperature was 6.8ºC and the hay yield was 3.22 tons/acre.
Exceptionally grim reports of mass deaths are frequent in the
literature of this time. There were population decreases in large
portions of Europe. While diseases such as bubonic plague
(Black Death) definitely had their effect, the generally
weakened health of the people in years of poor harvest must
certainly be considered. In fact, population declines attributed
to low food levels began 40 years before the plague arrived
(Lamb 1977, p. 455).
8. Support for climatic difficulties affecting the lives of people
can also come from a variety of other sources. For example, the
number of days that prayers for rain were offered increased
during this time in a certain city in Spain. Crop production
values and census data for domestic animals likewise imply
harsh conditions. Tax receipts indicate an increase in the
number of abandoned lands and villages further suggesting an
unusual occurrence (Lamb 1977, pp. 459-473).
During this time of exceptionally severe winters, the Baltic Sea
and major rivers such as the Thames froze over (see cover
picture) (Lamb 1977, p. 570). It is also interesting to note that
in the paintings produced during this time, the percentage of
open sky decreases and the cloud cover increases, suggesting
that the contemporary artists were inadvertently recording the
effects of the Little Ice Age (Lamb 1967).
FIGURE 1a. Estimated mean yearly temperatures based on a
variety of climatic, political and social indicators. Redrawn
from Lamb 1977.
FIGURE 1b. Winter severity and summer dryness for
northernEurope. Redrawn from Lamb 1977, p. 440.
FIGURE 1c. Weather patterns as a function of winter severity as
measured inParisandLondon. Redrawn from Schneider and Mass
1975.
FIGURE 1d. Average price of wheat expressed in gilders.
Redrawn from Lamb 1977, p. 440.
FIGURE 1e. Record of changes in 180 values preserved in ice
core fromCampCentury,Greenland. Redrawn from Schneider and
Mass 1975.
FIGURE 1f. Average tree-ring widths of bristle cone pines from
theWhite Mountains,California. Redrawn from LaMarche 1974.
FIGURE 1g. Changes in carbon-14 abundance in wood samples
as a function of sunspot number. Redrawn from Eddy 1977.
FIGURE 1h. Variation in amount of polar ice seen fromIceland.
Redrawn from Lamb 1977, p. 452.
PHYSICAL INDICATORS OF THE LITTLE ICEAGE
9. We have now looked at the economic and social records that
imply the presence of the Little Ice Age. I shall next examine a
variety of physical evidences that also seem to promote this
idea.
Plants incorporate various atoms (carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen) from their surroundings into their structure. Once
incorporated, these atoms no longer exchange with those in the
environment unless decay sets in. Thus the chemical
composition of a plant can give a fingerprint of the climatic
conditions under which it grows. In the natural world there are
different isotopes of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These
isotopes vary in their weight as well in their relative abundance.
The ratio of incorporation of these various isotopes into the
plant is a function of temperature (Libby and Pandolf 1974). As
can be seen in Figure 1e changes occur in the years of the Little
Ice Age. It is also interesting to note the increase in
concentration of 14C during this time. This later observation
may provide a clue as to the cause for the Little Ice Age.
Additional isotopic evidence in ice cores from Greenland also
suggest a cooling during this time (Figure 1e). In water the most
abundant form of oxygen has a weight of 16. The rarer form —
oxygen 18 — is present in only small amounts. If one measures
the change in the 18O/16O ratio in the water of the ice, changes
occur that correspond with theoretical predictions about rates of
incorporation with respect to temperature (Libby 1972).
Tree rings also provide supportive evidence for the Little Ice
Age. The width of a ring measures how favorable the climate is
for growth, i.e., the wider the ring, the more favorable the
conditions; the narrower, the less favorable for growth
(LaMarche 1974). Figure 1f shows that in the warmer and more
favorable years the width increased, while in the years
postulated for the Little Ice Age the width was reduced. A
subsequent recovery is shown in the last century.
Similar studies of a coral which exhibits yearly growth bands
again yielded isotope data suggesting that average mean water
temperatures during the Little Ice Age did indeed decrease by
10. about 1ºC (Druffel 1982).
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF THE LITTLE ICEAGE
While it is relatively easy to find evidence for a general cooling
trend, it is more difficult to define the cause(s) for this
phenomena. More likely, it is the result of several factors.
Before we examine these, a brief discussion of the energy
structure of Earth is necessary.
The sun, obviously, is the source of energy for this planet.
Fluctuations in the amount of energy absorbed by the Earth will
cause variations in the total amount of heat retained or lost.
Particulate matter in the atmosphere which blocks some of the
incoming energy has been observed to promote a cooling trend
for short periods of time. This particulate matter until the
present century was largely a result of volcanic activity. Recent
industrial pollution is proposed as a cause of the recent cooling
trend that began in the 1950s. The explosions of volcanoes in
the 19th century have been correlated with a subsequent
coolness in the weather in the following years. The explosion of
Tambora in 1815 which catapulted 150 cubic kilometers of rock
dust is given credit for "the year without summer" in 1816. The
explosion of Krakatoa in 1883 presumably lowered the mean
earth temperature about 1ºC for several years (Rampino and Self
1982). The presence of this particulate matter may increase the
amount of precipitation, because the ejected material acts as
condensation nuclei around which water droplets can form.
Without these nuclei the air becomes supersaturated.
In addition to particulate matter being ejected, perhaps even
greater absorption of the sun's rays is due to absorption by
ejected sulfur compounds (Pollack et al. 1976). These sulfur
compounds eventually form fine droplets of sulfuric acid which
may remain suspended for years in the upper atmosphere,
forming large clouds which reduce the penetration of the sun's
energy. Because of the ejection of an aerosol into the upper
atmosphere by the volcano El Chichon which exploded in
Mexico in 1982, several meteorologists predicted a winter
11. colder than usual for 1982 (Kerr 1982). Whether the action of
volcanoes is responsible for a cooling that lasted several
hundred years is debatable. It seems unlikely that a single
volcanic event would be great enough to cause such a cooling
effect. History does not record such a single large event but
does record many smaller events which occurred in various
parts of the world at frequent intervals.
After the cooling event has begun, it can, to some extent,
become self-perpetuating. With increased snow cover the
amount of energy absorbed by the earth is reduced. Up to 80%
of the incoming radiant energy normally captured can be lost
due to the reflectivity of the snow and ice (Lamb 1977, p. 285).
This is a significant loss of potential heat, further exacerbating
the cooling effect. The polar latitudes are a constant area of
heat loss for the global system. In summer the amount of heat
absorbed is not equal to the amount lost during the winter. Were
it not for an equal overbalance in the equatorial regions where
heat gain is 2.5 times greater than heat loss, the Earth would
become increasingly colder. The mixing of the excess equatorial
heat with the overall heat deficit in the northern latitudes
promotes a stable environment that can be maintained even in
latitudes where there is net heat loss, e.g., the temperate zones.
The presence of large bodies of water such as oceans tends to
balance the cooling trend on the land masses. As the air and
water temperatures cool, less moisture is evaporated into the
atmosphere resulting in less rain or snow. If precipitation is
less, a relative increased melting of previously fallen snow can
take place.
Warming of the atmosphere can result from an increase in the
CO2 levels. The effect of CO2 on climate is a topic of
considerable interest at the present time (see Revelle 1982 as an
example of support; Madden and Ramanthan 1980 for negative
evidence). Briefly, as the sun shines on Earth, unabsorbed light
waves are reflected back into the atmosphere in the form of
longer wavelength energy. The CO2 in the atmosphere absorbs
some of this infrared radiation, resulting in increased molecular
12. motion or heat which in turn causes a warming of the
atmosphere and ultimately the earth itself. This "greenhouse
effect" has provoked some to become alarmists fearing that
warming due to increased CO2 in the atmosphere as a result of
burning fossil fuels will cause the polar caps to melt, thereby
raising the average level of the oceans and also increase the
area of deserts. It might be suggested that the Industrial
Revolution's intensified burning of coal and wood increased the
atmospheric CO2 sufficiently to hasten the end of the Little Ice
Age.
Another theory for the cause of the Little Ice Age centers not
on the atmospheric restriction of the amount of energy flowing
into the earth, but on the concept that the sun itself is variable
in its energy production. It is estimated that a fluctuation of
only a few tenths of 1% in energy output would be sufficient to
produce significant changes in climate (Budyko 1969). An
interesting coincidence held meaningful by many is the absence
of sunspot activity through most of the latter and most severe
period of the Little Ice Age (Eddy 1976). While accurate
astronomical records are increasingly difficult to obtain as one
moves back in history, there is yet a convincing amount of data
which allows one to have confidence in the historical sunspot
record.
At present sunspots — large areas of reduced surface
temperature and increased magnetic field strength — increase
and decrease numerically through an approximately 11-year
cycle. These changes in solar magnetic field also affect the rate
at which 14C is produced on earth and may provide a
retrospective record of variations in sunspot activity (Figure
1g). Observations from the 1700s to the present have
established a remarkable regularity in sunspot activity. Over the
years there have been numerous attempts to correlate these
cycles with weather cycles. While sunspot/weather analysis has
not produced a consistent correlation, it is widely accepted that
sunspot activity does indeed influence the weather. However, an
interesting near absence of sunspot activity is found in the early
13. decades of the 1600s extending into the first decade of the
1700s. This time corresponds remarkably with the coldest
period of the Little Ice Age.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion there is ample evidence that a significant cooling
occurred for several centuries starting around 1450 AD. This
cooling caused significant changes in the distribution of plant
and animal life and in the way man responded to the
environment. The causes for this cooling may have derived from
a combination of changes in the energy output of the sun and
changes in the atmosphere of the earth which resulted from
volcanic activity that reduced the amount of energy absorbed.
This uncertainty as to the cause for this cooling which so
markedly affected life should warn those who demand that the
Earth responds only to massive (forceful) events. Very subtle
changes in the factors determining climate during the Little Ice
Age occurred. One wonders how much greater they need be to
cause a true ice age.
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Druffel, E. M. 1982. Banded corals: changes in oceanic Carbon-
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