This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and various treatment approaches. It notes that asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and is characterized by inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Treatment involves preventing antigen reactions, suppressing inflammation, blocking mediators, and using bronchodilators such as beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, and leukotriene antagonists to relax airway smooth muscle. Status asthmaticus, a severe life-threatening form of asthma, requires aggressive treatment including nebulized bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen, and potentially intubation.
Causality assessment is the process of evaluating the relationship between a medical event, such as a disease or adverse drug reaction, and a specific exposure, such as a medication or environmental factor. The purpose of causality assessment is to determine whether the exposure is likely to have caused the event or whether the event is due to other causes.
Causality assessment involves a systematic evaluation of the available evidence, including clinical data, laboratory results, medical history, and other relevant information. The assessment is typically based on a set of criteria, such as the temporal relationship between the exposure and the event, the strength of the association, the presence of alternative explanations, and other factors.
Causality assessment is an important tool in pharmacovigilance, which is the science of monitoring and evaluating the safety of medicines. It is also used in epidemiological research to identify and understand the causes of diseases and other medical events.
Causality assessment is not always straightforward, and there is often a degree of uncertainty involved in the process. However, it is an essential part of evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and is used by regulatory agencies, healthcare providers, and researchers to make informed decisions about patient care and public health.
Amoxil vs. Augmentin compares the antibiotics amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Amoxil contains only amoxicillin, which stops bacterial cell wall synthesis. Augmentin combines amoxicillin with clavulanate, which stops bacterial beta-lactamase. Augmentin is more expensive and has more side effects than Amoxil. Both antibiotics are well absorbed, partially metabolized in the liver, and mainly excreted in urine.
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, characteristics, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches, and medications. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. It is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Diagnosis involves assessing history, symptoms, and lung function tests. Treatment follows a stepwise approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, adding additional controllers as needed. Status asthmaticus refers to an acute, severe exacerbation unresponsive to usual treatment.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, assessment, and management. It notes that hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and risks of cardiovascular disease double for every 20/10 mmHg rise. Common complications include stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and renal failure. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication, starting with ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, or thiazides. The goals are to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk based on individual patient factors.
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It begins by introducing histamine, describing its discovery and roles in allergic reactions and as a neurotransmitter. It then covers histamine's chemistry, distribution in the body, synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The document discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) and histamine's pharmacological effects. It also provides details on antihistamines, including their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of first versus second generation antihistamines. The document concludes by mentioning clinical uses of histamine and antihistamines for conditions like allergies and gastric hypersecretions.
The document discusses medication adherence and strategies to improve it. It defines medication adherence as a patient's medication-taking behavior. Non-adherence can be intentional, unintentional, or due to socioeconomic factors. Accurately monitoring adherence is difficult due to limitations of methods like medication event tracking systems. Pharmacists can play an important role in improving adherence through counseling, disease management, and enhancing communication with patients and prescribers.
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and various treatment approaches. It notes that asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and is characterized by inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Treatment involves preventing antigen reactions, suppressing inflammation, blocking mediators, and using bronchodilators such as beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, and leukotriene antagonists to relax airway smooth muscle. Status asthmaticus, a severe life-threatening form of asthma, requires aggressive treatment including nebulized bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen, and potentially intubation.
Causality assessment is the process of evaluating the relationship between a medical event, such as a disease or adverse drug reaction, and a specific exposure, such as a medication or environmental factor. The purpose of causality assessment is to determine whether the exposure is likely to have caused the event or whether the event is due to other causes.
Causality assessment involves a systematic evaluation of the available evidence, including clinical data, laboratory results, medical history, and other relevant information. The assessment is typically based on a set of criteria, such as the temporal relationship between the exposure and the event, the strength of the association, the presence of alternative explanations, and other factors.
Causality assessment is an important tool in pharmacovigilance, which is the science of monitoring and evaluating the safety of medicines. It is also used in epidemiological research to identify and understand the causes of diseases and other medical events.
Causality assessment is not always straightforward, and there is often a degree of uncertainty involved in the process. However, it is an essential part of evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and is used by regulatory agencies, healthcare providers, and researchers to make informed decisions about patient care and public health.
Amoxil vs. Augmentin compares the antibiotics amoxicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Amoxil contains only amoxicillin, which stops bacterial cell wall synthesis. Augmentin combines amoxicillin with clavulanate, which stops bacterial beta-lactamase. Augmentin is more expensive and has more side effects than Amoxil. Both antibiotics are well absorbed, partially metabolized in the liver, and mainly excreted in urine.
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, characteristics, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches, and medications. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. It is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Diagnosis involves assessing history, symptoms, and lung function tests. Treatment follows a stepwise approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, adding additional controllers as needed. Status asthmaticus refers to an acute, severe exacerbation unresponsive to usual treatment.
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure) including its definition, causes, clinical presentation, assessment, and management. It notes that hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and risks of cardiovascular disease double for every 20/10 mmHg rise. Common complications include stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and renal failure. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medication, starting with ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, or thiazides. The goals are to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk based on individual patient factors.
This document discusses histamine and antihistamines. It begins by introducing histamine, describing its discovery and roles in allergic reactions and as a neurotransmitter. It then covers histamine's chemistry, distribution in the body, synthesis, storage, and metabolism. The document discusses the four types of histamine receptors (H1-H4) and histamine's pharmacological effects. It also provides details on antihistamines, including their pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, side effects, and classifications of first versus second generation antihistamines. The document concludes by mentioning clinical uses of histamine and antihistamines for conditions like allergies and gastric hypersecretions.
The document discusses medication adherence and strategies to improve it. It defines medication adherence as a patient's medication-taking behavior. Non-adherence can be intentional, unintentional, or due to socioeconomic factors. Accurately monitoring adherence is difficult due to limitations of methods like medication event tracking systems. Pharmacists can play an important role in improving adherence through counseling, disease management, and enhancing communication with patients and prescribers.
This document discusses pharmaceutical care, which aims to improve patient outcomes through responsible drug therapy. It defines pharmaceutical care as providing medication to achieve therapeutic outcomes that enhance quality of life. These may include curing disease, reducing symptoms, or slowing disease progression. The document outlines the basic elements of pharmaceutical care, which include being patient-oriented, addressing both acute and chronic issues, and emphasizing prevention of drug-related problems through documented care plans and collaboration with other providers. It also discusses various tools used in pharmaceutical care, such as SOAP notes, CORE pharmacotherapy plans, and FARM analyses to identify, resolve, and prevent drug-related issues.
pharmaceutical companies spend money to develop appropriate literature to market their new drugs. ppt throws light on how healthy skepticism will help the health care practitioners to interpret the literature presented by the medical representatives
Rational use of antibiotics by Dr. Basil TumainiBasil Tumaini
Dr. Basil Tumaini presented a document on rational use of antibiotics. He discussed that antibiotics are commonly misused and overprescribed. Some key points included defining appropriate vs inappropriate antibiotic use, describing different antibiotic classes, and providing guidelines on rational prescribing like only using antibiotics for bacterial infections and avoiding unnecessary combinations. The document concluded with recommendations to only use antibiotics judiciously according to clinical guidelines and provide proper patient education.
1) Causality assessment is an important part of pharmacovigilance to determine if an adverse drug reaction is caused by a medication. Several methods have been developed for structured causality assessment.
2) Common causality assessment methods include the WHO-UMC method, Naranjo scale, and Bayesian methods like BARDI. These methods consider factors like temporal relationship to drug intake, response to dechallenge/rechallenge, alternative causes, and clinical symptoms.
3) Causality assessment helps optimize treatment, prevent future complications, and reduce costs by minimizing prolonged hospitalization from adverse drug reactions. However, causality determination remains challenging as reactions can have multiple potential causes.
This document provides an overview of glaucoma, including its anatomy, pathophysiology, classification, and pharmacological treatment. Glaucoma involves progressive optic neuropathy and vision loss due to increased intraocular pressure. It is classified into primary and secondary types. The main drugs used for treatment are prostaglandin analogues, beta blockers, alpha agonists, cholinergic agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which work to reduce aqueous humor production or increase outflow. Emerging therapies aim to provide neuroprotection to retinal ganglion cells. Surgery may also be used in some cases.
This document discusses promotional drug literature and guidelines for its use. It notes that while promotional literature aims to convince doctors to prescribe particular drugs, it often provides inadequate, inaccurate or misleading information. The WHO, IFPMA and national regulatory codes provide guidelines for drug promotion, requiring it to be educational, accurate and evidence-based. However, studies show promotional materials frequently distort facts or highlight only benefits without risks. Doctors must critically evaluate claims and references to assess information reliability and avoid inappropriate prescribing influences. Stronger regulatory oversight is needed to curb issues with promotional drug marketing.
The document provides an analysis of the Pakistan pharmaceutical market. Some key points:
- The total Pakistan pharma market is US$2.177 billion and is growing at a CAGR of 10.22% in US dollars.
- The top 11 corporations have reached Rs. 5 billion in sales and account for 49.22% of the market share.
- Top 50 corporations control 86% of the market and top 100 corporations control 95.95% of the market.
- 398 new products were launched in the last 12 months, with 20 from multinational corporations and 378 from national companies.
The document discusses opportunities for pharmacy practice research in community settings. It begins by outlining the changing role of pharmacists from product-focused to patient-centered care. There is a need for pharmacy practice research in community settings to optimize medication use, support self-care, and improve health outcomes. The presentation then describes development of a clinical tool called STARZ-DRP, which is a step-by-step approach for minor illness consultation and triaging decisions in community pharmacies. A study was conducted to evaluate STARZ-DRP which found it improved identification of drug-related problems and referral decisions compared to usual care.
Introduction to rational use of drugs and role of pharmacist in rational use...Adhin Antony Xavier
This document discusses strategies for promoting rational use of drugs in healthcare systems. It recommends establishing a national drug regulatory authority to oversee drug quality, developing treatment guidelines and an essential drug list. Healthcare professionals should be provided drug information and undergo continuing education on rational prescribing. Generic names should be used and drugs prescribed according to their intended therapeutic uses and appropriate dosages. Quality of drugs must be ensured and irrational self-medication discouraged through public education. Monitoring drug use through indicators can help evaluate prescribing practices and promote rational drug utilization.
This document discusses various marketing strategies for pharmaceutical products. It begins with defining key terminology related to drugs, such as generic, branded, patented, and over-the-counter medicines. It then outlines general marketing strategies such as market expansion, market share growth, niche markets, and market exit. Specific strategies for market leaders, challengers, followers, and niche players are also discussed. The document also covers marketing strategies over the different stages of the product lifecycle from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. Finally, it discusses elements of the pharmaceutical marketing mix including product, price, promotion, and place.
This document discusses various drug treatments for ocular allergies. It describes how allergic reactions cause the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells. The main classes of anti-allergy drugs discussed are ocular decongestants, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids. Specific examples of drugs in each class are provided along with their mechanisms of action and recommended dosages.
This document summarizes various drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses emetics and their mechanisms of action including apomorphine and cephaeline. It also discusses various classes of antiemetics like anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, and 5HT3 antagonists. Specific antiemetics discussed include hyoscine, promethazine, ondansetron, and granisetron. It also summarizes causes and treatment of diarrhea, including specific antimicrobial drugs and nonspecific antidiarrheal drugs like adsorbents, anti-secretory drugs, and antimotility drugs.
Pharmacoeconomics evaluates the costs and outcomes of pharmaceutical products and services. It involves choosing a perspective such as patient or payer, identifying costs which can be direct, indirect, or intangible, and identifying outcomes which can be clinical, economic, or humanistic. Common pharmacoeconomic methodologies include cost-consequence analysis, cost-of-illness evaluation, cost-minimization analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis. Pharmacoeconomics is important for achieving maximum benefits with limited costs and aids decision making for formularies, policies, and resource allocation.
hOME MEDICATION REVIEW IS out standing self-employment opportunities with good clinical skills and hand on practice for pharm d students..its well an established program in Australia.
This document discusses miotics and mydriatics used in ophthalmology. Miotics like pilocarpine are parasympathomimetic drugs that cause pupil constriction (miosis) by stimulating muscarinic receptors. Common miotics discussed include pilocarpine, acetylcholine, and carbachol. Mydriatics like phenylephrine and atropine cause pupil dilation (mydriasis) by stimulating adrenergic receptors or blocking cholinergic receptors. Uses, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various miotics and mydriatics are provided. Diagnostic tests for conditions like Horner's syndrome using these agents are also summarized.
The document defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population at all times. It discusses how a limited essential medicines list leads to better health care, drug management, and lower costs. Essential medicines should be available at all times in adequate amounts and strengths, appropriate dosage forms, and assured quality at an affordable price. They are selected based on disease prevalence, evidence on efficacy and safety, and cost-effectiveness. The purpose of an essential medicines list is to make life-saving treatments universally accessible.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines and rational use of drugs. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own national lists. Educational, managerial, economic and regulatory strategies can be used to promote rational drug use and selection of cost-effective treatments. Pharmacists can play a role through drug selection, inventory control, patient education, and pharmaceutical care.
Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring approved drugs to detect adverse effects, assess risks, prevent harm and promote safe use. It aims to improve public health by identifying unknown risks from case reports and studies. Several methods are used including spontaneous reporting, active surveillance and observational studies. Organizations like WHO and regulatory authorities play important roles in pharmacovigilance. The goal is continual assessment of benefit-risk profiles to optimize treatment outcomes.
This document provides information on various dermatological conditions including:
- Pityriasis versicolor, describing presentation, diagnosis via KOH mount, and treatment with selenium sulfide or ketoconazole.
- Acne vulgaris, outlining exacerbating factors to avoid and medical management approaches for moderate and severe cases including topical and oral medications. Details are given on isotretinoin use and monitoring.
- Rosacea, defining diagnostic criteria and stages, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches including lifestyle modifications and topical or oral antibiotics.
- Vitiligo, alopecia areata, scabies, lichen planus, and psoriasis, briefly covering presentation, diagnosis
Pharmacology Short Notes for pharma students.pdfBALASUNDARESAN M
This document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. It includes descriptions of symptoms, classifications based on severity, guidelines for non-pharmacologic and drug therapy. Drug charts provide names, mechanisms of action, side effects and counseling points for various classes of medications used to treat allergic rhinitis and asthma, including intranasal corticosteroids, oral and intranasal antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, bronchodilators, and inhaled corticosteroids.
This document discusses pharmaceutical care, which aims to improve patient outcomes through responsible drug therapy. It defines pharmaceutical care as providing medication to achieve therapeutic outcomes that enhance quality of life. These may include curing disease, reducing symptoms, or slowing disease progression. The document outlines the basic elements of pharmaceutical care, which include being patient-oriented, addressing both acute and chronic issues, and emphasizing prevention of drug-related problems through documented care plans and collaboration with other providers. It also discusses various tools used in pharmaceutical care, such as SOAP notes, CORE pharmacotherapy plans, and FARM analyses to identify, resolve, and prevent drug-related issues.
pharmaceutical companies spend money to develop appropriate literature to market their new drugs. ppt throws light on how healthy skepticism will help the health care practitioners to interpret the literature presented by the medical representatives
Rational use of antibiotics by Dr. Basil TumainiBasil Tumaini
Dr. Basil Tumaini presented a document on rational use of antibiotics. He discussed that antibiotics are commonly misused and overprescribed. Some key points included defining appropriate vs inappropriate antibiotic use, describing different antibiotic classes, and providing guidelines on rational prescribing like only using antibiotics for bacterial infections and avoiding unnecessary combinations. The document concluded with recommendations to only use antibiotics judiciously according to clinical guidelines and provide proper patient education.
1) Causality assessment is an important part of pharmacovigilance to determine if an adverse drug reaction is caused by a medication. Several methods have been developed for structured causality assessment.
2) Common causality assessment methods include the WHO-UMC method, Naranjo scale, and Bayesian methods like BARDI. These methods consider factors like temporal relationship to drug intake, response to dechallenge/rechallenge, alternative causes, and clinical symptoms.
3) Causality assessment helps optimize treatment, prevent future complications, and reduce costs by minimizing prolonged hospitalization from adverse drug reactions. However, causality determination remains challenging as reactions can have multiple potential causes.
This document provides an overview of glaucoma, including its anatomy, pathophysiology, classification, and pharmacological treatment. Glaucoma involves progressive optic neuropathy and vision loss due to increased intraocular pressure. It is classified into primary and secondary types. The main drugs used for treatment are prostaglandin analogues, beta blockers, alpha agonists, cholinergic agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which work to reduce aqueous humor production or increase outflow. Emerging therapies aim to provide neuroprotection to retinal ganglion cells. Surgery may also be used in some cases.
This document discusses promotional drug literature and guidelines for its use. It notes that while promotional literature aims to convince doctors to prescribe particular drugs, it often provides inadequate, inaccurate or misleading information. The WHO, IFPMA and national regulatory codes provide guidelines for drug promotion, requiring it to be educational, accurate and evidence-based. However, studies show promotional materials frequently distort facts or highlight only benefits without risks. Doctors must critically evaluate claims and references to assess information reliability and avoid inappropriate prescribing influences. Stronger regulatory oversight is needed to curb issues with promotional drug marketing.
The document provides an analysis of the Pakistan pharmaceutical market. Some key points:
- The total Pakistan pharma market is US$2.177 billion and is growing at a CAGR of 10.22% in US dollars.
- The top 11 corporations have reached Rs. 5 billion in sales and account for 49.22% of the market share.
- Top 50 corporations control 86% of the market and top 100 corporations control 95.95% of the market.
- 398 new products were launched in the last 12 months, with 20 from multinational corporations and 378 from national companies.
The document discusses opportunities for pharmacy practice research in community settings. It begins by outlining the changing role of pharmacists from product-focused to patient-centered care. There is a need for pharmacy practice research in community settings to optimize medication use, support self-care, and improve health outcomes. The presentation then describes development of a clinical tool called STARZ-DRP, which is a step-by-step approach for minor illness consultation and triaging decisions in community pharmacies. A study was conducted to evaluate STARZ-DRP which found it improved identification of drug-related problems and referral decisions compared to usual care.
Introduction to rational use of drugs and role of pharmacist in rational use...Adhin Antony Xavier
This document discusses strategies for promoting rational use of drugs in healthcare systems. It recommends establishing a national drug regulatory authority to oversee drug quality, developing treatment guidelines and an essential drug list. Healthcare professionals should be provided drug information and undergo continuing education on rational prescribing. Generic names should be used and drugs prescribed according to their intended therapeutic uses and appropriate dosages. Quality of drugs must be ensured and irrational self-medication discouraged through public education. Monitoring drug use through indicators can help evaluate prescribing practices and promote rational drug utilization.
This document discusses various marketing strategies for pharmaceutical products. It begins with defining key terminology related to drugs, such as generic, branded, patented, and over-the-counter medicines. It then outlines general marketing strategies such as market expansion, market share growth, niche markets, and market exit. Specific strategies for market leaders, challengers, followers, and niche players are also discussed. The document also covers marketing strategies over the different stages of the product lifecycle from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. Finally, it discusses elements of the pharmaceutical marketing mix including product, price, promotion, and place.
This document discusses various drug treatments for ocular allergies. It describes how allergic reactions cause the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells. The main classes of anti-allergy drugs discussed are ocular decongestants, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids. Specific examples of drugs in each class are provided along with their mechanisms of action and recommended dosages.
This document summarizes various drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses emetics and their mechanisms of action including apomorphine and cephaeline. It also discusses various classes of antiemetics like anticholinergics, H1 antihistamines, neuroleptics, prokinetic drugs, and 5HT3 antagonists. Specific antiemetics discussed include hyoscine, promethazine, ondansetron, and granisetron. It also summarizes causes and treatment of diarrhea, including specific antimicrobial drugs and nonspecific antidiarrheal drugs like adsorbents, anti-secretory drugs, and antimotility drugs.
Pharmacoeconomics evaluates the costs and outcomes of pharmaceutical products and services. It involves choosing a perspective such as patient or payer, identifying costs which can be direct, indirect, or intangible, and identifying outcomes which can be clinical, economic, or humanistic. Common pharmacoeconomic methodologies include cost-consequence analysis, cost-of-illness evaluation, cost-minimization analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, and cost-utility analysis. Pharmacoeconomics is important for achieving maximum benefits with limited costs and aids decision making for formularies, policies, and resource allocation.
hOME MEDICATION REVIEW IS out standing self-employment opportunities with good clinical skills and hand on practice for pharm d students..its well an established program in Australia.
This document discusses miotics and mydriatics used in ophthalmology. Miotics like pilocarpine are parasympathomimetic drugs that cause pupil constriction (miosis) by stimulating muscarinic receptors. Common miotics discussed include pilocarpine, acetylcholine, and carbachol. Mydriatics like phenylephrine and atropine cause pupil dilation (mydriasis) by stimulating adrenergic receptors or blocking cholinergic receptors. Uses, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various miotics and mydriatics are provided. Diagnostic tests for conditions like Horner's syndrome using these agents are also summarized.
The document defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population at all times. It discusses how a limited essential medicines list leads to better health care, drug management, and lower costs. Essential medicines should be available at all times in adequate amounts and strengths, appropriate dosage forms, and assured quality at an affordable price. They are selected based on disease prevalence, evidence on efficacy and safety, and cost-effectiveness. The purpose of an essential medicines list is to make life-saving treatments universally accessible.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines and rational use of drugs. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own national lists. Educational, managerial, economic and regulatory strategies can be used to promote rational drug use and selection of cost-effective treatments. Pharmacists can play a role through drug selection, inventory control, patient education, and pharmaceutical care.
Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring approved drugs to detect adverse effects, assess risks, prevent harm and promote safe use. It aims to improve public health by identifying unknown risks from case reports and studies. Several methods are used including spontaneous reporting, active surveillance and observational studies. Organizations like WHO and regulatory authorities play important roles in pharmacovigilance. The goal is continual assessment of benefit-risk profiles to optimize treatment outcomes.
This document provides information on various dermatological conditions including:
- Pityriasis versicolor, describing presentation, diagnosis via KOH mount, and treatment with selenium sulfide or ketoconazole.
- Acne vulgaris, outlining exacerbating factors to avoid and medical management approaches for moderate and severe cases including topical and oral medications. Details are given on isotretinoin use and monitoring.
- Rosacea, defining diagnostic criteria and stages, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches including lifestyle modifications and topical or oral antibiotics.
- Vitiligo, alopecia areata, scabies, lichen planus, and psoriasis, briefly covering presentation, diagnosis
Pharmacology Short Notes for pharma students.pdfBALASUNDARESAN M
This document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. It includes descriptions of symptoms, classifications based on severity, guidelines for non-pharmacologic and drug therapy. Drug charts provide names, mechanisms of action, side effects and counseling points for various classes of medications used to treat allergic rhinitis and asthma, including intranasal corticosteroids, oral and intranasal antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists, bronchodilators, and inhaled corticosteroids.
This document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. It defines the conditions, lists common symptoms, and outlines non-pharmacologic and drug treatment options. For allergic rhinitis, intranasal corticosteroids are first-line for moderate-severe symptoms while oral antihistamines are used for mild symptoms. For asthma, treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators according to a stepwise severity-based algorithm. Drug charts provide details on common medications used to treat the respiratory conditions.
This document summarizes information on allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. It discusses the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis and management of allergic rhinitis. Intranasal corticosteroids are identified as the most effective treatment. It also covers the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis, including complications. Imaging such as CT is recommended for complicated cases or recurrent sinusitis.
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction affecting multiple organs. It is considered present when there is acute onset of symptoms involving the skin and mucosa along with respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms, or just two or more symptoms rapidly after exposure to a trigger. Adrenaline is the first line treatment and should be administered immediately to prevent progression of symptoms. Antihistamines and steroids are adjunctive but do not treat the underlying cause. Patients require monitoring for biphasic reactions and should receive training and a prescription for epinephrine auto-injectors for future reactions.
This document provides an overview of contrast media including its introduction, mechanism of action, basic chemistry and properties, classifications, commonly used preparations, pharmacodynamics, interactions with body systems, potential side effects and their management, and prevention strategies. Contrast media helps improve visualization of tissues during medical imaging by increasing beam attenuation. Iodine is commonly used as the contrast agent due to its high atomic number. Both ionic and non-ionic varieties exist with different properties. Potential side effects range from minor to severe reactions.
5.medical emergencies in dental practice part iiLama K Banna
Call for help
You: Call for help immediately
Begin CPR - 30 chest compressions then 2 rescue breaths. Continue CPR until help arrives or patient shows signs of life such as breathing or movement.
The document provides information on poisonings and toxicology in the emergency department setting. It discusses that approximately 48% of poison exposure calls involve young children under 5 years old, with poisonings in this age group usually being unintentional. It then outlines key questions to ask patients regarding toxic exposures and summarizes the pathophysiology of different types of toxins, including their effects on the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and central nervous systems. The document concludes by describing primary and secondary patient assessments, various medical interventions for different toxin classes, and considerations for specific toxins like acetaminophen, salicylates, antidepressants, ethanol, and drugs of abuse.
The document discusses various drugs used to treat respiratory conditions, including antihistamines, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and bronchodilators. It describes the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of these drug classes. Nursing implications are provided for safely administering these respiratory medications and monitoring their effects.
Ocular allergy are a group of external ocular conditions resulting from one or more types of hypersensitivity reactions to allergens.
Anti Allergic eye drops are liquid medicine used to treat symptoms of eye allergies.
This document provides an overview of general toxicology. It discusses factors affecting the toxic response, including factors related to the poison and patient. It describes various types of toxins based on origin, site of action, and organ specificity. It also summarizes approaches to managing the poisoned patient, including stabilization, decontamination, and enhanced elimination techniques like activated charcoal, gastric lavage, forced diuresis, and dialysis. Complications and contraindications of different management strategies are also outlined.
- The document provides an overview of how to approach and manage a poisoned patient. It discusses toxicology, common reasons for overdoses, assessing risk, supportive care including monitoring and investigations, gastrointestinal decontamination, enhanced elimination, antidotes, potential complications, and disposition.
- Key aspects of the approach and management include the RRISDEAD method of resuscitation, risk assessment, supportive care, investigations, decontamination, enhanced elimination, antidotes, and disposition. Supportive care involves airway, breathing, circulation support as well as monitoring, fluid management, and treating secondary issues like seizures.
- Specific toxic syndromes discussed include anticholinergic syndrome, serotonin syndrome, and
The document discusses allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever. It provides statistics on the prevalence and burden of allergic rhinitis in the United States. It also outlines the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for allergic rhinitis including avoidance strategies, medications, immunotherapy, and more.
This document discusses drugs used on the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, and nose. It covers corticosteroids like glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which suppress inflammation. It also discusses antipruritics for itching including anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antifungals, and others. Specific drugs are provided for various conditions affecting the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and treatment of scabies and lice. Nursing responsibilities are outlined like monitoring for side effects and ensuring proper application of topical medications.
This document defines and discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs). It notes that ADRs affect 6-30% of patients and are a leading cause of death. ADRs are classified as non-immunological or immunological. Risk factors include age, number of drugs used, and immune status. Evaluation of ADRs involves a drug history, ruling out other causes, and assessing the temporal relationship to drug intake. Management involves discontinuing the offending drug if possible. Common ADRs to anti-TB drugs are discussed as well as their management.
The document provides information about upcoming exams covering medication administration, the nervous system, and the respiratory system. It includes a review of topics like medication classifications, drug calculations, respiratory drug classes, and antimicrobial agents. Nursing students are instructed to review learning objectives and prepare for multiple choice and matching questions on topics like medication orders, drug interactions, and specific respiratory conditions and treatments.
The document discusses the evaluation and management of pediatric toxic exposures and ingestions, including general principles, potentially toxic ingestions of 1-3 tablets, emergency management of airway, breathing, circulation and other systems, decontamination methods, specific toxic syndromes and antidotes, and case examples of ethanol and iron ingestions. Management involves stabilization, decontamination if indicated, treatment of specific toxic effects, and consideration of toxicology studies and antidotes based on the exposure.
Here are some key points to consider in this case:
- Her new respiratory symptoms of cough, wheezing, chest heaviness and chills could indicate a respiratory infection like pneumonia, which is a known complication of untreated UTIs during pregnancy.
- The current antibiotic Macrobid may not be adequately treating a potential respiratory infection. It's primarily used for UTIs but has limited activity against respiratory pathogens.
- As she is pregnant, treatment of the underlying UTI is important to prevent complications. However, the respiratory symptoms suggest an additional infection is present and may require a different antibiotic with better respiratory coverage.
- Given her symptoms, I would obtain a chest x-ray to evaluate for pneumonia. I would also obtain
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
1. Allergies
Rhinitis – Conjunctivitis – Dermatitis
Over-The-Counter Treatment Options,
Information & Counsel for the Consumer
John W. Probst, MPH
USC School of Pharmacy
Community Rotation
April 14, 2009
2. Overview of Presentation
Present scope, objectives and brief intro
Discuss topics including:
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic conjunctivitis
Allergic contact dermatitis
Key talking points include: 1) when to treat (i.e.
when to use OTC product vs. refer pt to see MD);
2) how to treat/tx options; and 3) duration of tx
Summary and Q & A
3. Topics Not Covered
This talk WILL NOT focus on mold, food, animal/insect
or chemical (e.g. latex) allergies, especially those causing
anaphylaxis, and their treatments. Commercially
available OTC products focus primarily on the three
conditions to be covered in this presentation.
4. Objectives
Outline criteria for self-treatment and
when it is advisable to refer a patient to a
physician for further care and treatment
Describe condition-centric OTC treatment
options/regimens for those suffering from
common seasonal or chronic allergies
Provide useful counseling points that aid
in the safe and effective use of the OTC
products that are available to treat allergies
5. Introduction
Up to 50 million
Americans suffer
from seasonal and
chronic allergies
Roughly $4 billion
in direct healthcare
costs annually due to
allergy related illness
OTC allergy drugs
account for 58% of
non-rx purchases
7. Etiology & Symptoms
Outdoor aeroallergens: pollen, mold spores and
pollutants (e.g. ozone & exhaust particles)
Indoor aeroallergens: dust mites, cockroaches,
mold spores, cigarette smoke and pet dander
Primary symptoms: “more than a runny nose”
Watery eyes
Itchy eyes, nose and/or throat
Nasal congestion
Watery rhinorrhea
Red, irritated eyes w/ conjunctival injection
8. Self-Treatment or Refer?
Exclusions for self-treatment
Symptoms of sinusitis, otitis media (w/ effusion) and/or a
lower respiratory infection (e.g. pneumonia, bronchitis, etc)
Exacerbation or recent-onset of asthma
History of non-allergic rhinitis
Seasonal vs. Perennial – slightly different
algorithms, but same objective = ↑ QOL!
Seasonal – Six (6) different tx approaches based on s/sxs
Perennial – Three (3) different tx approaches based on s/sxs
FYI…algorithms are found on p. 218-220 of HNPD 15th Ed.
16. Cromolyn Sodium
Unique MOA
Mast cell stabilizer
Ideal for prophylaxis
Strengths
Well tolerated
Low systemic absorption
Weaknesses
Approx. 3-7 days for results
2-4 weeks = max benefit
CI for kids ≤5 years old
17. Tx Approach - AH & DC
Decongestants
Antihistamines
2nd line after AH
1st line
Systemic preferred
2nd gen. preferred
Non-drowsy Nasal products
tend to be overused
Peripherally selective
No anticholinergic SE Combo products
are popular, but
No photosensitivity
avoid ones w/ pain
Well tolerated
relievers if possible
18. Duration of Treatment
Algorithms point to short-term
treatment intervals of 3-4 days per step
NMT 3 days if using long-acting non-saline nasal sprays
Max for DC use is 5 days (risk for rhinitis medicamentosa)
Assessment should occur after each 3-4 day period
Dependent upon severity of symptoms
and medication-related side effects
Other factors include exposure to
allergen, need for prophylaxis and QOL
19. Key Counseling Points
Encourage pt to assess allergen exposure and
remove if possible – best method for “cure”
Stress compliance and proper administration
strategies (i.e. prophylaxis & multiple meds)
Confirm that pt is able to take AH and/or DC
CI in newborns and premature infants
CI in pregnant and nursing ♀
CI in pts w/ HTN, DM, LRT disease, narrow angle glaucoma,
stenosing peptic ulcer, BPH, bladder-neck obstruction,
esophogeal narrowing, abnormal esophogeal peristalsis and
pylorduodenal
Ask pt about other meds – screen for DDI
EtOH, sedatives, MAOI and CNS depressants are CI
21. Etiology & Symptoms
Multiple allergens can cause conjunctivitis –
1o are pollen, animal dander and topical eye
products (i.e. makeup)
Very common comorbid condition
with seasonal allergic rhinitis
Primary symptoms: “I’m not crying…”
Itching and irritation
Excessive tearing (can cause blurring of vision)
Watery discharge from the eye
22. Self-Treatment or Refer?
Majority of cases seen in community
pharmacy are self-treatment
Commonly associated with allergic rhinitis
Serious eye conditions usually prompt MD visit
Pain is usually tolerable – pt seeks sx control
If pharmacist suspects damage to eye’s
surface refer to MD immediately!
When in doubt, and if sxs become worse
or don’t resolve…refer to MD
27. Duration of Treatment
Decongestants (e.g. phenylephrine)
should be limited to NMT 3 days of use
Rebound conjunctival hyperemia, allergic
conjunctivitis and allergic blepharitis can result if
ocular decongestants are abused or used long-term
Antihistamines are shown to aid in
rapid relief of sxs DC+AH = shorter tx
Combo products should be limited to
NMT 3 days of regular use (1-2 gtts QID)
28. Key Counseling Points
Stress adherence to regimen and 72 hr
duration to avoid SEs and rebound problem
DC CI in pregnant ♀ and pts w/ angle-
closure glaucoma, HTN, arteriosclerosis,
CV disease and DM (CI ↑thyroid w/ CV dx)
Suggest pts try the DC naphazoline or
tetrahydrozoline less rebound congestion
Avoid if taking TCA, MAOI, & atropine
Store meds at proper temperatures (i.e.
avoid heat)
30. Etiology & Symptoms
Hypersensitivity reaction type 4 (cell mediated
response – delayed = 24-72 hours for sxs)
Main causative agents
Chemical allergens: latex, neomycin, rubber, fragrances etc.
Environmental allergens: toxicodendron plants
Poison ivy – T. radicans and T. rydbergii
Poison sumac – T. vernix
Poison oak – West (T. diversilobum); East (T. toxicarium)
Easy Dx? – main s/sxs include red rash, blisters or
wheals, itching and/or burning skin
31. Self-Treatment or Refer?
Exclusions for self- Exclusions for self-
treatment treatment (cont’)
Swollen eyes/eyelids
<2 years old
Genitalia involvement
ACD > 2 weeks
Itching of mouth, eyes,
>25% of body surface
nose or anus
Presence of ↑ # of bullae
Low tolerance of pain
Extreme s/sxs and associated itching
Swelling of body/extrem Impairment of ADL
32. Treatment Options
Hydrocortisone (1%) Nonpharmacologic
1st line treatment
Cold showers
Anesthetics
Avoidance of further
Antihistamines
exposure
Diphenhydramine
Wash or dispose of
Benzocaine (20%)
contaminated clothing
Pramoxine (1%)
Alternative therapy
Antipruritics
Jewel weed
Phenol, camphor and
menthol
35. Duration of Treatment
Resolution of symptoms is key driver for how
long tx should last – limited to 1 week w/ tx
Some treatments have NMT limits
Hydrocortisone, TID-QID/day, should not be used >7 days
or if symptoms clear then re-appear after a few days –
ointment is preferred formulation
Astringents, used for oozing and wet sores, can be used for 5
to 7 days – don’t used anything too harsh on skin
Anesthetics (CI if open sores) & antipruritics
should be limited to 3 to 4 applications/day
36. Key Counseling Points
Avoidance of allergens and locations that
harbor them is the BEST strategy
If contact is made, take cold shower but don’t
scrub too hard – avoid wounds
Self-limiting (NMT 21 days), but tx options
should be used to avoid infection and limit
duration of sxs to 7 days – discuss options
See MD if sxs become worse, last >2 wks,
involve genitalia, face, eyes, or cover large area
38. Treatment Toolbox
Drug categories covered
Antihistamines (systemic, topical, nasal & ocular)
Decongestants (systemic, topical, nasal & ocular)
Cromolyn sodium and saline (nasal)
Artificial tears, lubricants, and astringents (ocular)
Hydrocortisone (topical)
Antipruritics and anesthetics (topical)
Immunotherapy (systemic)
Alternative/Homeopathic and herbal
39. Take Home Points
#1 – Know your exclusion #3 – Discuss how to use
criteria & when to refer med and for how long
Should/can not treat all Frequency and duration
pts seeking care are important to state and
repeat – pt safety issue!!
Dictates whether or not a
non-rx suggestion is Acute vs. chronic use needs
appropriate and safe to be stressed due to
potential rebound issues
#2 – Know all your first-
#4 – If possible, follow-up
line non-rx tx options
and answer pt questions
Most pts want YOU to
make the choice for them PCP usually isn’t involved
Fast recall of BEST option Try to finish the treatment
adds to your credibility that you started for the pt
40. References
American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology website
www.aaaai.org/patients/resources/medication_guide.asp
Epocrates Rx
Fiscella RG, Jensen MK. “Allergic Conjunctivitis” Handbook of
Nonprescription Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care,
15th ed. 2006:585-588.
Keefner KR. “Contact Dermatitis” Handbook of Nonprescription
Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care, 15th ed. 2006:746-
758.
Scolaro KL. “Allergic Rhinitis” Handbook of Nonprescription
Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care, 15th ed. 2006:213-
227.
Product photos – www.walgreens.com