Osipova - Russification of Soft Power
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1) The document discusses how Russia has reinterpreted and recontextualized the concept of "soft power" from a geopolitical lens to promote its own interests and resist perceived American meddling. 2) Russia promotes its soft power through emphasizing its rich culture and heritage, multiculturalism, and conservative values, as well as promoting diversity, tolerance, and respect for sovereignty. 3) Russia borrows soft power tools from others, such as promoting the Russian language and humanitarian cooperation abroad, and activated existing cultural networks in Ukraine/Crimea to promote Russian interests during the Euromaidan protests.
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1) On December 5, 1965, the first Soviet Constitution Day demonstration was held in Moscow, marking the emergence of an official Soviet human rights movement.
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1) Cultural diplomacy involves using cultural exchanges like the arts, education, and media to influence foreign audiences and achieve diplomatic goals. It is considered a "soft power" approach.
2) India uses cultural diplomacy tools like Indian cultural centers abroad, cultural agreements with other countries, festivals of India abroad, and educational scholarships to project Indian culture and build relationships.
3) The large and influential Indian diaspora community helps strengthen India's cultural diplomacy through business and community ties to their homelands. Events like Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas aim to engage the diaspora in India's development.
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This document provides an overview of various theories of international relations from classical authors like Thucydides and Macchiavelli to modern theories like realism, idealism, and integration/interdependence. It discusses key thinkers and works in each era from the rise of the nation-state system to modern debates around polarity, regimes, political economy, and constructivism. The document concludes by noting the field has evolved in a more faddish way compared to other disciplines, with an increasing gap between scholars focused only on military issues versus a broader range of phenomena.
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Globalization has led to significant economic and cultural changes in India over the past few decades. Economically, India has seen growth in sectors like IT and BPO outsourcing, as well as increased foreign direct investment and trade. Culturally, exposure to foreign media and goods has changed lifestyles and perceptions, especially among youth, though it has also been accompanied by some social issues like deterioration of values. Overall, globalization has presented both opportunities and challenges for India's economy and society.
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Power refers to the ability to influence others and make things happen according to one's will. There are various sources of power in organizations, including legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power. Managers acquire power through their position, expertise, visibility, and expanding their networks. Empowerment involves helping employees acquire power to make decisions affecting themselves and their work. Organizational politics involves intentionally enhancing self-interest through activities to develop and use power and resources to achieve preferred outcomes. Managing politics effectively involves establishing credibility, building support networks, implementing clear policies, and acting consistently.
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The document discusses key concepts in organizational behavior including personality, perception, attitudes, power, politics, conflict, and stress. It defines these terms and explains how they relate to each other and influence workplace performance. Some of the major points covered are the five dimensions of personality, the attribution process, sources and types of power, political behaviors, managing functional and dysfunctional conflict, and causes and management of job stress.
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Osipova - Russification of Soft Power
- 1. ‘Russification’ of ‘Soft Power’: Transformation of a Concept Yelena Osipova School of International Service American University, Washington, DC
- 2. Soft Power - Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (1990) - Appeal & attraction shape preferences - Resources: - Culture and attractiveness - Political values - Perceived legitimacy of policies
- 3. Critique: Hegemony? Gramsci: reproduction of a given social order Ideational as well as material means “Universal ideology” “Historic bloc”: an articulate network of social institutions that reinforces hegemony Not entirely coercion-free
- 4. American Soft Power? Parallels: soft power & hegemony (Zahran & Ramos, 2010) American global hegemony? Global popularity: • “de-Westernization”
- 5. Russia: The Context Prominence in mid-2000s • Putin’s 2nd term: more assertive FP • “Color Revolutions” • NATO expansion Geopolitical lens
- 6. Reinterpretation Sovereignty & “sovereign democracy” (Surkov) • Resist American meddling • Basis for Russian soft power: no strings attached “Color revolutions” as America’s “historic bloc” Response: enhance Russia’s own soft power
- 7. Recontextualization Nye’s framework: Culture & attractiveness: • Rich heritage, multiculturalism, Russian language, & conservative “moral pole” Attractiveness of political values: • Diversity, tolerance, & inclusiveness Legitimacy of policies: • Respect of sovereignty; holding US accountable
- 8. Tools & Mechanisms Many borrowed from others & the past Foundational: • Russian language • Humanitarian cooperation “Compatriots abroad”
- 9. Example: Ukraine/Crimea #Euromaidan seen as Western intervention Threat to Russian interests Large Russian/Russian-speaking population Vast network of cultural/social diasporan orgs. Activated to promote Russian interests Crimea: success case
- 10. Conclusion “For Russia, soft power doesn’t have to mean being a softy.” Pavel Koshkin & Ksenia Smertina, Russia Direct, March 17, 2014