The document contains information about orthographic projections including front, top, and side views. It provides definitions and formulas for calculating the area of different views. Examples are given of different geometric solids showing their front, top, and side views along with guidelines for reading orthographic drawings based on analyzing surfaces and solids.

1. 50
mm
Plan (P)
Or
Top view
FV = L x H
TV = L x W
SV = W x H
HEIGHT TOP VIEW
H
W L

2. X Y
X1
Y1
FRONT VIEW
ELEVATION
TOP VIEW
PLAN
SIDE VIEW
FV = L x H
TV = L x W
SV = W x H
LENGTH
HEIGHT
WIDTH
50
mm
50
mm
50 mm

5. F
F
F
S
S

6. F
F
F
T
T
T
T
S
S

13. Front view
I, J, K, L and M
Top view
A, B, H and M
Side view
C, D, E, F, G, and H
X
Z
Y
Side view
Top view
Front view
Very
Important
Problem

15. 20

46. PROBLEM 01

51. PROBLEM 02

56. PROBLEM 03

61. PROBLEM 04

66. PROBLEM 05

71. PROBLEM 06

76. PROBLEM 07

81. PROBLEM 08

86. PROBLEM 09

91. PROBLEM 10

101. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
PROBLEMS

102. Length = 63 mm
Height = 37 + 10
= 47 mm
Width = 40 mm
F.V. = L x H
= 63 x 47
T.V. = L x W
= 63 x 40
S.V. = W x H
= 40 x 47
QB 1

104. X
R.H.S.V. F.V.
T.V. L.H.S.V.

105. X
R.H.S.V. F.V.
T.V. L.H.S.V.

106. X Y
X1
Y1
F.V.
T.V.
R.H.S.V.

107. Section Plane
OR
Cutting Plane
Retained Part of Solid
Cutting Plane cuts the Solid Lengthwise.

109. X Y
X1
Y1
T.V.
R.H.S.V.
A A
F.V.

110. Cutting Plane cuts the Solid Crosswise.

111. Pictorial view of the object is as shown in fig.
Draw 1) Front View in direction of Arrow X
2) Top View 3) Right hand side view.
X
X
QB 2

112. H
=
44
H
=
44
L = 86
W = 44
W
=
44
T.V
F.V
R.H.S.V.
L = 86
X
X1
Y
Y1

116. Analysis by SOLIDS
ORTHOGRAPHIC READING

117. EXAMPLE A
Given
Front View
Rectangular prism
Hole
Primitive solid geometry

118. Given
Rectangular prism
Primitive solid geometry
Front View
Cylinder
EXAMPLE B

119. Given
Cylinder with a blind
hole.
Primitive solid geometry
L-shaped with round
end
Hole
EXAMPLE C

120. Composition
Wedge
Given
EXAMPLE D

121. Composition
Given
EXAMPLE D
L-shaped block
Wedge

122. Analysis by Surfaces
ORTHOGRAPHIC READING

123. GUIDANCE 1
Adjacent areas that are not lie in the same plane must
be separated by lines.
Different plane
Line
exists
Edge view
Same plane
Edge view

124. Top view
A
B
C
EXAMPLE
All surfaces A, B and
C are not lie in the
same plane.
Some of possible objects’ shape.
A
B
C
A
B
C
A
C
B

125. GUIDANCE 2
Areas that show a similar shape in more than one
view is the same surface.
Similar shape

126. GUIDANCE 2
Areas that show a similar shape in more than one
view is the same surface.

127. Similar shape
Similar
shape
EXAMPLE A

128. EXAMPLE A

129. EXAMPLE A

130. EXAMPLE B

131. EXAMPLE B

132. EXAMPLE B

133. EXAMPLE B

134. EXAMPLE B