ORGANIZATIONAL QUALITY PLAN 9
This case study will ask you to use the DMAIC process for your process improvement project. The basis of this case study will follow Table 13-2 in your textbook, the Six Sigma process,
DMAIC:
1. Define the project goals and customer (internal and external) deliverables.
2. Measure the process to determine current performance.
3. Analyze and determine the root causes of the defects.
4. Improve the process by eliminating defects.
5. Control future process performance.
Provide at least one paragraph for each DMAIC step as noted above. Be creative and apply research, course concepts, tools, and techniques to help improve your process. Requirements of Submission: The case study assignments must follow these formatting guidelines: double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one- inch margins. Each case study should be one to two pages in length. Include at least two sources of research and follow APA guidelines for citations and references.
For this case study, use one or both of the following process improvements:
1. check sheet to collect data on the frequency or patterns of the events, problems, defects, defect location, defect causes, etc to narrow down the root cause of the issues and identify corrective action
2. cause and effect analysis by Ishikawa
The basis of this case study will be based on the following:
A Closer look At Quality 13-2 D in Action
While Kevin Colby was working on a Six Sigma project at the Truck Components Automated Products Division of Eaton Corporation, the company was examining cost-savings opportunities. The division produced transmissions that included speed sensors, which measure shaft speeds and work in conjunc- tion with the gears produced by the Cleveland, Ohio-based company. The gears with holes caused signal fluctuations that affected the sensors. Two electronic control units (ECUs) with different circuit speeds were manufactured to allow the sensor to work with both types of gears.
Engineers within the division’s design group who were involved with the gear project realized that they could simultaneously have an impact on two divisions. Jerry Ganski, principal engineer who led the effort to eliminate the second ECU, said, “We realized that removal of the holes in the gears would allow the Automated Products Division to eliminate the special ECU we had to manufacture to deal with the holes. We now use a common ECU for all our platforms and thus save the money it took to build, stock, and handle two ECU styles where the only difference between them was the speed sensor circuit. The savings is estimated at approximately 12 percent.” Based on the improvements realized from these three projects, Eaton is investigating other gear-related projects for potential improvement opportunities
Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 56–67
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Biological Conservation
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m .
This document presents the design of an aquaponic food production system for a backyard in Barbados. The system is designed to optimize food production from fish and plants. Tilapia are selected as the fish species due to their hardiness. Basil, okra and coconut husk are chosen as the plant crops based on nutritional requirements and suitability for the climate. The design details the stocking densities, water flow rates, and system components to balance the needs of the fish and plants. A cost-benefit analysis finds the system will produce over 500kg of fish and hundreds of kilograms of vegetables annually, offsetting initial costs within a few years.
This document summarizes a thesis that investigated two topics: 1) A finite element analysis of the humerus bone under impact loading at the distal end, and 2) An analysis of the mechanical effect of rehydrating dehydrated bone samples. For the first study, a 3D CAD model of the humerus was created and analyzed using ANSYS under static and dynamic loading conditions to determine shear stresses. The second study involved mechanically testing rat femur bone samples before and after dehydration/rehydration to see if rehydration restored mechanical properties. The results of both studies provide information relevant to numerical modeling of bone and the effects of dehydration/rehydration on bone properties.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 214 (2015) 96–106C.docxgalerussel59292
This document reviews the direct and indirect effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on agro-ecosystem processes. It finds that most effects of GMOs are indirect and result from associated changes in management rather than direct effects of the GMOs themselves. Conflicting results are frequently reported on the performance and effects of GMOs, particularly regarding crop yield and impacts on soil organisms. Little evidence suggests GM traits affect ecosystem processes through different mechanisms than conventional breeding. However, knowledge of trait-specific effects, especially long-term effects, remains limited.
This document introduces the Eco-Schools USA program, which aims to educate students about sustainability. It is part of an international program involving over 50 countries. The US program uses a seven step framework to guide schools in developing and implementing sustainable initiatives. Students focus on certain "pathways" or topics, including energy and climate change. Schools can apply for bronze, silver, or green flag awards for their efforts. The introduction emphasizes the importance of educating students about energy and climate change issues so they can address these challenges as future leaders.
This document discusses how natural environmental factors can impact the immune function of teleost fish. It reviews how temperature, oxygen levels, acidity, salinity, and particulates in the surrounding environment can influence a fish's immune response. Specifically, it summarizes recent studies that have found higher water temperatures tend to increase antibody levels and the expression of immune genes in various fish species. The immune response of fish appears to rely more on non-specific immunity at lower temperatures and specific immunity at higher temperatures.
Could our depleted marine environment be restored? What would be involved? Could the problems with persistent oceanic debris cause problems for eons? Are the massive oceanic garbage patches a blessing in disguise as we run low on oil? Is it possible to construct a vessel made in part from this pollution, an enormous vessel that is suitable for marine aquaculture in the deep sea? Its all here folks! :)
Climate change is expected to impact the interactions between plants, insects pests, and natural enemies through effects on phenology and physiology. Warmer conditions may enhance shifts in the developmental timing of grapevines, the grape berry moth (2nd trophic level), and its egg parasitoid (3rd trophic level). This could affect their synchrony and biological control. Models are needed to quantify potential changes in synchrony patterns, timing, and spatial distributions under future climates. Understanding impacts on tritrophic relations is important for adapting integrated pest management strategies.
This document provides an overview of the book "Drip Irrigation" by Samuel Dasberg and Dani Or. The book covers topics related to drip irrigation system components, soil water and salt modeling, system design considerations, monitoring and management, and practical applications. It aims to bridge knowledge across different disciplines involved in drip irrigation, including soil physics, agronomy, hydraulics engineering, and system design. The book provides information on emitters, laterals, main lines, filters, fertilizing systems, automation, modeling of soil water and solute movement, effects of variability, filtration and fertigation design, monitoring methods, and case studies of drip irrigation applications in various crops.
This document presents the design of an aquaponic food production system for a backyard in Barbados. The system is designed to optimize food production from fish and plants. Tilapia are selected as the fish species due to their hardiness. Basil, okra and coconut husk are chosen as the plant crops based on nutritional requirements and suitability for the climate. The design details the stocking densities, water flow rates, and system components to balance the needs of the fish and plants. A cost-benefit analysis finds the system will produce over 500kg of fish and hundreds of kilograms of vegetables annually, offsetting initial costs within a few years.
This document summarizes a thesis that investigated two topics: 1) A finite element analysis of the humerus bone under impact loading at the distal end, and 2) An analysis of the mechanical effect of rehydrating dehydrated bone samples. For the first study, a 3D CAD model of the humerus was created and analyzed using ANSYS under static and dynamic loading conditions to determine shear stresses. The second study involved mechanically testing rat femur bone samples before and after dehydration/rehydration to see if rehydration restored mechanical properties. The results of both studies provide information relevant to numerical modeling of bone and the effects of dehydration/rehydration on bone properties.
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 214 (2015) 96–106C.docxgalerussel59292
This document reviews the direct and indirect effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on agro-ecosystem processes. It finds that most effects of GMOs are indirect and result from associated changes in management rather than direct effects of the GMOs themselves. Conflicting results are frequently reported on the performance and effects of GMOs, particularly regarding crop yield and impacts on soil organisms. Little evidence suggests GM traits affect ecosystem processes through different mechanisms than conventional breeding. However, knowledge of trait-specific effects, especially long-term effects, remains limited.
This document introduces the Eco-Schools USA program, which aims to educate students about sustainability. It is part of an international program involving over 50 countries. The US program uses a seven step framework to guide schools in developing and implementing sustainable initiatives. Students focus on certain "pathways" or topics, including energy and climate change. Schools can apply for bronze, silver, or green flag awards for their efforts. The introduction emphasizes the importance of educating students about energy and climate change issues so they can address these challenges as future leaders.
This document discusses how natural environmental factors can impact the immune function of teleost fish. It reviews how temperature, oxygen levels, acidity, salinity, and particulates in the surrounding environment can influence a fish's immune response. Specifically, it summarizes recent studies that have found higher water temperatures tend to increase antibody levels and the expression of immune genes in various fish species. The immune response of fish appears to rely more on non-specific immunity at lower temperatures and specific immunity at higher temperatures.
Could our depleted marine environment be restored? What would be involved? Could the problems with persistent oceanic debris cause problems for eons? Are the massive oceanic garbage patches a blessing in disguise as we run low on oil? Is it possible to construct a vessel made in part from this pollution, an enormous vessel that is suitable for marine aquaculture in the deep sea? Its all here folks! :)
Climate change is expected to impact the interactions between plants, insects pests, and natural enemies through effects on phenology and physiology. Warmer conditions may enhance shifts in the developmental timing of grapevines, the grape berry moth (2nd trophic level), and its egg parasitoid (3rd trophic level). This could affect their synchrony and biological control. Models are needed to quantify potential changes in synchrony patterns, timing, and spatial distributions under future climates. Understanding impacts on tritrophic relations is important for adapting integrated pest management strategies.
This document provides an overview of the book "Drip Irrigation" by Samuel Dasberg and Dani Or. The book covers topics related to drip irrigation system components, soil water and salt modeling, system design considerations, monitoring and management, and practical applications. It aims to bridge knowledge across different disciplines involved in drip irrigation, including soil physics, agronomy, hydraulics engineering, and system design. The book provides information on emitters, laterals, main lines, filters, fertilizing systems, automation, modeling of soil water and solute movement, effects of variability, filtration and fertigation design, monitoring methods, and case studies of drip irrigation applications in various crops.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATIONENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF DISPERSED GENERATION
This thesis examines the effects of food, fire, herbicide, and predation on small mammal populations in a longleaf pine ecosystem through capture-mark-recapture studies of the southern flying squirrel and cotton mice/rat. For southern flying squirrels, apparent monthly survival was estimated to be 0.84 on average, with higher survival for adults than juveniles. Prescribed fire had a positive effect on survival, increasing it for a period of up to 6 months after a burn. Food supplementation and predator exclusion did not significantly influence survival. Studies of cotton mice and rats found their survival was impacted by prescribed fire and herbicide application.
This document summarizes the optimization of an aquaponic food production system designed for backyard use in Barbados. The system combines aquaculture and hydroponics to grow fish and plants together. Key aspects of the design include stocking the system with tilapia fish and selecting basil, okra and coconut husk as crops. The system is designed to have a fish tank, grow beds, sump tank and aeration to circulate the water. A cost-benefit analysis finds the system results in profitable fish and vegetable production with reasonable initial and annual costs.
Cobo et al. nutrient balances in african land use systems across different ...Adam Ga
This document reviews approaches to calculating nutrient balances across different spatial scales in African land use systems. It identifies 57 peer-reviewed studies reporting nutrient balance data and analyzes trends. Most balances were calculated at plot and farm scales in East Africa. On average, balances were negative for nitrogen and potassium but not consistently so for phosphorus. Balances varied between wealthier and poorer farmers' systems. Significant methodological differences between studies made inter-scale comparisons difficult. Major challenges in scaling up balances included how to aggregate and account for nutrient flows between scales as well as issues of non-linearity and spatial variability. Overall, scaling up methods remain limited despite some initiatives. Improved methods are needed to better inform nutrient management and policy decisions across scales
This document provides an introduction to a research proposal that will assess the effects of climatic variability on tea production in Kericho County, Kenya. It discusses how climate variability can impact agricultural production and the Kenyan tea industry. The study will focus on Finlay's tea estates and examine how variations in rainfall and temperature over the past 25 years have affected tea production levels. The objectives are to determine the impacts of rainfall, temperature, and adaptation strategies on output. The findings could help the tea industry better understand production challenges and improve management. Some limitations include generalizing to all tea growing areas and accessing accurate long-term climate data.
MSc Thesis: Ecosystem Services of Tropical Silvopastoral SystemsHyeonju (Callie) Ryu
This master's thesis examines the ecosystem services provided by tropical silvopastoral systems in Costa Rica. It analyzes the economic value of ecosystem services from silvopastoral systems in the Jesus Maria River Watershed, including provision of food and fiber and carbon regulation. Surveys of farmers found silvopastoral systems provide ecosystem services worth $3,318.7/ha/year. Carbon sequestration services comprised 85% of total value, while provision of timber and non-timber products made up the remaining 15%. The study also identified trade-offs between carbon regulation, biodiversity, and milk production. Socioeconomic factors like income dependency on livestock and access to technical support influenced farmers' adoption
This document summarizes a study on micro-CT scanning of bones conducted by Aikaterini Stamou. It discusses the structure and composition of bone tissue, measurement of physical and mechanical bone properties using micro-CT scanning, and factors that can affect these measurements. The study involved micro-CT scanning of bone samples to analyze structural parameters and validate measurement techniques against literature reviews on assessing bone properties with micro-CT and finite element modeling.
Plant functional indicators assessing machair community response to pressuresDanny Heneghan
The document discusses plant functional traits in machair grassland communities in Ireland. It aims to determine if functional traits can describe changes in community composition from anthropogenic or environmental pressures. It analyzes functional diversity, richness, and CSR strategy data from six machair sites studied previously. Preliminary results found grazing at all sites, with low functional diversity attributed to overgrazing and erosion. CSR strategies highlighted disturbance from grazing and environmental stress from erosion as controlling factors. The implications are the need for action to address the decline in functional diversity and degradation of machair condition. More protection is needed to prevent year-round overgrazing, which is widespread despite grazing being necessary for machair.
This document provides an introduction and overview of bio-based plastics, including materials and applications. It is edited by Navodita Bhatnagar and published by Arcler Press. The document includes chapters on various bio-based plastic materials like starch, cellulose, chitin, lignin, lipids, lactic acid and their production, properties and applications. It also discusses sustainability aspects of bio-based plastics.
Jinhua_Xi_PhD_Thesis_Phototetachment_of_Negative_Atomic_IonsJeff Jinhua Xi
This document provides information to users about how manuscripts are reproduced from microfilm masters for distribution. It notes that the quality of reproductions depends on the quality of copies submitted. Issues like poor print, images, or formatting can adversely affect the reproduction. In rare cases, missing pages or removed copyright material will be noted. Oversize materials are reproduced by sectioning. Photographs are reproduced using xerography.
This thesis investigates the local mechanical environment of bone at the cellular level and its relationship to gene expression and remodeling activity. Specifically, it develops computational tools to analyze experimental data from a mouse study. The tools extract strain energy density values from specific volumes of interest within trabecular bone regions and correlate these local mechanical measures with corresponding gene expression data. Analyzing local remodeling patterns over time helps identify trends in bone formation and resorption within regions. The goal is to gain insights into the local mechanosensing capacity of osteocytes and their role in orchestrating the bone remodeling process.
This document summarizes a thesis that studied the impact of ultraviolet energy on strawberry shelf life. It discusses how UV energy was applied using a UV tunnel designed to emit UV light at 253.7 nanometers. A literature review identified common pathogens that affect strawberry shelf life such as gray mold and various rots. A preliminary test was conducted to determine effective UV treatment levels, which were then used in a full test. Results showed that UV treatment significantly extended strawberry shelf life compared to the control, with average shelf lives ranging from 17.25 to 20.9 days for treated berries versus 14.9 days for untreated berries. Statistical analysis confirmed the treatments resulted in a significant increase in shelf life. The study demonstrates that UV
The World’s biodiversity is in serious decline. We do not know the total number of species that were on this planet, say, at the beginning of the Second millennium, but by the beginning of the Third, we have identified 1.4 million species and we think there are at least 20 million, based upon individual studies of trees in rain forest for example and estimates of ecosystem diversity. How can we measure the usefulness of species to us and how many of them do we need to maintain the Biosphere sustainably?
This document provides a user manual for EPANET 2, a water distribution system modeling software developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It describes both the hydraulic and water quality modeling capabilities of EPANET 2. The manual explains how to install and use the basic functions of EPANET 2, including how to build a network model, set node and link properties, run hydraulic and water quality simulations, and view results. It serves as a guide for utilities and others to understand and utilize EPANET 2 to model water flow and quality in distribution systems.
This document summarizes a graduate research project report that applied systems thinking to understand deforestation in Vietnam's Central Highlands. The report developed a conceptual model of the dynamic interrelationships among drivers of deforestation in the region. It identified population growth, agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, poverty, and weak forest governance as key reinforcing processes that exacerbate deforestation. Current policies around migration, agriculture, hydropower, and afforestation were found to unintentionally worsen deforestation. The report argues a suite of integrated interventions is needed to weaken the reinforcing processes, including sustainable farming practices, alternative energy sources, strengthened forest protection programs, alternative livelihoods, and restricted timber extraction.
The report proposes solutions for managing organic waste in the rural township of Bambui, Cameroon. It evaluates various design options and selects a dry and press machine to compress dried organic waste into briquettes for fuel. The machine will help address Bambui's waste problems by reducing organic materials going to open landfills and providing an alternative fuel source. The report details the machine's construction, analyzes costs and benefits, and discusses engaging stakeholders and the community. It recommends the design as an effective and feasible way to improve Bambui's waste management and environmental issues.
This document provides a user's manual for version 5.0 of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). SWMM is a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation model used to simulate urban flooding, combined and sanitary sewer overflows, and other water quality issues. The manual describes SWMM's conceptual modeling framework including its representation of drainage systems, hydrologic processes, water quality constituents, and computational methods. It also provides guidance on using SWMM's interface and capabilities for setting up simulation projects, drawing drainage system schematics, running simulations, and reviewing results.
This document reviews the major impacts of climate change on agriculture and forestry in Europe. It finds that the growing season for agricultural crops has lengthened across much of Europe, increasing yields but also insect populations. Crop cycles and water needs may change as temperatures rise. Forest growth has increased in central Europe due to warming, but heat waves threaten biomass production. Fire danger is projected to rise with climate change, endangering forests. Adaptation will be important to counter climate impacts on these sectors.
This document is the thesis submitted by Shuokai Pan for the MSc in Sound and Vibration at the University of Southampton in December 2013. The thesis investigates removing movement artefact from ECG signals recorded from human subjects using adaptive filtering techniques. The thesis includes chapters that provide an introduction to ECG basics and artefacts, review adaptive filter theories and their potential application to motion artefact reduction, describe the experimental setup and procedures for acquiring ECG data with induced motion, apply adaptive filters to the data and evaluate their performance, and discuss conclusions and suggestions for future work.
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders .docxgerardkortney
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders in a correctional treatment or supervision program.
· Describe the effect of group dynamics on facilitating programs.
· Describe techniques for establishing a therapeutic environment.
Generalist Case Management
Woodside and McClam
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/books/9781483342047/pageid/44
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323128800
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483342047
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781133795247
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259760413
Use book and two outside sources.
At least 100 words per question
THANKS
1 The Role of the Correctional Counselor CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify the functions and parameters of the counseling process. 2. Discuss the competing interests between security and counseling in the correctional counseling process. 3. Know common terms and concerns associated with custodial corrections. 4. Understand the role of the counselor as facilitator. 5. Identify the various personal characteristics associated with effective counselors. 6. Be aware of the impact that burnout can have on a counselor’s professional performance. 7. Identify the various means of training and supervision associated with counseling. PART ONE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND CORRECTIONS There are many myths concerning the concept of counseling. Although the image of the counseling field has changed dramatically over the past two or three decades, much of society still views counseling and therapy as a mystic process reserved for those who lack the ability to handle life issues effectively. While the concept of counseling is often misunderstood, the problem is exacerbated when attempting to introduce the idea of correctional counseling. Therefore, the primary goal of this chapter is to provide a working definition of correctional counseling that includes descriptions of how and when it is carried out. In order to understand the concept of correctional counseling, however, the two words that derive the concept must first be defined: “corrections” and “counseling.” In addition, a concerted effort is made to identify the myriad of legal and ethical issues that pertain to counselors working with offenders. It is very difficult to identify a single starting point for the counseling profession. In essence, there were various movements occurring simultaneously that later evolved into what we now describe as counseling. One of the earliest connections to the origins of counseling took place in Europe during the Middle Ages (Brown & Srebalus, 2003). The primary objective was assisting individuals with career choices. This type of counseling service is usually described by the concept of “guidance.” In the late 1800s Wilhelm Wundt and G. Stanley Hall created two of the first known psychological laboratories aimed at studying and treating individuals with psychological and e.
· Debates continue regarding what constitutes an appropriate rol.docxgerardkortney
· Debates continue regarding what constitutes an appropriate role for the judiciary. Some argue that federal judges have become too powerful and that judges “legislate from the bench.”
1. What does it mean for a judge to be an activist?
2. What does it mean for a judge to be a restrainist?
· Although conservatives had long complained about the activism of liberal justices and judges, in recent years conservative judges and justices have been likely to overturn precedents and question the power of elected institutions of government.
3. When is judicial activism appropriate? Explain.
· To defenders of the right to privacy, it is implicitly embodied in the Constitution in the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments. To opponents, it is judge-made law because there is no explicit reference to it under the Constitution. The right to privacy dates back to at least 1890, when Boston attorneys Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis equated it with the right to be left alone from journalists who engaged in yellow journalism.
4. In short, do you believe a right to privacy exists in the federal Constitution. Why or why not?
.
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This thesis examines the effects of food, fire, herbicide, and predation on small mammal populations in a longleaf pine ecosystem through capture-mark-recapture studies of the southern flying squirrel and cotton mice/rat. For southern flying squirrels, apparent monthly survival was estimated to be 0.84 on average, with higher survival for adults than juveniles. Prescribed fire had a positive effect on survival, increasing it for a period of up to 6 months after a burn. Food supplementation and predator exclusion did not significantly influence survival. Studies of cotton mice and rats found their survival was impacted by prescribed fire and herbicide application.
This document summarizes the optimization of an aquaponic food production system designed for backyard use in Barbados. The system combines aquaculture and hydroponics to grow fish and plants together. Key aspects of the design include stocking the system with tilapia fish and selecting basil, okra and coconut husk as crops. The system is designed to have a fish tank, grow beds, sump tank and aeration to circulate the water. A cost-benefit analysis finds the system results in profitable fish and vegetable production with reasonable initial and annual costs.
Cobo et al. nutrient balances in african land use systems across different ...Adam Ga
This document reviews approaches to calculating nutrient balances across different spatial scales in African land use systems. It identifies 57 peer-reviewed studies reporting nutrient balance data and analyzes trends. Most balances were calculated at plot and farm scales in East Africa. On average, balances were negative for nitrogen and potassium but not consistently so for phosphorus. Balances varied between wealthier and poorer farmers' systems. Significant methodological differences between studies made inter-scale comparisons difficult. Major challenges in scaling up balances included how to aggregate and account for nutrient flows between scales as well as issues of non-linearity and spatial variability. Overall, scaling up methods remain limited despite some initiatives. Improved methods are needed to better inform nutrient management and policy decisions across scales
This document provides an introduction to a research proposal that will assess the effects of climatic variability on tea production in Kericho County, Kenya. It discusses how climate variability can impact agricultural production and the Kenyan tea industry. The study will focus on Finlay's tea estates and examine how variations in rainfall and temperature over the past 25 years have affected tea production levels. The objectives are to determine the impacts of rainfall, temperature, and adaptation strategies on output. The findings could help the tea industry better understand production challenges and improve management. Some limitations include generalizing to all tea growing areas and accessing accurate long-term climate data.
MSc Thesis: Ecosystem Services of Tropical Silvopastoral SystemsHyeonju (Callie) Ryu
This master's thesis examines the ecosystem services provided by tropical silvopastoral systems in Costa Rica. It analyzes the economic value of ecosystem services from silvopastoral systems in the Jesus Maria River Watershed, including provision of food and fiber and carbon regulation. Surveys of farmers found silvopastoral systems provide ecosystem services worth $3,318.7/ha/year. Carbon sequestration services comprised 85% of total value, while provision of timber and non-timber products made up the remaining 15%. The study also identified trade-offs between carbon regulation, biodiversity, and milk production. Socioeconomic factors like income dependency on livestock and access to technical support influenced farmers' adoption
This document summarizes a study on micro-CT scanning of bones conducted by Aikaterini Stamou. It discusses the structure and composition of bone tissue, measurement of physical and mechanical bone properties using micro-CT scanning, and factors that can affect these measurements. The study involved micro-CT scanning of bone samples to analyze structural parameters and validate measurement techniques against literature reviews on assessing bone properties with micro-CT and finite element modeling.
Plant functional indicators assessing machair community response to pressuresDanny Heneghan
The document discusses plant functional traits in machair grassland communities in Ireland. It aims to determine if functional traits can describe changes in community composition from anthropogenic or environmental pressures. It analyzes functional diversity, richness, and CSR strategy data from six machair sites studied previously. Preliminary results found grazing at all sites, with low functional diversity attributed to overgrazing and erosion. CSR strategies highlighted disturbance from grazing and environmental stress from erosion as controlling factors. The implications are the need for action to address the decline in functional diversity and degradation of machair condition. More protection is needed to prevent year-round overgrazing, which is widespread despite grazing being necessary for machair.
This document provides an introduction and overview of bio-based plastics, including materials and applications. It is edited by Navodita Bhatnagar and published by Arcler Press. The document includes chapters on various bio-based plastic materials like starch, cellulose, chitin, lignin, lipids, lactic acid and their production, properties and applications. It also discusses sustainability aspects of bio-based plastics.
Jinhua_Xi_PhD_Thesis_Phototetachment_of_Negative_Atomic_IonsJeff Jinhua Xi
This document provides information to users about how manuscripts are reproduced from microfilm masters for distribution. It notes that the quality of reproductions depends on the quality of copies submitted. Issues like poor print, images, or formatting can adversely affect the reproduction. In rare cases, missing pages or removed copyright material will be noted. Oversize materials are reproduced by sectioning. Photographs are reproduced using xerography.
This thesis investigates the local mechanical environment of bone at the cellular level and its relationship to gene expression and remodeling activity. Specifically, it develops computational tools to analyze experimental data from a mouse study. The tools extract strain energy density values from specific volumes of interest within trabecular bone regions and correlate these local mechanical measures with corresponding gene expression data. Analyzing local remodeling patterns over time helps identify trends in bone formation and resorption within regions. The goal is to gain insights into the local mechanosensing capacity of osteocytes and their role in orchestrating the bone remodeling process.
This document summarizes a thesis that studied the impact of ultraviolet energy on strawberry shelf life. It discusses how UV energy was applied using a UV tunnel designed to emit UV light at 253.7 nanometers. A literature review identified common pathogens that affect strawberry shelf life such as gray mold and various rots. A preliminary test was conducted to determine effective UV treatment levels, which were then used in a full test. Results showed that UV treatment significantly extended strawberry shelf life compared to the control, with average shelf lives ranging from 17.25 to 20.9 days for treated berries versus 14.9 days for untreated berries. Statistical analysis confirmed the treatments resulted in a significant increase in shelf life. The study demonstrates that UV
The World’s biodiversity is in serious decline. We do not know the total number of species that were on this planet, say, at the beginning of the Second millennium, but by the beginning of the Third, we have identified 1.4 million species and we think there are at least 20 million, based upon individual studies of trees in rain forest for example and estimates of ecosystem diversity. How can we measure the usefulness of species to us and how many of them do we need to maintain the Biosphere sustainably?
This document provides a user manual for EPANET 2, a water distribution system modeling software developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It describes both the hydraulic and water quality modeling capabilities of EPANET 2. The manual explains how to install and use the basic functions of EPANET 2, including how to build a network model, set node and link properties, run hydraulic and water quality simulations, and view results. It serves as a guide for utilities and others to understand and utilize EPANET 2 to model water flow and quality in distribution systems.
This document summarizes a graduate research project report that applied systems thinking to understand deforestation in Vietnam's Central Highlands. The report developed a conceptual model of the dynamic interrelationships among drivers of deforestation in the region. It identified population growth, agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, poverty, and weak forest governance as key reinforcing processes that exacerbate deforestation. Current policies around migration, agriculture, hydropower, and afforestation were found to unintentionally worsen deforestation. The report argues a suite of integrated interventions is needed to weaken the reinforcing processes, including sustainable farming practices, alternative energy sources, strengthened forest protection programs, alternative livelihoods, and restricted timber extraction.
The report proposes solutions for managing organic waste in the rural township of Bambui, Cameroon. It evaluates various design options and selects a dry and press machine to compress dried organic waste into briquettes for fuel. The machine will help address Bambui's waste problems by reducing organic materials going to open landfills and providing an alternative fuel source. The report details the machine's construction, analyzes costs and benefits, and discusses engaging stakeholders and the community. It recommends the design as an effective and feasible way to improve Bambui's waste management and environmental issues.
This document provides a user's manual for version 5.0 of the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). SWMM is a dynamic rainfall-runoff simulation model used to simulate urban flooding, combined and sanitary sewer overflows, and other water quality issues. The manual describes SWMM's conceptual modeling framework including its representation of drainage systems, hydrologic processes, water quality constituents, and computational methods. It also provides guidance on using SWMM's interface and capabilities for setting up simulation projects, drawing drainage system schematics, running simulations, and reviewing results.
This document reviews the major impacts of climate change on agriculture and forestry in Europe. It finds that the growing season for agricultural crops has lengthened across much of Europe, increasing yields but also insect populations. Crop cycles and water needs may change as temperatures rise. Forest growth has increased in central Europe due to warming, but heat waves threaten biomass production. Fire danger is projected to rise with climate change, endangering forests. Adaptation will be important to counter climate impacts on these sectors.
This document is the thesis submitted by Shuokai Pan for the MSc in Sound and Vibration at the University of Southampton in December 2013. The thesis investigates removing movement artefact from ECG signals recorded from human subjects using adaptive filtering techniques. The thesis includes chapters that provide an introduction to ECG basics and artefacts, review adaptive filter theories and their potential application to motion artefact reduction, describe the experimental setup and procedures for acquiring ECG data with induced motion, apply adaptive filters to the data and evaluate their performance, and discuss conclusions and suggestions for future work.
Similar to ORGANIZATIONAL QUALITY PLAN 9This case study will ask yo.docx (20)
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders .docxgerardkortney
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders in a correctional treatment or supervision program.
· Describe the effect of group dynamics on facilitating programs.
· Describe techniques for establishing a therapeutic environment.
Generalist Case Management
Woodside and McClam
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/books/9781483342047/pageid/44
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323128800
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483342047
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781133795247
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259760413
Use book and two outside sources.
At least 100 words per question
THANKS
1 The Role of the Correctional Counselor CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify the functions and parameters of the counseling process. 2. Discuss the competing interests between security and counseling in the correctional counseling process. 3. Know common terms and concerns associated with custodial corrections. 4. Understand the role of the counselor as facilitator. 5. Identify the various personal characteristics associated with effective counselors. 6. Be aware of the impact that burnout can have on a counselor’s professional performance. 7. Identify the various means of training and supervision associated with counseling. PART ONE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND CORRECTIONS There are many myths concerning the concept of counseling. Although the image of the counseling field has changed dramatically over the past two or three decades, much of society still views counseling and therapy as a mystic process reserved for those who lack the ability to handle life issues effectively. While the concept of counseling is often misunderstood, the problem is exacerbated when attempting to introduce the idea of correctional counseling. Therefore, the primary goal of this chapter is to provide a working definition of correctional counseling that includes descriptions of how and when it is carried out. In order to understand the concept of correctional counseling, however, the two words that derive the concept must first be defined: “corrections” and “counseling.” In addition, a concerted effort is made to identify the myriad of legal and ethical issues that pertain to counselors working with offenders. It is very difficult to identify a single starting point for the counseling profession. In essence, there were various movements occurring simultaneously that later evolved into what we now describe as counseling. One of the earliest connections to the origins of counseling took place in Europe during the Middle Ages (Brown & Srebalus, 2003). The primary objective was assisting individuals with career choices. This type of counseling service is usually described by the concept of “guidance.” In the late 1800s Wilhelm Wundt and G. Stanley Hall created two of the first known psychological laboratories aimed at studying and treating individuals with psychological and e.
· Debates continue regarding what constitutes an appropriate rol.docxgerardkortney
· Debates continue regarding what constitutes an appropriate role for the judiciary. Some argue that federal judges have become too powerful and that judges “legislate from the bench.”
1. What does it mean for a judge to be an activist?
2. What does it mean for a judge to be a restrainist?
· Although conservatives had long complained about the activism of liberal justices and judges, in recent years conservative judges and justices have been likely to overturn precedents and question the power of elected institutions of government.
3. When is judicial activism appropriate? Explain.
· To defenders of the right to privacy, it is implicitly embodied in the Constitution in the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments. To opponents, it is judge-made law because there is no explicit reference to it under the Constitution. The right to privacy dates back to at least 1890, when Boston attorneys Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis equated it with the right to be left alone from journalists who engaged in yellow journalism.
4. In short, do you believe a right to privacy exists in the federal Constitution. Why or why not?
.
· Critical thinking paper · · · 1. A case study..docxgerardkortney
· Critical thinking paper
·
·
· 1.
A case study.
Deborah Shore, aged 45, works for a small corporation in the Research and Development department.
When she first became a member of the department 15 years ago, Deborah was an unusually creative and productive researcher; her efforts quickly resulted in raises and promotions within the department and earned her the respect of her colleagues. Now, Deborah finds herself less interested in doing research; she is no longer making creative contributions to her department, although she is making contributions to its administration.
She is still respected by the coworkers who have known her since she joined the firm, but not by her younger coworkers.
Analyze the case study from the psychoanalytic, learning, and contextual perspectives: how would a theorist from each perspective explain Deborah's development? Which perspective do you believe provides the most adequate explanation, and why?
2. Interview your mother (and grandmothers, if possible), asking about experiences with childbirth. Include your own experiences if you have had children. Write a paper summarizing these childbirth experiences and comparing them with the contemporary experiences described in the text.
3. Identify a "type" of parent (e.g., single parent, teenage parent, low-income parent, dual-career couple) who is most likely to be distressed because an infant has a "difficult" temperament. Explain why you believe that this type of parent would have particular problems with a difficult infant. Write an informational brochure for the selected type of parent. The brochure should include an explanation of temperament in general and of the difficult temperament in particular, and give suggestions for parents of difficult infants.
4. Plan an educational unit covering nutrition, health, and safety for use with preschoolers and kindergartners. Take into account young children's cognitive and linguistic characteristics. The project should include (1) an outline of the content of the unit; and (2) a description of how the content would be presented, given the intellectual abilities of preschoolers. For example, how long would each lesson be? What kinds of pictures or other audiovisual materials would be used? How would this content be integrated with the children's other activities in preschool or kindergarten?
5. Visit two day care centers and evaluate each center using the information from the text as a guide. Request a fee schedule from each center. Write a paper summarizing your evaluation of each center.
Note:
Unless you are an actual potential client of the center, contact the director beforehand to explain the actual purpose of the visit, obtain permission to visit, and schedule your visit so as to minimize disruption to the center's schedule.
6. Watch some children's television programs and advertising, examine some children's toys and their packaging, read some children's books, and listen to some children's recor.
· Coronel & Morris Chapter 7, Problems 1, 2 and 3
· Coronel & Morris Chapter 8, Problems 1 and 2
A People’s History of Modern Europe
“A fascinating journey across centuries towards the world as we experience it today. ... It is
the voice of the ordinary people, and women in particular, their ideas and actions, protests
and sufferings that have gone into the making of this alternative narrative.”
——Sobhanlal Datta Gupta, former Surendra Nath Banerjee
Professor of Political Science, University of Calcutta
“A history of Europe that doesn’t remove the Europeans. Here there are not only kings,
presidents and institutions but the pulse of the people and social organizations that shaped
Europe. A must-read.”
——Raquel Varela, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
“Lively and engaging. William A Pelz takes the reader through a thousand years of
European history from below. This is the not the story of lords, kings and rulers. It is the
story of the ordinary people of Europe and their struggles against those lords, kings and
rulers, from the Middle Ages to the present day. A fine introduction.”
——Francis King, editor, Socialist History
“This book is an exception to the rule that the winner takes all. It highlights the importance
of the commoners which often is only shown in the dark corners of mainstream history
books. From Hussites, Levellers and sans-culottes to the women who defended the Paris
Commune and the workers who occupied the shipyards during the Carnation revolution in
Portugal. The author gives them their deserved place in history just like Howard Zinn did
for the American people.”
——Sjaak van der Velden, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam
“The author puts his focus on the lives and historical impact of those excluded from
power and wealth: peasants and serfs of the Middle Ages, workers during the Industrial
Revolution, women in a patriarchic order that transcended different eras. This focus not
only makes history relevant for contemporary debates on social justice, it also urges the
reader to develop a critical approach.”
——Ralf Hoffrogge, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
“An exciting story of generations of people struggling for better living conditions, and for
social and political rights. ... This story has to be considered now, when the very notions of
enlightenment, progress and social change are being questioned.”
——Boris Kagarlitsky, director of Institute for globalization studies and social
movements, Moscow, and author of From Empires to Imperialism
“A splendid antidote to the many European histories dominated by kings, businessmen
and generals. It should be on the shelves of both academics and activists ... A lively and
informative intellectual tour-de-force.”
——Marcel van der Linden, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam
A People’s History
of Modern Europe
William A. Pelz
First published 2016 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
www.pluto.
· Complete the following problems from your textbook· Pages 378.docxgerardkortney
· Complete the following problems from your textbook:
· Pages 378–381: 10-1, 10-2, 10-16, and 10-20.
· Pages 443–444: 12-7 and 12-9.
· Page 469: 13-5.
· 10-1 How would each of the following scenarios affect a firm’s cost of debt, rd(1 − T); its cost of equity, rs; and its WACC? Indicate with a plus (+), a minus (−), or a zero (0) whether the factor would raise, lower, or have an indeterminate effect on the item in question. Assume for each answer that other things are held constant, even though in some instances this would probably not be true. Be prepared to justify your answer but recognize that several of the parts have no single correct answer. These questions are designed to stimulate thought and discussion.
Effect on
rd(1 − T)
rs
WACC
a. The corporate tax rate is lowered.
__
__
__
b. The Federal Reserve tightens credit.
__
__
__
c. The firm uses more debt; that is, it increases its debt ratio.
__
__
__
d. The dividend payout ratio is increased.
__
__
__
e. The firm doubles the amount of capital it raises during the year.
__
__
__
f. The firm expands into a risky new area.
__
__
__
g. The firm merges with another firm whose earnings are countercyclical both to those of the first firm and to the stock market.
__
__
__
h. The stock market falls drastically, and the firm’s stock price falls along with the rest.
__
__
__
i. Investors become more risk-averse.
__
__
__
j. The firm is an electric utility with a large investment in nuclear plants. Several states are considering a ban on nuclear power generation.
__
__
__
· 10-2 Assume that the risk-free rate increases, but the market risk premium
· 10-16COST OF COMMON EQUITY The Bouchard Company’s EPS was $6.50 in 2018, up from $4.42 in 2013. The company pays out 40% of its earnings as dividends, and its common stock sells for $36.00.
· a. Calculate the past growth rate in earnings. (Hint: This is a 5-year growth period.)
· b. The last dividend was D0 = 0.4($6.50) = $2.60. Calculate the next expected dividend, D1, assuming that the past growth rate continues.
· c. What is Bouchard’s cost of retained earnings, rs?
· 10-20WACC The following table gives Foust Company’s earnings per share for the last 10 years. The common stock, 7.8 million shares outstanding, is now (1/1/19) selling for $65.00 per share. The expected dividend at the end of the current year (12/31/19) is 55% of the 2018 EPS. Because investors expect past trends to continue, g may be based on the historical earnings growth rate. (Note that 9 years of growth are reflected in the 10 years of data.)
The current interest rate on new debt is 9%; Foust’s marginal tax rate is 40%, and its target capital structure is 40% debt and 60% equity.
· a. Calculate Foust’s after-tax cost of debt and common equity. Calculate the cost of equity as rs = D1/P0 + g.
· b. Find Foust’s WACC
· 12-7SCENARIO ANALYSIS Huang Industries is considering a proposed project whose estimated NPV is $12 million. This estimate assumes that economic conditions wi.
· Consider how different countries approach aging. As you consid.docxgerardkortney
· Consider how different countries approach aging. As you consider different countries, think about the following:
o Do older adults live with their children, or are they more likely to live in a nursing home?
o Are older adults seen as wise individuals to be respected and revered, or are they a burden to their family and to society?
· Next, select two different countries and compare and contrast their approaches to aging.
· Post and identify each of the countries you selected. Then, explain two similarities and two differences in how the countries approach aging. Be specific and provide examples. Use proper APA format and citation. LSW10
.
· Clarifying some things on the Revolution I am going to say som.docxgerardkortney
· Clarifying some things on the Revolution
I am going to say something, and I want you to hear me.
I am a scholar of the Revolution. That's the topic of my dissertation. Please believe me when I say that I know a lot about it.
I also happen to know--and this is well-supported by historians--that the Revolution was a civil war in which, for the first several years, Revolutionaries and Loyalists were evenly matched.
I will repeat that. Evenly matched. Loyalists were not merely too cowardly to fight, and they were not old fogies who hated the idea of freedom. Most had been in the Colonies for generations. Many of them took up arms for their King and their country. And when they lost, you confiscated their homes and they fled with the clothes on their back to Canada, England, and other places of the Empire. Both sides--both sides--committed unspeakable atrocities against civilians whom they disagreed with.
Now, a lot of you love to repeat some very fervent patriotic diatribe about how great the Revolution was. That's not history. That's propaganda. Know the difference.
History has shades of gray. History is complex and ambiguous. Washington, for instance, wore dentures made from the teeth of his slaves. Benjamin Franklin's son was the last royal governor of New Jersey. Did you know that the net tax rate for Americans--they always conveniently leave this out of the textbooks--was between 1.9 and 2.1%, depending on colony.? And that was if they had paid the extra taxes on tea and paper.
And, wait for it, people who support California independence use the same logic and arguments as they did in 1775. Did you know that the Los Angeles and Washington are only a few hundred miles closer than Boston and London? That many of the same issues, point by point, are repeating here in California? So put yourself in those shoes. How many of you would have sided with the Empire (whether American or British) based on the fact that you don't know how this will shake out? Would you call someone who supports Calexit a Patriot? Revolutionary? Nutcase? Who gets to own that word, anyway?
You can choose that you would have supported the revolutionaries--but think. Think about the other side. They matter, and their experiences got to be cleansed out of history to make you feel better about the way the revolutionaries behaved during the War. Acknowledge that they are there, and that their point of view has merit, even if you not agree with it.
· Clarifying Unit III's assignment
I have noticed a few consistent problems with the letter in the Unit III issue. Here are some pointers to make it better.
1. Read the clarifying note I wrote above. Note that the taxes aren't actually as high as you have been led to believe, but the point is that they should not be assigned at all without your consent.
2. Acknowledge that this is a debate, that a certain percentage are radicalized for independence, but there are is also a law-and-order group who find this horrific, and want .
· Chapter 9 – Review the section on Establishing a Security Cultur.docxgerardkortney
· Chapter 9 – Review the section on Establishing a Security Culture. Review the methods to reduce the chances of a cyber threat noted in the textbook. Research other peer-reviewed source and note additional methods to reduce cyber-attacks within an organization.
· Chapter 10 – Review the section on the IT leader in the digital transformation era. Note how IT professionals and especially leaders must transform their thinking to adapt to the constantly changing organizational climate. What are some methods or resources leaders can utilize to enhance their change attitude?
.
· Chapter 10 The Early Elementary Grades 1-3The primary grades.docxgerardkortney
· Chapter 10: The Early Elementary Grades: 1-3
The primary grades are grades 1-3.
Although educational reform has had an effect on all children, it is most apparent in the early elementary years. Reform and change comes from a number of sources and the chapter begins by reminding you of this. Let’s examine a few of these sources...
Diversity. There has been a rise in the number of racial and ethnic minority students enrolled in the nation's public schools; this number will (most likely) continue to rise. Teaching children from different cultures and backgrounds is an important piece to account for when planning curriculum.
Standards. Standards is a reason for reform. We've already looked at standards; these are something you must keep in mind when planning lessons.
Data-Driven Instruction may sound new, but it is not a new concept to you. We’ve done a great deal of discussing the outcomes of test-taking and assessments. You've probably all heard "teaching to the test."
Technology. Today’s students have had much experience with technology, therefore, it’s important to provide them with opportunities to learn with technology. It may take a while for you to be creative and think of ways to use it in your teaching (if you haven’ t been).
Health and Wellness. Obesity is a major concern in this country. Therefore, it is important to make sure that children have the opportunity to be active. Unfortunately, due to the pressure of academics, many schools have been taking physical education/activity time out of the curriculum.
Violence: One issue that I notice this new edition of the text has excluded is violence. However, I think that this topic is important; we need to keep children safe when they are at school. As a result of 9/11 (and, not to mention that many violent events have happened on school campuses in recent years), many school districts now have an emergency system in place that they can easily use if there is any type of incident in which the children’s safety is at risk.
WHAT ARE CHILDREN IN GRADES ONE TO THREE LIKE?
Your text explains that the best way to think of a child’s development during this time is: slow and steady. During this stage, there is not much difference between boys and girls when it comes to physical capabilities. Although it is always important to not stereotype based on one’s gender, it is especially important during these years. These children are also entering into their "tween" years, thus; being sensitive to the children's and parents' needs in regards to such changes is important.
It is important to remember that children in the primary grades are in the Concrete Operations Stage. This stage is children ages 7 to 12. The term operation refers to an action that can be carried out in thought as well as executed materially and that is mentally and physically reversible.
These children are at an age in which they can compare their abilities to their peers. And, therefore, children may develop learned helplessnes.
· Chap 2 and 3· what barriers are there in terms of the inter.docxgerardkortney
· Chap 2 and 3
· what barriers are there in terms of the interpersonal communication model?
Typically, communication breakdowns result from lack of understanding without clarification; often, there wasn't even an attempt at clarification. If barriers to interpersonal communication are not acknowledged and addressed, workplace productivity can suffer.
Language Differences
Interpersonal communication can go awry when the sender and receiver of the message speak a different language -- literally and figuratively. Not everyone in the workplace will understand slang, jargon, acronyms and industry terminology. Instead of seeking clarification, employees might guess at the meaning of the message and then act on mistaken assumptions. Also, misunderstandings may occur among workers who do not speak the same primary language. As a result, feelings may be hurt, based on misinterpretation of words or of body language.
Cultural Differences
Interpersonal communication may be adversely affected by lack of cultural understanding, mis-perception, bias and stereotypical beliefs. Workers may have limited skill or experience communicating with people from a different background. Many companies offer diversity training to help employees understand how to communicate more effectively across cultures and relate to those who may have different background experiences. Similarly, gender barriers can obstruct interpersonal communication if men and women are treated differently, and held to different standards, causing interpersonal conflicts in the workplace.
Personality Differences
Like any skill, some people are better at interpersonal communication than others. Personality traits also influence how well an individual interacts with subordinates, peers and supervisors. Extraversion can be an advantage when it comes to speaking out, sharing opinions and disseminating information. However, introverts may have the edge when it comes to listening, reflecting and remembering. Barriers to interpersonal communication may occur when employees lack self-awareness, sensitivity and flexibility. Such behavior undermines teamwork, which requires mutual respect, compromise and negotiation. Bullying, backstabbing and cut throat competition create a toxic workplace climate that will strain interpersonal relationships.
Generational Differences
Interpersonal communication can be complicated by generational differences in speech, dress, values, priorities and preferences. For instance, there may be a generational divide as to how team members prefer to communicate with one another. If younger workers sit in cubicles, using social networking as their primary channel of communication, it can alienate them from older workers who may prefer face-to-face communication. Broad generalizations and stereotypes can also cause interpersonal rifts when a worker from one generation feels superior to those who are younger or older. Biases against workers based on age can constitute a form of disc.
· Case Study 2 Improving E-Mail Marketing ResponseDue Week 8 an.docxgerardkortney
The document provides a case study and instructions for an assignment on improving the response rate of email marketing. Students are asked to: 1) conduct a design of experiment using the provided data to test cause-and-effect relationships, 2) determine an appropriate graphical display for the results and provide rationale, 3) recommend actions to increase email response rates with rationale, and 4) propose an overall strategy to develop a process model to increase response rates and obtain effective business processes with rationale. The assignment requires a 2-3 page paper following APA formatting guidelines.
· Briefly describe the technologies that are leading businesses in.docxgerardkortney
· Briefly describe the technologies that are leading businesses into the third wave of electronic commerce.
· In about 100 words, describe the function of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Include a discussion of the differences between gTLDs and sTLDs in your answer.
· In one or two paragraphs, describe how the Internet changed from a government research project into a technology for business users.
· In about 100 words, explain the difference between an extranet and an intranet. In your answer, describe when you might use a VPN in either.
· Define “channel conflict” and describe in one or two paragraphs how a company might deal with this issue.
· In two paragraphs, explain why a customer-centric Web site design is so important, yet is so difficult to accomplish.
· In about two paragraphs, distinguish between outsourcing and offshoring as they relate to business processes.
· In about 200 words, explain how the achieved trust level of a company’s communications using blogs and social media compare with similar communication efforts conducted using mass media and personal contact.
· Write a paragraph in which you distinguish between a virtual community and a social networking Web site
· Write two or three paragraphs in which you describe the role that culture plays in the development of a country’s laws and ethical standards.
QUESTION 1
Lakota peoples of the Great Plains are notably:
nomadic and followed the buffalo herds
Sedentary farmers, raising corn, northern beans, and potatoes
peaceful people who tried to live in harmony with neighboring tribes and the environment
religious and employed a variety of psychoactive plants during religious ceremonies
QUESTION 2
Tribal peoples of the Great Plains experienced greater ease at hunting and warfare after the introduction of:
Hotchkiss guns
smokeless gunpowder
horses
Intertribal powwows
all of the above
QUESTION 3
The Apaches and Navajos (Dine’) of the southwestern region of North America speak a language similar to their relatives of northern California and western Canada called:
Yuman
Uto-Aztecan
Tanoan
Athabaskan
Algonkian
QUESTION 4
The Navajo lived in six or eight-sided domed earth dwellings called:
wickiups
kivas
hogans
roadhouses
sweat lodge
QUESTION 5
Pueblo Indians, such as the Zuni and Hopi tribes, are descendants of the ancient people known as the:
Anasazi
Ashkenazi
Athabaskan
Aztecanotewa
Atlantean
2 points
QUESTION 6
1. Kachinas, or spirits of nature, were believed to:
Assist in the growth of crops and send rain
Help defend the Navajo against all foreign invaders
Provide medical assistance to the Hopi when doctors were not available
Combat evil spirits such as Skin-walkers or Diablitos
All of the above
2 points
QUESTION 7
1. The preferred dwellings among the Lakota Sioux were:
wickiups
adobe pueblos
pit houses
teepees
buffalo huts
2 points
QUESTION 8
1. Native Americansbenef.
· Assignment List· My Personality Theory Paper (Week Four)My.docxgerardkortney
· Assignment List
· My Personality Theory Paper (Week Four)
My Personality Theory Paper (Week Four)
DUE: May 31, 2020 11:55 PM
Grade Details
Grade
N/A
Gradebook Comments
None
Assignment Details
Open Date
May 4, 2020 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
My Personality Theory Paper
Instructions:
For this assignment, you will write a paper no less than 7 pages in length, not including required cover and Reference pages, describing a single personality theory from the course readings that best explains your own personality and life choices. You are free to select from among the several theories covered in the course to date but only one theory may be used.
Your task is to demonstrate your knowledge of the theory you choose via descriptions of its key concepts and use of them to explain how you developed your own personality. It is recommended that you revisit the material covered to date to refresh your knowledge of theory details. This is a "midterm" assignment and you should show in your work that you have studied and comprehended the first four weeks of course material. Your submission should be double-spaced with 1 inch margins on all sides of each page and should be free of spelling and grammar errors. It must include source crediting of any materials used in APA format, including source citations in the body of your paper and in a Reference list attached to the end. Easy to follow guides to APA formatting can be found on the tutorial section of the APUS Online Library.
Your paper will include three parts:
I. A brief description of the premise and key components of the theory you selected. You should be thorough and concise in this section and not spend the bulk of the paper detailing the theory, but rather just give enough of a summary of the key points so that an intelligent but uniformed reader would be able to understand its basics. If you pick a more complicated theory, you should expect explaining its premise and key components to take longer than explaining the same for one of the simpler theories but, in either case, focus on the basics and keep in mind that a paper that is almost all theory description and little use of the theory described to explain your own personality will receive a significant point deduction as will the reverse case of the paper being largely personal experience sharing with little linkage to clearly described key theory components.
II. A description of how your chosen theory explains your personality and life choices with supporting examples.
III. A description of the limitations of the theory in explaining your personality or anyone else’s.
NOTE: Although only your instructor will be reading your paper, you should still think about how much personal information you want to disclose. The purpose of this paper is not to get you to share private information, but rather to bring one .
· Assignment List
· Week 7 - Philosophical Essay
Week 7 - Philosophical Essay
DUE: Mar 22, 2020 11:55 PM
Grade Details
Grade
N/A
Gradebook Comments
None
Assignment Details
Open Date
Feb 3, 2020 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
Objective: Students will write a Philosophical Essay for week 7 based on the course concepts.
Course Objectives: 2, 3, & 4
Task:
This 4 - 5 full page (not to exceed 6 pages) Philosophical Essay you will be writing due Week 7 is designed to be a thoughtful, reflective work. The 4 - 5 full pages does not include a cover page or a works cited page. It will be your premier writing assignment focused on the integration and assessment relating to the course concepts. Your paper should be written based on the outline you submitted during week 4 combined with your additional thoughts and instructor feedback. You will use at least three scholarly/reliable resources with matching in-text citations and a Works Cited page. All essays are double spaced, 12 New Times Roman font, paper title, along with all paragraphs indented five spaces.
Details:
You will pick one of the following topics only to do your paper on:
· According to Socrates, must one heed popular opinion about moral matters? Does Socrates accept the fairness of the laws under which he was tried and convicted? Would Socrates have been wrong to escape?
· Consider the following philosophical puzzle: “If a tree falls in the forest and there's no one around to hear it, does it make a sound?” (1) How is this philosophical puzzle an epistemological problem? And (2) how would John Locke answer it?
· Evaluate the movie, The Matrix, in terms of the philosophical issues raised with (1) skepticism and (2) the mind-body problem. Explain how the movie raises questions similar to those found in Plato’s and Descartes’ philosophy. Do not give a plot summary of the movie – focus on the philosophical issues raised in the movie as they relate to Plato and Descartes.
· Socrates asks Euthyphro, “Are morally good acts willed by God because they are morally good, or are they morally good because they are willed by God?” (1) How does this question relate to the Divine Command Theory of morality? (2) What are the philosophical implications associated with each option here?
· Explain (1) the process by which Descartes uses skepticism to refute skepticism, and (2) what first principle does this lead him to? (3) Explain why this project was important for Descartes to accomplish.
Your paper will be written at a college level with an introduction, body paragraphs, a conclusion, along with in-text citations/Works Cited page in MLA formatting. Students will follow MLA format as the sole citation and formatting style used in written assignments submitted as part of coursework to the Humanities Department. Remember - any resource that is listed on the Works Cited page must .
· Assignment 3 Creating a Compelling VisionLeaders today must be .docxgerardkortney
· Assignment 3: Creating a Compelling Vision
Leaders today must be able to create a compelling vision for the organization. They also must be able to create an aligned strategy and then execute it. Visions have two parts, the envisioned future and the core values that support that vision of the future. The ability to create a compelling vision is the primary distinction between leadership and management. Leaders need to create a vision that will frame the decisions and behavior of the organization and keep it focused on the future while also delivering on the short-term goals.
To learn more about organizational vision statements, do an Internet search and review various vision statements.
In this assignment, you will consider yourself as a leader of an organization and write a vision statement and supporting values statement.
Select an organization of choice. This could be an organization that you are familiar with, or a fictitious organization. Then, respond to the following:
· Provide the name and description of the organization. In the description, be sure to include the purpose of the organization, the products or services it provides, and the description of its customer base.
· Describe the core values of the organization. Why are these specific values important to the organization?
· Describe the benefits and purpose for an organizational vision statement.
· Develop a vision statement for this organization. When developing a vision statement, be mindful of the module readings and lecture materials.
· In the vision statement, be sure to communicate the future goals and aspirations of the organization.
· Once you have developed the vision statement, describe how you would communicate the statement to the organizational stakeholders, that is, the owners, employees, vendors, and customers.
· How would you incorporate the communication of the vision into the new employee on-boarding and ongoing training?
Write your response in approximately 3–5 pages in Microsoft Word. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M1_A3.doc. For example, if your name is John Smith, your document will be named SmithJ_M1_A3.doc.
By the due date assigned, deliver your assignment to the Submissions Area.
Assignment 3 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Chose and described the organization. The description included the purpose of the organization, the products or services the organization provides, and the description of its customer base.
16
Developed a vision statement for the organization. Ensured to accurately communicate the goals and aspirations of the organization in the vision statement.
24
Ensured that the incorporation and communication strategy for the vision statement is clear, detailed, well thought out and realistic.
28
Evaluated and explained which values are most important to the organization.
24
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate r.
· Assignment 4
· Week 4 – Assignment: Explain Theoretical Perspectives for Real-life Scenarios
Assignment
Updated
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
For each of the following three scenarios, use a chart format to assess how each traditional theoretical perspective would best explain the situation that a social worker would need to address. You may create your charts in Word or another software program of your choice. An example chart follows the three scenarios.
Scenario 1
You are a hospital social worker who is working with a family whose older adult relative is in end-stage renal failure. There are no advanced directives and the family is conflicted over what the next steps should be.
Scenario 2
You are a caseworker in a drug court. Your client has had three consecutive dirty urine analyses. She is unemployed and has violated her probation order.
Scenario 3
You are a school social worker. A teacher sends her 9-year-old student to you because he reports that he has not eaten in 2 days and there are no adults at home to take care of him.
Chart Example:
Your client, an 11-year-old girl, was removed from home because of parental substance abuse. She is acting out in her foster home, disobeying her foster parents and not following their rules.
Theory
Explanation for Scenario – please respond to the questions below in your explanation
Systems Theory
What systems need to be developed or put in place to support the child? Would Child Protective Services need to become involved? What other systems would support her and a successful outcome for being in foster care?
Generalist Theory
What is the best intervention or therapy to use based on this child’s situation? Given her circumstances, how could you best improve her functioning?
Behavioral Theory
What behaviors are being reinforced? What behaviors are being ignored or punished? What would you suggest to maintain this placement? Would this involve working with the foster parents?
Cognitive Theory
How would you help your client to examine her thinking, emotions, and behavior? What would this entail from a cognitive developmental framework?
Support your assignment with a minimum of three resources.
Length: 3 charts, not including title and reference pages
Your assignment should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards where appropriate. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy.
Assignement 3
State the function of each of the following musculoskeletal system structures: Describe the structures of the musculoskeletal system.
Skeletal muscle
Tendons
Ligaments
Bone
Cartilage
Describe each of the following types of joints:
Ball-and-socket
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
Saddle
Condyloid
Newspaper Rubric
CATEGORY
4
3
2
1
Headline & Byline & images
16 points
Article has a .
· Assignment 2 Leader ProfileMany argue that the single largest v.docxgerardkortney
· Assignment 2: Leader Profile
Many argue that the single largest variable in organizational success is leadership. Effective leadership can transform an organization and create a positive environment for all stakeholders. In this assignment, you will have the chance to evaluate a leader and identify what makes him/her effective.
Consider all the leaders who have affected your life in some way. Think of people with whom you work—community leaders, a family member, or anyone who has had a direct impact on you.
· Choose one leader you consider to be effective. This can be a leader you are personally aware of, or someone you don’t know, but have observed to be an effective leader. Write a paper addressing the following:
· Explain how this leader has influenced you and why you think he or she is effective.
· Analyze what characteristics or qualities this person possesses that affected you most.
· Rate this leader by using a leadership scorecard. This can be a developed scorecard, or one you develop yourself. If you use a developed scorecard, please be sure to cite the sources of the scorecard. Once you have identified your scorecard, rate your leader. You decide what scores to include (for example, scale of 1–5, 5 being the highest) but be sure to assess the leader holistically across the critical leadership competencies you feel are most important (for example, visioning, empowering, strategy development and communication).
· Critique this individual’s skills against what you have learned about leadership so far in this course. Consider the following:
· How well does he/she meet the practices covered in your required readings?
· How well has he/she adapted to the challenges facing leaders today?
· If you could recommend changes to his/her leadership approach, philosophy, and style, what would you suggest? Why?
· Using the assigned readings, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet including general organizational sources like the Wall Street Journal, BusinessWeek, or Harvard Business Review, build a leadership profile of the leader you selected. Include information from personal experiences as well as general postings on the selected leader from Internet sources such as blogs. Be sure to include 2–3 additional resources not already included in the required readings in support of your leadership profile.
Write a 3–5-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
By the due date assigned, deliver your assignment to the Submissions Area.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Explained how this leader has been influential and why you think the leader is effective showing analysis of the leader’s characteristics or qualities.
16
Analyzed the characteristics or qualities the leader possesses that have affected you most..
16
Rated your leader using a leadership scorecard and supported your rationale for your rating.
32
Criti.
· Assignment 1 Diversity Issues in Treating AddictionThe comple.docxgerardkortney
· Assignment 1: Diversity Issues in Treating Addiction
The complexities of working with diverse populations in treating disorders, such as addictions, require special considerations. Some approaches work better with some populations than with others. For example, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) programs are spiritually based and focus on a higher power. Some populations have difficulty with these concepts and are averse to participating in such groups.
Select a population—for example, African Americans; Native Americans; or lesbians, gays, or bisexual individuals. Research your topic by using articles from the supplemental readings for this course or from other resources such as the Web, texts, experience, or other journal articles related to diversity issues and addictions.
Write a three- to five-page paper discussing the following:
· Some specific considerations for working with your chosen population in the area of addiction treatment
· Whether your research indicates that 12-step groups work with this population
· Any special problems associated with this population that make acknowledging the addiction and seeking treatment more difficult
· Any language or other barriers that this population faces when seeking treatment
Prepare your paper in Microsoft Word document format. Name your file M4_A1_LastName_Research.doc, and submit it to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned Follow APA guidelines for writing and citing text.
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Discussed some specific considerations for working with your chosen population in the area of addiction.
8
Discussed whether your research indicates that 12-step groups work with your chosen population.
8
Discussed any special problems associated with this population that make acknowledging the addiction and seeking treatment more difficult .
8
Discussed any language or other barriers that this population faces when seeking treatment.
8
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
4
Total:
36
· M4 Assignment 2 Discussion
Discussion Topic
Top of Form
Due February 9 at 11:59 PM
Bottom of Form
Assignment 2: Discussion Questions
Your facilitator will guide you in the selection of two of the three discussion questions. Submit your responses to these questions to the appropriate Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Through the end of the module, comment on the responses of others.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
You will be attempting two discussion questions in this module; each worth 28 points. The total number of points that can be earned for this assignment is 56.
Minority Groups
Many minority groups experience stress secondary to their social surroundings. For example, a family living in poverty may face frequent violence. Limited income makes meeting the day-to-day need.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
ORGANIZATIONAL QUALITY PLAN 9This case study will ask yo.docx
1. ORGANIZATIONAL QUALITY PLAN 9
This case study will ask you to use the DMAIC process for your
process improvement project. The basis of this case study will
follow Table 13-2 in your textbook, the Six Sigma process,
DMAIC:
1. Define the project goals and customer (internal and external)
deliverables.
2. Measure the process to determine current performance.
3. Analyze and determine the root causes of the defects.
4. Improve the process by eliminating defects.
5. Control future process performance.
Provide at least one paragraph for each DMAIC step as noted
above. Be creative and apply research, course concepts, tools,
and techniques to help improve your process. Requirements of
Submission: The case study assignments must follow these
formatting guidelines: double spacing, 12-point Times New
Roman font, and one- inch margins. Each case study should be
one to two pages in length. Include at least two sources of
research and follow APA guidelines for citations and
references.
For this case study, use one or both of the following process
improvements:
1. check sheet to collect data on the frequency or patterns of the
events, problems, defects, defect location, defect causes, etc to
narrow down the root cause of the issues and identify corrective
action
2. cause and effect analysis by Ishikawa
The basis of this case study will be based on the following:
2. A Closer look At Quality 13-2 D in Action
While Kevin Colby was working on a Six Sigma project at the
Truck Components Automated Products Division of Eaton
Corporation, the company was examining cost-savings
opportunities. The division produced transmissions that
included speed sensors, which measure shaft speeds and work in
conjunc- tion with the gears produced by the Cleveland, Ohio-
based company. The gears with holes caused signal fluctuations
that affected the sensors. Two electronic control units (ECUs)
with different circuit speeds were manufactured to allow the
sensor to work with both types of gears.
Engineers within the division’s design group who were involved
with the gear project realized that they could simultaneously
have an impact on two divisions. Jerry Ganski, principal
engineer who led the effort to eliminate the second ECU, said,
“We realized that removal of the holes in the gears would allow
the Automated Products Division to eliminate the special ECU
we had to manufacture to deal with the holes. We now use a
common ECU for all our platforms and thus save the money it
took to build, stock, and handle two ECU styles where the only
difference between them was the speed sensor circuit. The
savings is estimated at approximately 12 percent.” Based on the
improvements realized from these three projects, Eaton is
investigating other gear-related projects for potential
improvement opportunities
Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 56–67
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Biological Conservation
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c
a t e / b i o c o n
Review
3. The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year
investigation
William F. Laurance a,b,⇑ , José L.C. Camargo a, Regina C.C.
Luizão a,c, Susan G. Laurance a,b,
Stuart L. Pimm d, Emilio M. Bruna e, Philip C. Stouffer f, G.
Bruce Williamson g,
Julieta Benítez-Malvido h, Heraldo L. Vasconcelos i, Kyle S.
Van Houtan d,j, Charles E. Zartman k,
Sarah A. Boyle l, Raphael K. Didham m,n, Ana Andrade a,
Thomas E. Lovejoy o,p,⇑
a Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National
Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA) and Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute, C.P. 478,
Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil
b School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook
University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
c Department of Ecology, National Institute for Amazonian
Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil
d Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University,
Durham, NC 27708, USA
e Center for Latin American Studies and Department of Wildlife
Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL 32611, USA
f School of Renewable Natural Resources and LSU AgCenter,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
g Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
h Center for Ecosystem Research, National Autonomous
University of Mexico (UNAM), Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
i 1nstitute of Biology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU),
C.P. 593, Uberlândia, MG 38400-902, Brazil
j Marine Turtle Assessment Program, NOAA Fisheries,
Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
k Department of Botany, National Institute for Amazonian
4. Research (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil
l Department of Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112,
USA
m School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia,
Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
n CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Centre for Environment and Life
Sciences, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia
o The Heinz Center, 900 17th Street, NW, Suite 700,
Washington, DC 20006, USA
p Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George
Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 11 September 2010
Received in revised form 18 September
2010
Accepted 19 September 2010
Available online 18 October 2010
Keywords:
Amazon
Community dynamics
Ecosystem processes
Edge effects
Habitat fragmentation
Long-term research
Matrix effects
Species extinctions
Tropical forests
0006-3207/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright � 2
doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021
⇑ Corresponding authors. Addresses: School of Mari
4042 1319 (W.F. Laurance). Department of Environme
(T.E. Lovejoy).
5. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (W.F. La
a b s t r a c t
We synthesize findings to date from the world’s largest and
longest-running experimental study of hab-
itat fragmentation, located in central Amazonia. Over the past
32 years, Amazonian forest fragments
ranging from 1 to 100 ha have experienced a wide array of
ecological changes. Edge effects have been
a dominant driver of fragment dynamics, strongly affecting
forest microclimate, tree mortality, carbon
storage, fauna, and other aspects of fragment ecology. However,
edge-effect intensity varies markedly
in space and time, and is influenced by factors such as edge age,
the number of nearby edges, and the
adjoining matrix of modified vegetation surrounding fragments.
In our study area, the matrix has chan-
ged markedly over the course of the study (evolving from large
cattle pastures to mosaics of abandoned
pasture and regrowth forest) and this in turn has strongly
influenced fragment dynamics and faunal per-
sistence. Rare weather events, especially windstorms and
droughts, have further altered fragment ecol-
ogy. In general, populations and communities of species in
fragments are hyperdynamic relative to
nearby intact forest. Some edge and fragment-isolation effects
have declined with a partial recovery of
secondary forests around fragments, but other changes, such as
altered patterns of tree recruitment,
are ongoing. Fragments are highly sensitive to external
vicissitudes, and even small changes in local
land-management practices may drive fragmented ecosystems in
markedly different directions. The
effects of fragmentation are likely to interact synergistically
with other anthropogenic threats such as
10. 1. Introduction
The rapid loss and fragmentation of old-growth forests are
among the greatest threats to tropical biodiversity (Lovejoy et
al.,
1986; Sodhi et al., 2004; Laurance and Peres, 2006). More than
half
of all surviving tropical forest occurs in the Amazon Basin,
which is
being seriously altered by large-scale agriculture (Fearnside,
2001;
Gibbs et al., 2010), industrial logging (Asner et al., 2005),
prolifer-
ating roads (Laurance et al., 2001a; Killeen, 2007), and oil and
gas
developments (Finer et al., 2008).
The exploitation of Amazonia is driving forest fragmentation on
a vast spatial scale. By the early 1990s, the area of Amazonian
for-
est that was fragmented (<100 km2) or vulnerable to edge
effects
(<1 km from edge) was over 150% greater than the area that had
been deforested (Skole and Tucker, 1993). From 1999 to 2002,
deforestation and logging in Brazilian Amazonia respectively
created �32,000 and �38,000 km of new forest edge annually
(Broadbent et al., 2008). Prevailing land uses in Amazonia, such
as cattle ranching and small-scale farming, produce landscapes
dominated by small (<400 ha) and irregularly shaped forest
frag-
ments (Cochrane and Laurance, 2002; Broadbent et al., 2008).
Such
fragments are highly vulnerable to edge effects, fires, and other
deleterious consequences of forest fragmentation (Laurance et
al.,
2002; Barlow et al., 2006; Cochrane and Laurance, 2008).
11. Starting in 1979, the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments
Project (BDFFP) has been assessing the impacts of
fragmentation
on the Amazon rainforest and biota (Lovejoy et al., 1986;
Bierregaard
et al., 1992; Pimm, 1998; Laurance et al., 2002). Today, 32
years later,
it is the world’s largest and longest-running experimental study
of
habitat fragmentation, as well as one of the most highly cited
ecolog-
ical investigations ever conducted (Gardner et al., 2009; Peres
et al.,
2010). As of October 2010, BDFFP researchers had produced
562
publications and 143 completed graduate theses
(http://pdbff.inpa.-
gov.br), focusing on the responses of a wide array of animal and
plant
taxa to fragmentation as well as research on secondary forests,
glo-
bal-change phenomena, and basic forest ecology.
The last general review of forest fragmentation research at the
BDFFP was nearly a decade ago (Laurance et al., 2002), and we
pres-
ent here an updated synthesis. We highlight several key
conclusions
from our last review but emphasize new findings and their
implica-
tions for forest conservation, including recent works by BDFFP
inves-
tigators that encompass large expanses of the Amazon basin.
2. Project background
12. The BDFFP is located 80 km north of Manaus, Brazil and spans
�1000 km2 (Fig. 1). The topography is relatively flat (80–160
m
elevation) but dissected by numerous stream gullies. The
heavily
weathered, nutrient-poor soils of the study area are typical of
large
expanses of the Amazon Basin. Rainfall ranges from 1900 to
3500 mm annually with a moderately strong dry season from
June
to October. The forest canopy is 30–37 m tall, with emergents
to
55 m. Species richness of trees (P10 cm diameter-at-breast-
height) often exceeds 280 species ha�1 (Oliveira and Mori,
1999;
Laurance et al., 2010) with a comparably high level of diversity
also
evident in many other plant and animal taxa.
The study area includes three large cattle ranges (�5000 ha
each) containing 11 forest fragments (five of 1 ha, four of 10
ha,
http://pdbff.inpa.gov.br
http://pdbff.inpa.gov.br
Fig. 1. Map of the BDFFP study area in central Amazonia.
Unshaded areas are mostly intact forest.
58 W.F. Laurance et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011)
56–67
and two of 100 ha), and expanses of nearby continuous forest
that
serve as experimental controls. In the early 1980s, the
13. fragments
were isolated from nearby intact forest by distances of 80–650
m
by clearing and burning the surrounding forest. A key feature
was that pre-fragmentation censuses were conducted for many
animal and plant groups (e.g. trees, understory birds, small
mam-
mals, primates, frogs, many invertebrate taxa), thereby allowing
long-term changes in these groups to be assessed far more
confi-
dently than in most other fragmentation studies.
Because of poor soils and low productivity, the ranches sur-
rounding the BDFFP fragments were largely abandoned.
Secondary
forests (initially dominated by Vismia spp. in areas that were
cleared and burned, or by Cecropia spp. in areas that were
cleared
without fire) proliferated in many formerly cleared areas
(Mesquita
et al., 2001). Some of the regenerating areas initially dominated
by
Cecropia spp. later developed into quite mature (>20 m tall),
species-rich secondary forests. Vismia-dominated regrowth,
which
is relatively species poor, is changing far more slowly (Norden
et al., 2010). To help maintain isolation of the experimental
frag-
ments, 100 m-wide strips of regrowth were cleared and burned
around each fragment on 3–4 occasions, most recently between
1999 and 2001. Additional human disturbances that harm many
fragmented landscapes in the Amazon, such as major fires and
log-
ging, are largely prevented at the BDFFP. Hunting pressure has
been
very limited until recently. Laurance and Bierregaard (1997)
14. and
Bierregaard et al. (2001) provide detailed descriptions of the
study
area and design.
3. Sample and area effects
3.1. Sample effects are important in Amazonia
Many species in Amazonian forests are rare or patchily distrib-
uted. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in the large
expanses of the basin that overlay heavily weathered, nutrient-
poor soils (e.g. Radtke et al., 2008), where resources such as
fruits,
flowers, and nectar are scarce and plants are heavily defended
against herbivore attack (Laurance, 2001). This has a key
implica-
tion for understanding forest fragmentation: given their rarity,
many species may be absent from fragments not because their
populations have vanished, but because they were simply not
pres-
ent at the time of fragment creation—a phenomenon termed the
‘sample effect’ (Wilcox and Murphy, 1985). Such sample
effects
are the hypothesized explanation for the absence of many rare
understory bird species from fragments (Ferraz et al., 2007). In
addition, many beetles (Didham et al., 1998a), bats (Sampaio
et al., 2003), ant-defended plants (Bruna et al., 2005), and trees
(Bohlman et al., 2008; S. Laurance et al., 2010) at the BDFFP
exhibit
high levels of habitat specialization or patchiness. In a region
where rarity and patchy distributions of species are the norm,
sam-
ple effects appear to play a major role in structuring fragmented
communities. Given these sample effects, nature reserves will
have
to be especially large to sustain viable populations of rare
15. species
(Lovejoy and Oren, 1981; Laurance, 2005; Peres, 2005; Radtke
et al., 2008).
3.2. Fragment size is vital
Although fragments range from just 1–100 ha in the BDFFP
study area, understanding fragment-area effects has long been a
central goal of the project (Lovejoy and Oren, 1981; Lovejoy
et al., 1984, 1986). The species richness of many organisms de-
clines with fragment area (e.g. Fig. 2), even with constant
sampling
effort across all fragments. Such declines are evident in leaf
bryophytes (Zartman, 2003), tree seedlings (Benítez-Malvido
and
Martinez-Ramos, 2003a), palms (Scariot, 1999), understory
insec-
tivorous birds (Stratford and Stouffer, 1999; Ferraz et al.,
2007),
primates (Gilbert and Setz, 2001; Boyle and Smith, 2010a), and
lar-
ger herbivorous mammals (Timo, 2003), among others. For
these
groups, smaller fragments are often unable to support viable
pop-
ulations and deleterious edge effects—ecological changes
associ-
ated with the abrupt, artificial edges of forest fragments—
can also rise sharply in intensity (Didham et al., 1998a). A few
groups, such as ant-defended plants and their ant mutualists,
show
no significant decline in diversity with fragment area (Bruna et
al.,
2005).
Fragment size also influences the rate of species losses, with
16. smaller fragments losing species more quickly (Lovejoy et al.,
1986; Stouffer et al., 2008). Assuming the surrounding matrix is
hostile to bird movements and precludes colonization, Ferraz
et al. (2003) estimated that a 1000-fold increase in fragment
area
would be needed to slow the rate of local species extinctions by
10-fold. Even a fragment of 10,000 ha in area would be
expected
to lose a substantial part of its bird fauna within one century
(Fer-
raz et al., 2003). Similarly, mark-recapture data suggest that
very
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
100101
R2=0.975
P
ro
po
rt
17. io
n
ex
tin
ct
Fragment area (ha)
Fig. 2. Fragment-size dependent extinction of understory birds.
Shown are the
mean, minimum, and maximum proportion of bird species
captured in each
fragment in 1992 that were locally extinct in the same fragment
in 2001 (after
Stouffer et al., 2008).
W.F. Laurance et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 56–
67 59
large fragments will be needed to maintain fully intact assem-
blages of some faunal groups, such as ant-following birds,
which
forage over large areas of forest (Van Houtan et al., 2007).
4. Edge effects
4.1. Forest hydrology is disrupted
The hydrological regimes of fragmented landscapes differ mark-
edly from those of intact forest (Kapos, 1989). Pastures or crops
surrounding fragments have much lower rates of evapotranspira-
tion than do forests because they have far lower leaf area and
thus
less rooting depth. Additionally, such clearings are hotter and
18. drier
than forests. Field observations and heat-flux simulations
suggest
that desiccating conditions can penetrate up to 100–200 m into
fragments from adjoining clearings (Malcolm, 1998; Didham
and
Lawton, 1999). Further, streams in fragmented landscapes
experi-
ence greater temporal variation in flows than do those in
forests,
because clearings surrounding fragments have less
evapotranspi-
ration and rainfall interception by vegetation (Trancoso, 2008).
This promotes localized flooding in the wet season and stream
failure in the dry season, with potentially important impacts on
aquatic invertebrates (Nessimian et al., 2008) and other
organisms.
Fig. 3. In fragmented tropical landscapes, clearings can create
localized atmospheric
Forest fragmentation also can alter low-level atmospheric circu-
lation, which in turn affects local cloudiness and rainfall (Fig.
3).
The warm, dry air over clearings tends to rise, creating zones of
low air pressure. The relatively cool, moist air over forests is
drawn
into this vacuum (Avissar and Schmidt, 1998). As it warms it
also
rises and forms convectional clouds over the clearing, which
can
lead to localized thunderstorms (Avissar and Liu, 1996). In this
way, clearings of a few hundred hectares or more can draw
mois-
ture away from nearby forests (Laurance, 2004; Cochrane and
Laurance, 2008). In eastern Amazonia, satellite observations of
canopy-water content suggest such desiccating effects typically
penetrate 1.0–2.7 km into fragmented forests (Briant et al.,
19. 2010).
This moisture-robbing function of clearings, in concert with fre-
quent burning in adjoining pastures, could help explain why
frag-
mented forests are so vulnerable to destructive, edge-related
fires
(Cochrane and Laurance, 2002, 2008).
4.2. Edge effects often dominate fragment dynamics
Edge effects are among the most important drivers of ecological
change in the BDFFP fragments. The distance to which different
edge effects penetrate into fragments varies widely, ranging
from
�10 to 300 m at the BDFFP (Laurance et al., 2002) and
considerably
further (at least 2–3 km) in areas of the Amazon where edge-
related fires are common (Cochrane and Laurance, 2002, 2008;
Briant et al., 2010).
Edge phenomena are remarkably diverse. They include in-
creased desiccation stress, windshear, and wind turbulence that
sharply elevate rates of tree mortality and damage (Laurance
et al., 1997, 1998a). These in turn cause wide-ranging
alterations
in the community composition of trees (Laurance et al., 2000,
2006a, 2006b) and lianas (Laurance et al., 2001b). Such stresses
may also reduce germination (Bruna, 1999) and establishment
(Uriarte et al., 2010) of shade-tolerant plant species in
fragments,
leading to dramatic changes in the composition and abundance
of tree seedlings (Benítez-Malvido, 1998; Benítez-Malvido and
Martinez-Ramos, 2003a).
Many animal groups, such as numerous bees, wasps, flies
(Fowler
20. et al., 1993), beetles (Didham et al., 1998a, 1998b), ants
(Carvalho
and Vasconcelos, 1999), butterflies (Brown and Hutchings,
1997),
and understory birds (Quintela, 1985; S. Laurance, 2004),
decline
in abundance near fragment edges. Negative edge effects are
appar-
ent even along forest roads (20–30 m width) in large forest
tracts.
Among understory birds, for example, five of eight foraging
guilds
circulations that rob nearby forests of moisture (after Laurance
and Peres, 2006).
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 1 2 4
C
S
pe
23. richness (C) of disturbance-loving pioneer trees than do plots
with just one nearby
edge. Values shown are the mean ± SD (after Laurance et al.,
2006a).
60 W.F. Laurance et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011)
56–67
declined significantly in abundance within 70 m of roads,
whereas
tree mortality increased and canopy cover declined (S.
Laurance,
2004).
Some groups of organisms remain stable or even increase in
abundance near edges. Leaf bryophytes (Zartman and
Nascimento,
2006), wandering spiders (Ctenus spp.; Rego et al., 2007;
Mestre and
Gasnier, 2008), and many frogs (Gascon, 1993) show no
significant
response to edges. Species that favor forest ecotones or distur-
bances, such as many gap-favoring and frugivorous bird species
(S. Laurance, 2004), hummingbirds (Stouffer and Bierregaard,
1995a), light-loving butterflies (Leidner et al., 2010), and fast-
growing lianas (Laurance et al., 2001b), increase in abundance
near
edges, sometimes dramatically.
4.3. Edge effects are cumulative
BDFFP research provides strong support for the idea that two or
more nearby edges create more severe edge effects than does
just
one (Fig. 4). This conclusion is supported by studies of edge-
related
changes in forest microclimate (Kapos, 1989; Malcolm, 1998),
24. vegetation structure (Malcolm, 1994), tree mortality (Laurance
et al., 2006a), abundance and species richness of tree seedlings
(Benítez-Malvido, 1998; Benítez-Malvido and Martinez-Ramos,
2003a), liana abundance (Laurance et al., 2001b), and the
density
and diversity of disturbance-loving pioneer trees (Laurance et
al.,
2006a, 2006b, 2007). The additive effects of nearby edges could
help to explain why small (<10 ha) or irregularly shaped forest
remnants are often so severely altered by forest fragmentation
(Zartman, 2003; Laurance et al., 2006a).
4.4. Edge age, structure, and adjoining vegetation influence
edge
effects
When a forest edge is newly created it is open to fluxes of wind,
heat, and light, creating sharp edge-interior gradients in forest
microclimate that stress or kill many rainforest trees (Lovejoy
et al., 1986; Sizer and Tanner, 1999). As the edge ages,
however,
proliferating vines and lateral branch growth tend to ‘seal’ the
edge, making it less permeable to microclimatic changes
(Camargo
and Kapos, 1995; Didham and Lawton, 1999). Tree death from
microclimatic stress is likely to decline over the first few years
after edge creation (D’Angelo et al., 2004) because the edge be-
comes less permeable, because many drought-sensitive
individuals
die immediately, and because surviving trees may acclimate to
drier, hotter conditions near the edge (Laurance et al., 2006a).
Tree
mortality from wind turbulence, however, probably increases as
the edge ages and becomes more closed. This is because, as sug-
gested by wind-tunnel models, downwind turbulence increases
when edges are less permeable (Laurance, 2004).
25. Regrowth forest adjoining fragment edges can also lessen edge-
effect intensity. Microclimatic alterations (Didham and Lawton,
1999), tree mortality (Mesquita et al., 1999), and edge
avoidance
by understory birds (Develey and Stouffer, 2001; S. Laurance,
2004; S. Laurance et al., 2004) are all reduced substantially
when
forest edges are buffered by adjoining regrowth forest, relative
to
edges adjoined by cattle pastures.
5. Isolation and matrix effects
5.1. Matrix structure and composition affect fragments
Secondary forests have gradually overtaken most pastures in
the BDFFP landscape. This lessens the effects of fragmentation
for some taxa as the matrix becomes less hostile to faunal
use and movements. Several species of insectivorous birds that
had formerly disappeared have recolonized fragments as the
surrounding secondary forest grew back (Stouffer and Bierreg-
aard, 1995b). The rate of bird extinction has also declined
(Stouffer et al., 2008). A number of other species, including
cer-
tain forest spiders (Mestre and Gasnier, 2008), dung beetles
(Quintero and Roslin, 2005), euglossine bees (Becker et al.,
1991), and monkeys such as red howlers, bearded sakis, and
brown capuchins (Boyle and Smith, 2010a) have recolonized
some fragments.
The surrounding matrix also has a strong effect on plant com-
munities in fragments by mediating certain edge effects (see
above), influencing the movements of pollinators (Dick, 2001;
Dick
et al., 2003) and seed dispersers (Jorge, 2008; Bobrowiec and
Gri-
26. W.F. Laurance et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 56–
67 61
bel, 2009; Boyle and Smith, 2010a), and strongly affecting the
seed
rain that arrives in fragments. For instance, pioneer trees
regener-
ating in fragments differed strikingly in composition between
frag-
ments surrounded by Cecropia-dominated regrowth and those
encircled by Vismia-dominated regrowth (Nascimento et al.,
2006). In this way plant and animal communities in fragments
could come to mirror to some extent the composition of the sur-
rounding matrix (Laurance et al., 2006a, 2006b), a phenomenon
observed elsewhere in the tropics (e.g. Janzen, 1983; Diamond
et al., 1987).
5.2. Even narrow clearings are harmful
Many Amazonian species avoid clearings, and even a forest
road
can be an insurmountable barrier for some. A number of
understory
insectivorous birds exhibit depressed abundances (S. Laurance,
2004) near forest roads (20–40 m width) and strongly inhibited
movements across those roads (S. Laurance et al., 2004).
Experi-
mental translocations of resident adult birds reveal such bird
spe-
cies will cross a highway (50–75 m width) but not a small
pasture
(250 m width) to return to their territory (S. Laurance and
Gomez,
2005). Individuals of other vulnerable species, however, have
tra-
27. versed clearings to escape from small fragments to larger forest
areas (Harper, 1989; Van Houtan et al., 2007). Captures of
under-
story birds declined dramatically in fragments when a 100 m-
wide
swath of regrowth forest was cleared around them, suggesting
that
species willing to traverse regrowth would not cross clearings
(Stouffer et al., 2006).
Aside from birds, clearings of just 100–200 m width can evi-
dently reduce or halt the movements of many forest-dependent
organisms (Laurance et al., 2009b), ranging from herbivorous
in-
sects (Fáveri et al., 2008), euglossine bees (Powell and Powell,
1987), and dung beetles (Klein, 1989) to the spores of
epiphyllous
lichens (Zartman and Nascimento, 2006; Zartman and Shaw,
2006). Narrow clearings can also provide invasion corridors
into
forests for exotic and nonforest species (Gascon et al., 1999;
Laurance et al., 2009b).
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1 10 100
28. Forest fragments
Intact forest
Te
m
po
ra
l v
ar
ia
bi
lit
y
Fragment or reserve area (ha)
Fig. 5. Elevated temporal variation in butterfly species richness
in fragmented
forests. Shown is an index of variability in species richness for
fragmented and
intact sites sampled in consecutive years (adapted from Leidner
et al., 2010).
6. Landscape dynamics
6.1. Rare disturbances can leave lasting legacies
Rare events such as windstorms and droughts have strongly
influenced the ecology of fragments. Rates of tree mortality
rose
abruptly in fragmented (Laurance et al., 2001c) and intact (Wil-
liamson et al., 2000; S. Laurance et al., 2009a) forests in the
year
29. after the intense 1997 El Niño drought. Such pulses of tree
death
help drive changes in the floristic composition and carbon
storage
of fragments (Laurance et al., 2007). Leaf-shedding by drought-
stressed trees also increases markedly during droughts,
especially
within �60 m of forest edges (Laurance and Williamson, 2001).
This increases the susceptibility of fragments to destructive
surface
fires (Cochrane and Laurance, 2002, 2008).
Intense wind blasts from convectional thunderstorms have
occasionally strafed parts of the BDFFP landscape and caused
in-
tense forest damage and tree mortality, especially in the frag-
ments. Fragments in the easternmost cattle ranch at the BDFFP
have had substantially lower rates of tree mortality than did
those
in the other two ranches, because the former have so far escaped
windstorms (Laurance et al., 2007). These differences have
strongly
influenced the rate and trajectory of change in tree-community
composition in fragments (Laurance et al., 2006b). Hence, by
alter-
ing forest dynamics, composition, structure, and carbon storage,
rare disturbances have left an enduring imprint on the ecology
of
fragmented forests.
6.2. Fragments are hyperdynamic
The BDFFP fragments experience exceptionally large variability
in population and community dynamics, relative to intact forest,
despite being largely protected from ancillary human threats
such
as fires, logging, and overhunting. Being a small resource base,
30. a
habitat fragment is inherently vulnerable to stochastic effects
and external vicissitudes. Species abundances can fluctuate dra-
matically in small communities, especially when immigration is
low and disturbances are frequent (Hubbell, 2001). Edge
effects, re-
duced dispersal, external disturbances, and changing herbivore
or
predation pressure can all elevate the dynamics of plant and ani-
mal populations in fragments (Laurance, 2002, 2008).
Many examples of hyperdynamism have been observed in the
BDFFP fragments. Some butterfly species have experienced dra-
matic population irruptions in response to a proliferation of
their
favored host plants along fragment margins (Brown and
Hutchings,
1997), and butterfly communities in general are hyperdynamic
in
fragments (Fig. 5) (Leidner et al., 2010). Streamflows are far
more
variable in fragmented than forested watersheds (Trancoso,
2008). Rates of tree mortality and recruitment are chronically
ele-
vated in fragments (Laurance et al., 1998a, b), with major
pulses
associated with rare disturbances (see above). Further, tree
species
disappear and turn over far more rapidly in fragments than
intact
forest, especially within �100 m of forest margins (Laurance et
al.,
2006b). These and many other instabilities plague small,
dwindling
populations in the BDFFP fragments.
6.3. Fragments in different landscapes diverge
31. An important insight is that different fragmented landscapes—
even those as alike as the three large cattle ranches in the
BDFFP,
which have very similar forests, soils, climate, fragment ages,
and
land-use histories—can diverge to a surprising degree in species
composition and dynamics. Although spanning just a few dozen
kilometers (Fig. 1), the three ranches are following
unexpectedly
different trajectories of change.
At the outset, small initial differences among the ranches multi-
plied into much bigger differences. Parts of the western and
eastern
ranches were cleared in 1983, when an early wet season
prevented
burning of the felled forest. Tall, floristically diverse Cecropia-
dom-
inated regrowth quickly developed in these areas, whereas areas
cleared in the years just before or after became cattle pastures
or,
eventually, scrubby Vismia-dominated regrowth (Williamson
and Mesquita, 2001). As discussed above, the differing matrix
2
4
6
8
10
32. 12
1 10 100 1000 104
r=0.629, P=0.029
Le
af
h
er
bi
vo
ry
(%
)
Fragment or reserve area (ha)
Fig. 7. In Amazonia, leaf herbivory appears to be depressed in
forest fragments
relative to intact forest (after Fáveri et al., 2008).
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5 Pre-fragmentationWestern Ranch
33. Central Ranch
Eastern Ranch
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Post-fragmentationA
xi
s
2
Axis 1
Fig. 6. Increasing divergence of tree-community composition in
three fragmented
Amazonian landscapes. Tree communities in forest-edge plots
(<100 m from the
nearest edge) are shown before forest fragmentation and 13–18
years after
fragmentation, based on a single ordination of all plots and
censuses in the study
area. The ordination used importance values for all 267 tree
genera found in the
plots (after Laurance et al., 2007).
62 W.F. Laurance et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011)
34. 56–67
vegetation strongly affected the dynamics of plant and animal
com-
munities in the nearby fragments. These differences were
magni-
fied by subsequent windstorms, which heavily damaged most
fragments in the central and western ranches, yet left fragments
in the eastern ranch unscathed. Even identically sized fragments
in the three ranches have had remarkably different dynamics
and
vectors of compositional change (Laurance et al., 2007).
The apparently acute sensitivity of fragments to local landscape
and weather dynamics—even within a study area as initially
homo-
geneous as ours—prompted us to propose a ‘landscape-
divergence
hypothesis’ (Laurance et al., 2007). We argue that fragments
within
the same landscape tend to have similar dynamics and
trajectories
of change in species composition, which will often differ from
those in other landscapes. Over time, this process will tend to
homogenize fragments in the same landscape, and promote eco-
logical divergence among fragments in different landscapes.
Evi-
dence for this hypothesis is provided by tree communities in our
fragments (Fig. 6), which appear to be diverging in composition
among the three cattle ranches. Pioneer and weedy trees are
increasing in all fragments, but the composition of these
generalist
plants and their rate of increase differ markedly among the three
ranches (Scariot, 2001; Laurance et al., 2006a, 2007;
Nascimento
et al., 2006).
7. Broader consequences of fragmentation
35. 7.1. Ecological distortions are common
Many ecological interactions are altered in fragmented forests.
Fragmented communities can pass through unstable transitional
states that may not otherwise occur in nature (Terborgh et al.,
2001). Moreover, species at higher trophic levels, such as
predators
and parasites, are often more vulnerable to fragmentation than
are
herbivores, thereby altering the structure and functioning of
food
webs (Didham et al., 1998b; Terborgh et al., 2001).
BDFFP findings suggest that even unhunted forest fragments
have reduced densities of key mammalian seed dispersers. As a
re-
sult, seed dispersal for an endemic, mammal-dispersed tree
(Duck-
eodendron cestroides) was far lower in fragments, with just
�5% of
the number of seeds being dispersed >10 m away from parent
trees
than in intact forest (Cramer et al., 2007a). Leaf herbivory
appears
reduced in fragments (Fig. 7), possibly because of lower
immigra-
tion of insect herbivores (Fáveri et al., 2008). Dung beetles
exhibit
changes in biomass and guild structure in fragments (Radtke et
al.,
2008) that could alter rates of forest nutrient cycling and
second-
ary seed dispersal (Klein, 1989; Andresen, 2003). Exotic
Africanized
honeybees, a generalist pollinator, are abundant in matrix and
36. edge habitats and can alter pollination distances and gene flow
for some tree species (Dick, 2001; Dick et al., 2003). A
bewildering
variety of ecological distortions can pervade fragmented
habitats,
and a challenge for conservation biologists is to identify those
of
greatest importance and generality.
7.2. Fragmentation affects much more than biodiversity
Habitat fragmentation affects far more than biodiversity and
interactions among species; many ecosystem functions,
including
hydrology (see above) and biochemical cycling, are also being
al-
tered. Among the most important of these are fundamental
changes in forest biomass and carbon storage.
Carbon storage in fragmented forests is affected by a suite of
interrelated changes. Many trees die near forest edges (Laurance
et al., 1997, 1998a), including an alarmingly high proportion of
large (P60 cm dbh) canopy and emergent trees that store much
forest carbon (Laurance et al., 2000). Fast-growing pioneer
trees
and lianas that proliferate in fragments are smaller and have
lower
wood density, and thereby sequester much less carbon, than do
the
mature-phase trees they replace (Laurance et al., 2001b, 2006a).
Based on current rates of forest fragmentation, the edge-related
loss of forest carbon storage might produce up to 150 million
tons
of atmospheric carbon emissions annually, above and beyond
that
from tropical deforestation per se (Laurance et al., 1998c). This
38. at
e
W.F. Laurance et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 56–
67 63
would exceed the yearly carbon emissions of the entire United
Kingdom.
In addition, biomass is being redistributed in fragmented for-
ests. Less biomass is stored in large, densely wooded old-
growth
trees and more in fast-growing pioneer trees, disturbance-loving
lianas, woody debris, and leaf litter (Sizer et al., 2000;
Nascimento
and Laurance, 2004; Vasconcelos and Luizão, 2004). Finally,
carbon
cycling accelerates. The large, mature-phase trees that predomi-
nate in intact forests can live for many centuries or even
millennia
(Chambers et al., 1998; Laurance et al., 2004), sequestering
carbon
for long periods of time. However, the residence time of carbon
in
early successional trees, vines, and necromass (wood debris,
litter),
which proliferate in fragments, is far shorter (Nascimento and
Laurance, 2004). Other biochemical cycles, such as those
affecting
key nutrients like phosphorus (Sizer et al., 2000) and calcium
(Vasconcelos and Luizão, 2004), may also be altered in
fragmented
forests, given the striking changes in biomass dynamics,
hydrology,
and thermal regimes they experience.
0
39. 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
101 100
Fragment or reserve area (ha)
Fig. 8. Highly mobile species tend to disappear from forest
fragments. Shown are
the movement rates — the proportion of captures that involve
between-plot
movements. For extinction-prone species, which are normally
highly mobile,
movements decrease by 67% after fragment isolation. Species
that persist in
fragments, which normally move less, show no difference
(adapted from Van
Houtan et al., 2007).
8. Predicting species responses to fragmentation
8.1. Species losses are highly nonrandom
Species extinctions in the BDFFP fragments have occurred in a
largely predictable sequence, with certain species being consis-
tently more vulnerable than others. Among birds, a number of
understory insectivores, including army ant-followers, solitary
species, terrestrial foragers, and obligate mixed-flock members,
are most susceptible to fragmentation. Others, including edge/
gap species, insectivores that use mixed flocks facultatively,
40. hummingbirds, and many frugivores, are far less vulnerable
(Antongiovanni and Metzger, 2005; Stouffer et al., 2006, 2008).
Primates exhibit similarly predictable patterns of species loss,
with
wide-ranging frugivores, especially the black spider-monkey,
being
most vulnerable (Boyle and Smith, 2010a). Local extinctions in
fragments follow a foreseeable pattern, with species
assemblages
in smaller fragments rapidly forming a nested subset of those in
larger fragments (Stouffer et al., 2008). Random demographic
and
genetic processes may help to drive tiny populations into
oblivion,
but the species that reach this precarious threshold are far from
random.
8.2. Fragmented communities are not neutral
An important corollary of nonrandom species loss is that frag-
mented forests are not neutral. Neutral theory (Hubbell, 2001)
as-
sumes that species in diverse, space-limited communities, such
as
tropical trees, are competitively equivalent in order to make
pre-
dictions about phenomena such as species-area curves, the
relative
abundances of species in communities, and the rate of species
turnover in space. Hubbell (2001) emphasizes the potential rele-
vance of neutral theory for predicting community responses to
habitat fragmentation: for isolated communities, locally
abundant
species should be least extinction prone, with rare species being
lost more frequently from random demographic processes. Over
time, fragments should become dominated by initially abundant
species, with rare species gradually vanishing; other ecological
41. traits of species are considered unimportant.
Gilbert et al. (2006) tested the efficacy of neutral theory for
pre-
dicting changes in tree communities at the BDFFP. Neutral
theory
effectively predicted the rate of species extinction from plots in
fragmented and intact forest as a function of the local diversity
and mortality rate of trees. However, in most fragments, the ob-
served rate of change in species composition was 2–6 times
faster
than predicted by the theory. Moreover, the theory was wildly
erroneous in predicting which species are most prone to extinc-
tion. Rather than becoming increasingly dominated by initially
common species, fragments in the BDFFP landscape have
experi-
enced striking increases in disturbance-loving pioneer species
(Laurance et al., 2006a), which were initially rare when the
frag-
ments were created. As a model for predicting community re-
sponses to habitat fragmentation, neutral theory clearly failed,
demonstrating that ecological differences among species
strongly
influence their responses to fragmentation.
8.3. Matrix use and area needs determine animal vulnerability
The responses of animal species to fragmentation appear largely
governed by two key sets of traits. The first is their spatial
require-
ments for forest habitat. In birds (Fig. 8) (Van Houtan et al.,
2007)
and mammals (Timo, 2003), wide-ranging forest species are
more
vulnerable than are those with localized ranges and movements.
Species with limited spatial needs, such as many small
mammals
42. (Malcolm, 1997), hummingbirds (Stouffer et al., 2008), frogs
(Tocher et al., 1997), and ants (Carvalho and Vasconcelos,
1999),
are generally less susceptible to fragmentation.
The second key trait for fauna is their tolerance of matrix habi-
tats (Gascon et al., 1999), which comprises cattle pastures and
re-
growth forest in the BDFFP landscape. Populations of species
that
avoid the matrix will be entirely isolated in fragments, and
there-
fore vulnerable to local extinction, whereas those that tolerate
or
exploit the matrix often persist (Laurance, 1991; Malcolm,
1997;
Antongiovanni and Metzger, 2005; Ferraz et al., 2007). At least
among terrestrial vertebrates, matrix use is positively associated
with tolerance of edge habitats (S. Laurance, 2004), an ability
to
64 W.F. Laurance et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011)
56–67
traverse small clearings (S. Laurance et al., 2004; S. Laurance
and
Gomez, 2005), and behavioral flexibility (Neckel-Oliveira and
Gascon, 2006; Stouffer et al., 2006; Van Houtan et al., 2006;
Boyle
and Smith, 2010b). Within particular guilds of species, such as
beetles or small mammals, traits such as body size and natural
abundance are poor or inconsistent predictors of vulnerability
(Laurance, 1991; Didham et al., 1998a; Jorge, 2008; Boyle and
Smith, 2010a).
8.4. Disturbance tolerance and mutualisms affect plant
43. vulnerability
Among plants, a different suite of factors is associated with vul-
nerability to fragmentation. Because fragments suffer
chronically
elevated tree mortality, faster-growing pioneer trees and lianas
that favor treefall gaps are favored at the expense of slower-
grow-
ing mature-phase trees (Laurance et al., 2006a, b). Pioneer
species
often flourish in the matrix and produce abundant small fruits
that
are carried into fragments by frugivorous birds and bats that
move
between the matrix and nearby fragments (Sampaio, 2000;
Nascimento et al., 2006). Especially vulnerable in fragments are
the diverse assemblages of smaller subcanopy trees that are
phys-
iologically specialized for growing and reproducing in dark,
humid,
forest-interior conditions (Laurance et al., 2006b). Tree species
that
have obligate outbreeding systems, rely on animal seed
dispersers,
or have relatively large, mammal-dispersed seeds also appear
vul-
nerable (Laurance et al., 2006b; Cramer et al., 2007b).
These combinations of traits suggest that plant communities in
fragmented forests are structured primarily by chronic distur-
bances and microclimatic stresses and possibly also by
alterations
in animal pollinator and seed-disperser communities. For long-
lived plants such as Heliconia species and many mature-phase
trees, demographic models suggest that factors that reduce adult
survival and growth—such as recurring wind disturbance and
44. edge-related microclimatic stresses—exert a strong influence on
population growth (Bruna, 2003; Bruna and Oli, 2005).
9. Broad perspectives
9.1. Long-term research is crucial
Many insights from the BDFFP would have been impossible in a
shorter-term study. The exceptional vulnerability of large trees
to
fragmentation (Laurance et al., 2000) only became apparent
after
two decades of fragment isolation. Likewise, the importance of
ephemeral events such as El Niño droughts (Williamson et al.,
2000; Laurance et al., 2001c) and major windstorms (Laurance
et al., 2007) would not have been captured in a less-enduring
pro-
ject. Many other key phenomena, such as the kinetics of species
loss in fragments (Ferraz et al., 2003), the strong effects of
matrix
dynamics on fragmented communities (Antongiovanni and
Metz-
ger, 2005; Stouffer et al., 2006), the divergence of fragments in
dif-
ferent landscapes (Laurance et al., 2007), and the effects of
fragmentation on rare or long-lived species (Benítez-Malvido
and
Martinez-Ramos, 2003b; Ferraz et al., 2007), are only becoming
understood after decades of effort.
Far more remains to be learned. For example, forest-simulation
models parameterized with BDFFP data suggest that even small
(610 ha) fragments will require a century or more to stabilize in
floristic composition and carbon storage (Groeneveld et al.,
2009), given the long-lived nature of many tropical trees.
Eventu-
ally, these fragments might experience a fundamental
45. reorganiza-
tion of their plant communities, given striking shifts in the
composition of their tree, palm, liana, and herb seedlings
(Scariot,
2001; Benítez-Malvido and Martinez-Ramos, 2003a; Brum et
al.,
2008). If these newly recruited plants represent the future of the
forest, then the BDFFP fragments will eventually experience
dra-
matic changes in floristic composition—comparable to those ob-
served in some other long-fragmented ecosystems (e.g. da Silva
and Tabarelli, 2000; Girão et al., 2007; Santos et al., 2010).
9.2. The BDFFP is a best-case scenario
Although forest fragments in the BDFFP are experiencing a
wide
array of ecological changes, it is important to emphasize that it
is a
controlled experiment. The fragments are square, not irregular,
in
shape. They are isolated by distances of just 80–650 m from
large
tracts of surrounding mature forest. They are embedded in a
rela-
tively benign matrix increasingly dominated by regrowth forest.
And they lack many of the ancillary threats, such as selective
logging,
wildfires, and overhunting, that plague many fragmented land-
scapes and wildlife elsewhere in the tropics. Such threats can
inter-
act additively or synergistically with fragmentation, creating
even
greater perils for the rainforest biota (Laurance and Cochrane,
2001; Michalski and Peres, 2005; Brook et al., 2008). For these
rea-
46. sons, results from the BDFFP are almost certainly optimistic
relative
to many human-dominated landscapes elsewhere in the tropics.
10. Conservation lessons from the BDFFP
10.1. Amazonian reserves should be large and numerous
A key conclusion from BDFFP research is that nature reserves
in
Amazonia should ideally be very large—on the order of
thousands
to tens of thousands of square kilometers (Laurance, 2005;
Peres,
2005). Only at this size will they be likely to maintain natural
eco-
logical processes and sustain viable populations of the many
rare
and patchily distributed species in the region (Ferraz et al.,
2007;
Radtke et al., 2008); provide resilience from rare calamities
such
as droughts and intense storms (Laurance et al., 2007); facilitate
persistence of terrestrial and aquatic animals that migrate
season-
ally (Bührnheim and Fernandes, 2003); buffer the reserve from
large-scale edge effects including fires, forest desiccation, and
hu-
man encroachment (Cochrane and Laurance, 2002; Briant et al.,
2010); maximize forest carbon storage (Laurance et al., 1997,
1998c); and provide resilience from future climatic and atmo-
spheric changes—the effects of which are difficult to predict for
Amazonia (Laurance and Useche, 2009).
Nature reserves in Amazonia should also be numerous and strat-
ified across major river basins and climatic and edaphic
gradients,
47. in order to preserve locally endemic species (Bierregaard et al.,
2001; Laurance, 2007). Further, the core areas of reserves
should
ideally be free of roads, which can promote human
encroachment
and hunting, internally fragment wildlife populations, and
facilitate
invasions of exotic species (Laurance et al., 2009b).
10.2. Protect and reconnect fragments
Few landscapes are as intact as those in the Amazon. Biodiver-
sity hotspots, which sustain the majority of species at risk of
extinc-
tion, have, by definition, lost over 80% of their natural
vegetation
and what remains is typically in small fragments (Myers et al.,
2000). The BDFFP makes recommendations here, too.
Reconnecting
isolated fragments by forest restoration will be an effective way
of
creating areas large enough to slow the rate of species
extinctions
(Lima and Gascon, 1999; Pimm and Jenkins, 2005).
In such heavily fragmented landscapes, protecting remaining
forest remnants is highly desirable, as they are likely to be key
sources of plant propagules and animal seed dispersers and
pollin-
ators (Mesquita et al., 2001; Chazdon et al., 2008). They may
also
act as stepping stones for animal movements (Laurance and
W.F. Laurance et al. / Biological Conservation 144 (2011) 56–
48. 67 65
Bierregaard, 1997; Dick et al., 2003). In regions where forest
loss is
severe, forest fragments could also sustain the last surviving
pop-
ulations of locally endemic species, thereby underscoring their
po-
tential value for nature conservation (Arroyo-Rodríguez et al.,
2009).
10.3. Fragmented landscapes can recover
A further lesson is that fragmented landscapes, if protected
from fires and other major disturbances, can begin to recover in
just a decade or two. Forest edges tend to ‘seal’ themselves,
reducing the intensity of deleterious edge effects (Didham and
Lawton, 1999; Mesquita et al., 1999). Secondary forests can
devel-
op quickly in the surrounding matrix (Mesquita et al., 2001),
especially if soils and seedbanks are not depleted by
overgrazing
or repeated burning (Ribeiro et al., 2009; Norden et al., 2010).
Secondary forests facilitate movements of many animal species
(Gascon et al., 1999), allowing them to recolonize fragments
from
which they had formerly disappeared (Becker et al., 1991; Quin-
tero and Roslin, 2005; Stouffer et al., 2008; Boyle and Smith,
2010a). Species clinging to survival in fragments can also be
res-
cued from local extinction via the genetic and demographic con-
tributions of immigrants (Zartman and Nascimento, 2006;
Stouffer et al., 2008).
11. The future of the BDFFP
The BDFFP is one of the most enduring and influential ecolog-
49. ical research projects in existence today (Gardner et al., 2009;
Peres et al., 2010). From the prism of understanding habitat
frag-
mentation, there are vital justifications for continuing it. The
project, moreover, is engaged in far more than fragmentation re-
search: it plays a leading role in training Amazonian scientists
and decision-makers, and sustains long-term research on glo-
bal-change phenomena, forest regeneration, and basic ecological
studies.
In its 32-year history, the BDFFP has faced myriad challenges.
These include, among others, the continuing weakness the US
dol-
lar, challenges in obtaining research visas for foreign students
and
scientists, inadequate core funding from its US and Brazilian
spon-
sors, and the vagaries of finding soft money for long-term
research.
Yet today the BDFFP faces a far more direct threat:
encroachment
from colonists and hunters. Since the late 1990s, the paving of
the 1100-km-long Manaus–Venezuela highway has greatly
accel-
erated forest colonization and logging north of the city.
SUFRAMA,
a Brazilian federal agency that controls an expanse of land
north of
Manaus that includes the BDFFP, has begun settling families in
farming plots around the immediate periphery of the study area.
At least six colonization projects involving 180 families are
planned for the near future (Laurance and Luizão, 2007). This
could
be the beginning of a dramatic influx into the area, especially if
a
proposed highway between Manaus and Rondônia, a major
50. defor-
estation hotspot in southern Amazonia, is completed as planned
(Fearnside and Graça, 2006).
To date, BDFFP staff and supporters have managed to stave off
most of the colonization projects—which also threaten to bisect
the Central Amazonian Conservation Corridor, a budding
network
of protected and indigenous lands that is one of the most impor-
tant conservation areas in the entire Amazon basin (Laurance
and Luizão, 2007). Yet it is an uphill battle against a
government
bureaucracy that appears myopically determined to push ahead
with colonization at any cost—despite the fact that colonists can
barely eke out a living on the region’s infamously poor soils.
That
such a globally important research project and conservation area
could be lost seems unthinkable. That it could be lost for such a
limited gain seems tragic.
Acknowledgements
We thank Gonçalo Ferraz, Robert Ewers, Reuben Clements,
Will
Edwards, and four anonymous referees for helpful comments on
the manuscript. The National Institute for Amazonian Research
(INPA), Smithsonian Institution, US National Science
Foundation,
Brazilian Science Foundation (CNPq), NASA-LBA program,
US-AID,
Mellon Foundation, Blue Moon Fund, Marisla Foundation, and
other organizations generously supported the BDFFP. This is
publi-
cation number 562 in the BDFFP technical series.
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75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009534
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18335.x
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012625The fate of
Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year
investigationIntroductionProject backgroundSample and area
effectsSample effects are important in AmazoniaFragment size
is vitalEdge effectsForest hydrology is disruptedEdge effects
often dominate fragment dynamicsEdge effects are
cumulativeEdge age, structure, and adjoining vegetation
influence edge effectsIsolation and matrix effectsMatrix
structure and composition affect fragmentsEven narrow
clearings are harmfulLandscape dynamicsRare disturbances can
leave lasting legaciesFragments are hyperdynamicFragments in
different landscapes divergeBroader consequences of
fragmentationEcological distortions are commonFragmentation
affects much more than biodiversityPredicting species responses
to fragmentationSpecies losses are highly
nonrandomFragmented communities are not neutralMatrix use
and area needs determine animal vulnerabilityDisturbance
tolerance and mutualisms affect plant vulnerabilityBroad
perspectivesLong-term research is crucialThe BDFFP is a best-
case scenarioConservation lessons from the BDFFPAmazonian
reserves should be large and numerousProtect and reconnect
fragmentsFragmented landscapes can recoverThe future of the
BDFFPAcknowledgementsReferences