Organic manures characteristics By Allah Dad Khan

3. Characteristics of Organic
Matter
By
Allah Dad Khan

4. Characteristics of Organic Matter
Characteristics of Organic Mattermatter is the key constituent of
cultivated soils.
It has profound influence on the physico-chemical and biological
characteristics of soil.

5. What is Organic Matter
• Soil organic matter is complex because it is
heterogeneous (non-uniform) and, due to the
biological factors under which it was formed, does not
have a defined chemical or physical structure. Soil
organic matter is not distributed evenly throughout the
soil and breaks down at various rates by multiple
agents that are influenced by the unique
environmental conditions in which they are found. Soil
organic matter is present in all soils all over the world.
Just as all life on Earth is dependent on the processes
of microorganisms, SOM is transformed and degraded
as a result of soil microorganisms.

6. Chemical Composition of
Organic Matter
1. Carbohydrates (sugar, starch, hemi-cellulose, pectins
gums, mucilages, etc.)
2. Proteins, amino acids, amines, etc
3. Fats, oils, waxes, resins, etc.
4. Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, etc.
5. Lignins
6. Compounds containing ring structure (phenol, tennis,
hydrocarbon)
7. Alkaloids and compounds with organic base-
pyrimidine and purines
8. Miscellaneous substances like antibiotics, auxins,
vitamins, enzymes and pigments

7. Nutritive Elements in different Organic Matters
Organic matter Nutritive elements(%)
N P K
Cow dung manure 2.5 0.2 0.5
Compost urban 1.8 1.0 1.4
Compost rural 0.5 0.15 0.5
Night soil 5.5 4.0 2.0
Groundnut cake 7.3 2.5 2.0
Castor cake 4.3 2.4 2.3
Neem cake 5.2 1.0 1.8
sludge 3.5 4.0 0.6

8. Major sources of organic matter
There are mainly three types of Organic Matter
1. Livestock and
human waste
2. Farmyard
manure
3. Poultry manure
1. Byproduct of
agro -waste
industries
2. Industrial waste
material
3. Sugar factory
waste
4. Oil cake and bio
gas slurry
1. Plants waste
2. Crop residue
3. Tree residue
and aquatic
weeds
4. Urban and rural
waste
5. Sewage sludge

9. Organic matter Organic manure
Biological oxidation
Animal manure Green manure
Conversion of organic matter into organic manure
Through biological
oxidation organic matter
convert into manure which
may be two type by their
origin
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10. A. Farm Yard Manure
Farm Yard Manure can be
prepared by :
 Cow dung,
 Cow urine,
 Waste straw and
 Dairy waste, etc.

11. Cow dung Manure
• Cow manure is rich in humus, the bulky and fibrous material that
comes from undigested plant matter.
• Cow manure is composted by putting it into a bin or pile and letting it
decompose
• It contains about 3 percent nitrogen, 2 percent phosphorous, and 1
percent potassium

12. Method of preparation of FYM
• Dig a pit (4×6×10) near cattle shed above the level of soil.
• Spread the excavated soil on the surface.
• Fill the pit with grass and other material of cake shed and soil upto 10-
15cm.
• Spread cow dung manure up to 15-20 cm leave it for one to two month

13. Nutrient concentration in FYM
Nitrogen 0.5
Phosphorus 0.25
Potassium 0.40
Calcium 0.08
Sulfur 0.02
Zinc 0.004
Copper 0.0003
Manganese 0.007
iron 0.45
Elements Value (%)

14. B. Farm Slurry
A mixture of water and animal
waste used as fertilizer.
Farm slurry is produced at dairy
farm at larger scale in rainy
season.
It is highly nutritive for the plants.

15. 2. Green Manures
Green manure is a type of cover crop
grown primarily to add nutrients and
organic matter to the soil.
They are grown for the purpose of
plowing them, thus increasing fertility
through the incorporation of nutrients
and organic matter into the soil.
Organic Manure : An Overview

16. Benefits of Green Manure Crops
Green manure crops provide a habitat for pollinators and other
beneficial insects.
Green manures, in the case of legumes, fix nitrogen and contribute to
farm nitrogen needs.
It protect and enhance the soil’s biological activity by providing
nutrition for the soil organism.
It aerates the soil, consequently improving the soil structure.
Green manure crops cover the soil in between successive grain
crops, thus protecting the soil against wind and water erosion.
Green manure crops reduce soil compaction.

17. Advantages to increasing or maintaining a
high level of SOM.
1. Reduced bulk density
2. Increased aggregate
stability
3. Resistance to soil
compaction
4. Enhanced fertility
5. Reduced nutrient leaching
6. Resistance to soil erosion
7. Increased biological
activity
8. Reduction of greenhouse
gases by soil C
sequestration

18. Role of soil organic matter in crop productivity
a. Cation exchange
capacity
b. Nutrient retention
and release
c. Soil structure and
bulk density
d. Water-holding and
snow/drain catchment
e. Biological activity

19. Effect of agriculture on SOM
1. Carbon Sequestration
2. Tillage
3. Cropping rotations
4. Fertilization

20. 4.Fertilization
Fertilization affects the soil
microbial community both
directly and indirectly by
supplying mineral nutrients for
microbial use and by allowing
increased production of plant
biomass to serve as a microbial
food source. A larger microbial
community can result in either a
net C increase or decrease to the
soil system, depending on how
much C stays in the soil system as
microbial biomass versus how
much is lost as respired C gases,
because of course, a greater
microbial community results in a
greater amount of soil respiration

21. 1.Carbon Sequestration
• Although the soil C cycle is
complex, the concept of C
sequestration for mitigating
the release of greenhouse
gases is relatively
straightforward. Carbon
stored in soils ties up C that
would otherwise be
released to the atmosphere
as C-containing greenhouse
gases, particularly carbon
dioxide (CO2) and methane
(CH4).

22. 2.Tillage
Tillage is responsible for
substantial loss of carbon
from the soil. As carbon is
released from the soil as a
result of tillage, it leaves
in the form of carbon
dioxide (CO2). The deeper
and more aggressive the
tillage, the more CO2 is
released to the
atmosphere.

23. 3. Cropping Rotations
Crop rotations that include
cover crops, perennial
grasses and legumes, and
reduced tillage are an
important factor in SOM
management and can be
adapted to any cropping
system. Crop rotations
also affect the biological
diversity of an
agroecosystem. T

24. Factors affecting soil C loss from
agricultural soils include:
1. Climate and soil type
2. Tillage intensity and depth
3. Crop rotation decisions
4. Amount of organic inputs
5. Amount of plant residue
on the soil surface
6. Quality of plant residues
returned to the soil
7. Soil biological activity
8. Length and time of fallow
9. Erosion

25. TURNING
WASTE TO MANURE
Recycle the Waste and save Nature
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26. Bio-degradable waste
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27.  Kitchen / Canteen Waste :
unused vegetable cuttings,
fruits peel offs, tea/coffee powder, coconut fiber
egg shells, non-veg waste, stale/left over /rotten food etc.
BIO- DEGRADABLE WASTE INCLUDES
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28. Flowers/garlands
Hair, cut nails
Excreta of the pet animal, cow dung etc.
Horticultural waste like dried leaves, mowed
grass, cut trees, up rooted weed.
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29. A typical Pot - Bio composting
Fibrous Material
(like coconut fiber,
cooler pads,
Sugarcane bagas.)
2 inch layer of soil
Drain Hole
Bio-catalyst
Bio-degradable waste
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