OPP MP Workshop June 28 2023.pptx
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This document summarizes a presentation about missing persons investigations and ambiguous loss. The presentation focuses on community collaboration, ambiguous loss, and missing persons investigations based on the presenter's lived experience. It discusses how police and victim services can collaborate across many regions. It defines ambiguous loss and compares it to traditional loss. It provides statistics about missing persons patterns in Canada. It also discusses challenges for families of missing persons and how improved communication between police and families can help. The presenter shares what helped her cope and lessons learned from her experience with her missing son Daniel.
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OPP MP Workshop June 28 2023.pptx
- 1. 1 Missing Persons: Investigations and Ambiguous Loss The importance of community collaboration in supporting the victims, families and survivors. Organizer: OPP Victim-Centered Approach Team Presented by: Maureen Trask On: Wed. June 28, 2023 8:45 AM – 10:00 AM
- 2. 2 Presentation Focus Based on my lived experience and looking through the lens of families 1. Community Collaboration 2. Ambiguous Loss 3. Missing Persons Investigations
- 3. 3 Daniel Robert Trask Missing Nov. 3, 2011 Found May 24, 2015
- 4. 4
- 5. Police and Victim Services Collaboration 5 Waterloo Region Niagara Region Guelph-Wellington Caledon-Dufferin Whitehorse, Yukon Haldimand-Norfolk-New Credit Oxford County (VASOC) Halton Region Hamilton Region ON Missing and Unidentified Working Groups ON Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Victim Services Alliance of Ontario (VSAO) OPP Victim Specialists across Ontario Victim Justice Network (VJN)C
- 6. Community Collaboration 6 Waterloo Region Crime Prevention Council Waterloo Region Social Planning Council ON Missing Adults Groups (Optimist, Church Groups, Indigenous, Neighbourhood, Colleges/Universities) Community Safety and Wellbeing, including Waterloo Region Trauma Informed Initiative Canadian Municipal Network on Crime Prevention CMHA Self-Help and Peer Support Municipal, Provincial and Federal Government
- 7. What is Ambiguous Loss? 7
- 8. Ambiguous Loss Explained Dr. Pauline Boss, principal theorist of the concept of Ambiguous Loss and Dr. Gloria Horsley, founder and president of Open to Hope Foundation, discuss Ambiguous Loss at the annual Association of Death Education and Counseling (ADEC) Conference, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2vYyefAgZ0 8
- 9. 9 Ambiguous Loss Snapshot Unclear /Uncertain Loss Senseless Loss Traumatic / Painful Loss Externally Caused Lacks Closure / Understanding Frozen Grief / Being Stuck in Limbo A Unique Individual Journey Boss, P. (2009). The trauma and complicated grief of ambiguous loss. Pastoral Psych, 59(2), 137-145. Boss, P. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press
- 10. Types of Ambiguous Loss 10 1. Physically Absent- Psychologically Present 2. Psychologically Absent- Physically Present Adoption Migration Miscarriage and stillborn loss Missing people Natural disaster and catastrophic tragedy Addictions Dementia and Alzheimer’s Mental health issues Separation/Divorce Traumatic brain injury or coma There is no verification of death. There is no certainty that the person will come back
- 11. Traditional Loss vs Ambiguous Loss 11 Traditional Loss Ambiguous Loss Some knowledge and understanding from society and western culture Lack of knowledge about what ambiguous loss is and its effects Services/supports available- grief counsellors/professionals Lack of services and supports – lack of professional awareness Seen as “normal” because everyone at some point in their life has a loved one that dies Seen as “not normal”, “complicated grief”, and not affecting the mass majority - until COVID Spiritual/belief teachings exist that speak to death and mourning No spiritual/belief teachings discuss ambiguous loss
- 12. Traditional Loss vs Ambiguous Loss continued 12 Traditional Loss Ambiguous Loss Mourn the loss after the death Cannot mourn because no defined death to mourn Customary rituals that allow for closure Symbolic rituals that ordinarily support a loss do not exist. (Boss, 1999) Some tolerance to the loss that results from a death. Co-workers, peers, and society are less likely to tolerate ambiguity. The loss as a result of a death is legitimized by society. Ambiguous loss is not legitimized by society. Boss, P. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- 13. There is no “Closure” 13
- 14. The Myth of Closure, Dec. 2021 14 Guidance for beginning to cope with this lingering distress, and even learn how this time of pandemic has taught us to tolerate ambiguity, build resilience, and emerge from crises stronger than we were before.
- 16. 16 Missing Persons Investigations • Gather the information and evidence • Answer the Who, What, When, Where and Why • Utilize tools to help answer questions, identify gaps • Build the missing person timeline • Find the missing pieces that will fit
- 17. 17 What Families need to Do •File a Missing Person Report with Police •Designate contact reps (Police and Media) •Contact family, friends, last know locations •Handle jurisdiction changes •Deal with missing person matters (Finances, Property, Possessions, Medical, Employer, etc.) •Manage triggers (Sightings, Remains, Psychics) •Maintain relationship with Police and searchers •Live with the ambiguity and uncertainty •Find meaning and maintain hope
- 18. Info for Families 18 OPP Orillia, ON (Mail Code 4220 2018) VS Waterloo Region, ON (2015)
- 19. Missing Persons - Recommendations 19 Family input (needs) based on their lived experience: 1. Reporting 2. Investigations 3. Searches 4. Communications 5. Media 6. Training 7. Truth and Justice Report Link: https://www.slideshare.net/trasker/missing-persons-recommendations
- 20. 20
- 21. 21 National Centre for Missing Persons and Unidentified Remains (NCMPUR) Provides specialized investigative services including: • national data sharing, • sophisticated analytical support, • liaison and coordinate, and • develop investigation best practices. Resides within the RCMP's Canadian Police Centre for Missing and Exploited Children (CPCMEC). National Centre for Missing Persons and Unidentified Remains (NCMPUR) | Royal Canadian Mounted Police (rcmp-grc.gc.ca) Slideshow: National Centre for Missing Persons & Unidentified Remains - ppt download (slideplayer.com) The NCMPUR also: Coordinate Nat. Amber Alert for police agencies Research and compile investigative best practices Develop training for police officers Authorizes submission of DNA for missing persons
- 22. 22
- 23. Stats - Patterns in the Data* 23 Source Data: Fast Fact Sheets: Publications (canadasmissing.ca), NCMPUR Bolded # or % = Highest in that Column
- 24. 24 OPP Investigations and Missing Persons* Visit canadasmissing.ca to view Canada’s missing persons and unidentified remains cases. The Ontario Centre for Missing Persons and Unidentified Remains (ONCMPUR) locates missing persons and identifies found human remains. Criminal Investigation Branch (CIB) manages homicides and other serious criminal matters, which includes missing person investigations where foul play is assumed. Information and Resources National Centre for Missing Persons and Unidentified Remains Missing Persons Act MissingKids.ca Canadian Centre for Child Protection Ontario Forensic Pathology Service * OPP Website: Ontario Provincial Police - Investigations and Missing Persons (opp.ca)
- 25. Ontario’s Missing Persons Act, 2018 in effect July 1, 2019 Thanks to MPP Catherine Fife 50 For Police to respond to missing persons investigations by allowing them access to: - personal information such as video, banking, social media, phone, health, vehicle, travel, employment records and/or - locations (last seen) to be searched while balancing considerations for an individual’s privacy.
- 26. Missing Persons Act, Ontario* 26 OPP Measure: Numbers by Year Year Urgent Demands Made MP Investigations with Demands Made Avg. Demands Made per Investigation 2019 34 19 1.8 2020 124 53 2.3 2021 142 57 2.5 Total 300 129 6.6 Avg/Year 100 43 2.2 * OPP Missing Persons Annual Report Data - Open Government Portal (canada.ca), Gov. of Canada
- 27. Challenges for Families 27 Difficulty understanding and navigating the process Everchanging officers and/or jurisdictions Limited 2-way communications Lack of trust with limited support Limited rights Keeping their missing loved one in the public/media Managing their missing loved one’s affairs Balancing life demands, living without knowing Limited community or employer assistance and understanding Fractured family dynamics, especially as time goes on
- 28. Family Perceptions of the Disappearance 28 Living in Limbo: The Experience of, and impacts on, the families of missing people, (pg. 30), Lucy Holmes, Missing People UK, 2008.
- 29. How Police Can Help - to Improve Relationship with Families Take the Missing Persons Report Make a Communication Agreement with family contacts Conduct consistent, transparent Missing Person Practises Clarify roles and expectations - be on the same page Have a point of contact for Investigations and Searches Inform families of Victim Services/other Support Services Provide Reporting on Missing Persons in Annual Report (Statistics/Trends) Understand the uncertainty and triggers families face 48
- 30. 30 What Helped Me Connecting with other families with a missing loved one Learning about Ambiguous Loss Sharing my story and asking, “What would Daniel want?” Knowing I’m not Crazy, it’s the Situation! Ongoing 2-way Communications with Police
- 31. Lessons I Have Learned I can: - Connect - Listen - Share - Help - Transform - Advocate - Grow with intention! Daniel has taught me the most about hope, strength, courage, and love. 31
- 32. From me to each of you: 32 Maureen Trask: trasker@rogers.com Presentation and Resource Materials are available. “Thanks” Hope for the Best, Prepare for the Worst, and NEVER GIVE-UP.
Editor's Notes
- Land Acknowledgement The land across Mother Earth is known to many Indigenous people as Turtle Island. The story of Turtle Island varies among Indigenous communities, but by most accounts, it acts as a creation story that places emphasis on the Turtle as a symbol of life and earth. We live and work on this land that is home to many diverse First Nations, Inuit, and Metis people. In respect of all Indigenous people and their ancestors, and in the spirit of truth and reconciliation, I humbly offer this land acknowledgement, in a good way. Ambiguous Loss Training: Support for Families with Missing Loved Ones For OPP VS Specialists, Dec. 2, 2021
- - I’m here to share my journey of ambiguous loss, with having had a missing son for 3 ½ years. - Daniel had set me on this path, which was new to me, but I have learned lots about strength, resiliency, never giving up. This was his gift to me. - As a parent, no one prepares you for this type of loss.. -Through this presentation, I will explain what ambiguous loss is, what you helps to support families and how to relate to their experience of uncertainty, especially in these times of COVID, offering new opportunity for peer support. So, as a Mom left behind, living in limbo, with frozen grief, not knowing what I was grieving or how to deal with this loss. Certainly, m ore questions than answers. My journey was 3 ½ years. Many have endured this path on their own, for far too many years. A poem “When Someone you love goes missing”, by Tom M. Brown, speaks to this journey. In the Reference Materials.
- Shared by MibSAR Team Lead, Michael Neiger
- These sessions are listed in order of date delivered. In addition to these sessions, there were sessions tailored to counselling agencies, indigenous groups, service groups, government policy committees, and interested community organizations. Victim Services Directory: Victim Services Directory (justice.gc.ca)
- These sessions are listed in order of date delivered. In addition to these sessions, there were sessions tailored to counselling agencies, indigenous groups, service groups, government policy committees, and interested community organizations. Victim Services Directory: Victim Services Directory (justice.gc.ca)
- Dr. Pauline Boss presented the theory of ambiguous loss in 1999 (book). She has also applied her theory by facilitating support for families in numerous disasters including 9/11, Thailand tsunami, and Malaysian air crash. When I learned of her work, I read her books and immediately connected with what I was experiencing, it made sense. It wasn’t me, it was the situation. I contacted her to learn more and determine if support material or services were available for families such as mine, very little in Canada. This short clip is an excellent introduction to ambiguous loss. Pauline has written subsequent books on Loss, Trauma and Resilience (2006) and Dementia (2011), building on research and clinical experience of ambiguous loss. In Loss, Trauma, and Resilience, Boss provides the therapeutic insight and wisdom that aids mental health professionals in not "going for closure," but rather building strength and acceptance of ambiguity. What readers will find is a concrete therapeutic approach that is at once directive and open to the complex contexts in which people find meaning and discover hope in the face of ambiguous losses. In Loving Someone Who Has Dementia, Boss builds on research and clinical experience, yet the material is presented as a conversation. She shows you a way to embrace rather than resist the ambiguity in your relationship with someone who has dementia.
- I would like to note that I will be using the term “traditional loss” to refer to loss from a death that is followed by a funeral. Unclear Loss- the loss is unclear because the relationship is not completely gone. Rather a part of the loved one is still very present yet the other part of them is gone which I will further discuss in a moment. Senseless Loss- the loss is confusing and incomprehensible due to the many uncertainties and unanswered questions. Traumatic Loss - typically with ambiguous loss the loss comes from a traumatic experience. Externally Caused- external circumstances and situations cause the loss rather than individual pathology This situation has caused sadness in my life. But, I’m not crazy, or depressed – I’m heart broken. Lacks closure- Is closure ever possible with any loss? Some definitions: an often comforting or satisfying sense of finality, bringing to an end, and a conclusion. From this, full closure was never possible with any loss because you can never shut the doors on the memories, relationship, love and the bond, which can never be erased. In other words, while death does bring finality to one’s life. With ambiguous loss, there is no finality, but rather ongoing uncertainties, which deny any small sense of closure that, allow people to try to go on, not move on but go on with the sadness. Frozen grief / Stuck in limbo- ambiguous loss freezes the grief process because not all is fully lost, there is no finality, and it does not feel right to fully mourn. It is an on-ongoing grief. It is essentially as though being stuck in limbo. A unique individual journey- much like a traditional loss, each person’s grief journey is unique and individual. While two people may experience ambiguous loss for the same reasons, their journey will always be different. Having said that it is very important for those experiencing ambiguous loss to have a community connection with others experiencing the same thing as it helps to normalize the emotions, and the feeling connected helps to find the needed meaning.
- Two types of ambiguous loss… Psychologically absent- Physically present The loved one is physically present however; they are cognitively and emotionally absent. Physically absent- Psychologically present The loved one is physically absent but remains psychologically present. Missing People (for example disappeared, kidnapped, missing in action, or mass disasters such as 9/11) It is also possible to be experiencing both at the same time as I am with a missing son and a mother with dementia. As you can see with all of these examples there is no real goodbye to the relationship and roles, no farewell ritual, and yet someone is lost and something remains creating ambiguity.
- Traditional Loss means there is a death, with Verification and Certainty
- Symbolic rituals that ordinarily support a loss do not exist. The result is an unverified loss by the community, and no validation of experience and feelings. People need to see the body and participate in rituals to break down denial, and cognitively begin to cope and begin the mourning process. Having the body empowers to let go and fulfills a need to say ‘good-bye’. Therefore, the grief process becomes frozen and paralyzes family members, and couple/family functioning Co-workers, peers, and society are less likely to tolerate ambiguity. We are accustomed to focus on the problem and fixing the issue but with ambiguous loss, this is not possible which causes people to have less tolerance. Ambiguous loss is not legitimized by society. We lived in a society that highly values answers, and a can-do attitude, and not being able to get closure is criticized because it goes against societal values.
- Dr. Pauline Boss presented the theory of ambiguous loss in 1999 (book). This comment explains ambiguous loss as an uncertain, unexplained loss, lacking answers, unsolvable. Closure is a Myth (even with Death). Closure is not part of the grieving process. Nor is it necessary for healing. A connection formed in LOVE can’t be closed. (The Grief Toolbox) Is closure a myth? Complete closure is not possible with any loss because loss is never satisfying. However, with ambiguous loss there is absolutely no closure because there is no verification of death, no real goodbye rituals such as and burial. Ambiguous loss defies closure even with healthy families as discussed by Pauline Boss and Donna Carnes, in Family Process article, 2012. I agree with their summary that ambiguous loss with its lack of closure makes immense demands on the human capacity to cope and grieve. So to me, there will be no closure for me. Even if Daniel is found deceased, I agree that my connection formed in LOVE can’t be closed. This too is being questioned in traditional loss. Closure is a word I really, really do not like, which is true of others with missing loved ones. Instead, I prefer to say it’s answers I need. If answers are not available, then I need to find comfort in the uncertainty, some sense of meaning from this, peace, but certainly not “Closure”. Families will never have closure, the best we can get is answers.
- Dr. Pauline Boss states that Closure is a myth. There is no closure when it comes to relationships with people. Not even when death. This book provides many strategies for coping: encouraging us to increase our tolerance of ambiguity and acknowledging our resilience as we express a normal grief, and still look to the future with hope and possibility. How do we begin to cope with loss that cannot be resolved? The COVID-19 pandemic has left many of us haunted by feelings of anxiety, despair, and even anger. In this book, pioneering therapist Pauline Boss identifies these vague feelings of distress as caused by ambiguous loss, losses that remain unclear and hard to pin down, and thus have no closure. Collectively the world is grieving as the pandemic continues to change our everyday lives.
- The landscape of the missing is changing in many ways: Canada’s MMIW Inquiry has shone a light on the gaps in services and systems. Lots of recommendations that will address some of this. The "defund the police" slogan became common during the George Floyd protests starting in May 2020, as well as public outcry of ever-increasing police budgets and questions about non-profits and community being more suitable. Other countries have a missing persons Framework on a national level (UK, AU, Scotland). Canada has NCMPUR program. Broader approach to finding missing persons, including engaging academic students to help solve cases (Locate UK). Locally, we have Please Bring Me Home and podcasters, such as “Can I Help Find Your Missing Loved One” Diane Trepkov. Canada now has a Missing Persons Research Hub, thanks to Lorna Ferguson, London, ON. Canada has new national DNA indices for missing persons and family member, compared/matched to unidentified remains. Forensic Genetic Genealogy (such as Othram) partners with NAMUS for DNA sequencing, several cases in Canada. Body Farms (QC) to research/study body decomposition, as well as study of bodies in water, impact of temp, burned bodies etc. COVID is teaching us all about living with uncertainty, the unknown (our experience, Ambiguous Loss). Drones are providing new possibilities for searching with much success (air and water, remote or grid mapped). Teams work to solve difficult missing person cases by gathering social media data about them (National Missing Persons Hackathon). Social media is helping to share missing person cases, organizing searches, sharing information, making appeals, vigils and updates. Mobile apps such as new RESCU to push out missing children notifications for those signed up.
- Like putting together a puzzle.
- My experience: ‘The heartache of having a missing loved one is overwhelming as days turn into weeks, then months, then years. Each search or new lead sets us up for hopeful answers, but also painful disappointments. It’s an emotional rollercoaster that is difficult to describe let alone understand. There is so much uncertainty. Our family has experienced death of loved ones and the grieving process associated with this type of loss. But how do you grieve someone who is missing? How do you grieve when you don’t know if they are alive or dead? How do you carry on with the demands of life, and at the same time deal with the emotional turmoil? This is our reality. Naturally, one will seek out support services to help cope, seek out those who can help us deal with the uncertainty.’ (as quoted in Living in Limbo from a mother’s perspective, me) “Hope” means different things to different people and it manifests itself in different ways.
- OPP “Missing Persons – A Guide for Families of Missing Persons Anti-Human Trafficking Investigation Coordination Team 777 Memorial Ave. 4th Floor Orillia, ON L3V 7V3 Mail Code 4220 Received May 16, 2018 Victim Services of Waterloo Region, Waterloo, ON “Missing Person Information and Support Services Brochure” For those left behind, know that you’re not alone. Nov. 2015, Version 2 www.vswr.ca 519-585-2363 Halton Regional Police have created an information sheet for Families who report a Missing Persons titled: Missing Persons – Common Reactions of those left behind, 2014 Contact: Kimberley Clark, Victim Services Unit, Halton Regional Police Also: A Family Toolkit: Information for Families of Missing Persons, Victim Services, Regina Saskatchewan Contact: Rhonda Fiddler, Missing Persons Liaison at Regina Police Service
- The voice of Families with Missing Loved ones (Missing Persons) is critical to ensure their needs are met and reflected in policy, process and procedures. This document captures the needs and gaps identified by the Families. Policing in Ontario: six principles: Ontario is the first province in Canada to have a Declaration of Principles: Principles Comprehensive Ontario Police Services Act, 2019, S.O. 2019, c. 1 - Bill 68 written into its statutes. With these principles, Ontario’s police specifically declare: 4. The importance of respect for victims of crime and understanding of their needs. Ontario Ministry of Community Safety and Correction Services (MCSCS), updated May 26, 2018ii Now Ministry is known as: “Ministry of the Solicitor General” as the Comprehensive Ontario Police Services Act, 2019, S.O. 2019, c. 1 - Bill 68
- PREVENT: To introduce preventive measures to reduce the number of missing persons occurrences. RESPOND: To respond consistently and appropriately to missing persons occurrences. SUPPORT: To provide the best possible support to both missing people and their families. PROTECT: To protect vulnerable missing people and reduce the risks of harm. New technology is a factor that can help advance all key areas of the Framework. Who Plays a Role? Families and their Missing Loved Ones (Victim or Survivor?) Police (Reporting, Searches and Investigations) Partners (SAR Teams, Private Investigators, Civilian Groups, Crime Stoppers, Coroners, Forensics, Psychics) Media (Press Releases, Feature Coverage, Social Media) Government (Policy, Legislation, Regulations, Funding, Inter-Ministry Committee, Minister or Oversight, Stats Canada) Supports (Advocates, Agencies, Groups, Peers, Coworkers, Schools) Public Health (Hospitals, Pharmacies, CMHA, Doctors) Financial (Banks, Trusts, Employers, CRA, Telecoms) Friends (Faith/Spiritual, Lawyers, Social Services, Peers) Schools, Crime Prevention Councils, Experts Why? To ensure Consistent, Transparent, Accountable, Trust, Fair, and Equitable processes, systems, supports and services. Canada needs a national Missing Persons Framework Families deserve this. Those who are Missing deserve this. Let’s give them a voice, listen to them. We urge the Government to recognize that focused and streamlined national services are an essential part of providing better outcomes to missing people and their families.
- Provides law enforcement, medical examiners and chief coroners with specialized investigative services including: national data sharing, sophisticated analytical support, liaison and coordination, and development of investigation best practices. In addition, the NCMPUR also: Coordinates the Nat. Amber Alert working group for Canadian police agencies. Researches and compiles investigative best practices. Develops training for police officers. Authorizes the submission of DNA to the National Databank for missing persons investigations.
- There was a working group across Canada to revise the best practices, resulting in Version 3 being released on Dec. 16, 2022. (Kevin O’Shea, translations took time). Now available in various extractable versions based on audience role and need. Covers: 1. At the Start, 2. Jurisdiction, 3. Priority, 4. Gathering Information, 5 CPIC Entries, 6. Information Management, 7. Publication, 8. Working With Others, 9. Investigative Analysis, 10. Family, 11. Procedural, 12. Closing. 55c
- My Observations Stats Canada do not collect, retain or publish these numbers, NCMPUR- National Centre for Missing Persons and Unidentified since 2015. These numbers DO NOT represent actual number of Missing Persons, but derived from missing person transactions (incidents) in the CPIC – Canadian Police Information Centre system. To learn more: Background - 2020 Fast Fact Sheet (canadasmissing.ca) The data is then “scrubbed” to eliminate duplicates
- “Missing Persons Acts” are still needed in Quebec, New Brunswick, PEI, NWT, Nunavut. Police were limited in their ability to investigate reports of missing persons when there was no evidence of criminal activity. Missing legislation gives police a tool to respond to missing persons investigations by allowing them access to personal information (health, banking, employment, social media, phone, travel, vehicle records) and locations to search while balancing considerations for an individual’s privacy. In Ontario, the Missing Persons Act went into effect on July 1, 2019 (5 year effort) with regulations for process, annual reporting, and will have a full review after 5 years in use (July 2024).
- The data includes: year in which the urgent demands were made / investigations occurred the number of missing persons investigations for which urgent demands for records were made total number of urgent demands for records made by OPP in a particular year The “total number of urgent demands made” value for 2020 – which previously had only accounted for the number of Form 5s submitted instead of each individual urgent demand made – was amended May 2022 to reflect the number of individual demands made, based on the 2020 OPP Missing Persons Act annual report.
- The effect of families’ perceptions of the disappearance on their emotional reaction to the experience. Demonstrates the emerging pattern of the relationships between perceptions of whether or not the disappearance wis intentional, whether or not the missing person is alive, and their hopes and emotions connected to the disappearance. Families may fit into one of the quadrants, or move between the quadrants over time. Emotional tension between perception on intention and fate (alive or deceased). Alive or Deceased vs Intentional or Unintentional Disappearance create quadrants of Low or High Hope of finding the missing person Living in Limbo: The Experience of, and impacts on, the families of missing people, (pg. 30), Lucy Holmes, Missing People UK, 2008.