ABSTRACT : Online learning is a challenging concept that ensures education is catered through
technological channels. This descriptive research aimed to understand readiness of teachers as they implement
teaching using flexible and blended learning as basis for an education strategy especially in this COVID-19
pandemic. The respondents were 232 selected secondary teachers in the province of Camarines Norte. The result
showed that there are 20 percent who are prepared for online teaching and most have gadgets/devices to be able
to perform their online role as teachers. However, 80 percent of respondents have issues especially along the
financial implication of flexible/blended learning as internet is quite costly in the Philippines and technological
gadgets are expensive. The study recommends training, planning, and restructuring towards strengthening
technology utilization, access, and resource generation for better delivery of education. It draws implications on
developing better key strategies in building smart ways and reducing challenges in online education.
KEYWORDS : COVID-19, Educational strategies, ICT integration, teaching modality
EVALUTING ONLINE LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research evaluates online learning applied during the COVID-19 pandemic at junior high
schools in Gorontalo District. It takes perspectives from available resources, implementation processes,
achievements, and the influences on student character, knowledge, and skill changes. This evaluative research
was using the CIPPO (Context, Input, Process, Product, and Outcome) model. Research data were collected
through interview, observation, and documentation. Data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method
made up of five steps: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, triangulation, and conclusion
verification. Online learning at junior high schools in Gorontalo District had adhered to the Circular Letter of
the Ministry of Education and culture of the Republic of Indonesia and Gorontalo Regent Regulation. Based on
the input aspects, embracing human resources, facilities and infrastructures, and funding, all schools had
adequate resources for online learning implementation. And yet, some factors came in the way of online
learning. For example, as regards human resources, teachers did not understand how to use technology in online
learning, and several teachers did not have smartphones or laptops. Attributed to students, students could not
understand materials, and some could not afford required gadgets due to family economy condition.
Additionally, some parents could not help students understand materials and assist them during learning
processes. These problems led to declined online learning program products (student learning achievements).
Student achievements were worse than that in previous years. However, student learning competencies
developed significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic.
KEYWORDS: CIPPO Model, COVID-19 Pandemic, Online Learning
This research is based on the problem of the outbreak of the coronavirus
which has become a global pandemic and a national disaster. The purpose of
this study was to describe the perceptions of lecturers and students on online
learning problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected
with the help of questionnaires. This quantitative descriptive study was
conducted among lectures and students who selectedd randomly. Data
analysis used a Likert scale and the results of perceptions used descriptive
analysis. The results of the study show that the perceptions of lecturers and
students on online learning problems during the pandemic consisted of six
aspects (lecture plans, online lecture activities, online lecture recording and
evaluation, lecture assistance services, and lecture support facilities).
Furthermore, it can be agreed that effective online learning occurs due to the
interaction of students and lecturers as well as technology connected
to education.
Perceptions of Online Teaching and Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic in B...IJITE
This paper explores a sample of data collected from a UNICEF Eastern Caribbean rapid assessment on teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. The primary investigation method was mixed and captured data from key participants/stakeholders in education using CAPI Technology and Video Conferencing tools. Statistical analyses and qualitative thematic analysis were conducted to report on findings using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Nvivo Qualitative Software. The data on online teaching and learning from Barbados was selected for further review and presented an opportunity to assess the Barbadian experience against other developing and developed countries. In assessing these perceptions in a sample of primary and secondary schools, stakeholders were generally dissatisfied with the online and blended learning modalities citing challenges relating to the equality and equity in access to devices and the enabling environment that facilities effective online teaching and learning.
Perceptions of Online Teaching and Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic in B...IJITE
This paper explores a sample of data collected from a UNICEF Eastern Caribbean rapid assessment on
teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. The primary investigation
method was mixed and captured data from key participants/stakeholders in education using CAPI
Technology and Video Conferencing tools. Statistical analyses and qualitative thematic analysis were
conducted to report on findings using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Nvivo Qualitative
Software. The data on online teaching and learning from Barbados was selected for further review and
presented an opportunity to assess the Barbadian experience against other developing and developed
countries. In assessing these perceptions in a sample of primary and secondary schools, stakeholders were
generally dissatisfied with the online and blended learning modalities citing challenges relating to the
equality and equity in access to devices and the enabling environment that facilities effective online
teaching and learning.
PERCEPTIONS OF ONLINE TEACHING AND LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN B...IJITE
This paper explores a sample of data collected from a UNICEF Eastern Caribbean rapid assessment on teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. The primary investigation method was mixed and captured data from key participants/stakeholders in education using CAPI Technology and Video Conferencing tools. Statistical analyses and qualitative thematic analysis were conducted to report on findings using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Nvivo Qualitative Software. The data on online teaching and learning from Barbados was selected for further review and presented an opportunity to assess the Barbadian experience against other developing and developed countries. In assessing these perceptions in a sample of primary and secondary schools, stakeholders were generally dissatisfied with the online and blended learning modalities citing challenges relating to the equality and equity in access to devices and the enabling environment that facilities effective online teaching and learning.
This research aimed to develop online learning guidebook for junior high
school level. The method used in this research was research and development
in terms of 4-D model development which consists of four main stages:
Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The informants were study
consisted of 2 expert informants and 17 junior high school teachers in
Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. This type of research data was
descriptive qualitative. The data collected were in the form of suggestions
and responses put forward by the informants. This information was collected
and summarized to improve the learning products developed. The results
showed that the developed online learning guidebook has met the appropriate
criteria in the media and language aspects by the respective experts. Besides,
Teachers find that this guidebook is very interesting and useful as a guide in
online learning, especially during the current pandemic. Furthermore, the
developed guide book fosters curiosity of teachers to find out the use of
applications in the book, and makes teachers think creatively in making
learning media. The online learning guidebook is advantaged for the teachers
to provide interesting learning media and material for students especially in
this pandemic era.
Perspective chapter-peer observation of teaching in phygital communities of i...AyshaAlShamsi11
The disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have affected many aspects
of teacher training programs, which are crucial for informing research in higher
education, including reflective peer observation of teaching (POT). The higher education community has adapted to this new normal and begun using phygital (blended
physical and digital) spaces effectively. This requires practitioners to adapt new methodologies and hybrid approaches, which pave the way for a new future of learning in
a new phygital environment. This chapter describes the implementation of a phygital
community of inquiry (CoI) by preservice teachers in an undergraduate early-years
education program in the United Arab Emirates. This chapter presents the authors’
observations of preservice teachers’ practices during their internship to describe them
against the experience of higher education in the United Arab Emirates. Incorporating
the principles of POT and CoI requires strong institutional support if creative technologies are adopted to react to the current state of practices. Specifically, the POT
principles involved in CoI should expand the phygital approach to improve the reflective practices of preservice teachers. Moreover, models relevant to specific programs
should provide adequate instructional support, materials, and training for preservice
teachers to allow their optimal investment of POT in phygital spaces.
EVALUTING ONLINE LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research evaluates online learning applied during the COVID-19 pandemic at junior high
schools in Gorontalo District. It takes perspectives from available resources, implementation processes,
achievements, and the influences on student character, knowledge, and skill changes. This evaluative research
was using the CIPPO (Context, Input, Process, Product, and Outcome) model. Research data were collected
through interview, observation, and documentation. Data were analyzed using a descriptive qualitative method
made up of five steps: data collection, data reduction, data presentation, triangulation, and conclusion
verification. Online learning at junior high schools in Gorontalo District had adhered to the Circular Letter of
the Ministry of Education and culture of the Republic of Indonesia and Gorontalo Regent Regulation. Based on
the input aspects, embracing human resources, facilities and infrastructures, and funding, all schools had
adequate resources for online learning implementation. And yet, some factors came in the way of online
learning. For example, as regards human resources, teachers did not understand how to use technology in online
learning, and several teachers did not have smartphones or laptops. Attributed to students, students could not
understand materials, and some could not afford required gadgets due to family economy condition.
Additionally, some parents could not help students understand materials and assist them during learning
processes. These problems led to declined online learning program products (student learning achievements).
Student achievements were worse than that in previous years. However, student learning competencies
developed significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic.
KEYWORDS: CIPPO Model, COVID-19 Pandemic, Online Learning
This research is based on the problem of the outbreak of the coronavirus
which has become a global pandemic and a national disaster. The purpose of
this study was to describe the perceptions of lecturers and students on online
learning problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected
with the help of questionnaires. This quantitative descriptive study was
conducted among lectures and students who selectedd randomly. Data
analysis used a Likert scale and the results of perceptions used descriptive
analysis. The results of the study show that the perceptions of lecturers and
students on online learning problems during the pandemic consisted of six
aspects (lecture plans, online lecture activities, online lecture recording and
evaluation, lecture assistance services, and lecture support facilities).
Furthermore, it can be agreed that effective online learning occurs due to the
interaction of students and lecturers as well as technology connected
to education.
Perceptions of Online Teaching and Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic in B...IJITE
This paper explores a sample of data collected from a UNICEF Eastern Caribbean rapid assessment on teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. The primary investigation method was mixed and captured data from key participants/stakeholders in education using CAPI Technology and Video Conferencing tools. Statistical analyses and qualitative thematic analysis were conducted to report on findings using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Nvivo Qualitative Software. The data on online teaching and learning from Barbados was selected for further review and presented an opportunity to assess the Barbadian experience against other developing and developed countries. In assessing these perceptions in a sample of primary and secondary schools, stakeholders were generally dissatisfied with the online and blended learning modalities citing challenges relating to the equality and equity in access to devices and the enabling environment that facilities effective online teaching and learning.
Perceptions of Online Teaching and Learning During the Covid-19 Pandemic in B...IJITE
This paper explores a sample of data collected from a UNICEF Eastern Caribbean rapid assessment on
teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. The primary investigation
method was mixed and captured data from key participants/stakeholders in education using CAPI
Technology and Video Conferencing tools. Statistical analyses and qualitative thematic analysis were
conducted to report on findings using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Nvivo Qualitative
Software. The data on online teaching and learning from Barbados was selected for further review and
presented an opportunity to assess the Barbadian experience against other developing and developed
countries. In assessing these perceptions in a sample of primary and secondary schools, stakeholders were
generally dissatisfied with the online and blended learning modalities citing challenges relating to the
equality and equity in access to devices and the enabling environment that facilities effective online
teaching and learning.
PERCEPTIONS OF ONLINE TEACHING AND LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN B...IJITE
This paper explores a sample of data collected from a UNICEF Eastern Caribbean rapid assessment on teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in eight countries. The primary investigation method was mixed and captured data from key participants/stakeholders in education using CAPI Technology and Video Conferencing tools. Statistical analyses and qualitative thematic analysis were conducted to report on findings using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Nvivo Qualitative Software. The data on online teaching and learning from Barbados was selected for further review and presented an opportunity to assess the Barbadian experience against other developing and developed countries. In assessing these perceptions in a sample of primary and secondary schools, stakeholders were generally dissatisfied with the online and blended learning modalities citing challenges relating to the equality and equity in access to devices and the enabling environment that facilities effective online teaching and learning.
This research aimed to develop online learning guidebook for junior high
school level. The method used in this research was research and development
in terms of 4-D model development which consists of four main stages:
Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The informants were study
consisted of 2 expert informants and 17 junior high school teachers in
Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. This type of research data was
descriptive qualitative. The data collected were in the form of suggestions
and responses put forward by the informants. This information was collected
and summarized to improve the learning products developed. The results
showed that the developed online learning guidebook has met the appropriate
criteria in the media and language aspects by the respective experts. Besides,
Teachers find that this guidebook is very interesting and useful as a guide in
online learning, especially during the current pandemic. Furthermore, the
developed guide book fosters curiosity of teachers to find out the use of
applications in the book, and makes teachers think creatively in making
learning media. The online learning guidebook is advantaged for the teachers
to provide interesting learning media and material for students especially in
this pandemic era.
Perspective chapter-peer observation of teaching in phygital communities of i...AyshaAlShamsi11
The disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have affected many aspects
of teacher training programs, which are crucial for informing research in higher
education, including reflective peer observation of teaching (POT). The higher education community has adapted to this new normal and begun using phygital (blended
physical and digital) spaces effectively. This requires practitioners to adapt new methodologies and hybrid approaches, which pave the way for a new future of learning in
a new phygital environment. This chapter describes the implementation of a phygital
community of inquiry (CoI) by preservice teachers in an undergraduate early-years
education program in the United Arab Emirates. This chapter presents the authors’
observations of preservice teachers’ practices during their internship to describe them
against the experience of higher education in the United Arab Emirates. Incorporating
the principles of POT and CoI requires strong institutional support if creative technologies are adopted to react to the current state of practices. Specifically, the POT
principles involved in CoI should expand the phygital approach to improve the reflective practices of preservice teachers. Moreover, models relevant to specific programs
should provide adequate instructional support, materials, and training for preservice
teachers to allow their optimal investment of POT in phygital spaces.
The study explored primary teachers and students’ anxiety toward online
instruction during COVID-19 pandemic, the factors affecting anxiety related
to online instruction of students and teachers in primary school. This
research study was designed to collect data from primary teachers and
students on the factors that affect anxiety in online teaching. The informants
were 127 students and 11 teachers based on the purpose of the research.
Questionnaire concerning general student data, such as gender, grade level,
online study equipment, and online learning channels. Factors influencing
anxiety in online education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with
23 items for students and 25 items for teachers. Data is collected by online
inquiries with students and teachers According to the findings, the general
degree of factors influencing anxiety from online instruction in primary
school is at moderate level. Physical and mental elements, evaluation and
course content are the categories of factors that have the most impact on
students’ anxiety toward online learning. Meanwhile, the factors that have
the greatest impact on students’ anxiety toward online learning are
concerning about their grades and courses are extremely recorded. Students
believe that online learning is more challenging than traditional classroom.
At the same time, teachers are worried about online assessment, concerns
about students who are unable to attend online sessions. Teachers who only
use computers to teach online have less anxiety than teachers who use
computers, tablets, and mobile phones.
The Coronavirus 2019 outbreak caused the world to experience a pandemic
and paralyze human activities, including the education sector. Consequently,
the teaching-learning system changed from face-to-face to online. This study
aimed to determine how high school students' preferences and challenges in
Pekanbaru city employing the Google Classroom to learn English. This
descriptive study involved 30 high school and vocational high school
students as the sample who obtained through purposive sample technique.
Google Form and interviews with Zoom were employed to gather the data.
This study found that Google Classroom was quite effective in helping
students replace the learning process during a pandemic with an online
learning system.
SITE Interactive 2023 - Where Did We Go Wrong? An Exploration of the Failure ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., Hodges, C. B., & Rice, M. (2023, August). Where did we go wrong? An exploration of the failure to prepare for mass school closure [Panel]. Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education Interactive, online.
. In the Namibian educational environment during COVID-19 many schools were affected as a result of
COVID-19 such as primary school, secondary school, as well as tertiary institutions experiencing challenges of
eLearning platform usage as a means of facilitating teaching and learning among learners and students as most
of them have to adapt to the new environment of the online platform. However, despite some schools had adopted
and implemented eLearning the study discovered that many schools including universities do not fully utilize the
platform implemented in their schools and as such many schools have been struggling to adapt to the new environment of online learning
This study aims to describe the use of technology in learning for students with special needs during the transition period after the COVID-19 pandemic to the new normal. This study is descriptive research with a survey method. The survey was conducted with 41 special education teachers with variety of special needs students. Data is collected using Google Form questionnaires. Data analysis is carried out by calculating the frequency and is presented as percentages. Participants in this study were chosen randomly for data variation. The presentation of data is carried out qualitatively based on the respondents’ answers to the questions asked. The study participants argued that hybrid learning was feasible, even though it was recognized as encountering obstacles. Based on the results of a survey conducted by special education teachers at special education school (SLB), for hybrid learning, digital platforms are used to support online learning. The platforms used are WhatsApp and video conferencing, such as Google Meet. Integrating technology is considered important for teachers to support the learning process. Conscious and planned efforts and teacher motivation are critical to increasing their experience and skills in utilizing technology in learning.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted changing the model of learning
activities. Teaching and learning activities that have usually been done faceto-face
have now turned into online learning. This study identified student
perspectives on online learning activities for Department of Civics
Education students at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education at Halu
Oleo University, Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used
a survey method by distributing questionnaires in the form of Google Forms
to students, and a total of 227 students participated in this study. Our study
focused on online learning media, learning effectiveness, lecturers' abilities,
obstacles, and student recommendations regarding online learning during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis in this study was carried out
descriptively, presented in the form of frequency, percentage, and graph. The
study results found that the most effective online learning media felt by
students at the Department of Civics Education were Google Meet and
Zoom Cloud Meetings. Besides, the majority of students considered online
learning to be no more effective than face-to-face lectures. Lecturers need to
provide two-way learning materials through discussion as well as question
and answer. Furthermore, the main determining factors that cause online
learning to be ineffective are network constraints and internet quotas.
Therefore, students expected the lecturers to understand the network
constraints experienced by students during online learning and recommend
implementing learning activities for blended learning (combination of online
and offline) while still complying with the health protocols.
This research aims to investigate social science education students’
preparedness before they attend problem-based hybrid learning (PBHL).
This research is quantitative research with an explorative survey method
conducted on college students taking Social Science Education Program in
Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia. The
participant of this study were 118 students, subsisting of 32 male and 86
female students. This research used a questionnaire with a 1-4 Likert scale as
an instrument to measure students’ readiness, weighted from their
motivation, prospective behavior, and information and communication
technolog (ICT) skills. The data collection process was carried out through
Google Form in April 2020. This research used descriptive quantitative
analysis to discover students’ preparedness and one-way ANOVA to identify
the effect of gender type to the students’ preparation in PBHL. The results of
this research show that social science education students’ preparedness
(motivation, prospective behavior, and ICT skills) in PBHL is classified
high, namely in the B+ category. Furthermore, the gender type has no
significant effect on students’ preparedness for PBHL (p>0.05).
Recommendation based on the research result is the university has to
facilitate easy internet access, such as by accelerating the bandwidth, internet
connection, and promote other policies that support PBHL.
This literature review is focused on the rallying cry in the transition to post-pandemic education in the Philippines. The country experienced a series of lockdowns that catapulted prolonged closures of school premises for more than eighteen months and was considered the last country to reopen. As steps to conduct and resume limited in-person classes, selected schools have led the priming for the gradual transition, but the implications of readapting educational landscapes remain an emerging challenge to be dealt with. To delimit the discussion of educational reviews, subtopics were articulated, these are: 1) Integration of Health in Education; 2) Hybrid Learning; 3) Online Learning Space; 4) Assessment and Evaluation Methods; and 5) Enhancing Data Security. This paper reiterates the recalibration of curriculum from the basic and the higher institutions, the campaign for proactive thinking of curriculum planners as well as the underscore of insights that the online and hybrid learning will be mainstay imperative as the country adjusts and awaits the ebbing of the COVID-19.
The online learning in English language has been going along with the rapid
development and diffusion of the information and communication
techologies and shifted from being merely marginal trend to become
popular, where the number of higher education institutions has dramatically
increased to offer and led to extremely changes many aspect in learning
societies. This study explores the technical abilities, technology accessibility
and self-directed learning that contribute to student attitudes towards online
English learning in predicting the continuance intention of the online
learning. This study employed quantitative approach. There were 10 tertiary
students interviewed as preliminary study, then 36 students were surveyed
through questionnaire in a pilot test. The validated questionaire were used in
this study on the 102 students. Rasch measurement model was utilized to
validate the 25 items of questionnaire, meanwhile the Smart PLS ver. 2.0
was used to assess the regression of exogen to endogen variables. The study
concluded that self- directed learning contributed to the attitude towards
online English language learning as mediator to continuance intention of
online learning. The ability and positive attitude in using digital technology
must be present to support English learning current and forthcoming. The
next research can focus more on how students adapt to a variety of rapidly
changing technologies to support their English skills.
Assessment is an important component of learning which aims to determine student achievement in learning. However, the pandemic has changed how assessment is carried out, prompting teachers to look for new strategies in carrying out mathematics learning assessments under any conditions, whether in normal conditions or during a pandemic. This study described the strategies used by high school mathematics teachers in assessing mathematics learning during the pandemic towards the post-pandemic period. This type of research is descriptive exploratory research with a qualitative approach. The subjects in this study were three mathematics teachers, three principals, and three vice principals from a public senior high school in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia. Qualitative data were collected by means of questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively according to Bogdan and Biklen. The results of the study reveal that the mathematics teacher’s strategy for carrying out assessments during a pandemic includes: i) determining the appropriate online assessment platform that suits the needs; ii) assessment based on student participation; iii) using various of online assessment methods; iv) prioritizing academic integrity and honesty in the assessment implementation; and v) carry out the management and reporting of data on the results of the assessment in accordance with established procedures.
The shift of learning activities from face-to-face classroom interaction to online learning beyond the classroom due to the global pandemic has caused technological anxiety in teaching and learning. This study analyzed strategies to overcome learning challenges in the COVID-19 pandemic with user-friendly platforms. This study was in the State Institute of Islamic Studies (IAIN) Surakarta, Indonesia, involving 469 lecturers who taught 983 classes as the respondents. The required data were collected using a webbased questionnaire using Google Forms. The data were analyzed descriptively in percentages and elaborated using focus group discussion. The data analysis showed that most teachers used WhatsApp group to overcome learning obstacles during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the considerations are the lack of information technology infrastructure, the lack of e-learning platforms, the lack of time to adapt, and the difficulty of internet access in some regions. This study contributes to the strategy performed by the lecturers to deal with these challenges is selecting a userfriendly and affordable platform for learning.
Faculty members were challenged to continue teaching beyond the traditional mode during the COVID19 pandemic. Therefore, the research focused on the level of management functions and technological preparedness
of the faculty members with permanent employment status under the business programs of higher education
institutions (HEIs) in Nueva Vizcaya. The idea behind the research was drawn from the theories of planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling and technology preparedness in terms of technology access, technology skills
and literacy, and attitude toward technology. The study’s findings revealed that faculty members have a high level
of management and technology preparedness. Moreover, the study revealed that the profile of the faculty members
had no relationship to their level of implementation of management strategies. On the other hand, younger faculty
members have greater technology access and literacy skills. Furthermore, profiles were not a significant factor in
their level of attitude toward technology. More results showed that when the level of implementation of management
strategies is high, the result is also high in terms of technological preparedness. Based on the study’s findings, the
researcher recommended an enhanced program for better implementation of flexible learning in HEIs.
The purposes of this study were: i) Developing strategic management of
education and training online tutorial; ii) Testing the feasibility of strategic
management of education and training online tutorial; iii) Finding out the
obstacles in strategic management of education and training online tutorial
development process; and iv) Finding the solutions in overcoming obstacles
in developing strategic management of education and training online tutorial.
This developmental research used the analysis, design, development,
implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model and involved second year
students of the faculty of teacher training and education in the Kupang
Region, Indonesia. The instruments used in this study were: i) Validation
guidelines for online tutorial material and supporting instruments; ii)
Students’ self-directed learning questionnaire; and iii) Online tutorial
formative test questions. Data analysis used descriptive and inferential
statistical test. The results show that the online tutorial: i) Fulfilled the aspect
of validity in the excellent category; ii) Fulfilled the effectiveness aspect in
the good category; iii) Limitations of the source, difficulties in compacting
the content of material and developing discussion questions are the obstacles
in developing the online tutorial; and iv) The solutions are (utilize
Universitas Terbuka (UT)'s open educational resources (OER), make
concept maps, and keep practicing to make question samples and consult the
questions made to the experts).
E-teaching is an innovative teaching strategy
using the e-learning technology to empower both learners and
teachers thus providing opportunities for superior learning
experiences. The study enhances the education practice of those
teachers handling different graduate programs specifically
those offered by Lyceum of the Philippines University -
Batangas. This study focused on assessing and analyzing the
different important factors pertaining to the readiness and
inclination of the teachers. This involves introduction of
e-teaching on the part of the teachers and e-learning on the part
of the graduate students to their respective programs of study.
The findings revealed that the graduate school teachers are
aware of their vital role in developing effective delivery of
instruction and their openness on the active participation in
conducting classes in an online learning environment. Also, the
university is ready to take the e-teaching program as a mode of
instruction for the Graduate School.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Online teaching at China’s universities during COVID-19AI Publications
With the rapid popularization of Internet technology, the traditional teaching mode in colleges has been unable to meet the current teaching needs. How to make better use of Internet technology to realize online and offline mixed teaching during the epidemic is an important issue. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors affecting online learning. Our results demonstrated that self-control, course interest, teacher’s teaching style and method, and teaching platform are essential factors affecting online learning.
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
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Similar to Online Learning Readiness of Secondary School Teachers towards Flexible and Blended Learning: Basis for Educational Strategy
The study explored primary teachers and students’ anxiety toward online
instruction during COVID-19 pandemic, the factors affecting anxiety related
to online instruction of students and teachers in primary school. This
research study was designed to collect data from primary teachers and
students on the factors that affect anxiety in online teaching. The informants
were 127 students and 11 teachers based on the purpose of the research.
Questionnaire concerning general student data, such as gender, grade level,
online study equipment, and online learning channels. Factors influencing
anxiety in online education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with
23 items for students and 25 items for teachers. Data is collected by online
inquiries with students and teachers According to the findings, the general
degree of factors influencing anxiety from online instruction in primary
school is at moderate level. Physical and mental elements, evaluation and
course content are the categories of factors that have the most impact on
students’ anxiety toward online learning. Meanwhile, the factors that have
the greatest impact on students’ anxiety toward online learning are
concerning about their grades and courses are extremely recorded. Students
believe that online learning is more challenging than traditional classroom.
At the same time, teachers are worried about online assessment, concerns
about students who are unable to attend online sessions. Teachers who only
use computers to teach online have less anxiety than teachers who use
computers, tablets, and mobile phones.
The Coronavirus 2019 outbreak caused the world to experience a pandemic
and paralyze human activities, including the education sector. Consequently,
the teaching-learning system changed from face-to-face to online. This study
aimed to determine how high school students' preferences and challenges in
Pekanbaru city employing the Google Classroom to learn English. This
descriptive study involved 30 high school and vocational high school
students as the sample who obtained through purposive sample technique.
Google Form and interviews with Zoom were employed to gather the data.
This study found that Google Classroom was quite effective in helping
students replace the learning process during a pandemic with an online
learning system.
SITE Interactive 2023 - Where Did We Go Wrong? An Exploration of the Failure ...Michael Barbour
Barbour, M. K., Hodges, C. B., & Rice, M. (2023, August). Where did we go wrong? An exploration of the failure to prepare for mass school closure [Panel]. Society for Information Technology and Teacher Education Interactive, online.
. In the Namibian educational environment during COVID-19 many schools were affected as a result of
COVID-19 such as primary school, secondary school, as well as tertiary institutions experiencing challenges of
eLearning platform usage as a means of facilitating teaching and learning among learners and students as most
of them have to adapt to the new environment of the online platform. However, despite some schools had adopted
and implemented eLearning the study discovered that many schools including universities do not fully utilize the
platform implemented in their schools and as such many schools have been struggling to adapt to the new environment of online learning
This study aims to describe the use of technology in learning for students with special needs during the transition period after the COVID-19 pandemic to the new normal. This study is descriptive research with a survey method. The survey was conducted with 41 special education teachers with variety of special needs students. Data is collected using Google Form questionnaires. Data analysis is carried out by calculating the frequency and is presented as percentages. Participants in this study were chosen randomly for data variation. The presentation of data is carried out qualitatively based on the respondents’ answers to the questions asked. The study participants argued that hybrid learning was feasible, even though it was recognized as encountering obstacles. Based on the results of a survey conducted by special education teachers at special education school (SLB), for hybrid learning, digital platforms are used to support online learning. The platforms used are WhatsApp and video conferencing, such as Google Meet. Integrating technology is considered important for teachers to support the learning process. Conscious and planned efforts and teacher motivation are critical to increasing their experience and skills in utilizing technology in learning.
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted changing the model of learning
activities. Teaching and learning activities that have usually been done faceto-face
have now turned into online learning. This study identified student
perspectives on online learning activities for Department of Civics
Education students at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education at Halu
Oleo University, Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used
a survey method by distributing questionnaires in the form of Google Forms
to students, and a total of 227 students participated in this study. Our study
focused on online learning media, learning effectiveness, lecturers' abilities,
obstacles, and student recommendations regarding online learning during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Data analysis in this study was carried out
descriptively, presented in the form of frequency, percentage, and graph. The
study results found that the most effective online learning media felt by
students at the Department of Civics Education were Google Meet and
Zoom Cloud Meetings. Besides, the majority of students considered online
learning to be no more effective than face-to-face lectures. Lecturers need to
provide two-way learning materials through discussion as well as question
and answer. Furthermore, the main determining factors that cause online
learning to be ineffective are network constraints and internet quotas.
Therefore, students expected the lecturers to understand the network
constraints experienced by students during online learning and recommend
implementing learning activities for blended learning (combination of online
and offline) while still complying with the health protocols.
This research aims to investigate social science education students’
preparedness before they attend problem-based hybrid learning (PBHL).
This research is quantitative research with an explorative survey method
conducted on college students taking Social Science Education Program in
Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia. The
participant of this study were 118 students, subsisting of 32 male and 86
female students. This research used a questionnaire with a 1-4 Likert scale as
an instrument to measure students’ readiness, weighted from their
motivation, prospective behavior, and information and communication
technolog (ICT) skills. The data collection process was carried out through
Google Form in April 2020. This research used descriptive quantitative
analysis to discover students’ preparedness and one-way ANOVA to identify
the effect of gender type to the students’ preparation in PBHL. The results of
this research show that social science education students’ preparedness
(motivation, prospective behavior, and ICT skills) in PBHL is classified
high, namely in the B+ category. Furthermore, the gender type has no
significant effect on students’ preparedness for PBHL (p>0.05).
Recommendation based on the research result is the university has to
facilitate easy internet access, such as by accelerating the bandwidth, internet
connection, and promote other policies that support PBHL.
This literature review is focused on the rallying cry in the transition to post-pandemic education in the Philippines. The country experienced a series of lockdowns that catapulted prolonged closures of school premises for more than eighteen months and was considered the last country to reopen. As steps to conduct and resume limited in-person classes, selected schools have led the priming for the gradual transition, but the implications of readapting educational landscapes remain an emerging challenge to be dealt with. To delimit the discussion of educational reviews, subtopics were articulated, these are: 1) Integration of Health in Education; 2) Hybrid Learning; 3) Online Learning Space; 4) Assessment and Evaluation Methods; and 5) Enhancing Data Security. This paper reiterates the recalibration of curriculum from the basic and the higher institutions, the campaign for proactive thinking of curriculum planners as well as the underscore of insights that the online and hybrid learning will be mainstay imperative as the country adjusts and awaits the ebbing of the COVID-19.
The online learning in English language has been going along with the rapid
development and diffusion of the information and communication
techologies and shifted from being merely marginal trend to become
popular, where the number of higher education institutions has dramatically
increased to offer and led to extremely changes many aspect in learning
societies. This study explores the technical abilities, technology accessibility
and self-directed learning that contribute to student attitudes towards online
English learning in predicting the continuance intention of the online
learning. This study employed quantitative approach. There were 10 tertiary
students interviewed as preliminary study, then 36 students were surveyed
through questionnaire in a pilot test. The validated questionaire were used in
this study on the 102 students. Rasch measurement model was utilized to
validate the 25 items of questionnaire, meanwhile the Smart PLS ver. 2.0
was used to assess the regression of exogen to endogen variables. The study
concluded that self- directed learning contributed to the attitude towards
online English language learning as mediator to continuance intention of
online learning. The ability and positive attitude in using digital technology
must be present to support English learning current and forthcoming. The
next research can focus more on how students adapt to a variety of rapidly
changing technologies to support their English skills.
Assessment is an important component of learning which aims to determine student achievement in learning. However, the pandemic has changed how assessment is carried out, prompting teachers to look for new strategies in carrying out mathematics learning assessments under any conditions, whether in normal conditions or during a pandemic. This study described the strategies used by high school mathematics teachers in assessing mathematics learning during the pandemic towards the post-pandemic period. This type of research is descriptive exploratory research with a qualitative approach. The subjects in this study were three mathematics teachers, three principals, and three vice principals from a public senior high school in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia. Qualitative data were collected by means of questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively according to Bogdan and Biklen. The results of the study reveal that the mathematics teacher’s strategy for carrying out assessments during a pandemic includes: i) determining the appropriate online assessment platform that suits the needs; ii) assessment based on student participation; iii) using various of online assessment methods; iv) prioritizing academic integrity and honesty in the assessment implementation; and v) carry out the management and reporting of data on the results of the assessment in accordance with established procedures.
The shift of learning activities from face-to-face classroom interaction to online learning beyond the classroom due to the global pandemic has caused technological anxiety in teaching and learning. This study analyzed strategies to overcome learning challenges in the COVID-19 pandemic with user-friendly platforms. This study was in the State Institute of Islamic Studies (IAIN) Surakarta, Indonesia, involving 469 lecturers who taught 983 classes as the respondents. The required data were collected using a webbased questionnaire using Google Forms. The data were analyzed descriptively in percentages and elaborated using focus group discussion. The data analysis showed that most teachers used WhatsApp group to overcome learning obstacles during the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the considerations are the lack of information technology infrastructure, the lack of e-learning platforms, the lack of time to adapt, and the difficulty of internet access in some regions. This study contributes to the strategy performed by the lecturers to deal with these challenges is selecting a userfriendly and affordable platform for learning.
Faculty members were challenged to continue teaching beyond the traditional mode during the COVID19 pandemic. Therefore, the research focused on the level of management functions and technological preparedness
of the faculty members with permanent employment status under the business programs of higher education
institutions (HEIs) in Nueva Vizcaya. The idea behind the research was drawn from the theories of planning,
organizing, leading, and controlling and technology preparedness in terms of technology access, technology skills
and literacy, and attitude toward technology. The study’s findings revealed that faculty members have a high level
of management and technology preparedness. Moreover, the study revealed that the profile of the faculty members
had no relationship to their level of implementation of management strategies. On the other hand, younger faculty
members have greater technology access and literacy skills. Furthermore, profiles were not a significant factor in
their level of attitude toward technology. More results showed that when the level of implementation of management
strategies is high, the result is also high in terms of technological preparedness. Based on the study’s findings, the
researcher recommended an enhanced program for better implementation of flexible learning in HEIs.
The purposes of this study were: i) Developing strategic management of
education and training online tutorial; ii) Testing the feasibility of strategic
management of education and training online tutorial; iii) Finding out the
obstacles in strategic management of education and training online tutorial
development process; and iv) Finding the solutions in overcoming obstacles
in developing strategic management of education and training online tutorial.
This developmental research used the analysis, design, development,
implementation, and evaluation (ADDIE) model and involved second year
students of the faculty of teacher training and education in the Kupang
Region, Indonesia. The instruments used in this study were: i) Validation
guidelines for online tutorial material and supporting instruments; ii)
Students’ self-directed learning questionnaire; and iii) Online tutorial
formative test questions. Data analysis used descriptive and inferential
statistical test. The results show that the online tutorial: i) Fulfilled the aspect
of validity in the excellent category; ii) Fulfilled the effectiveness aspect in
the good category; iii) Limitations of the source, difficulties in compacting
the content of material and developing discussion questions are the obstacles
in developing the online tutorial; and iv) The solutions are (utilize
Universitas Terbuka (UT)'s open educational resources (OER), make
concept maps, and keep practicing to make question samples and consult the
questions made to the experts).
E-teaching is an innovative teaching strategy
using the e-learning technology to empower both learners and
teachers thus providing opportunities for superior learning
experiences. The study enhances the education practice of those
teachers handling different graduate programs specifically
those offered by Lyceum of the Philippines University -
Batangas. This study focused on assessing and analyzing the
different important factors pertaining to the readiness and
inclination of the teachers. This involves introduction of
e-teaching on the part of the teachers and e-learning on the part
of the graduate students to their respective programs of study.
The findings revealed that the graduate school teachers are
aware of their vital role in developing effective delivery of
instruction and their openness on the active participation in
conducting classes in an online learning environment. Also, the
university is ready to take the e-teaching program as a mode of
instruction for the Graduate School.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Online teaching at China’s universities during COVID-19AI Publications
With the rapid popularization of Internet technology, the traditional teaching mode in colleges has been unable to meet the current teaching needs. How to make better use of Internet technology to realize online and offline mixed teaching during the epidemic is an important issue. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors affecting online learning. Our results demonstrated that self-control, course interest, teacher’s teaching style and method, and teaching platform are essential factors affecting online learning.
Similar to Online Learning Readiness of Secondary School Teachers towards Flexible and Blended Learning: Basis for Educational Strategy (20)
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
Psychosocial Factors and Deviant Behaviors of Children in Conflict with the L...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This study aims to determine the relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant
behaviors among children in conflict with the law (CICL) inDavao Region. The researchers want to discover the
prevalent factors thatdrive these children to their behaviors. Further, the study sought to determinethe
manifestation of psychosocial factors in terms of life satisfaction, emotionalsupport, self-esteem, and personality
traits. The study's data came from N-83children in conflict with the law (CICL) at the Regional Rehabilitation
Center forYouth (RRCY) in Bago Oshiro, Davao City; all respondents are male. This studyused a total
enumeration sampling technique due to the relatively smallpopulation size. The researchers adapted the
Psychosocial surveyquestionnaires by Zabriskie & Ward (2013) and by John and Srivastava (1999)as well as the
Deviant Behavior Variety Scale (DBVS) by Sanches et al. (2016).Through the use of a validated questionnaire,
the mean and standard deviationare determined. The researchers modified this questionnaire and translated itinto
the respondents' mother tongue (Cebuano) for them to comprehend itbetter. The study discovered no significant
relationship between psychosocialfactors and deviant behaviors of children in conflict with the law (CICL) in
theDavao Region
KEYWORDS :Children in Conflict with the Law (CICL), deviant behaviors, psychosocial factors
Entropy: A Join between Science and Mind-SocietyAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Entropy is join, intersection and interaction between natural science and human mind-society.
We proposed that if internal interactions exist in isolated systems, entropy decrease will be possible for this
system. Management in system is a typical internal interaction within the isolated system. The purpose of
management is to use regulating the internal interactions within the system, and to decrease the increasing
entropy spontaneously. We propose the principle of social civilization and the developing direction is: freedom
of thought, rule of action. Both combinations should be a peaceful revision and improvement of social rules and
laws. Different countries and nations, different religions and beliefs should coexist peacefully and compete
peacefully. The evolution of human society must be coevolution. Its foundation is the evolution of the human
heart and the human nature.
KEYWORDS: entropy, science, society, management, mind, evolution.
A Model of Disaster Resilience Among Colleges and Universities: A Mixed Metho...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research paper aimed to create a comprehensive framework for measuring disaster
resilience in colleges and universities. The study used a mixed method through Exploratory Factor Analysis
(EFA), which involved analyzing data from a survey questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed based on
in-depth interviews with 12 selected participants from the University of Mindanao, as well as relevant literature
and studies. It was reviewed and validated by 10 experts using a method called Content Validity Ratio (CVR).
This questionnaire was then administered to 400 students from 10 different colleges in University of Mindanao.
After conducting the Exploratory Factor Analysis and performing rotations and iterations, the researchers
identified five main constructs that characterize disaster resilience among colleges (1) disaster preparedness, (2)
disaster awareness, (3) community readiness, and (4) disaster management, (5) disaster resilience. The
researchers aimed to create an organization called “Council of College Disaster Volunteers (CCDV)” which
consist of student volunteers. These factors can be used to develop effective management strategies and
strengthen efforts in preventing and managing disasters and accidents.
KEYWORDS:content validity ratio, criminology, disaster resilience, disaster management, exploratory factor
analysis, and Philippines.
Environmental Struggles and Justice Among Lumad Farmers of Davao CityAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The study described the various environmental struggles experienced among the participants
and their status in accessing justice. The study followed a qualitative multiple-case study approach; the
participants are the Lumad farmers of Marilog, Davao City selected through a Critical sampling method and
aims to present the environmental violations experienced by the Lumad farmers in Davao City and how it
affected their families and sustenance further, their status in accessing justice is also explored. The study
concluded that the most common struggles the participant experience are Illegal logging and improper waste
disposal, which affect their farms, family, health, and income. Their preferred means to accessing justice is
through barangay settlement; the rigors of accessing courts, such as distance, expenses, fear of ruling, and the
hassle of being called to be present in court, are the most prevalent barriers that hinder the lead farmers from
accessing justice or seeking legal action. Nevertheless, the participants believed that the government would help
them in accessing justice.
KEYWORDS :access to justice, criminology,environmental justice, environmental struggles, lumadfarmers
CYBERBULLYING EXPERIENCES OF UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTSAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This paper explores the cyberbullying experiences among Criminology students at the
University of Mindanao. A simple random sampling method was used to distribute the study's online
questionnaire to the respondents and to survey the target population. This study has four hundred (400)
respondents, and the respondents are Criminology students at the University of Mindanao. The findings of this
study revealed that the level of cyberbullying experiences is sometimes manifested. On the other hand, the
cyberbullying experiences of the students indicate a moderate level, which indicates that the cyberbullying
experiences of the respondents are sometimes manifested. Also, the computations showed that among the
indicators presented, the highest mean is obtained in the psychological effect, which implies that there is a
significant effect of cyberbullying experiences of the respondents in terms of the Gender level of the
respondents. Therefore, respondents with a low level of cyberbullying experiences tend to have a moderate level
of cyberbullying experience. However, there is no significant effect in terms of age and year level of the
respondents according to the results regarding the psychological, emotional, and physical impact of
cyberbullying.
KEYWORDS :cyberbullying, emotional, experiences, psychological,physical effect, and simple random
sampling method.
A philosophical ontogenetic standpoint on superego role in human mind formationAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant contributions of psychoanalysis to understand the human being is the
elaboration of a model about the mind from a topical and dynamic perspective. Freud explains the mind by the
constitution of the preconscious, conscious, and subconscious. Later, by three dynamic components: the id, the
ego and the superego. Such an organization of the psychic apparatus supposes not only individual elements, but
social influences along the process of hominization. In this paper, we recover the findings of the renowned
anthropologist Lewis Morgan, trying to link some of them to the psychoanalytic theory. Especially highlighting
the importance of superego in Haidt’s social intuitionism.
Keywords: evolutionism, intuitionism, psychoanalysis, Freud, Haidt, Morgan
Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of ForgivenessAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores Psychological Empowerment and Empathy as Correlates of Forgiveness.
The two variables are regarded to have influence on the decision one makes to forgive another. The study aimed
at examining the relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness, empathy and forgiveness
and to identify which one of the two,Psychological Empowerment or Empathy, is the more powerful predictor of
forgiveness. The study took a survey design with a sample of 350 drawn from a population of university students
using a self-administered questionnaire with four sections: Personal information, Psychological empowerment
scale, Toronto Empathy questionnaire, and the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS). Data analysis employed
Pearson’s product moment correlation and regression analysis to test hypotheses. The results show significant
relationships between psychological empowerment and forgiveness as well as empathy and forgiveness.
Empathy was found to be the more powerful predictor of forgiveness.
KEY WORDS: Psychological empowerment, empathy, forgiveness
Exploring The Dimensions and Dynamics of Felt Obligation: A Bibliometric Anal...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTARCT: This study presents, to our knowledge, the first bibliometric analysis focusing on the concept of
"felt obligation," examining 120 articles published between 1986 and 2024. The aim of the study is to deepen our
understanding of the existing knowledge in the field of "felt obligation" and to provide guidance for further
research. The analysis is centered around the authors, countries, institutions, and keywords of the articles. The
findings highlight prominent researchers in this field, leading universities, and influential journals. Particularly,
it is identified that China plays a leading role in "felt obligation" research. The analysis of keywords emphasizes
the thematic focuses of these studies and provides a roadmap for future research. Finally, various
recommendations are presented to deepen the knowledge in this area and promote applied research. This study
serves as a foundation to expand and advance the understanding of "felt obligation" in the field.
KEYWORDS: Felt Obligation, Bibliometric Analysis, Research Trends
Les autorités traditionnelles et l’administration coloniale au Tchad : 1900-1960AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : In Africa, traditionalauthorities are the guardians of tradition. Recently, however, they have
been caughtbetween tradition and modernity in the exercise of political power in Chad. However, we are
witnessing the revival of chieftaincy and the hybridization of the politicalpowersexercisedwithinit. In this
cohabitation of powers, traditionalauthorityisescapingitsrole as guardian of tradition.
Traditionalauthorityisthereforepresented in itscurrent state, as a proxy for the modern state in traditional
administrative districts. The aim of thisstudyis to analyze the mutations and adaptability of
traditionalauthorityfrom the pre-colonialperiodthrough the colonial period to the post-colonial period. This
workanalyzes the mutations of authorities. The data collected and processedrevealthattraditionalauthorities have
survivedalmosteverywhere, the former chiefdomsdissolvedduringcolonization have been restored by
republicanheads of state, while more and more frequently civil servants, businessmen, academics and
othermembers of the literateelite, whopreviouslyhad no attraction for the position of traditionalchief, are
beingenthroned.
Key words:Authorities, Administration, colonization, Chad, Kanem.
A Conceptual Analysis of Correlates of Domestic Violence and Adolescent Risky...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The study explores domestic violence and how it influences adolescent risky behavior.
Domestic violence is a devastating social problem resulting in significant and enduring effects on children,
threatening both their health and emotional well-being. The study aimed at examining the relationships between
domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem, psychological
Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem and Selfregulation, Self-Regulation and Adolescent Risky Behavior and identify the stronger predictor of self-regulation
between psychological empowerment and Self-esteem. Adolescent respondents who experienced domestic
violence were purposely selected and guided by teachers and administrators who had provided support to these
children.The questionnaire had six sections namely; personal information, the Child Exposure to Domestic
Violence Scale, the Psychological empowerment scale, the Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory, and the Brief
Self-Control Scale. Data analysis employed Pearson's product-moment correlation (r) to test hypotheses 1,
2,3,4,5, and 6. Regression analysis was used for hypothesis 7.The results show a significant relationship
between domestic Violence and Psychological Empowerment, Domestic Violence and Self-esteem,
psychological Empowerment and Self-Regulation, Self Esteem and Psychological empowerment, Self-Esteem
and Self-regulation, Self-Regulation, and Adolescent Risky Behavior. The study documents that Psychological
empowerment is a stronger predictor of self-regulation than Self-esteem.
KEYWORDS:Domestic violence, psychological empowerment, self-regulation, and Adolescent risky behavior
Driving Sustainable Competitive Advantage Through an Innovative Aggregator Bu...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The aim of the research is to analyze the influence of the aggregation business model on
Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Through a survey of 216 MSMEs in the creative economy sector
selected randomly using an ex post facto causal research approach, an overview of the aggregator business
model and its impact on financial resources and SCA was obtained. The aggregator business model plays a role
in facilitating increased access to financial resources to meet both available and required working capital for
realizing SCA in Malang's Lokanima area. The strength of ABM lies in understanding the resources needed for
SCA and the effectiveness of mobilizing services while considering the most cost-effective options, including
providing various alternatives in their provision. Financial resources are an important factor supporting the
achievement of SCA. Access to financial resources is key to facilitating business growth and sustainability.
Theoretical implications: The concept of the aggregator business model emphasizes the efficient and effective
collection, aggregation, and distribution of resources in connecting service providers with consumers in an
economical and efficient manner. Practical implications: ABM can enhance the performance of financial
resource provision by optimizing relationships with MSMEs and financial institutions, leading to business
growth and sustainability for MSMEs.
KEYWORDS -Aggregator Business, Creative Economy, Financial Resources, Sustainable Competitive
Advantage
Accuracy of ChatGPT for Basic Values of Trigonometric FunctionsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study analyzes the accuracy of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence model based on GPT3.5, in determining the values of basic trigonometric functions. To this end, we examine ChatGPT's responses to
sine, cosine, tangent, and cotangent values for a wide range of angles. We compare the results provided by
ChatGPT with the accuracy values determined by basic trigonometry. We also explore differences in accuracy
depending on changes in question complexity and given context. The results show a high level of accuracy of
ChatGPT in determining the values of trigonometric functions, especially for common angles. However, it is
noted that accuracy may be affected in certain cases of extreme angles or complex questions. This analysis
provides an important representation of ChatGPT's capabilities in the field of mathematics, using a new method
for testing the accuracy of artificial intelligence models in determining trigonometric values.
Keywords -Accuracy, AI Model, ChatGPT, Trigonometric Functions, Trigonometry
Postmodern Marketing and Its Impact on Traditional Marketing Approaches: Is K...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The essay discusses the concept of postmodern marketing and its impact on marketing theory
and practice. It explores the characteristics of postmodernism, including openness, tolerance, hyper-reality,
fragmentation, and the lack of clear boundaries, and how they challenge traditional marketing approaches. The
paper also looks at the contributions of postmodern marketing to consumer and marketing research and how it
has redefined the way we think about marketing as a science. Ultimately, it raises the question of whether and
how marketing should adapt itself to the new conditions brought about by postmodernism.
KEYWORDS :Postmodernism, Postmodern Marketing, Kotler, Marketing Theory, Postmodern Consumer
Reorientation of Health Service Governance Toward the Fulfillment of Social J...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Health insurance is a human right. At the practical level, this health insurance program in
Indonesia is organized by BPJS Kesehatan (Social Security Administering Body for Health). The
implementation of BPJS Kesehatan is still not optimal and effective. Three problems are discussed in this
writing: the dynamics of health insurance governance in Indonesia, the implementation of the fulfillment of the
right to health by BPJS Kesehatan, and the reorientation of BPJS Kesehatan services toward social justice.
These problems are then answered by scientific research methods using a sociological juridical approach.
Complaintsoften occur regarding the regulations, the services provided by the health facility providers, and the
distance between the community and the health facilities. Such complaints affect the public interest in becoming
BPJS Kesehatan participants. The aforementioned conditions must be considered and evaluated for the
government's success in the aspired national health insurance plan.
KEYWORDS -BPJS Kesehatan, Health Insurance, Social Justice
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Sport et vieillissement : une analyse de la pratique des activités physiques ...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract : The aim of thispaperis to report on the effects of physicalactivity and sport on the health of older
people. Based on a mixed-methodsapproach, several techniques, namelydocumentaryanalysis and semistructured interviews, wereused in thisresearch in order to obtain a range of data thatwasavailable, accessible
and relevant to the subjectunderstudy. This enabled us to arrive at the resultsaccording to which the
stakeholders' perceptions of theirhealth are based on the practice of physicalactivities and sport as a social
construct in a socio-cultural context. Older people see sport as a way of curingillnesses, but above all as a way
of givingtheir bodies vitality. Othersseeit as a way of reinvigoratingthemselvesafter retirement.
Key words: Ageing, Physical activities, Sports activities, Elderly people.
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How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
Social media marketing refers to the process of utilizing social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It involves creating and sharing valuable content, engaging with followers, analyzing data, and running targeted advertising campaigns.
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Social media refers to online platforms and tools that enable users to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, and content in virtual communities and networks. These platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and consume information. Here are some key aspects and descriptions of social media:
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Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
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Online Learning Readiness of Secondary School Teachers towards Flexible and Blended Learning: Basis for Educational Strategy
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 24
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-6, Issue-4, pp-24-32
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Online Learning Readiness of Secondary School Teachers
towards Flexible and Blended Learning: Basis for
Educational Strategy
Dr. Edgar P. Aban1
, Edgar Bryan B. Nicart2
Assistant Professor IV, Assistant Professor II
1
(College of Education, Camarines Norte State College, Philippines)
2
(Institute of Computer Studies, Camarines Norte State College, Philippines)
ABSTRACT : Online learning is a challenging concept that ensures education is catered through
technological channels. This descriptive research aimed to understand readiness of teachers as they implement
teaching using flexible and blended learning as basis for an education strategy especially in this COVID-19
pandemic. The respondents were 232 selected secondary teachers in the province of Camarines Norte. The result
showed that there are 20 percent who are prepared for online teaching and most have gadgets/devices to be able
to perform their online role as teachers. However, 80 percent of respondents have issues especially along the
financial implication of flexible/blended learning as internet is quite costly in the Philippines and technological
gadgets are expensive. The study recommends training, planning, and restructuring towards strengthening
technology utilization, access, and resource generation for better delivery of education. It draws implications on
developing better key strategies in building smart ways and reducing challenges in online education.
KEYWORDS : COVID-19, Educational strategies, ICT integration, teaching modality
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of technology in teaching empowers teachers in the teaching-learning process. However,
developing skills in using different technological platforms in their class instructions provide a great concern
especially now that everyone is facing this era of COVID-19 pandemic. [1] The teachers who underwent
training before doing online teaching help boost their self-esteem and flexibility in performing their duties and
functions. The so called online learning has different connotations and that includes learning that has the nature
of being face to face using different technological tools. There are different platforms and media whether it is
internet mediated teaching, web-based, virtual classrooms, and distance learning various consensus sometimes
falls on the category of blended or flexible learning which fit in most of the teachers nowadays. [2] In most
countries as the advent of academic concern is of topmost priority, integration of information technology in
education further accelerated sustainability in continuing education and became an integral component towards
its transition in every educational level. [3] These paved way to strengthen e-learning and the proliferation of
digital platforms that could be used by the teachers in their teaching-learning activities. However, this poses
another challenge in the educational system as many teachers as well as the whole educational system itself
needs to adjust to a system where some are not familiar with.
In the Philippine educational structure, the majority of teachers are accustomed to traditional education
which is face to face instruction. The teachers are very much familiar in a classroom setting where they can be
able to conduct their lesson in the four corners of the room and as such there is a need to reorient teachers and to
train them to teach via virtual learning environment to help them adjust to these sudden changes. [4] Moreover,
a lot of studies pointed out the effective use of technology integration in the improvement of education in the
secondary level from the different learning environments. [5] In fact, the onset of COVID-19 the Department of
Education (DepEd) issued DepEd Memo No. 11, s. 2020 creating a Task Force for the management of the
department‟s response to COVID-19. As such, DepEd Order No. 012, s. 2020 adopts the Basic Education
Learning Continuity Plan (BE-LCP) that addresses health emergency through utilizing the different learning
modalities such as distance learning, blended learning, home-schooling, and others. [6, 7]
2. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
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This makes it more valid to argue that there should be a thorough planning and evaluation on the aspect
of providing education through online means and/or using flexible or blended learning. In fact as mentioned
from the article of Custodio (2020), the Department of Education opted for the use of blended or hybrid
teaching, a fusion of online distance learning and in-person delivery of printed materials or modular distance
learning approach as their method of choice to continue education to avoid face-to-face interactions and
exposing the administration, teachers, students, and parents themselves to the risk of COVID-19. [8] On the
other hand, tertiary education under the Commission on Higher Education stands on using the flexible learning
as the new normal in delivering instructions where the researchers even believe would be an additional input for
the Kto12 education to improve students‟ convenience and personalization in learning. [9] Even though these
modalities invests in technology, teacher training, and retrofitting of facilities, there are ways where the
combination of digital and non-digital technology provides flexibility and options largely benefitting students as
they adjust themselves on the new normal teaching-learning pedagogy [Abad, D. J. V. (2020) [1].
However, this approach of online learning offers a lot more positivity in terms of flexibility which
indicates more satisfaction both to the teachers and students. But the use of blended learning is opt to be better
and beneficial to learning which is somehow chosen by most of the educational systems. [2] This provides the
challenge of understanding how ready are the teachers in the abrupt implementation of online learning in the
secondary level of education in the public schools and other schools who adopted flexible and blended learning
which the researchers are trying to provide an answer in this study.
Likewise, the study provided some possible alternative delivery options that schools can consider in
enabling technologies and platform to sustain educational progress through subscription or downloading them
freely for use since some of which are free and can be used immediately for instructional and educational
purposes. It is with great expectation from this study that the use of online teaching/learning in the educational
community would promote promising return that will help sustain education despite the various threat and
challenges ahead. The researchers believed that this “new normal” educational pedagogy would establish
remarkable changes in education and would greatly make various enhancements in the future.
II. METHODOLOGY
The researchers utilized a descriptive method of research based on the objectives under study. For
better use of time and data collection flow, the researchers carefully planned each activities needed to complete
the study.The respondents of the study are the permanent and temporary secondary teachers from secondary
public schools in Camarines Norte and are teaching flexible and blended learning modality. There are a total of
232 respondents for the SY 2020-2021 who practice online learning as verified by the respondents themselves
which is of primary importance in this study as their instances were taken into consideration.
The questionnaire checklist was a primary survey tool used in this study. The researchers also took the
opportunity to gather data using the available technology such as Google forms and tried to contact the
respondents through SMS or through their mobile phones if necessary to establish proper communication and
validation of the gathered responses. The researchers seek out the permission of the agency which is the
Department of Education in the province of Camarines Norte to conduct research activities through surveys and
limited interviews to the selected secondary teacher respondents. The next step was the development of the
drafted questionnaire based on the objectives of the study and sought out pieces of advice, suggestions, and
recommendations towards its validity and effectiveness. Since, there is limited face-to-face contact and to avoid
the risk of being able to acquire COVID-19, the researchers decided to encode the set of questionnaire in the
Google survey form which can be delivered and retrieved online. The respondents were requested to complete
the survey using the Google form which they readily did immediately and the feedback was readily available
due to the cooperation of the secondary teachers themselves. The .CSV format was extracted from the Google
form and subjected to analysis and further verification.
The frequency and percentage technique were used to determine profile of the research respondents.
This was also used to assess the online learning readiness of the public secondary teachers in Camarines Norte.
Most of the results were shown using graphs for easy understanding of the perceptions of the respondents and to
better visualize the data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to get the significant difference between the
variables of the study. The use of SPSS software helped in faster analysis of data.This research made careful
consideration of the research ethics and standards by making efforts of seeking permissions from concerned
organizations and taking into consideration to inform the participants as well. The participants made voluntary
consent to personally participate from this study and also careful considerations were taken into account as not
to violate the Data Privacy Act as all their responses did not reveal personal information aside from their emails
3. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 26
which were not revealed to the public and is made only available for the purpose of this study and for data
consistency. The data collected from this study were destroyed upon completion
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
It can be noted that the results of the study were presented based on the objectives of the study and
were taken from the analysis of the data that were gathered from the respondents. In this study, there were three
significant concerns that were identified such as the profile of the secondary school teachers. Another is the
attitudes of the teachers towards online learning from a general perspective and also determination of the
teachers‟ readiness in handling online learning. The profile and the readiness of the teachers were correlated as
to determine variation and dispersal of data between and among their responses.
3.1 Respondents Profile
In Table 1, it can be observed that the respondents were mostly under the age bracket of 36-55 with
120 or 52 percent while significantly there are also 100 or 43 percent under the age bracket of 18-35. Moreover,
most are female with 179 or 77 percent while males were 53 or 23 percent. Majority are also permanent
secondary teachers in public schools in Camarines Norte with 227 or 98 percent.
Table 1. Basic profile of the Respondents
Parameters Frequency Percentage
Age 18-35 100 43
36-55 120 52
56-65 12 5
Total 232 100
Sex Male 53 23
Female 179 77
Total 232 100
Employment Status Permanent 227 98
Temporary 5 2
Total 232 100
This implies that most of the respondents are mostly young and inexperienced especially that they were
mostly in their middle age. Majority of them were female. This can be regarded as the most prominent data
taken from the basic profile of the respondents which contribute significantly to the nature of the study. In
contrast to most of the claim that this could not bear anything, the fact still provides evidences that this simple
profile could be able to give interesting insights such that the age of teachers has implications on their utilization
of ICT such that younger teachers tend to be more interested in technology reading and access. [10] In fact, just
the same student learners also vary in terms of their perspective to online learning with respect to their age,
digital experience and even their reception towards online learning strategies. [11]
3.2 Attitude of Teachers Towards Online Learning
In terms of the attitudes of teachers towards online learning as shown in Table 2, it can be said that
most of the teachers have a positive attitude and support online learning. Most of them do concur within the
sense that online learning was difficult as a bit like conventional classroom education. They do accept and feel
much at ease communicating online. This was the perception of most of the public secondary school teachers
lifted from the study of Ventayen (2019). Taking a careful observation on the attitudes of the teachers towards
online learning, majority do agree that majority can think critically and create assignments that motivates
students to perform critical thinking/analysis with a mean rating of 57 or 56.4 percent. This is true since
majority of the teachers especially in the public secondary schools are equipped with ready to use teaching
resources which they can upload online as students‟ activities. They can also upload several learning materials
and assessment for evaluation which can be proliferated instantly through the use of messenger or Facebook
groups. The trend nowadays makes it easier for the teachers to upload and download their resources and
handouts which similarly encourages for the abundance of resources which students can utilize. In fact,
considering the nature of online learning today, there are a lot of resources which are available online the only
limitation is the capacity and technological prowess of teachers to be able to sought out these information and
process them for their use. Content utilization should also follows proper acknowledgement of their sources that
teachers should take into consideration into when utilizing digital contents.
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Table 2. Attitude of Teachers toward Online Learning
ATTITUDES TOWARD ONLINE LEARNING 1 2 3 4 5
1. I believe that online learning is as rigorous as classroom instruction. 0 7 23 49 22
0.0% 7.0% 22.8% 48.5% 23.8%
2. I believe that high quality learning experiences can occur without interacting
with students face-to-face.
3 10 23 47 18
3.0% 9.9% 22.8% 46.5% 17.8%
3. I support the use of discussion as a means of teaching. 0 1 17 53 30
0.0% 1.0% 16.8% 52.5% 29.7%
4. I support learner-to-learner interaction and collaborative activity as a central
means of teaching.
0 3 16 52 30
0.0% 3.0% 15.8% 51.5% 29.7%
5. I recognize that community building is an important component of online
teaching.
0 2 15 53 31
0.0% 2.0% 14.9% 52.5% 30.7%
6. I encourage students to bring life experiences into the classroom and create
activities that draw on those experiences.
0 1 10 49 41
0.0% 1.0% 9.9% 48.5% 40.6%
7. I believe that lecture is the best way to convey content in mind discipline 2 5 20 48 26
2.0% 5.0% 19.8% 47.5% 25.7%
8. I feel comfortable communicating online and feel that I‟m able to convey who
I am writing.
1 4 23 49 24
1.0% 4.0% 22.8% 48.5% 23.8%
9. I am critical thinker and can develop assignments that encourage critical
thinking in my students.
0 4 14 57 26
0.0% 4.0% 13.9% 56.4% 25.7%
Weighted Mean 3.99 (Agree)
Legend: 1- Strongly Disagree; 2-Disagree; 3-Neutral; 4-Agree; 5-Strongly Agree
Another important point from the table shows that the respondents recognizes that community building
is a critical component of online instruction and believe that the utilization of dialog/conversation implies
instruction with 53 or 52.5 percent. In fact, different social theories and constructivist supports this idea and
make sense to this notion of technology and interactivity. [12] As evidences showed importance of interaction
between teachers and their students and through the use of technology would help establish this learning
cooperation and collaboration. In the field of distance education, it is important to build a connection and
through increasing interaction it would help alleviate psychological pressure brought by isolation and
communication gap. This way it would help to promote better education and learning and will provide student
satisfaction as well given their course contents which is sometimes difficult for them to handle. It would suffice
to say that through building rapport and constant conversation would help consistency in the flow of the subject
at hand and of course provide human factor as an essential input towards satisfying learning without much
process-oriented approach. In some instances, most students would appeal to enjoy studying with interaction
rather than not having one. Some learners are comfortable with online synchronous teaching that is why some of
the students prefer attending lessons that are performed online. In some cases, as teachers are most likely
familiar with traditional teaching as most students are, they do adapt to this form of instructions where there is a
way for them to express their teaching techniques via online and can be able to perform the same real-time.
Meanwhile, there are still those who accept that online learning is as thorough as classroom instruction with 7 or
7.0 percent. This is very common since majority are still adapting to this new normal way of education where
most teachers are much familiar on the traditional face-to-face instruction while suddenly shifting to another
paradigm which is yet unexplored to many.COVID-19 pandemic made school establishments adopt online
learning instead of the traditional classroom setting which is the face-to-face classes. This was done in an effort
to alleviate or end the transmission of virus which now brought a lot of challenges and made many different
issues and concerns especially on the growing notion that teachers must also be ready for this abrupt change in
the educational scheme. [13] Thus, the extent of online learning readiness of the teachers in terms of technology,
teaching, and communication and organization was also an effort to give understanding on the needs of teachers
to update themselves in facing this new frontier.
On the other hand, reality of online learning setup is much rigorous than traditional face-to-face
modality as it demands proper preparation of learning materials which is sometimes needed to be posted upon
further scrutiny. It demands time, preparation, and the use of technological infrastructure for it to be delivered to
its intended user. Although the learner has flexibility in terms of learning as they can use self-paced learning,
there are also cons as dilemma and difficulties are along the way. In the article of Pokharel (2020), there are
dynamics at play to consider as teachers and students who have socio-economic disadvantage results in limited
technological access and constraints are technically huge. [14] There are many households who have limited
technological capacities thus, limiting their capability towards online learning education. Internet connection
consideration would amount to at most a thousand pesos just to maintain monthly subscriptions for a full use of
online communication platform and be able to browse resources that could help students in their learning. Even
the Department of Education acknowledge the reality of this situation and encourage learners and teachers to
use different platforms to access open education resources (DepEd, 2020). [7] It is expected that more and more
students will be able to join online platforms in the future as network infrastructures and also network providers
are constantly improving their services and some are making efforts are lowering their subscription fees. Also,
5. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2022
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some schools and government organizations like LGUs and provincial libraries are offering free Wi-Fi services
to students who are disadvantaged and direly in need to be connected to the internet for them to download
learning materials, upload their homework/assignments, perform their assessment tasks given to them and be
able to communicate with their teachers. Various establishments are also offering kiosks and “Piso Wi-fi” hubs
that offers low-cost internet connection services which students and teachers alike could avail for them to be
able to be connected online. Hence, there are some remarkable improvement in terms of setting up connection
and be able to cope up with the difficulties posed by online learning.
Moreover, taking into consideration how online learning is performed at schools the so-called
synchronous discussions are formally done via Zoom or Google meet but effectiveness and momentum of
sustainability are relatively in question. The need for proper orientation and embracing the change and means of
ensuring connectivity are major challenges. Not to mention the fact that some students are not well-versed and
have difficulty concentrating in this kind of environment. The greater role of teachers and the educational
community would bridge the gap on this matter as several policies and investment are needed to close this
proximity and ensure that education will be sustainable through online learning in the next few years. Because
of abrupt changes that occurred due to the proliferation of COVID-19 pandemic with the solution of continuing
education through the use of various platforms and strategies, the utilization of a standard learning management
system has made serious implications not only to teachers but also to the students who felt the adjustments are
confusing and making them uncomfortable. But along the way, as the time progresses and various strategies
were in-place such as the use of asynchronous means to augment lesson understanding, it mitigate difficulties
and made remarkable changes as to how education is delivered and accepted. Such difficulties are well taken
care of as some of the schools made use of different platforms that helped them surpassed several challenges
they encountered in teaching. In terms of communication, they made use of Facebook messenger and group
chats which essentially helped them to communicated with students. But not only that, it made possible to make
contacts with the parents as well as they are mostly at large making a huge role to play in this distance education
modality. Through various technologies that teachers could grasp, it could be said that such limitations of
conducting online distance learning would not be so difficult in the future. As more and more teachers are
acquainted and are now engage to learn various technological platforms for them to help in their classroom
management, many of them even those old teachers who are fond of traditional means are currently enjoying
some of the benefits of doing teaching online and online teaching/learning through distance education is not but
a normal set up which are embraced both by teachers and students alike.
3.3 Secondary Teachers’ Online Readiness
Table 3 shows that the teacher‟s online readiness were measured into three segments which were on
technology, teaching, and the communication and organization. The first indicator was their online readiness
when it comes to the use of technology. It can be observed that the highest mean rating was on them easily
performing record administration errands on my computer such as replicating, moving, renaming, and erasing
records or organizers with 3.71 or interpreted as strongly agree. The least on this category as that they perform
video recording using a phone, tablet, or computer webcam with 2.93 or interpreted as agree. Meanwhile, in
terms of the level of teachers‟ online readiness on teaching, the highest mean rating was they can utilize an
assortment of educating techniques to assist students learn with 3.66 or interpreted as strongly agree.
Table 3. Level of Teachers‟ Online Readiness
Teacher’s Online Readiness along: WM Interpretation
Technology
1. I can easily use Microsoft Office tools such as Word and PowerPoint to create documents. 3.56 Strongly Agree
2. I can easily perform file management tasks on my computer such as copying, moving,
renaming, and deleting files or folders.
3.71 Strongly Agree
3. I enjoy conversing with others online through social media or other discussion forums. 3.24 Agree
4. I use the Internet to locate resources for teaching. 3.17 Agree
5. I can record video of myself or other people/places/things with my phone, tablet, or
computer webcam.
2.93 Agree
Teaching
6. I am available to my students on a regular basis for questions and assistance. 3.51 Strongly Agree
7. I enjoy facilitating interactions among my students. 3.64 Strongly Agree
8. I use a variety of teaching strategies to help my students learn. 3.66 Strongly Agree
9. I enjoy trying new teaching approaches. 3.59 Strongly Agree
10. I provide lessons and activities that are connected to real-world applications. 3.59 Strongly Agree
Communication and Organization
11. I communicate my expectations about participation, behavior, and work quality to my
students.
3.45 Strongly Agree
12. I expect online teaching to take more time than face-to-face instruction, and I am prepared
for it.
2.97 Agree
13. My teaching materials are scattered everywhere and I have trouble finding what I'm
looking for.
2.14 Disagree
14. I'm not concerned about copyright law for online classes because everything is Fair Use 2.05 Disagree
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for education.
15. I believe that accessibility of online courses is important and want to be able to
accommodate student needs that arise.
2.01 Disagree
Weighted Mean (Overall) 2.91 Agree
However, the least on this category was on being accessible to their students on a normal premise for
questions and help with 3.51 which is strongly agree. On the other hand, on communication and organization the
highest mean rating was that teachers are able to communicate their desires around interest, attitude, and work
quality to their students with a mean rating of 3.45 also interpreted as strongly agree. This is true as this is made
possible through the use of various social media such as Facebook messenger, or group chats and even emails.
This are some of the online technology tools that teachers could utilize to effectively provide quality education
at its best. It is at most of interest that majority of them can be able to make assessment of students‟ performance
and even behavioral aspects even through online learning and as such this would help better understand that
online teaching/learning can be an important key player in this new normal educational modality.
However, the least on this is that they accept that openness of online courses is critical and need to be
able to accommodate students‟ needs that may emerge with only 2.01 and interpreted as disagree. This is
premised on the assumption that teachers are not in conformity to online course as accommodating to the needs
of the students as there are instances that they could not be able to capture enough from them unlike traditional
face-to-face instruction. However, this is in fact based on their perception as they are currently shifting towards
distance education. It can also be surmised that most of them have limited technical know-how as not many of
them can be able to utilize web resources as assets for their teaching instruction that they could do online. This
implicates to their limitation and most likely increase educational gap towards enhanced instructions utilizing
online learning.
The advancement of education through instructors who are prepared based on their capability on ICT
utilization advances and their planning utilizing online assets would be an exceptional lift to the standard of
instruction. In fact, not only teachers but students are all excited on what is new and this development with the
secondary education where students and teachers are currently exposed on this new paradigm shift would lead to
set new standards in the educational system. However, not all students effectively carry it out as some who do
not have the right set of behavior such as being self-regulated and having learning autonomy have difficulty in
this aspect. [15] In fact, not all students are fond of online distance learning which can be attributed to different
factors and environmental conditions. Some of them feels difficulty coping with the lessons as some are not
comfortable with online instructions. This are shown in many studies and some of them believed that online
distance education induce mortality and drop-outs in education. However, with proper training and education
especially those teachers who could provide more interactive, meaningful, and interesting way to teaching
online, it is hoped that this difficulty would soon be minimized if not totally removed. Another limiting factor is
the technological gap which is mostly an issue that brought by poverty and availability of technology at home.
Figure 1.Suggestions of teachers on blended learning
In fact, based from Fig. 1, it revealed that most of the teachers are concerned about the financial
implication of the online learning even though the concept of online learning is flexible/blended there is the
worry that at some point most of them do need to set-up internet connectivity at home which do have an impact
on their financial capacity as a teacher. In fact, the notion of readiness explores financial factors aside from the
psychological, sociological, environmental, human resource, technology, equipment and content readiness for e-
learning. [16] However, in the case of blended learning most of the teachers especially in the secondary level in
the public schools under Kto12 choose to utilize the modular distance learning approach which use modules to
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distribute and retrieve the same for convenience. Under this condition, teachers have limited interaction with
students but from time to time use Facebook or FB Messenger/Group chats to send instructions and messages to
the students. However, there is a digital divide for those household who have and who have not especially those
that cannot avail internet connection or do not have gadgets at home to sustain communication with the teachers,
students, or with the other parents. This is the real scenario that is happening not only in Camarines Norte but
around the country as well. The more is the need for the government to close technological gap through various
measures and strategies that would alleviate this matter. Some households however, finds some alternative
measures such as Wi-Fi cost sharing as they are paying subscriptions by dividing the cost with their neighbors
as to limit their expenditures. It is only hopeful that internet services could reduce the cost of subscription
without affecting performance of their services.
Moreover, in Table 4 the significant difference on the online readiness of the secondary teachers were
determined based on their responses on three aspects of online readiness in this study such as technology,
teaching, and communication and organization. This is essential to understand which among these sources affect
much their extent of readiness and be able to pinpoint which among these key elements they should focus in
order to improve the area thereby improving online readiness of teachers in the secondary level. On technology
and teaching, it can be observed that there is a significant difference since p=000 which is p<0.05 which rejects
the null hypothesis. The same findings can be seen on technology vs communication and organization and
teaching vs communication and organization with p=0.003 which p<0.05 therefore, it can be assume the
significant difference of the online readiness secondary teachers in Camarines Norte.
Table 4. Two-Way ANOVA on Significant Difference on Online Readiness of Secondary Teachers
The secondary teachers vary in their opinion when it comes to their online readiness, it can be
attributed to their desire for technological advancement and the pedagogical knowledge to integrate digital
technology to effective teaching and learning. [17] However, the teachers themselves have skepticism when it
comes to the use of online teaching that is why they opt for blended and flexible learning and most of them
choose a modular approach. This was partly due to poor internet connectivity; variations of different teaching
methods used by teachers in their subject, slow personal computers which are not favorable to learning, limited
broadband and mobile data that the students can only afford. [18] Hence, it is with proper planning,
preparedness, and enough study and initiatives that online learning can be embraced by the growing population
of learners who are using every resource possible to continue learning despite the challenges of pandemic.On
the contrary, although majority of the teachers have difficulty adapting to online learning classes and have
various understanding of the different modalities and learning styles to follow there are many options that they
could choose which can be alternative delivery modes sustaining education in this time of pandemic. In fact,
some schools could adapt and subscribe to these technologies to enable teaching-learning under distance
learning become possible and sustain delivery of quality education. In any case, most of the challenges in
instruction in a distance learning environment related to instructional method includes the utilization of ICT that
are within the distance instructional techniques, needed resources in the preparation of virtual environment,
creation of commonly used exercises, adequate source of information and prepared online assets, minimal space
for directions materials capacity, need or have negligible control of the learning stage, confront intrusions in
web service, and have constrained budget for the development of instructional assets. [19]
Some of the recommendations which was mentioned in the study of Francisco & Barcelona (2020)
captured open and free technology that teachers can use. Some of which are CourseSites which is an online
platform which has no license fee or hosting fee that could enable faculty members in K-12 and higher
education post course materials, communicate with students, encourage collaboration, monitor performance, and
manage grades. [20] One example is Blackboard which has also a commercial learning management system
(LMS) that could help institution produce quality distance learning environment. Another is iTunes U which
deploy training course through mobile. It helps in home activities, authoring, automatic grading, forums and
discussions online.
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There is also the so-called LatitudeLearning which is also an online-based learning management
system which also supports online education with some eLearning content and support which the user can be
able to achieve. Another is the Myicourse which is also an online educational solutions for the teachers who
would like to house multiple courses. Meanwhile, Schoology is also a good platform which is free learning
management system that allows teachers and students can prepare and submit learning materials and
assessments. A Tutor also as an LMS caters online course management but this is effective for the blind and
visually impaired people. Other LMS are Dekeos and Moodle which can cater customizable courses, can
generate virtual classrooms, certificates, and measure of success. Aside from monitoring students‟ progress,
some of these LMS are mobile friendly which means it can be accessed by those students who do not have a
laptop or desktop computers but rely mostly on their smartphones or relative gadgets. [21] These open and free
technologies are some of the many platforms that public secondary teachers as well as teachers in general could
utilize to help them cope with their online learning management.
IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
The effectiveness of a teacher lies also in their capability to utilize resources and carry out tasks with
due knowledge and capacity while managing aspects related to academic jobs and services to its utmost prime.
Most of the teachers are highly motivated and very excited in the use of online resources and the use of
technology in teaching and learning. This implicates their behavior of embracing technology as a way to extend
learning especially during pandemic. However, these teachers were unable to manage properly online resources
because of their limited knowledge to fully utilize ICT technology to its extent while social media is one of their
tools in engaging students to learn even though they have reservations in using such platforms.
Some of the educational strategies that teachers could adopt is the training on online module/learning
material development and the issue regarding copyright laws for teachers to develop the initiative of ensuring
that they are do away with plagiarism. Although, these teachers have basic training and knowledge on the use of
basic ICT tools like office software bundles, can be able to access the internet and have accounts of their own
most of them are not comfortable with its use. The researchers highly recommended training, planning, and
restructuring towards strengthening technology utilization, access, and resource generation for better delivery of
education. These activities may prove vital towards developing key-in educational strategies in building smart
ways and reducing challenges in online education.Various technological platforms which are mostly free can be
of use as an alternative educational delivery for distance and remote learning which schools can either
subscribed for effective delivery of flexible and blended learning. The school administration can also conduct
various training efforts to train trainers that could be utilized to train others especially the users of learning
management systems for its effective implementation in the schools. An ICT unit can also be formed to help
teachers in case technical difficulties are met before, during, and after its implementation. Furthermore, teachers
can also acquaint with some other technological tools and open source/free software that they could download
or implement online to help them in their class management. However, they should be aware to consider
acknowledging their sources and avoid plagiarisms and soliciting content unsuitable for teaching and education.
They should also confirm validity and authenticity of their sources as to avoid using resources that maybe
substandard, fake, or inappropriate for learning.
Future work and studies could be directed towards students‟ online readiness relative to understanding
whether they have the capability to be able to keep up with the challenge of online learning in the basic
education level as well as develop ways of standardizing policies and implementing rules and regulations (IRR)
that would improve the current system especially during this COVID-19 pandemic.
V. ACKNOWLEDGEMEMMMNTS
The researchers would like to thank the Department of Education (DepEd) Camarines Norte, Camarines Norte
State College, and the respondents for their valuable support in this study.
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