The document discusses different types of reference materials including encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, thesauruses, newsletters, magazines, and journals. It provides details on each type: encyclopedias contain summaries of knowledge in articles, newsletters are publications distributed within organizations, magazines are periodical publications on various topics financed by advertising, and journals are scholarly publications that are peer-reviewed. Reference materials are important sources that provide background information and facts on topics to support research.
A literature review is a systematic review of the published literature on a specific topic or research question.
The literature review is designed to analyze-- not just summarize-- scholarly writings that are related directly to your research question
Review of literature is necessary for research.We can find so many advance thing which are already proven though research by searching the review article only.
An important step in successful research is identifying the preferred format (citations, abstracts, full text) of the search results. The information you need will determine which resources you will use to find it.
A literature review is a systematic review of the published literature on a specific topic or research question.
The literature review is designed to analyze-- not just summarize-- scholarly writings that are related directly to your research question
Review of literature is necessary for research.We can find so many advance thing which are already proven though research by searching the review article only.
An important step in successful research is identifying the preferred format (citations, abstracts, full text) of the search results. The information you need will determine which resources you will use to find it.
Books
A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or
other materials, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is
called a leaf, and each side of a leaf is called a page.
Books may also refer to works of literature, or a main division of such a work. In library and
information science, a book is called a monograph, to distinguish it from serial periodicals such
as magazines, journals or newspapers. The body of all written works including books is
literature. In novel sand sometimes other types of books (for example, biographies), a book may
be divided into several large sections, also called books.
Text Books
A textbook or course book (UK English) is a manual of instruction in any branch of study.
Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions. Schoolbooks are
textbooks and other books used in schools. Although most textbooks are only published in
printed format, many are now available as online electronic books
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. INDEX
SL NO CONTENT PG NO
1 Introduction 1
2 Reference material 2
3 Encyclopedia 3-4
4 Newsletters 5-6
5 Magazines 6-8
6 Journals 8-10
7 Conclusion 11
8 References 12
3. 1
INTRODUCTION
A reference material provides a kind of benchmark for a
measurement. It is therefore used in, for example, method development and
validation, calibration and quality assurance. Reference materials are various
sources that provide background information or quick facts on any given topic.
Reference materials are obviously those items most likely to be useful in
answering reference questions. For this reason, they are often held by libraries
as resources which are either non-circulating or circulated under strict
limitations. Reference sources are used to obtain a specific answer to a question
or to indicate other sources to use during the research process. Although there
are several types of reference sources, they all are categorized as either general
or specific in scope. General reference sources will contain a broad range of
subject areas whereas subject specific sources have content that is focused in
one particular area of study.
4. 2
REFERENCE MATERIAL
A reference material provides a kind of benchmark for a
measurement. It is therefore used in, for example, method development and
validation, calibration and quality assurance. Reference materials are various
sources that provide background information or quick facts on any given topic.
Reference materials like encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, thesaurus,
newsletter, magazine and journals help us find information. It would be hard to
find the information we need without these materials. The internet has all of
these reference materials. So, if you don’t have these things at your home you
will be able to find them on the computer.
TYPES OF REFERENCE MATERIALS
1. Encyclopedias
2. Newsletters
3. Magazines
4. Journals
5. 3
ENCYCLOPEDIAS
An encyclopedia is a type of reference work or
compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from
either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of
knowledge.Encyclopedias is divided into articles or entries, which are
usually accessed alphabetically by article name. Encyclopedia entries are
longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally
speaking, unlike dictionary entries, which focus on linguistic information
about words, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information to cover
the thing or concept for which the article name stands.
Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years;
the oldest still in existence, Naturalis Historia, was written starting in AD
77 by Pliny the Elder. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of
dictionaries around the 17th century. Historically, some encyclopedias
were contained in one volume, whereas others, such as the Encyclopedia
Britannica, the Enciclopedia Italiana or the world's largest, Encyclopedia
universal ilustrada europeo-americana, became huge multi-volume works.
Some modern encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, are electronic and
often freely available.
6. 4
Most students use both the internet and library
resources when conducting academic research. A common first step in
the research process is accessing encyclopedias. Reputable encyclopedias
give you the opportunity to add legitimate sources to research papers,
presentations and theses. It is important that encyclopedia sources are
credible, so it is essential to use online sources that are trustworthy and
respected.
People use encyclopedias to broaden their knowledge
on subjects of interest. There are many subject-specific encyclopedias
available on a variety of topics including medicine, law, pop culture,
history and wildlife. These encyclopedias give more in-depth information
than those with general information on thousands of topics. General
encyclopedias also meet the needs of people seeking basic research on
many topics before seeking detailed information elsewhere.
General encyclopedias offer a general overview of a
wide range of topics while subject-specific encyclopedias offer in-depth
information on specific topics. Any profession that requires its specialists
to perform ongoing research has a subject encyclopedia. Professionals use
them to check facts or to gain additional knowledge on a particular
subject area.
7. 5
NEWSLETTER
A newsletter is a Small, printed, or published through other
means, newspaper or digest aimed for a select audience on a narrow subject, or
for circulation within an organization. Newsletter is a regularly distributed
publication that is generally about one main topic of interest to its subscribers.
Newspapers and leaflets are types of newsletters. For example, newsletters are
distributed at schools to inform parents about things that happen in that school.
Newsletters are published by clubs, churches, societies, associations, and
businesses especially companies to provide information of interest to members,
customers, or employees. A newsletter may be considered "grey literature".
Newsletters delivered electronically via email (e-Newsletters) have gained rapid
acceptance for the same reasons email in general has gained popularity over
printed correspondence. Some newsletters are created as money-making
ventures and sold directly to subscribers. Sending newsletters to customers and
prospects is a common marketing strategy, which can have benefits and
drawbacks. Public organizations emit newsletters in order to improve or
maintain their reputation in the society. General attributes of newsletters include
news and upcoming events of the related organization, as well as contact
information.
Classroom newsletters are an excellent way to keep in touch
with parents and help them be a part of their child's education. Frequent and
8. 6
regular class newsletters enable parents to sense the feeling and momentum of
the class and gain insights into what their child is learning. Class newsletters
can include simple graphics, samples of student work, and parent education
information. The newsletter is a good way to let parents know what is being
studied in different curricular areas. It can give information about upcoming
events and areas to be studied, as well as recent accomplishments of individual
students and the class.
MAGAZINES
Magazines are publications, usually periodical publications
that are printed or published electronically. The online versions are called online
magazines. They are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a
variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase
price, by prepaid subscriptions, or a combination of the three. At its root, the
word "magazine" refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written
publication, it is a collection of written articles. The earliest example of
magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen which was launched in
1663 in Germany. It was a literary and philosophy magazine. The Gentleman's
Magazine, first published in 1731, in London, is considered to have been the
first general-interest magazine. Magazines can be distributed through the mail,
through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free
distribution at selected pick-up locations.
9. 7
We live in an informational age, and if we want our students
to have up-to-date information, then magazines are your best classroom
management resource. They provide short passages, use a variety of different
text structures, and they are an excellent way for students to practice reading
nonfiction. Magazines can be an effective way teaching strategy. For example,
instead of searching for the perfect nonfiction text to demonstrate a strategy, lift
a piece of text from a children’s magazine instead. Laminate magazines before
you give them to students. Then have students keep them in their desks so they
can use them for independent reading, for a demonstration of a teaching
strategy, or for guided reading. Magazines are an excellent way to teach
students publishing features such as captions, headers, sub headers, illustrations,
bold words, timelines, word boxes, footnotes, etc. Keep a variety of magazines
in your classroom library. This will give students the opportunity to choose a
magazine for leisure instead of a novel. When students choose a magazine to
read on their own time, they are being exposed to nonfiction and expository
writing. This helps to broaden their reading skills, and activate their proper
knowledge, which in turn will help them on state assessments.
Classroom magazines are a great source of high-interest
nonfiction. Students are exposed to up-to-date information on a daily, weekly or
monthly basis. Since textbooks can go years before revisions, magazines are
ultimately the best choice for the most-current information. They are also an
10. 8
effective way to teach strategies, and can also be used to prepare students for
state tests since many of the passages are very close in structure to the tests.
Even lower levels can do tasks describing pictures and finding pictures in a
magazine even if they are not yet proficient enough to read a real English
magazine.
JOURNALS
A journal has several related meanings, a daily record of
events or business; a private journal is usually referred to as a diary, a
newspaper or other periodical, in the literal sense of one published each day.
Many publications issued at stated intervals, such as academic journals, or the
record of the transactions of a society, are often called journals. In academic
use, a journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication that is peer-reviewed. An
academic or scholarly journal is a peer-reviewed or refereed periodical in which
scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.
Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and
presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research.
Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review
articles, and book reviews. The term academic journal applies to scholarly
publications in all fields; this article discusses the aspects common to all
academic field journals. Scientific journals and journals of the quantitative
social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities and
11. 9
qualitative social sciences; their specific aspects are separately discussed. They
are mainly held in libraries or on subscription-based databases.
Journal writing is an incredibly flexible instructional tool,
useful across the entire curriculum. While often used as a class start-up activity,
it is used primarily to give students an opportunity to speculate on paper,
confident that their ideas, observations, emotions, and writing will be accepted
without criticism. Curriculum oriented journal entries have the advantage of
causing students to relate personally to the topic before instruction begins.
Asking for a summary of learning or for a question or two the student still has at
the end of the period causes the student to process and organize his or her
thoughts about the material covered.
Some teachers successfully use journals as an important tool
in their teaching methodology. Journals are often a good relationship building
and community building activity, usually low-stakes personal or reflective
writing, which helps students to develop confidence and supports critical
thinking. Journals can provide numerous writing opportunities for students.
Journals can be used as a part of homework that all students can complete
independently. Journals can get students focused and working when they come
into the classroom. Journals can help build a community of writers. Journals
have disadvantages also. Journal writing is often perceived as busy work.
12. 10
Journals take time. And when combined with silent reading etc., it becomes a
pretty big chunk of time without actual instruction.
13. 11
CONCLUSION
A reference material provides a kind of benchmark for a
measurement. Reference materials are various sources that provide background
information or quick facts on any given topic. Reference materials like
encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, thesaurus, newsletter, magazine and
journals help us find information. It would be hard to find the information we
need without these materials. The internet has all of these reference materials.
An encyclopedia is a type of reference work or compendium holding a
comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge
or a particular branch of knowledge. Newsletter is a regularly distributed
publication that is generally about one main topic of interest to its subscribers.
Magazines are publications, usually periodical publications that are printed or
published electronically. The online versions are called online magazines. A
journal has several related meanings, a daily record of events or business; a
private journal is usually referred to as a diary, a newspaper or other periodical,
in the literal sense of one published each day. Many publications issued at stated
intervals, such as academic journals, or the record of the transactions of a
society, are often called journals.