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Olive in Nepal- challenges and prospects
The document discusses the prospects and challenges of olive cultivation in Nepal. It outlines that olives have been grown for over 8,000 years and are now commercially produced in several countries. Two olive species are found in Nepal. Olive cultivation has prospects in Nepal due to suitable climate, high domestic demand for olive oil exceeding supply, and government promotion programs. However, challenges include subsistence farming practices, lack of infrastructure and processing facilities, insufficient training, and inefficient government support. Overcoming these challenges could allow olives to improve livelihoods and economic conditions in western Nepal.
Food◦
Olive in Nepal- challenges and prospects
- 1. OLIVE: Prospects & Challengesin Nepal Shiva Dhakal Msc.Ag(Horticulture) Agriculture and Forestry University, Nepal 07/07/2018
- 2. Introduction Olive (OleaSp) : Native to Mediterranean region tropical and central Asia various parts of Africa At a site in Spain, carbon-dating has shown olive seed found over there to be eight thousand years old (Zohary & Spiegel- Roy, 1975) Olives are also grown commercially in California, Australia and South Africa and recently in India, Pakistan, China and Nepal. Olea cuspidata is a species locally known as "Lotto" in Dolpa and "Launtho" in Bajura districts of Nepal (TISC, 2002). 07/07/2018
- 3. Uses Olive oil- consumption Olive pulp - pickling Leaves - fodder Olive Oil cake - manure Timber - firewood and farm handles 07/07/2018
- 4. Taxonomical classification ofolive Kingdom : Plantae Super division: Spermatophyta (seed plants) Division: Mangoliphyta (flowering plants) Class : Mangoliopsida (dicotyledons) Sub- class : Asteridae Order : Lamiales Family : Oleaceae Genus : Olea 07/07/2018
- 5. In Nepal,Olea europaea var. sativa is distributed in different locations from Far-west to Central Development Regions. Table 1. Two Olea species and their availability in different localities in Nepal Species District Locality Elevation (masl) Olea cuspidate Dolpa Parang & Thuli Bheri, Dunai, Upper Bheri Bheri, Tallon, Parakya Logne Karnali 1100 – 1800 Rukkum Godamkot 1150 Humla Darma, Simikot 1800 Bajura Kaligad, Kolti, Boldhik 2192 Olea glandulifera Bajhang Chainpur, Manakot, Baru Ganga 1530-1566 07/07/2018
- 6. Scenario of olivein world (IOC, 2018) Fig 1. Global production and consumption of olive in last 50 years 07/07/2018
- 7. Top olive producers RankCountry Annual Olive Production in Metric Tons 1 Spain 5,276,899 2 Italy 3,220,674 3 Greece 2,232,412 4 Turkey 1,292,072 5 Tunisia 841,524 6 Morocco 745,019 7 Syria 730,692 8 Egypt 332,321 9 Portugal 325,938 10 Algeria 299,404 (IOC, 2018) Table 2. Top olive producing countries in 2016 07/07/2018
- 8. Olive in Nepal Wild olives were recorded at Matyalo of Bajura district on both the deforested and cultivated areas along the Karnali river (Paudel, 2009). Commercial cultivars Nuovo, Nabali, and Manzanilla HADP in 1978 Mission and Rakka by JICA in 1994 18 cultivars by FAO in 1998 (Dhakal & Regmi, 2008) 28 varieties of olive from Tuscia university, Italy 07/07/2018
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- 10. Climatic suitability MaxiumumAnnual rainfall of 700 mm Soil containing 45-65% sand Annual sunshine 2000 hrs Altitude of 1100-2200 masl Land facing north –south (DAFF, 2010). From GIS mapping 13,803. 525 ha area in 10 districts of Nepal, Dolpa, Humla, mugu Kalikot, Jumla, Bajhang, Bajura and Rukum are suitable for commercial olive cultivation (Krishi weekly, 2017). 07/07/2018
- 11. High internal demandand export potential 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 1994 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Importworth(US$) Year Trend of olive oil import in Nepal UN data,2016 07/07/2018
- 12. High internal demandand export potential contd… Acid content less than 1% falls under standard of European Union, which is being produced in Bajura district But olive oil imported in Nepal has upto 3% acidity and still marketed as extra virgin oil (krishi weekly, 2017) 07/07/2018
- 13. Technology development InChitlang and Kolti grafting technique has successfully been started Such grafted plants are found high yielding and resistant to root and shoot rot disease Also olive processing plant have been established in these areas by Himalayan plantation Pvt. Ltd (FDD, 2006). 07/07/2018
- 14. Uplifting economic standard Only 5% of total local population of Bajura district is able to feed with local products in a year (Parajuli, 2006). Olive oil costs rupees 2500 – 3000 in Nepalese market Gives good production for 400 years Does not compete with other major crops Also, the timber can be used as fuel, leaves as fodder, oil cake can be made to brickets (MOFS, 2002) 07/07/2018
- 15. Industrial development andEmployment generation 60% of annual cost in olive cultivation is invested in labour Olive oil production and processing industry have high potential Ayurvedic medicines, perfumes, soap cream and other cosmetic products can be made (FDD, 2006) 07/07/2018
- 16. Government activities Underfruit development directorate olive promotion programme has been launched from fiscal year 2072/73 In fiscal year 2073/74 budget ,olive production is given much importance and required budget has also been allocated 07/07/2018
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- 18. Subsistence Farming Eachfarmer grows most of the crops as per need of his family The scattered form of farming imposed a greater constraint in marketing of olive The low volume of products and absence of consolidated marketing system create the great setback for export (Thapa & Dhimal, 2017). 07/07/2018
- 19. Lack of PhysicalInfra-structure In remote areas inaccessibility to the road is the major problem In Hetauda a decrease in 85% yield is reported in year 2073 compared to last year, the major cause being untimely rainfall (Bista, 2016) Olive need to be processed witin few hours of harvesting but due to few processing plants and that also being inaccessible to all farmers quality of olive is low (Niaounakis & Halvadakis, 2006) 07/07/2018
- 20. Human Resource Management In Nepal the well trained manpower are not enough. There is lack of subject matter specialists (SMS) in olive. In the field of postharvest handling and processing skilled manpower is still lacking (FDD, 2006). Overseas job creates shortage of youth labor in the country as well (Thapa & Dhimal, 2017). 07/07/2018
- 21. Lack of consciousnessamong farmers Farmers lack technical how on commercial olive cultivation and processing People are unaware about oil extraction from olive and are using olive plants for fodder, firewood, and timber (DOAE, 2073). Improper harvesting is also a major problem in quality of olive 07/07/2018
- 22. Inefficient government approach Though government amends plans and policies, they are not implemented fully Non recommended varieties which do not suite climatic conditions are being recommended by government officials in Bajura district (Nagarik News, 2074 BS) Bauder a olive farmer in Makwanpur says ”Nepal is not really friendly to foreign investors, it's very difficult to get approvals, there is lots of unnecessary running around" (Nepali Times, 2012) 07/07/2018
- 23. Conclusion Climatic suitability,high internal demand and export potential, technology development, social value ,uplifting economic standard, industrial development and employment generation and government activities were identified as possible prospects of olive cultivation in Nepal. Similarly Subsistence Farming, lack of Physical Infra-structure, human Resource Management, low Priority in Investment, lack of consciousness among farmers and inefficient government approach were identified as challenges of olive cultivation in Nepal. 07/07/2018
- 24. Conclusion contd.. Nepaleseolive has high potential in national and international market but still is in womb stage Olive can be solution to uplift economic standard of Far-west and mid-west Branding of extra virgin organic olive oil of Nepal is necessary Proper marketing channel need to be identified Government activities needs to be implemented at grass root level. 07/07/2018
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