Oil Industry In Los Angeles Basin

Oil Industry In Los Angeles Basin
From the 1890s, as a result of discovery and drilling of some of the most productive oil fields in the
world, the small town of Los Angeles suffered a big change. By 1930, California was producing
nearly one quarter of the world's oil output, and its population had grown to 1.2 million. In the
flowing decades, urban and suburban area grew quickly, surrounding by closeness and more
openness of the oil wells. People found ways to camouflaged machinery, decreased loud noises,
vented methane pockets, as residents had to live closely to those oil production facilities. Until now
days, oil fields in the Los Angeles Basin remain very productive. By applying modern techniques,
operations can be conducted in smaller areas, and some of them have been moved offshore.
However, there are still some oil fields and drilling activities hiding among the shopping malls,
sports sites and residences of Los Angeles. Oil extraction presented a dark background of the early
days of L.A.'s growth, and the fossil fuel industry contributed much to Los Angeles' early
development. In that age, a number of oil fields was easy to drill and there was no evident
distinction between oil producing region and residential area. ... Show more content on
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The amount of oil was abundant and it was easily accessible with minimal regulation. And people
had little understanding of the health or environmental impacts to themselves. Los Angeles still is
the largest urban oil field in the United States. Thousands of ongoing oil wells in the greater L.A.
area are located in a dense population of more than 10 million people. Though conventional crude
reserves have decreased, oil drilling in L.A. still remains popular. Oil rigs spread among the city but
by using special structures, tall fences, or operating oil drilling in low–income residential area, they
often hide from pedestrian's
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An Effective Way Globally And Has Benefited The World
¬ Prof. Jeffrey Weiss
¬¬Advanced Topic TMGT – 8465
Rozin Sabbagh¬¬¬¬
Torrey Canyon Tragedy 1967
Transporting goods over the see consider as an effective way globally and has benefited the world
amazingly. On the regular daily basis, ships all over the world are moving from port to port either to
carry or deliver goods. Furthermore, 90 percent of shipments have been transported by vessels. The
globalization has influenced the world to be interactive in trading by sea. Transporting oil nowadays
by vessels is the safest method away from people sights. In fact, 1800 million tons of crude oil is
transporting early by sea. Although treaties that have been established to avoid any risk could
happen from an oil spill are not taken seriously unless the universe is facing a tremendous tragedy.
However, oil spills consider as an enormous issue that result in sever dispute economically and
politically. Furthermore, oil spills have exceeded an average 700 tons over a year. As a matter of
fact, there is always major risk from an oil spill.
In the past, the entire world has witnessed an oil tankers accidents that resulted in very large oil
spills that have grabbed general attention and an attempt to search for methods and solutions in
order to decrease the risk pertain to such horrible events. In general, large oil spill accidents are
connected with collision, grounding, loss or structural integrity and some of them have resulted in
life death, sea life death, contamination and harm to

Bp Oil Spill
BP Oil Spill
Chait, J, (2010). Dear Leader. New Republic, 241(10), 2–2. Retrieve June 21, 2010, from Academic
Search Premier. This article discusses the present oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The president's has
not changed the Minerals Management Service. In reality, the federal government has no agency
tasked with capping undersea oil leaks. All the necessary equipment, along with the expertise for
operating it, resides with the private sector. BP will likely bear the full cost of the spill; it has every
incentive to deploy its equipment as aggressively as possible. I have seen nobody even attempt to
argue, in either practical or theoretical terms, that the government could do a better job of plugging
the leak.
Crowley, M, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
114 (20), 5–5. Retrieved June 21, 2010 from Academic Search Premier. The job of a risk manager is
to hope for the best, be prepared but for the worst. That means putting emergency response systems
in place to cope with a worst–case scenario. The situation remains out of control and the damage
substantial– environmental, economic and political. Did BP shy away from expensive loss control
measures because a worst–case scenario was so unlikely?
Englund, W. (2010 May 26). Oil– Slick Stars. National Journal. Retrieved June 21, 2010, from
http://nationaljournal.com/about/njweekly/ This article refers to the Gulf oil spill reached its don 't–
just–stand–there moment. . Every day, the White House responded with updates and briefings. The
White House has belatedly gotten the message, announcing new drilling regulations and scheduling
the president 's second trip to the Gulf on Friday.
(2010 May 27) Spillover, New Republic. Retrieved June 21, 2010, from
http://www.thenewrepublic.com IN LATE APRIL, when a deadly explosion sank the Deepwater
Horizon oil rig 50 miles off the coast of Louisiana, few thought the incident could turn into one of
the worst environmental disasters in U.S. As the oil slick creeps toward the coast, it could inflict
billions of dollars in damage on the local fishing and tourism industries, while putting various
wildlife refuges at risk. All of a sudden, Congress is perking up. Missing from this dustup has been
leadership from

Fracking : Is It Worth The Risk?
This week's discussion was to be on "environmental and economic issues" which we're facing in our
home countries, I decided to do mine on fracking. I'm sure most of us in the US have heard about
fracking. There are pros and cons to it, the pro side is that it taps into the natural gas within the earth
and provides a natural resource. This, in turn, will allow the US to reduce their reliance on foreign
oil. The con side is what it is said to be doing to the earth. The technology isn't new and neither is
the knowledge that there is natural gas and oil below the earth's surface. However, there's growing
concern from environmental groups concerned with how much harm is being done by pumping
water and chemicals into the earth. I'll only give a few examples of each, considering how many
there are. The whole debate has many people are asking "is it worth the risk?"
What exactly is "fracking"?
"Fracking is the process of drilling down into the earth before a high–pressure water mixture is
directed at the rock to release the gas inside. Water, sand and chemicals are injected into the rock at
high pressure which allows the gas to flow out to the head of the well." (Megan Caponetto and Tom
Schierlitz, BBC UK, What is fracking and why is it controversial?, 12/16/15). I went with this BBC
quote because it's challenging to find a proper definition without bias. From what I've seen and
heard, to frack they drive multiple tanker trucks into the area filled with a mixture of water and

Health And Safety Effects From Large Oil Spills And Their...
Health and safety effects from large oil spills and their clean–up
Introduction:
Oil spills have been a treat to man and its environment since the discovery of oil as a source of
energy. In history, there have been several massive oil spill disasters have occurred within the last
century. (1)
It is obvious crude oil is an important source of energy to man and that there are dangers associated
with but unfortunately despite the outstanding technological advancements, man has been unable to
prevent the occurrence that affected her which is due to her operations. In the past, oil spills from oil
tanker accident dominated the scene with an average of 314,000 tons of oil entering the ocean as a
result of these. However, this has reduced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(3) The oil spill clean–up operations affect the health statuses of those involved either directly
through the toxic effects of the oil itself and/or through injuries such as back pain sustained during
the clean–up operation. (3)
Furthermore the remediation process involved in the cleaning of the oil spill has its own effect on
the clean–up workers most of which are volunteers. Several methods have been used in history to
respond to oil spills but none of these methods is extremely effective to reduce the impact of oil
spills on man and his environment.
There are several methods used in the cleanup of large oil spills. According to Yang et al,
bioremediation is the microbiological acceleration of the process of biodegradation of oil products.
Also, the mechanical method of cleaning up of oil spill which involves the use of sorbents or direct
skimming of oil from water surface. (4) This method is however said to be effective only on water
surface and not on land. Other methods used includes burning of the oil and use of substance that
solidify the oil to make it easy to be separated from the water surface as well as use of substances
called dispersants. (5) All these processes in themselves have negative impact on the environment as
well as human

Offshore Oil Drilling
Doesn't everyone love swimming in the ocean and seeing all the pretty sea life? Some people do,
and when people are offshore drilling they can cause a lot of problems if something goes wrong.
The biggest concern by environmentalist is not a spill, but the pollution of the air and water, damage
to the ocean bottom and debris that washes ashore from day–to–day operations of oil and gas rigs.
Oil Drilling can lead to jobs being endangered, animals dying, and damaging the eco system. So
many animals are dying because of the oil in the water. Proofread to– Government wildlife experts
have found just in Alaska that the BP oil spill has threatened more than 400 species including 34,000
birds, 656 sea turtles and 12 dolphins, and this count was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Exposure to petroleum causes tissue damage in the eyes, mouth, skin and lungs of marine mammals.
Because they are at the top of the food chain, many marine mammals will be exposed to the dangers
of bioaccumulation of organic pollutants and metals. Expansion of offshore drilling activities would
further threaten imperiled species like the manatee. Sea Turtles often nest on beaches. Collisions and
noise disruptions are all potential threats to sea turtles. Hatchlings are also particularly susceptible to
oiling because they spend much of their time near the water surface, where spilled oil or tar
accumulates. (Boesch, DF and N.N. Rabalais (eds.) 2010.) Do to the oil spill U.S. wildlife experts
are preparing to collect tens of thousands of endangered sea turtle eggs and move them hundreds of
miles away in an unprecedented bid to protect them from the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
Offshore oil drilling causes many changes to our climate change. It thickens the ocean and that
makes it even harder for sea life animals to live in, and also for people to swim in. Also, when there
is an oil spill fishermen cannot sail through it because of the possibility of the crude oil catching
fire. The U.S. needs to look for ways to decrease petroleum consumption, not for ways to increase it.
Offshore oil production involves environmental risks, most notably oil spills from oil tankers or
pipelines transporting oil from the platform to onshore facilities, and from leaks

Yemen Case Study
Yemen is a country in turmoil. Not only from internal conflict but also from external influences. The
Strait of Bab el–Mandeb is vital to oil and gas exportation and the amount of shipments is
decreasing due to the conflict. It is known that a terrorist cell operates out of Yemen along with a
rebel force that is attempting to take control of the country. The al–Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
(AQAP) is thought to be part of the planning operations for international and local attacks that have
been occurring. Being at the heart of a possible proxy war between two Middle East giants, which
has global implications, has Yemen in the sights of many countries.
Current Events
Yemen has had a very rough past three years, and that is putting ... Show more content on
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A Saudi–led coalition airstrike hit a crowded funeral in Sanaa, killing 140 mourners and injuring
500 in October 2016 (BBC News, 2017). That attacked caused both sides of the conflict to allegedly
break an UN–sponsored 72–hour ceasefire declared amid ongoing peace talks (BBC News, 2017).
January 2017 saw America's first military action in Yemen under President Donald Trump by
launching a US raid that killed several suspected Al–Qaeda militants and civilians (BBC News,
2017). The raid by the U.S. lead to Yemen's government to stop any future U.S. involvement unless
it has the government's full approval (CNN, 2017). A group of U.S forces, during May 2017,
conducted a raid on a compound that housed suspected members of al–Qaeda in the Arabian
Peninsula (AQAP) (Aljazeera, 2017). In response to continued attacks against the Houthis, the
rebels continued to fire missiles into Saudi Arabia, claiming to have fired one at the capital Riyadh
during May 2017 (BBC News, 2017). As a result of the fighting between the Yemen Government, its
allies, the Houthis and AQAP the World Health Organization states that 1,500 people have died as a
result of a cholera outbreak in July 2017. This is due to the lack of running water and basic medical
accessibility. As long as the ADAP

There's A Better Choice
Cars are one of those materialistic objects that people crave, but many people know the physical
harm that cars can do. They are gas guzzling and air polluting, and, yet they remain one of
Americans favorite hobbies. Since cars were invented, they have caught the eye of Americans and
people in the world. People always cared for their cars as much as anything around they have in the
house. It would make sense that because of this, they would want the best for their car. The battle
between conventional oil and synthetic oil has been going on for a long time. People often wonder
which is better, which is more efficient, and which is environmentally friendlier to the earth. All
these questions can be answered. Synthetic oil is the better ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Newman, in this particular article, brings up another factor, volatility. Volatility is changing from a
liquid or solid to a vapor of some kind. Larry West (West interview Newman about synthetics)
records Newman saying that "synthetics have a lower volatility and therefore do not boil off or
vaporize as quickly as petroleum(conventional) motor oils"(West). This can mean a number of
things but for the consumer, that means that a car is less prone to overheating, and eventually, this
will save the average driver more money (West). Every now and then people will throw in the
negative outlook on things. Oppositions arise, such as, "Synthetic are more than three times the cost
of petroleum oils" (West) or that vegetable products are better than both. For the first reason alone
there will probably always be slightly more people with conventional. People will look at lower
prices most of the time instead of the quality, but it does not mean that it is the best choice. It is true
that in some cases vegetable products beat both oils in competition. This could be considered
somewhat intriguing, but eliminating a reliable food source for oil is not a good decision. As West
says, "Mass production or such bio–based oils would probably not be feasible"(West). Even with all
of the controversy, one that will consistently battle, synthetic and conventional oils. The
environment is

A Compare And Contrast Fats Research Paper
Compare and Contrast Fats Generally, the word shortening means any group of solid fats.
Shortenings generally consist of nearly 100 percent fat. It may be made from vegetable oils, animal
fats, or both. Shortenings are used for may purposes, so manufacturers have formulated various
kinds of fats with various properties. (Gisslen, 2013)
All Purpose Shortening
Also known as regular shortening, have a tough, waxy texture, and small particles of the fat tend to
hold their shape in a dough or batter. They are called plastic shortenings, which means they are
moldable at room temperature. They have a good creaming ability. Which means that a good
quantity of air can be mixed into them to give a batter lightness and leavening power. This type of
shortening melts only at a high temperature. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are also used in many other pastries, breads, and products mixed by creaming, such as certain
pound cakes, cookies, and quick breads.
High–Ratio Shortening
These are soft shortenings that spread easily throughout a batter and quickly coat the particles of
sugar and flour. The are call high–ratio because they were devised for use in cake batter that contain
a high ratio of sugar and liquid to flour. They also contain added emulsifying agents, so they can
hold a larger quantity of liquid and sugar than regular shortenings. Which gives a smoother and finer
texture to cake and make them moister. Commonly referred to as emulsifying shortening.
High ratio shortening does not cream well. When a recipe calls for creaming shortening and sugar,
regular shortening should be used. High ratio shortening is often used in icings because it can hold
more sugar and liquid without curdling. It is more temperature stable and will hold air better upon
whipping, improving volume and stability.

The Canyon Tragedy Annexed : An Effective Way Globally And...
Torrey Canyon Tragedy 1967
Transporting goods over the see consider as an effective way globally and has benefited the world
amazingly. On the regular daily basis, ships all over the world are moving from port to port either to
carry or deliver goods. Furthermore, 90 percent of shipments have been transported by vessels. The
globalization has influenced the world to be interactive in trading by sea. Transporting oil nowadays
by vessels is the safest mode away from people sights. In fact, (1800) million tons of crude oil is
transporting early by sea. Although treaties that have been established to avoid any risk could
happen from an oil spill are not taken seriously unless the world is facing a tremendous tragedy.
However, oil spills ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the past, we had learned from previous well best–known oil spill tankers accidents in the world
which are:
Torrey Canyon – (1967)
Exxon Valdez – (1989)
Erika – (1999)
Prestige – (2002)
Apparently, all adjustments are taken after each horrible tragedy and the preventive action still not
implemented holistically. However, when any new conventions are adopted, they probably will take
from 2 to 5 years to enter into force and be active. Well, in this small paper research I would like to
discuss the regulations as well as rules that have been updated as a direct response to these kind of
horrific accidents. In addition to, what impacts the new safety regulations and standards rules have
had on lowering the risk pertained oil tankers incidents.
In the late 19 Century, the first oil tankers begun to operate and the regular standard size of the
tankers remain small (16400) DWT until 1950s. Afterwards during the proper progress in the
construction industry, the sizes of the vessels started to grow rapidly until they reached out
(100,000) tons in 1959. That have led a noticeable increasing in the oil transportation which dictates
the awareness of oil pollution in the marine environment. In the 20 Century, the oil pollutions was
recognized as a gradual problem that would influence adversely the entire world. Furthermore, in
1954 (OILPOL) the international convention for the pollution

Key Management Issues : Standard Oil, A Monopolistic...
Key Management Issues to be Solved
Standard Oil, a monopolistic company of massive size, used a lack of regulation in the oil industry
to become a leader by unscrupulous business practices. By the year 1878 Standard Oil was in
control of more than ninety five percent of the oil business in the United States. "Rockefeller's
strengths in bargaining situations was that he ﬁgured out what he wanted and what the other party
wanted and then crafted mutually advantageous terms.... Standard Oil formed the South
Improvement company in the fall of 1871, supposedly to negotiate "secret" discounts on published
railroad tariffs and place independent refiners at a transport cost disadvantage." (Reksulak, Shughart
2011)
The key issues to be researched and solved are:
Does competition benefit a company and its competitors by making them compete for sales?
How can a company stay profitable when regulations are in place that limit its ability to produce
income?
Is there a change in business practice needed to modify the corporate environment and how the
company treats its competitors?
How can a company respond when its corporation is broken up into smaller companies?
Background of the Problem
Standard Oil was a company created by John D. Rockefeller and his partners in 1870. Standard Oil
used unethical actions to increase their income. The formed agreements with railroad companies
which enabled them to be given discounts from the railroads. The agreements were made under a
company

Oil Spills
An oil spill can be defined as an accidental or deliberate dumping of oil or petroleum products into
the ocean and its coastal waters, bays, and harbors, or onto land, or into rivers or lakes (Holum
1977). Between one and ten million metric tons (one metric ton is 1000 kilograms) of oil are put
into the oceans every year. The oil is released, most often, in small yet consistent doses from
tankers, industry, or on shore waste disposal (Boesh, Hersher, et al. 1974). Tanker spills cost the
United States more than one hundred million dollars every year. Spill frequency increases
proportionally with tonnage carried, in a linear manner. Non–tanker spills also increase linearly and
account for thirty percent of all spills. The Atlantic area ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Organisms living at or near the surface are impacted more than others in the area. These organisms
include those in intertidal areas, heuston, seabirds, and bottom dwellers. The type of oil spilled
influences the extent of damage that is done to the organism. Crude oil is the most common
petroleum product that is found in oil spills. Crude oil is a complex mix of hydrocarbons with small
amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen and traces of inorganic and organometalic compounds.
There are three classes of hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. Alkanes, in low
concentrations, cause anesthesia and narcosis, and in high concentrations, cell damage and death, in
marine invertebrates. Alkenes, which are not typically found in crude oil but in refined products
such as gasoline, are more toxic than alkanes, but less toxic than aromatics. Aromatics are not
common in nature but they can kill ocean organisms, not only at full strength, but in diluted
concentrations as well. Aromatics are the most immediately toxic component found in oil (Boesch,
Hershmer, et. al. 1974).
Some dangerous hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene. Benzene
inhibits blood cell formation, and they all cause local irritation of the respiratory system, excitation
or depression of the central nervous system, and are mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic. The
effects of oil on organisms can be broken down into two subdivisions, chemical

Natural Resources : Natural Resource
Natural Resource
When we looking at the lipstick, the primary ingredients we are going to found are wax, oil,
pigment, dyes, alcohol, fragrance, preservatives, and antioxidants. Wax enable the mixture to be
formed into the easily recognized shape of the cosmetic. Wax is usually the combination of three
type of waxes – Beeswax, Candelilla wax, and Camauba wax. Beeswax is a natural wax produces
by honey bees. Candelilla wax is wax derive from the leaves of the small Candelilla shrub native to
northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. Camauba wax is wax of the leaves of the palm
Copernicia prunifera, a plant grown only in the northeastern Brazilian. Also known as "queen of
waxes". Oils such as mineral, caster, lanolin, or vegetable are added to the wax to help mixture
formed into the easily recognized shape of the cosmetic. Mineral oils is usually distillation of
petroleum. Caster oils is a vegetable oil obtain by pressing the seeds of the caster oil plant and it is
indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean basin, eastern Africa, and India. Sheep are the only
source of lanolin oil. A sheep gets sheared once yearly and provides about 10 pounds of wool
annually. Lanolin is an amber–colored fatty substance taken from the sheep's wool before it is
washed. Vegetable oil is triglyceride extracted from a plant. Pigment and dyes are used in lipsticks
to impart the desired color or shade to the lipstick. The dyes used in a lipstick include bismuth
oxychloride,

Smalltowne Water Pollution
Due to the easy accessibility of water in Smalltowne, many people have taken the local watershed
for granted. As the population and businesses have grown, the waterways in the town have become
more and more polluted. Without noticing, the activities of the local people and industries have
affected the waterways negatively. There are several causes of the increasing pollution in the
streams, lakes, and waterways in small towns. Two of the major causes of the local pollution are oil
spills and toxic waste. Therefore, the town should use better containing and delivering shipments
and shut down nuclear power plants in order to solve the increasing problem of water pollution.
We need to have better methods of solving pollution. Our first problem

Brace Your Beard Research Paper
Brace Your Beards: Winter is Coming
To some people a beard is nothing more than a facial feature, but to others it is the ultimate form of
self–expression. Even at a first glance it is easy to differentiate between a beard that is result of
careful grooming and that which stems from simply not shaving. In other words, growing a true
manly beard takes time, knowledge and no small amount of patience. Coincidently, these values are
something that a real man is supposed to possess, which is why manscaping stands as a symbol of
manliness.
So far, we talked about the commitment needed to grow a beard, but the most important thing about
it is the upkeep. This means washing your beard regularly, trimming it whenever possible and using
a wide array of quality products. Unfortunately, there is no such thing as an ultimate tip for skin
care, since there are numerous variables to take into consideration. Amongst them, the two most
important are your skin and hair type as well as the climate conditions. Because of this, you need to
pay special attention during the winter period and here are few tips that may help you out.
Identify your Skin Type
The first thing you want to do is try to identify your skin and hair type. This will help determine
how often you are supposed to wash your beard and what kind of products you ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The last thing you want is for your beard to get wet from snow or ice. Although having an icy beard
may look awesome and completely fit in with the overall spirit of the holiday season, its effects on
the health of your facial hair can be quite devastating. You see, when combined, the moisture and
low temperature can leave your hair quite brittle, which means that it can be prone to breaking.
Seeing how beard alone has the ability to make your winter significantly both warmer and overall
safer, when combined with a nice scarf, the effects of this can

Essay on Water Pollution in America
Water pollution and pollution in general is a problem that people don't like to deal with. Water
pollution can cause so much damage to people and to the animals that live in that body of water. The
laws that we have are doing what they need to but we need to monitor the water more closely
because if we don't catch the pollution when it happens it could have a disastrous impact on the
environment. It could kill all of the plant and animal life that lives in the water. Some of the
pollutions that occur are very hard to clean up and the Eco–system may never fully recover. To clean
something up it takes a lot of hours and a lot of man power to get this mess taken care of. Water
pollution could be the cause of some animals being endangered. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When a power or Industrial plant uses water to cool down things inside the factory and then they
release the water back to where it came from can cause a Thermal Pollution. When the water is
returned at a higher temperature then what it was at. That then leads to a decrease in the dissolved
oxygen level in the water. It also increases the biological demand of aquatic organisms for oxygen
(Krantz 1996). There are some things that are not caused by human activity such as Ecological
Pollution. An example of ecological pollution would be an increased rate of siltation of a waterway
after a landslide which would increase the amount of sediments in runoff water. Another example
would be when a large animal, such as a deer, drowns in a flood and a large amount of organic
material is added to the water as a result. Major geological events such as a volcano eruption might
also be sources of ecological pollution (Krantz 1996).
Water pollution comes in all different types. You don't know what one to going to happen till it
happens. There are three other forms that can occur from different ways. When there is an oil spill
and which there many of those that we experience a form of pollution called Petroleum. Accidental
discharges of petroleum are an important cause of pollution along the shore lines. Off–shore drilling
operations also cause water pollution. A fun fact here to know is that for every one ton of oil spilled
there is a million tons of oil

A Brief Note On Surface Waters And Groundwater
Surface waters and groundwater are the two sorts of water assets that contamination influences.
There are likewise two unique routes in which contamination can happen. On the off chance that
contamination originates from a solitary area, for example, a release channel appended to a
processing plant, it is known as point–source contamination. Different illustrations of point source
contamination incorporate an oil slick from a tanker, a release from a smoke stack (industrial facility
fireplace), or somebody pouring oil from their auto down a channel. A lot of water contamination
happens not from one single source but rather from a wide range of scattered sources. This is called
nonpoint–source contamination. A few types of water contamination are extremely self–evident:
everybody has seen TV news footage of oil spills recorded from helicopters flying overhead. Water
contamination is normally more subtle and much harder to recognize than this. However, by what
method would we be able to gauge water contamination when we can 't see it? How would we even
know it 's there? There are two fundamental methods for measuring the nature of water. One is to
take tests of the water and measure the convergences of distinctive chemicals that it contains. In the
event that the chemicals are risky or the focuses are excessively extraordinary, we can see the water
as dirtied. Estimations like this are known as concoction markers of water quality. Another approach
to gauge water quality

The Issue Of Human Smuggling
61. Given the recent international attention to the refugee and migrant crisis, the issue of human
smuggling from the coast of Libya has also come to the fore. Libya serves as a nexus point for the
Central Mediterranean Route, the name given to the migratory flow from North Africa to Malta and
Italy through the Mediterranean Sea. The various routes from Western Africa and the Horn in Africa
converge on the Libyan coast before the perilous Mediterranean Sea crossing.
62. According to Frontex, "[i]n 2014, detections in the Central Mediterranean area reached a
staggering level. More than 170 000 migrants arrived in Italy alone, representing the largest influx
into one country in European Union history. Many migrants departed from Libya, where the lack of
rule of law and basic law enforcement allow smuggling networks to thrive. Syrians and Eritreans
were the top two nationalities, but numerous Africans coming from Sub–Saharan regions also use
this route." Between January and August 2015, the number of illegal border crossings using the
Central Mediterranean route already exceeded 106,000.
63. Despite comparatively very high costs for migrants and refugees, amounting to up to US$
20.000 for a journey, this sum is rarely paid in full to one centralised smuggling network. Due to the
decentralised nature of the smuggling networks, migrants and refugees typically do not pay for their
journey in one lump sum but instead are forced to "pay–as–you–go", paying different smugglers

Case Study : Royal Dutch Shell
Esther Henchmen is a PhD student at EASED Business School – Universi dad de Ramon Lull,
Barcelona. She has participated in non–governmental organizations including UNICEF, World Bank
and Oxfam Intermon. This has led her in expertise about development management and human
rights. Dealing with issues such as the involvement of corporations in major environmental disasters
such the oil spill that occurred in Niger delta by shell. Her title "Royal Dutch Shell in Nigeria:
Where Do Responsibilities End?" explains the problem of fractured responsibility coupled with
harm produced by collective action. Her journal focuses on the cause, integrity and reputation of the
perpetrators involved in the ongoing Niger Delta oil spill. She discusses the dispute over the
corporate social responsibility, malpractices and legal preceding of its operating licensure. Since
corporations are artificial persons in the law, it is difficult to isolate perpetrators based on causality
in fact it's not realistic, so they could be sued for failing to meet standard of care.
It is estimated that more than 2 million barrels of oil a day are extracted in the Niger delta, making
Nigeria the biggest West Africa's producer of petroleum. Its first operations begun in 1950s and
were carried out by multinational corporations. The biggest gas flaring company was Shell
Petroleum Development company of Nigeria Ltd, of which many of its shareholders were the Royal
Dutch from Britain. Despite of legal regulation

Daniel Keith Ludwig Research Paper
Daniel Keith Ludwig (1897–1992) was a secretive businessman and philanthropist who became one
of America's first billionaires through the development of his oil tanker corporation. An avid worker
and noted entrepreneur, who developed both the shipping and the oil industries led him to own one
of the world's largest fleets as well as become invested in a diverse range of global interests. Yet
despite his business successes, Ludwig remained relatively unknown to the public, offered few
interviews or public appearances, and so was later referred to as the Invisible Billionaire. Ludwig
was born June 24, 1897 in South Haven, Michigan to father Daniel Ludwig (1873–1960) and
mother Flora Belle Ludwig (1875–1961) . He first married Gladys Madeline ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Afterwards, Ludwig began building his ships in Japan were his corporation developed oil
supertankers. In 1954, Ludwig founded Exportadora de Sal, SA which was soon the largest salt
corporation in the world and in 1960 he started Citricos de Chiriqui in Panama, purchasing 10,000
acres of land and planting orange trees for citrus production. In 1967, Ludwig purchased four
million acres of forest in Brazil's Amazon basin to develop into a pulp industry. While the Jari
Project was unsuccessful given the Brazilian government's lack of cooperation, by 1982 Ludwig had
built roads, railways, factories, and a small town into the region. Ludwig also utilized his fortune to
invest in a diverse range of ventures including real estate, corporations, banking, savings and loans,
hotels, and mining. Starting in 1971 however Ludwig began selling off his investments and
corporations utilizing his fortune to fund the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research providing grants
to aid in the study of cancer. Daniel Ludwig died of heart failure on August 27, 1992 in Manhattan,
New

Spratly And Paracel Islands: A Comparative Analysis
When it comes to the political profile, seven different countries have competing maritime claims
(mostly over the Spratly and Paracel Islands), some of which become even more complicated as
some overlap with other nations' Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ). Despite the "intraregional
distrust, deeply rooted historical issues, and rapidly increasing military spending" in the region
surrounding the South China Sea, one expert argues that "not only has the conflict not escalated into
a serious military conflict; it has, in fact, been mitigated... in fact, a more stable peace has
developed." (Costlow, 2012, p.6).
In the economic aspect, the SCS acts as the world's largest economies and it is expected to gain
more influence as each nation's economy grows in the future. According to Costlow (2012) ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Straits of Malacca channels two–thirds of the world's entire freighted oil and half of its liquid
natural gas tankers. Apart from energy supply vessel transit, the strait funnels about a third of the
world's annual freighted tonnage between the Indian and Pacific Oceans." To put it in more concrete
terms, the "oil transported through the Strait of Malacca from the Indian Ocean, en route to East
Asia through the South China Sea, is more than six times the amount that passes through the Suez
Canal, and 17 times the amount that transits the 8 Panama Canal. Roughly two–thirds of South
Korea's energy supplies, nearly 60 percent of Japan and Taiwan's energy supplies, and about 80
percent of China's crude oil imports come through the South China Sea."

Oil and Gas Problems in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan 's Oil Supply Chain Management Challenges Kazakhstan is endowed with rich oil
reserves, which provide an important source of revenues for stable economic growth and
improvement of the country 's living standard. This paper addresses the challenge the Republic of
Kazakhstan faces in managing its oil supply chain. The country 's capacity for refining crude oil is
minimal and a substantial portion of that refining capacity is outside the Republic; added to that,
most of the pipelines and refineries to export oil to international markets are jointly managed by the
Republic and multinational corporations (MNCs). Thus there are political, technological and
financial risks for the republic 's oil supply chain. 14 Jay Nathan, The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, on December 25, 2000 the quota for Kazakhstan was set at 17.3 million tons. The
memorandum between Kazakhstan and Russia of October 9, 2000 sets the principle of "a single
route," whose sole operator is the Kazakh Oil Company. Annual quotas depend mainly on the
political relations between the two nations. Besides politics, there is also a technical risk factor, i.e.,
the high degree of pipeline wear and deterioration, which may hamper the effectiveness and quality
of services provided to exporting countries. In addition, the lack of proper maintenance of these oil
pipelines does exist primarily due to the fact that a large number of well–trained local technicians
and engineers who are required are not available to day (Doing Business with Kazakhstan, 2004).
Kazakhstan 's oil pipeline systems were built in the '70s {more than 60 percent of oil pipelines of the
Western branch, to be exact) and the rest in the '80s {75 percent of the Eastern branch). Thus, at the
end of the year 2000, Oil producing countries and global supply chains Energy makes the wheels of
global supply chains go round (Bud La Londe, 2006). A typical oil supply chain begins with the
crude oil producer, next, the oil moves to the refiner, the transporter, the retailer and finally to the
gas pump where a customer receives the product. The top world oil producers are Saudi Arabia,
Russia, the United States, Iran, Mexico, China, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, Norway,

What Are Thin Oily Hair?
What is Thin Oily Hair?
It is a common occurrence for a person may find out that their hair has oily strings. These strings are
usually shapeless and in some cases, it can turn out to be a permanent hair condition. The problem
with thin hair is that it looks as if it is neglected; this is because it is not something beautiful to look
at. This may affect the appearance of a person and one may look less attractive.
Thin and oily hair is also difficult to style. This may negatively impact a person's life, such as their
self–esteem or confidence. A feeling of despair and frustration may therefore set in due to this hair
problem.
What Causes Thin Oily Hair
The process by which air becomes thin and oily occurs naturally. The scalp usually has natural oil
known as sebum which is secreted by the sebaceous glands. A controlled amount of this oil is
actually beneficial to the hair. Sebum keeps the hair smooth and prevents it from drying. By keeping
the hair oily, sebum prevents the hair from breaking and keeps the hair healthy. The good look of
hair is a result of sebum.
However, in some cases, sebum is produced in huge amounts. This is as a result of hyperactivity in
these glands. This results in an oily scalp which in turn affects the hair. Too much sebum has a toll
especially on thin hair as it makes it appear too oily.
Tips for Dealing With Thin Hair
There are several ways of taking care of thin oily hair. One way is by regularly washing your hair.
Washing the hair cleans

Canadian Waters Are Safe For Maritime Transportation
The proper utilization of Canada's abundant supply of natural resources which need to be exported
around the globe by ship is a commitment given by the Government of Canada(GoC). Federal
Government has taken concrete measures to convince Canadian public that the Canadian Waters are
safe for maritime transportation.
Following excerpts from various web sources explained government's position on the issue.
Canada's oil sands are a major resource within Canada's energy sector, accounting for 97 percent of
Canada's total oil reserves. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) is committed to developing
Canada's oil sands and heavy oil resources in a sustainable and responsible way through advances in
science and technology (Oil Sands I Natural resources Canada).
Canada's oil reserves consist of oil contained in the oil sands deposits of Alberta and in other non–
oil sands deposits. Most of Canada's oil reserves – both oil sands and non–oil sands – are found in
the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, which underlies parts of British Columbia, Alberta,
Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories (2)
Transport Canada regulations and standards, under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001 (CSA 2001) and
the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, combined with international conventions and standards
established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), provide the framework for the
department's comprehensive marine safety, pollution prevention, enforcement, and oil spill

When You Have Curly Hair
How To Straighten Your Hair When You Have Curly Hair Having naturally curly hair is both a
blessing and curse. The amount of volume and bounce your hair have is great; however, your hair is
colossal, expanding outward. For example, my own hair becomes so luscious and colossal, that
students hid 14 pencils inside of my hair in the fifth grade. Straightening your hair gives a whole
fun, new look to show off. Its a timely process, but it is well worth the time spent. Product you will
need are frizz control shampoo and conditioner, Aquage Silkening Oil Treatment or any hair oil of
your choice, a blow dryer with both a toothed cover and a straight cover, any straightener, a comb,
and an old t–shirt. When washing your curly hair, use a dime sized ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, avoid bleaching your hair. I know, we all want to know if blonde's really do have more fun,
but in the long run, your hair will hate you for it. I've experienced it. The bleach dries out your hair
causing breakage and more frizz. The bleach also causes your hair to be so damaged that it won't
straighten as easy, thus causing you to turn up the degree of the straighter which will cause more
damage. Say no to bleach! Among avoiding bleach, have your hair trimmed on a regular basis;
roughly every six weeks or so. Everyone thinks if you don't trim your hair, then your hair will get
longer. well that is certainly not the case. If one doesn't trim their hair on a regular basis, then the
split ends will work their way up the hair strand, again causing more frizz. So ladies or gentlemen,
spoil your curls! Give them the love they deserve and avoid damaging them. Now your hair is silky
smooth and probably grew a few inches! Amazing what a little heat can do to your curls, right?
Following the steps above will give you beautiful movie star hair; however, avoid any humidity. Just
a little water can cause those curls to return in an instant! However, everyone is going to love your
new look. You get the best of both worlds with having curly hair. You can wear it curly or straight.
Whichever hairstyle you choose, always dress to

The Maritime Tanker Industry
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provided a research and analysis using the analytical
tools to present the potential venture in the maritime tanker industry. Methods of analysis consist in
this report is the PESTLE Analysis, which can be separated into Politic, Economic, Social,
Technology, Legal and Environment. Besides, another analysis used is the Strength, Weakness,
Opportunities, and Threat (SWOT). The company that included in this analysis is DHT Holding Inc.
All the source can be found in the references. Outcome of data analysed show that the tanker
business is increasing in product moved per tons, however it suffer from the low earning staring in
January 2016. This dilemma may arise from the inexpensive rates of oil in the global market.
Notwithstanding, there are some pros for this issue where the crude tanker companies able to reduce
their operation cost, especially bunkering cost. The report finds the prospect of the tanker companies
currently are not positive. The major flaw in this business necessitate advance investigation and
remedial action by the authority of every nation. The recommendation discussed consist of: 1.
Strengthen the relationship between petroleum exporting countries. 2. Applied a new rules and
regulations which set a quota for oil transactions. 3. Decisive action taken to the nation that
stockpile oil to monopolize its price. 2.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to research
and analysis the maritime industry,

Ocean Oil Spill Research Paper
Ocean oil spills greatly impact the world today because oil is harmful to ocean life, mammals, and
even humans. Since oil remains in the ocean for a considerably long time, scientists cannot
determine how greatly the oil has really impacted the world today (Carey). However, It is important
to know how ocean oil spills are caused, who and what they affect, and how to prevent and control
them with the hope that the numbers will decline throughout the years.
The causes of ocean oil spills originate from hurricanes, people's mistakes, equipment
malfunctioning, and terrorist reactions. When an oil spill occurs, it often occurs in tankers,
refineries, or pipelines that are being shipped to another facility (Background on Oil Spills). After
the oil is spilled onto the salt water, it disperses at a fast rate, which makes oil slick. The oil
continues to spread, causing it to weaken and it resembles a rainbow (Background on Oil Spills).
When an oil spill occurs on the uppermost layer of water, it "evaporates, is degraded by sunlight,
gets consumed by microbes, or washes up on beaches (Begley).
The oil spill in 2010, "the second highest oil spill in history," took place because of an eruption at an
oil–drilling site, which caused the oil to spill into the Gulf of Mexico (Abdul). About 666,400 tones
of oil spilled harming birds, seat turtles, mammals, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oxygen depletion occurs when microbes ingest the oil... (Carey). The oil causes direct impacts on
birds and sea otters because it stops their feathers or hairs from being able to keep the cold air out,
so they freeze. This problem causes the mammals to struggle to eat and move around. Also, when
birds try to clean their feathers, they take in that oil that is in the water, sometimes causing
pneumonia or organ damage

Oil Spills And The Natural Resources Essay
Every year there are thousands of oil spills that occur across the nation; both minor and major
spillages. The oil from the spills typically arise in 3 areas: rivers, bays, and the ocean. Nearly all the
accidents involving oil spills are a result of tankers, barge, pipelines, refineries, drilling rigs and
storage facilities. When looking at the sources of the oil spills its estimated that oil tankers make up
around 10 percent of the global marine oil pollution, natural resources is about 5 percent, tanker
traffic including shipping operations, and other shipping perorations such as illegal discharges and
tank cleaning is about 35 percent. 45 percent is roughly from industrial effluents and oil rigs, while 5
percent is from undefined sources (). All the oil from theses spills usually occur in freshwater or the
ocean, floating on top of the surface. The oil when spilled spreads our rapidly and creates a layer
called oil slick. While over time if the oil is left unattended it will spread out which results in a
rainbow–like substance called sheen. When it comes to oil from oil spills in general there are
various types, but most notable is the petroleum hydrocarbon (Crude oil). Thus, the petroleum
hydrocarbon, when it is spilled into the environment there is a thick sludge that forms and damages
surrounding environment but damages wildlife the most. When it comes to wildlife and oil spills
there are many factors involved to determine the level of damage that has occurred, as

The Effects Of Marine Pollution On The Ocean
It covers almost three thirds of planet earth hydrosphere, contains 97 percent of the planets water, it
produces half of the oxygen needed for us to breath, and absorbs the most carbon dioxide emissions,
yet 95 percent of it remains unexplored by humans; the ocean, the lifeblood of planet earth. From its
coral reefs to the solitary creatures that lurk in its depths, the ocean is home to numerous amazing
creatures, from enormous whales and sharks to tiny fish, each specie serving as an indicator for the
oceans health and maintaining the food chain. Unfortunately, all of this is at risk as a result of the
neglect and carelessness mankind has shown towards the ocean. Individuals, governments and
corporations are responsible for polluting the ocean on a daily basis. It is time to seriously deal with
this issue at every level before the consequences of marine pollution are too great to deal with. The
ocean plays many important roles in the survival of human beings and our planet. Firstly, it plays a
role in shaping the climate zones; while land areas and the atmosphere absorb sunlight, the majority
of the sun's radiation is absorbed by the ocean. Furthermore, it acts as a heat–retaining solar panel.
The atmosphere also contributes to this process by helping to retain heat that would otherwise
radiate into space after sunset. The ocean not only stores solar radiation, it also helps to distribute
heat around the globe. When water molecules are heated, they exchange freely

The Environmental Problem Of Oil Spill
Oil Spill
A B S T R A C T
Oil spill pollution, a severe environmental problem which arouses in a marine environment or in the
water bodies, has grown into an alarming scale with the increase in oil production and
transportation. Causes are either accidental or due to operational failure. Henceforth, it is almost
impossible for marine life not to be a victim of this vulnerable zone. Our planet has the largest oil
reserves, occasionally it cracks and rarely causes a major accident. However, human interference
causes a devastating damage to marine and ecosystem.
Introduction
Oil is marked as the most used non–renewable natural resource throughout the planet. Innovations
in the automobile technology has increased the demand for hydrocarbons as its used for the source
of heat and light. Development in the petrochemical industry boosted the oil supply throughout the
world. Today we have miles and miles of wired petroleum pipelines and tons of crude oil on the go.
The quantity of oil transported over the sea has enormously increased in volume with tankers from a
capacity of 100,000 to 500,000 tons resulting in increased possibilities of spillage by accident. In the
event of an accident, oil pollution will be encountered in the marine environment or in inland water.
Within the past years Oil spills have created enormous debates and unhealthy concerns for the
ecosystem. On April 22nd , 2010 will be remembered as one of the darkest days in the history of oil
and gas industry.

Marine Oil Spills Environment Impact
13th National Plan Environment and Scientific Coordinators Workshop 2004
The Environmental Impact Of Marine Oil Spills
Effects, Recovery and Compensation
Dr. Brian Dicks
Technical Team Manager, International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd Paper presented at
the International Seminar on Tanker Safety, Pollution Prevention, Spill Response and
Compensation, 6th November 1998, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
INTRODUCTION The short–term effects of oil spills on marine species and communities are well
known and predictable. However, concerns are often raised about possible longer–term ("sub–
lethal") population effects through, for example, low levels of residual oil affecting the ability of
certain species to breed successfully. In fact, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following definition developed by a group of independent scientists takes these problems into
account: "Recovery is marked by the re–establishment of a healthy biological community in which
the plants and animals characteristic of that community are present and functioning normally. It may
not have the same composition or age structure as that which was present before the damage, and
will continue to show further change and development. It is impossible to say whether an ecosystem
that has recovered from an oil spill is the same as, or different from, that which would have persisted
in the absence of the spill." Recovery depends upon both removal of oil which is toxic or physically
smothering, and biological processes, e.g. settlement of larvae and growth of seedlings. Whilst
clean–up is normally the first step in the recovery process, complete removal of all oil is not
necessary – there are many examples of recovery progressing in the presence of weathered oil
residues.
Page 43
13th National Plan Environment and Scientific Coordinators Workshop 2004
Whatever the extent of damage, the reproductive success of the survivors, as well as the influx of
eggs, juveniles or adults from unaffected areas underpins the recovery process. Many marine species
produce vast numbers of eggs and larvae which are widely distributed in the plankton by currents.
This is a strategy to overcome high rates of

Consequences Of Oil Drilling
Consequences of Oil Drilling Many seafood companies prices fluctuate because a whole number of
reasons. Have you ever thought why though? They even have to take some foods completely off
their menus. A lot of the time this is because of an oil spill that kills so much of the environment that
a lot of the sea animals die or even become endangered. The BP Deepwater Horizon spill in 2010 is
a great example of this. It spilled 200 million gallons of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico in 87
days. The area of the spill alone had over 8,000 species, which already had 39 endangered species
and added 14 new species to the endangered list. Not only did we lose animals but "Eleven people
died as a result of the accident and 17 others were injured"(BP Staff).
How does something like an oil spill even happen? There is a long list of reasons of why this could
happen. A common reason is a careless mistake that could've been avoided. There has been cases
where oil tanker ships have actually ran into other ships which caused the tanker to leak oil into the
surrounding waters. For example, in 2014 750 barrels of crude oil was leaked into the Lower
Mississippi River because a tanker ran into a towboat. Another very common way oil spills happen
are through and machine malfunction or explosion. This is what happened in the BP Deepwater oil
spill. A explosion damaged one of the rigs and they completely lost all ability to control the rig. The
fire burned for over 36 hours until the rig sank.

Royal Dutchs Shell Dynamics Essay
Royal Dutchs Shell Dynamics Royal Dutch Shell (RDS) is the sixth largest company on the planet.
It is made up of 1700 smaller companies and employs 101,000 people throughout the world. This is
not a nimble start–up company that is attempting to create a brand new culture; this is a behemoth of
a company, with over 100 years of history and a workforce that is literally global. The business in
which RDS operates is primarily oil and natural gas, commodities that can fluctuate dramatically in
market value by the minute. Systems thinkers in the 1970's at Royal Dutch began to plan for many
future scenarios, including a future where a barrel of oil would cost $15 (this, at a time when the
value of a barrel of oil was $30 a barrel). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
66) To become an organization that would survive another 100 years, RDS and its subsidiaries had
to re–examine their culture. The leaders of the company, middle management, and the employees
needed to start viewing mistakes as opportunities to increase learning. This is an integral part of the
learning organization. The person or persons making the mistake should own it so it is not repeated,
but not be persecuted for making them. Mistakes can illuminate a flaw in any system, and the
opportunity to improve should not be missed. The manager becomes more of a learner and a teacher.
The idea that a leader is the person with all the answers needed to be thrown out the window. In
today's rapidly changing environment, there is no such person. Without the ability to embrace
mistakes, any company will perish.
Royal Dutch Shell and SOC also needed to be able to continuously rework its systems and
structures. This was a huge transformation considering the sheer size of the organization. The same
old way would simply not continue to work. Steve Miller, managing director for RDS, spoke about
their presence in French retail market. "We were in the red and losing market share. The advent of
hypermarkets had changed the game, and we weren't responding effectively to this new competitive
threat....we either had to find a way to become profitable and grow, or we had to exit – because the
way we were going, we couldn't stay in the game much longer."

Call To The Public Essay
Call to the Public: Oil Effecting Economy and Wildlife Looking at the economy can be very black
and white at times, some could even say it's clear cut. Yet the reasons for fluctuation within markets,
can significantly be impacted by the littlest of factors. One day an industry such as oil extraction can
be booming and by the next facing a crippling public relations nightmare all from one mistake or
oversite. That's just how it works in the realm of big business. What if one was to say that
company's public relations nightmare would bring years of hurt, on everything from the regional
economy, to the very life inhabiting in the affected area. What is there for us to do? How can we
prevent such devastation brought on by mistakes? Across the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, "in 2014 750 barrels of crude oil was leaked into the Lower Mississippi River because
a tanker ran into a towboat". In addition, and unfortunately very common, oil spills are created
through machine malfunction or explosion. This is what happened in the BP Deepwater oil spill.
"An explosion damaged one of the rigs and they completely lost all ability to control the rig. The
fire burned for over 36 hours until the rig sank" (NOAA.GOV). Oil spills can also be natural. On the
California coast there are natural oil seeps which release up to "3,000 gallons of crude oil" every
day. According to "hydrocarbons leak out of the ground through fractures and sediments, in the
same way freshwater springs bring water to the surface" (Live Science Staff). The cleanup act for oil
spills are "extremely extensive and expensive" as one government official said so elegantly. Even
engaged in best efforts and with the most cutting edge technology, it is basically impossible to clean
up all of the oil that has been released into the region. Although, many ways to try and clean the oil
out of the water exist. One method they use is called skimming. "Skimming removes oil from the
sea's surface before it reaches the sensitive parts of the coast. A lot of the time a boat will pull a
barrier called a boom that collects oil as it goes along to later be picked up by another boat that
collects oil". This is a very long process, it can be incredibly effective

Bad Hair Research Paper
Is your hair dry and damaged and you just don't know what to do with it? With salon treatments and
overpriced products, you may have just given up on your hair. Maintaining and repairing your hair
starts from your daily routine. Formulating treatments in the comfort of your own home without
making a dent in your wallet is the next step. Get ready for shiny, healthy, and frizz– free hair!
Causes of Damaged Hair
The most common type of damaged hair is caused by chemicals. Harsh chemicals, perms, color
treatments, and bleach are big contributors to your damaged hair. These chemicals strip your hair of
their natural moisture and protein, leaving your hair weak and brittle. With excessive usage of these
harsh chemicals, your hair may chip or even shed more rapidly that you would like. While combing
your hair is a true importance, there is such thing as over combing. Excessively combing your hair
can put a strain on your hair, leaving it damaged. Direct heat on your hair definitely causes split
ends and damaged hair. Using heat– stimulated styling products can diminish the proteins that keep
your hair luscious. Direct sunlight is usually not the case for damaged hair if your hair has not been
chemically treated. However, chemically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over washing your hair will actually end up damaging your hair. When you over wash your hair, the
natural oils in the body of the hairs are stripped off, leaving your hair dry and damaged. Washing it
every other day will allow the hair to keep oils in. To avoid greasy second day hair, reach for a dry
shampoo to spray on the roots to absorb the oils in your hair. In addition, washing your hair with the
right temperature water is very important to keep to your hair healthy. Washing it with hot water will
dry out the hair, and cold water will make your hair flat and dull. Make sure the water is warm to
maintain a healthy head of

Effects Of Oil Pollution On The Environment
Introduction
Oil pollution is one of the most significant form of the damage to the marine environment, and it is a
serious global issue. It can bring huge bad effects to the environment, marine lives and even the
human being. It happens during the process of oil exploitation, transportation, handling, processing
and use, due to leakage and emissions of oil caused by pollution, mainly in the ocean (Zhao, 2010).
While the oil floats on the sea surface, it can spread and form oil film rapidly, and can be transported
through diffusion, evaporation, dissolution, emulsification, photodegradation and biodegradation
and absorption. Oil can be attached to the fish gills which will lead to suffocation; inhibit water
birds spawning and hatching, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The oil runoff from the land is complex, it can hang around in the ocean and move between water
and sediment, which will make it difficult to effectively track (Dell'Amore & Nunez, 2014).
(2) Land city sewage. The land city sewage is also a source of oil pollution to the ocean while
countries all over the world will discharge the untreated or insufficiently treated water waste into the
ocean that may contain pollution components.
(3) Transportation of ships and tankers. The oil pollution may also come from the operational
discharges from ships, oil spill that caused by accidents such as the collision of oil tankers or hit the
reef, and operating sewage, ship repair sewage and ballast water sewage (Li, Wang & Ha, 2014).
(4) Offshore oil exploration. During the offshore oil exploration, it can also contribute to the oil
pollution including oil spill, oil remover, drilling mud, fuel, ballast water and oil production, etc.,
usually a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, synthetic organic matter and radioactive
substances and other pollution components (Li, Wang & Ha, 2014).
(5) Oil extraction platform. Similar to the offshore oil exploration, the pollution may occur when the
accidental oil spills and other operation

The Resilience Of Energy Supply Chain
INTRODUCTION
In the era of globalisation supply chains are getting more lengthy and complex hence they are now
more vulnerable to disruptions. The resilience of energy supply chain by Luca Urciuoli, Sangeeta
Mohanty, Juha Hintsa and Else Gerine Boekesteijn Accepted on 24 September,2013 takes in account
how various companies take preventions against supply chain disruptions or security threats and
how they manage their supply chain in case a disruption occurs, it also exchanges views on
European union support mechanisms and interactions with the oil and gas companies along with the
improvements that can be made by the union in order to make supply chains more robust . In this
essay I will discuss the reasons for which these disruption occur ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
.
As suggested by the article to keep reserve stocks for up to 90 days of supply. For example, in Baji a
major oil refinery was set on fire by ISIS forces who were controlling this refinery in the past. This
oil refinery was one o the major oil production companies in the country. In such cases small safety
stocks will finish in a few days, so only keeping reserve stocks may not be the solution . World 's 60
percent oil reserves are in middle east where these types of incidents occur (Critchlow,
2015).Deciding the perfect amount of safety stock is very critical and depends on various factors
like company sales ,forecasts and transportation risks.
In case of natural disaster or a major disruptions various strategies can be used to prevent loses. As
the article suggests alternate product design can be used in case of disruption ,this approach is
practical and was used by many companies in the past. For instance, In March,2000 after a major
electronic company caught fire in Mexico both Nokia and Ericson were facing component shortage .
Instead of waiting for the product Nokia changed the product design and sourced different
component from other suppliers while Ericson on the other hand lost millions because of this

Alaska Oil Spill Essay
The spill occurred at midnight on March 24th, 1989 when the tanker ran aground on the Bligh Reef
in the Prince William Sound of Alaska. The tanker, which filled up in Valdez, Alaska, was headed to
Los Angeles, California (Cleveland, 2008). Several factors are said to have contributed to the
grounding. First, the tanker was traveling outside of the shipping lanes, in an effort to avoid ice.
Then due to fatigue, the third mate failed to maneuver the ship properly, while the ship captain
provided poor navigation, because he was intoxicated. The tanker spilled approximately 11 million
gallons of crude oil. Two days after the spill, a powerful storm with winds over 70 mph hit the
Alaskan coast, which transformed the oil into mousse and tar balls (Cleveland, 2008). The mousse
consisted of 67% water and 33% oil, and had a volume that was three times larger than the pure oil
spilled. This spill has caused countless economic and ecological problems that the Alaskans had to
deal with in the short run and are still dealing with in the long run. One of the immediate negative
impacts was death to a great deal of marine wildlife. About 250,000 sea birds died, along with 22
killer whales, 2800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, and untold numbers of fish eggs. It was the largest
oil spill in United States waters until 2010. (Guterman and Pasotti, 2009) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The convicted was fined $50000 and sentenced to 1000 hours to community service. A federal
appeal in 2006 reduced it to $2.5 billion. In 2008 the United States Supreme Court further reduced
the damages to just over $500 million. More than $2 billion has been spent on cleanup and recovery.
Exxon has paid at least $1 billion in damages. Today the Exxon Valdez oil spill is still considered
the worst oil spill in our nation's

Identify Hair Types
Hairdressing supplies are endless, and you can get all kinds of different items for uncountable types
of needs. With a world of different products at your disposal, it is important that you know what you
need on a basic level to be able to work with the myriad different potential possibilities you could
encounter in your quest for the best hairstyles. Everyone has a different hair type, and for each of
these different hair types there is a list of basic tools that are needed.
The different types of hair that most people have include the following: fine; straight hair or fine;
wavy or curly hair or thick; curly hair or thick; wavy or straight hair or coarse; relaxed hair or
coarse; wavy or curly hair. There is a basic set of posts for each of these types of hair that everyone
should possess. Let's take a look at the basic ones, with a description of what they are and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Blow dryers are an essential item for everyone no matter what your hair type, generally. They range
from inexpensive to very expensive, so choose one that's right for you.
Fine tooth comb: you use a fine tooth comb your hair is dry, beginning at the crown and working in
the direction of the roots of the hair.
Hot rollers: hot rollers can add curl your hair and style it in different ways. Hot rollers can also be
expensive but usually they can be found at a discount. Be careful of hot rollers because they can
burn you if you are not extremely careful.
Round boar bristle brush: this type of brush is very gentle, and you can add quite a bit of volume to
your hair using it. When blow drying your hair, make sure to pull sections of your hair upwards. You
may want us to spray the brush with static guard to prevent flyaways.
Thickener: thickeners containing bodybuilding wheat protein should be applied before using any
other styling products. Thickeners add volume to your hair, and give it more

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