The document discusses the evolution and standardization of observation data in environmental science, emphasizing the need for data sharing and integration across various domains. It covers the historical context of observation standards, frameworks like ISO 19156, and specifications for data handling, including procedures and vocabularies. The aim is to enhance the usability of environmental data across multiple disciplines, enabling improved analysis and decision-making.

1. Observations to Information
Simon Cox | Research Scientist | Environmental Information Systems
12 December 2013
LAND AND WATER
2013 Leptoukh Lecture

2. Standards for observation data
• Motivation and development
• Earth-science and environmental applications
• Renewal
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3. Origins
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4. A bit of history
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• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• Reporting research online
• 1995
4 |

5. A bit of history
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• Reporting research online
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
• Exploration data standards
5 |

6. A bit of history
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• Reporting research online
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
• Exploration data standards
6 |

7. A bit of history
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• Reporting research online
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
-2010 AuScope
• Exploration data standards
7 |

8. A bit of history
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• Reporting research online
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
-2010 AuScope
• Exploration data standards
• 2002-2005 OGC SWE
• Sensors anywhere
8 |

9. A bit of history
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• Reporting research online
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
-2010 AuScope
• Exploration data standards
• 2002-2005 OGC SWE
• Sensors anywhere
• 2005-2013 Fluid Earth
• Water informatics
9 |

10. A bit of history
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
• 1993-2000 AGCRC
• Web-mapping
• Reporting research online
• 1999-2004 XMML, ADX
-2010 AuScope
• Exploration data standards
• 2002-2005 OGC SWE
• Sensors anywhere
• 2005-2013 WIRADA
• Water informatics
10 |

11. Motivation for a standard
All of society’s grand challenges require data to
be shared and integrated across cultures, scales
and technologies
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh11 |

12. Motivation for a standard
• Integrated analysis and modelling
• Discovery & data integration a
significant challenge
• Standard vocabulary
Many private contracts
one public agreement!
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
Remote sensing
Sensor
Value
Parameter
Scene
Earth science
Algorithm, code,
simulator
Model, field
Variable
Volume, grid
Metrology
Instrument
Value
Measurand
Sample
Chemistry
Instrument,
analytical process
Analysis
Analyte
Sample
Environmental
monitoring
Gauge, sensor
Value, time-series
Parameter
Station
Observations &
Measurements
procedure
result
observed property
feature of interest
12 |

13. SWE/O&M
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14. O&M
OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime
+ resultTime
+ validTime [0..1]
+ resultQuality [0..*]
+ parameter [0..*]
GF_PropertyType
GFI_Feature
OM_Process Any
+observedProperty
1
0..*
+featureOfInterest 1
0..*
+procedure1 +result
An Observation is an action whose result is an estimate of the value
of some property of the feature-of-interest, obtained using a specified procedure
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
Cox, OGC Abstract Specification – Topic 20: Observations and Measurements 2.0
ISO 19156:2011 Geographic Information – Observations and measurements14 |

15. Scope
• In situ observations
• Remote sensing
• Ex-situ observations
• Numerical models/simulations
• Forecasts
Any action whose result is an estimate of a property value
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16. Specimen
Sampling features
Observation
SamplingFeature
+ Parameter
+ lineage
Feature
0..*
SpatialSamplingFeature
+ positionalAccuracy
+relatedObservation 0..*
SamplingSolidSamplingPoint SamplingCurve SamplingSurface
Intention
+sampledFeature
SamplingFeatureComplex
+ role
0..*
+relatedSamplingFeature
0..*
+relatedObservation
0..*
Profile
Section
Station
Borehole
MapHorizonScene
Mine
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
Cox, OGC Abstract Specification – Topic 20: Observations and Measurements 2.0
ISO 19156:2011 Geographic Information – Observations and measurements
GM_Object
+shape
16 |
Harmonized with
CSML, NCAR

17. OGC Sensor Web Enablement
• SensorML
• O&M
• Sensor Observation Service
• Sensor Planning Service
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18. AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
SOS
getObservation
getResult
describeSensor
getFeatureOfInterest
Sensor Observation Service
Feature
service
getFeature,
type=Observation
Gridded data
service
getCoverage
getCoverage
(result)
Sensor
Register
getRecordById
Feature
service
getFeature
18 |

19. Observations &
Measurements
procedure
result
observed property
feature of interest
result time
phenomenon time
valid time
procedure
Provider or
consumer?
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20. Integrated into ISO 19100 framework
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ISO dependencies
• gf - Feature ISO 19109
• cv - Coverage (fields) ISO 19123
• md - Metadata ISO 19115
• gm - Geometry ISO 19107
• tm - Temporal ISO 19108
• basic - Datatypes ISO 19103
20 |

21. OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime
+ resultTime
+ validTime [0..1]
+ resultQuality [0..*]
+ parameter [0..*]
GFI_PropertyType
GFI_Feature
OM_ProcessGFI_DomainFeature Any
+observedProperty
1
+propertyValueProvider
0..*
+featureOfInterest
1
+generatedObservation
0..*
+procedure1 +result
Range
observed property
Parameter dictionary
procedure
Register of sensors,
processes & algorithms
feature of interest
Feature-type catalogue
Feature service
result format:
GML, SWE,
netCDF, JSON, SQLite
...
Domain specialization
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22. Linked vocabularies can be shared and re-used
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23. Applications
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24. WaterML2 specializes O&M
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«FeatureType»
TimeseriesObservation
OM_Process
«FeatureType»
Procedures::
ObservationProcess
MD_Metadata
«Type»
ObservationMetadata
«FeatureType»
observation::OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime :TM_Object
+ resultTime :TM_Instant
+ validTime :TM_Period [0..1]
+ resultQuality :DQ_Element [0..*]
+ parameter :NamedValue [0..*]
«FeatureType»
coverageObservation::
OM_DiscreteCoverageObservation
«FeatureType»
Timeseries (TVP) Observation::
TimeseriesTVPObservation
«FeatureType»
TimeseriesDomainRangeObservation
«FeatureTyp...
General Feature
Instance::
GFI_Feature
«metaclass»
General Feature Model::
GF_PropertyType
{root}
+ memberName :LocalName
+ definition :CharacterString
«FeatureType»
Timeseries::Timeseries
+metadata
0..1
+generatedObservation
0..*
+procedure
1
+propertyValueProvider
0..*
Domain
+featureOfInterest
1
0..*
+relatedObservation 0..*
Phenomenon
+observedProperty
1
Range +result
Name:
Package:
Version:
Author:
Context diagram: TimeseriesObservation
«RequirementsClass» Timeseries Observation
1.0
CSIRO
• Result is a time-series
• Observed-property
relates to water
24 |
• Key predecessors:
• CUAHSI WaterML
• WDTF

25. AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh25 |

26. 26 | AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh

27. WaterML-WQ constrains
O&M and WaterML
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«FeatureType»
measurement::
OM_Measurement
AnyFeature
«FeatureType»
observ ation::OM_Observ ation
+ parameter :NamedValue [0..*]
+ phenomenonTime :TM_Object
+ resultQuality :DQ_Element [0..*]
+ resultTime :TM_Instant
+ validTime :TM_Period [0..1]
constraints
{observedProperty shall be a phenomenon associated with the feature of interest}
{procedure shall be suitable for observedProperty}
{result type shall be suitable for observedProperty}
{a parameter.name shall not appear more than once}
Units of Measure::Measure
{root}
+ value :Number
+ convert(UnitOfMeasure*) :Measure
«FeatureType»
General Feature
Instance::GFI_Feature
«metaclass»
General Feature Model::
GF_PropertyType
{root}
«metaclass»
General Feature Model::
GF_FeatureType
«FeatureType»
observation::
OM_Process
Metadata entity set
information::
MD_Metadata
«FeatureType»
cov erageObserv ation::
OM_DiscreteCov erageObserv ation
«FeatureType»
Timeseries Observ ation::
TimeseriesObserv ation
«FeatureType»
Timeseries (TVP) Observ ation::
TimeseriesTVPObserv ation
The XML element om:result SHALL have a uom property
that is an instance of the owl:Class
http://qudt.org/schema/qudt#Unit as defined in
http://resources.data.gov.au/water/def/water-quality/wq-
quantity.
The XML element om:observedProperty SHALL have
an xlink:href property that is an instance of the
http://qudt.org/schema/qudt#Quantity scheme as
defined in
http://resources.data.gov.au/water/def/water-
quality/wq-quantity.
The XML element om:featureOfInterest SHOULD have an xlink:href property that is an instance of
a GroundWaterML 1 GroundWaterBody feature or sub-type of HydrologicUnit feature as specified
in the XML schema at http://ngwd-bdnes.cits.nrcan.gc.ca/service/gwml/schemas/gwml.xsd
OR
The XML element om:featureOfInterest SHOULD have an xlink:href property that is an instance of
an OGC HY_Features HY_HydroFeature or sub-type as specified at "HY_Features: a Common
Hydrologic Feature Model Discussion Paper OGC 11-039r2"
«Type»
Measurement (TVP) Timeseries::
MeasurementTimeseriesTVP
Timeseries
«FeatureType»
Interleav ed (TVP) Timeseries::
TimeseriesTVP
TimeValuePair
«Type»
Measurement (TVP) Timeseries::
MeasureTimeValuePair
+ value :Measure
«FeatureType»
WQ_Measurement::
WQ_Measurement
«FeatureType»
WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVPObserv ation::
WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVPObserv ation
«FeatureType»
WQ_MeasurementTimeseriesTVP::
WQ_MeasurementTimeSeriesTVP
«metaclass»
WQ_Observ ation::
WQ_PropertyType
O&M Classes
WaterML 2 Classes
Water Quality Classes
Legend
+generatedObservation 0..*
ProcessUsed
+procedure
1
Phenomenon
+observedProperty
1
Metadata
+metadata 0..1
+result
Range
+collection
0..*CoverageFunction
+element
0..*
+result
0..*
+relatedObservation 0..*
+propertyValueProvider
0..*
Domain
+featureOfInterest
1
+carrierOfCharacteristics
0..*
+theGF_FeatureType
1
«instanceOf»
• Subject is a groundwater
or geofabric feature
• observed property is
water-quality property
• units of measure must match

28. Observables vocabulary
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
dissolved nitrogen
concentration
nitrogen
elemental nitrogen
(CHEBI_33267)
Concentration
MolePercent
MilliGramsPerLitre
AmountOfSubstancePerUnitVolume
nitrogen concentration
+qudt:generalization
+objectOfInterest
+exactMatch
+qudt:quantityKind
+qudt:quantityKind
+qudt:generalization
+qudt:unit
+qudt:unit
+qudt:generalization
28 |
QUDT
WQOP
ChEBI

29. AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh29 | Environmental Information Standards | Simon Cox29 |
SamplingFeature
Spatial
SamplingFeature
Specimen
Geometry
SoilSample SoilSpecimen
Domain Feature
Observation
ANZSoilML extends O&M
Sampling Features
SoilThematic
Object
Soil
SoilLandscape
SoilProfile
Element
SoilSurface
Stream
Channels
Climate
Vegetation
LandSurface
Anthropogenic
Activity
SoilFeature
AbstractSoil
Landform
Landscape
Feature
... also GeoSciML

30. Motivation
From instrument to User
Existing Activity
30

31. Existing Activity
SWE Adoption
Seismic Profile O&M
Diviacco, P. et al. 2011 Marine Seismic Metadata for an Integrated European Scale Data Infrastructure
31

32. Integration with existing SeaDataNet Standards
Existing Activity
SWE Adoption
Seismic
32

33. EU Air Quality Directive
33

34. INSPIRE – OM
34

35. 35

36. 36
12Z
7-May 9-May8-May6-May5-May
00Z00Z12Z00Z12Z12Z00Z12Z 00Z
result
forecast : OM_Observation
parameter.name = “analysisTime”
parameter.value = 2010-05-06T00:00Z
phenomenonTime.begin = 2010-05-06T00:00Z
phenomenonTime.end = 2010-05-09T12:00Z
resultTime = 2010-05-06T04:30Z
validTime [optional – not specified]
resultQuality [optional – not specified]
ISO19156 Observations and measurements:
also suitable for numerical simulations – including forecasts

37. 37
Common constraints applicable to all WMO
METCE Observation types
WMO METCE
«FeatureType»
OM_ComplexObservation
(ISO 19156)
«Type»
Record
(ISO 19103)
+result
«FeatureType»
ComplexSamplingMeasurement
«FeatureType»
Process
+procedure
«FeatureType»
OM_Observation
(ISO 19156)
«FeatureType»
Process
+procedure
(ISO 19156)
«FeatureType»
GFI_FeatureType
+featureOfInterest
(ISO 19156)
«FeatureType»
SF_SpatialSamplingFeature
(ISO 19156)
+featureOfInterest
All specialisations of OM_Observation defined in WMO METCE require:
• association role ‘featureOfInterest’ shall be of type SF_SpatialSamplingFeature
• association role ‘procedure’ shall be of type Process (from WMO METCE)

38. SamplingFeature as OM_Observation.featureOfInterest
38
In meteorology, we define a sampling regime that enables us to observe,
measure or simulate the real-world. Sampling Features (from ISO 19156
‘Observations and measurements’) provide a way to characterise this sampling
regime and the relationship to the real-world.
:ComplexSamplingMeasurement03839:SF_SamplingPoint
+featureOfInterest
:Point
@srsName “EPSG:4326”
pos = “50.737 -3.405”
+shape
84579:NamedPlace
name = “Exeter Airport” +sampledFeature

39. National Environmental
Information Infrastructure
39 |AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 |
Cox | Leptoukh

40. NEII components
Metadata
Catalog
Monitoring
Sites Register
Vocabulary
Service
Observing
Methods
Register
Data Services
40 |AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 |
Cox | Leptoukh

41. Metadata
Catalog
Observing
Methods
Register
Monitoring
Sites Register
Vocabulary
Service
Data Service
(observations)
Data Service
(geographies)
Dataset Site Geography Parameter Instrument / Method Service …
… … … … … … …
… … … … … … …
Integration through linking table
Observation
observed
property
feature of
interest
procedure result
sampling
feature
41 |AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 |
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42. ODM2
Procedure
Observed
property
Feature of Interest
result
Observation
OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime
+ resultTime
+ validTime [0..1]
+ resultQuality [0..*]
+ parameter [0..*]
GF_PropertyType
GFI_Feature
OM_Process Any
+observedProperty
1
0..*
+featureOfInterest
1
0..*
+procedure1 +result
42

43. - IGSN
- ResourceURI
- Registrant ID
- timeStamp
- status
IGSN Registry
- IGSN
- Registrant
- MetadataTimeStamp
- Title
- Description
- SamplingLocation
- SamplingTime
- Distributor
- Originator
- SpecimenType
- MaterialClass
- SamplingMethod
SESAR Catalog
- IGSN
- SampleEvent
- SamplePhysicalSize
- RelatedResource
- SamplingMethodDetails
- ProcessingHistory
- CurationHistory
- More local detail…
Allocating Agent CatalogISO & OGC O&M
compliant
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh 43

44. <spec:SF_Specimen gml:id="abc123">
<gml:identifier codeSpace="http://igsn.org">IGSN.SIOabc123</gml:identifier>
<sa:sampledFeature xlink:href="http://example.org/midAtlanticRidge"/>
<sa:relatedSamplingFeature>
<sa:SamplingFeatureComplex>
<sa:role xlink:href="http://example.org/parent"/>
<sa:relatedSamplingFeature xlink:href="http://handle.net/10273/IGSN.SIOxyz456"/>
</sa:SamplingFeatureComplex>
</sa:relatedSamplingFeature>
<spec:materialClass xlink:href="http://example.org/rock"/>
<spec:samplingTime>
<gml:TimeInstant gml:id="tim123">
<gml:timePosition>2009-06-30T08:00:00.00-02:00</gml:timePosition>
</gml:TimeInstant>
</spec:samplingTime>
<spec:samplingMethod xlink:href="http://example.org/ghostbuster"/>
<spec:samplingLocation>
<gml:Point gml:id="loc123" srsName="http://www.opengis.net/def/crs/EPSG/0/4326">
<gml:pos>45.12 -81.78</gml:pos>
</gml:Point>
</spec:samplingLocation>
<spec:size uom="kg">0.46</spec:size>
<spec:currentLocation xlink:href="http://example.org/Warehouse3/shelf9/box67"/>
<spec:specimenType xlink:href="http://example.org/splitCore"/>
</spec:SF_Specimen>
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
IGSN Sample in OMXML

45. AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
<http://handle.net/10273/IGSN.SIOabc123>
a sam:Specimen ;
rdfs:label "SIO specimen abc123"^^xsd:string ;
sam:currentLocation <http://example.org/various/Warehouse3/shelf9/box67> ;
sam:materialClass p1:rock ;
sam:preparationStep
[ sam:processOperator p1:JohnDoe ;
sam:processingDetails
<http://example.org/various/sf-process/jkl987> ;
sam:time <http://handle.net/10273/IGSN.SIOabc123/tim2> ] ;
sam:sampledFeature p1:midAtlanticRidge ;
sam:samplingFeatureComplex
[ sam:relatedSamplingFeature <igsn:SIOxyz456> ;
sam:role p1:parent ] ;
sam:samplingLocation
p1:loc123 ;
sam:samplingMethod <http://ldeo.columbia.edu/sampling/ghostbuster> ;
sam:samplingTime "2013-06-12T09:25:00.00+11:00"^^xsd:dateTime
sam:size [ basic:uom unit:kg ;
basic:value "0.46"^^basic:Number ] ;
sam:specimenType p1:splitCore .
IGSN Sample in RDF

46. AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
class Specimen
SF_Specimen
+ currentLocation :Location [0..1]
+ materialClass :GenericName
+ samplingMethod :SF_Process [0..1]
+ samplingTime :TM_Object
+ specimenType :GenericName [0..1]
«estimatedProperty»
+ samplingLocation :GM_Object [0..1]
+ size :Measure [0..1]
SF_SamplingFeature
+ lineage :LI_Lineage [0..1]
+ parameter :NamedValue [0..*]
GFI_Feature
SamplingFeatureComplex
+ role :GenericName
PreparationStep
+ processOperator :CI_ResponsibleParty [0..1]
+ time :TM_Object
SF_Process
OM_Observation
SF_SamplingFeatureCollection
Design
+relatedObservation
0..*
+processingDetails
0..*
Intention
+sampledFeature
1..*
0..*
+relatedSamplingFeature
0..*
+member 1..*
Single model underlies
different implementations

47. Application of O&M
• Direct
• SOS + OMXML
– [Metadata for values from] data services
• Specializations
– WaterML2, WaterML-WQ, SoilML, SeaDataNet, INSPIRE, WMO ...
• Bridging vocabulary for integration
• TERENO (GFZ), NEII, ODM2, IGSN/SESAR, OBOE ...
• Checklist ...
• Slots for implicit  explicit for x-domain use
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh47 |

48. Modernizing
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh48 |

49. XSD OWL from UML
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
UML Model
Output in OWL
49 |

50. om:Observation
a :Class ;
rdfs:label "Observation"@en ;
rdfs:subClassOf gf:AnyFeature , h2o:FeatureType ;
:disjointWith om:Process ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a :Restriction ; :cardinality "1"; :onProperty om:result ] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a :Restriction ; :cardinality "1"; :onProperty om:observedProperty ] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a :Restriction ; :cardinality "1"; :onProperty om:featureOfInterest ] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a :Restriction ; :cardinality "1"; :onProperty om:phenomenonTime ] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a :Restriction ; :cardinality "1"; :onProperty om:procedure ] ;
rdfs:subClassOf [ a :Restriction ; :cardinality "1"; :onProperty om:resultTime ] .
http://def.seegrid.csiro.au/isotc211/iso19156/2011/observation
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O&M in OWL2

51. sam:Specimen
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52. AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
OM_Observation
+ phenomenonTime
+ resultTime
+ validTime [0..1]
+ resultQuality [0..*]
+ parameter [0..*]
GF_PropertyType
GFI_Feature
OM_Process Any
+observedProperty
1
0..*
+featureOfInterest
1
0..*
+procedure1 +result
52 |
SSN ontology

53. Alignment
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh
Is Observation a Social Object, or an Event?
53 |

54. Lessons
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh54 |

55. Lessons
• Ontology for observations, models and forecasts
• X-domain interoperability
• Extensible, specialize with vocabularies, link to other ontologies
• Standards
• A generic model can provide a checklist for design, and a basis for
harmonization and incremental design
• Consensus introduces an overhead
• Change
• Common conceptual model supports multiple implementations
• Widely used
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh55 |

56. Additional credits
O&M: Fowler & Odell; GeoSciML team; OGC; ISO/TC 211;
Rob Atkinson, Rob Woodcock(CSIRO)
WaterML: CUAHSI; Gavin Walker, Pete Taylor, Laurent Lefort (CSIRO);
Paul Sheahan (BOM)
Soil, WQ: Bruce Simons, Peter Wilson, Jonathan Yu (CSIRO); Alistair Ritchie
(Landcare NZ)
SeaDataNet: Jordi Sorribas, Paolo Diviacco
AQD: Michael Lutz, Ale Sarretta (JRC); Kathi Schleidt (Env. Agency Austria)
WMO: Jeremy Tandy (UK Met Office); Aaron Braeckel (UCAR)
NEII: Andrew Woolf, Dom Lowe (BOM)
ODM2: Jeff Horsburgh
IGSN: Kerstin Lehnert (LDEO), Jens Klump (GFZ)
Vocabulary services: Stuart Williams (Epimorphics), Roy Lowry, Adam Leadbetter
(BODC)
AGU Fall 2013 | IN42A-01 | Cox | Leptoukh56 |

57. LAND AND WATER
Thank youCSIRO Land and Water
Simon Cox
Research Scientist
t +61 3 9252 6342
e simon.cox@csiro.au
w www.csiro.au/people/simon.cox