The document discusses methods for determining the start of the Hebrew calendar year based on solar observations as practiced in Moses' time. It describes how the vernal equinox and new moons could be used to mark the beginning of months and years by observing the sun's alignment at certain locations like the Temple Mount. Ancient structures like pyramids and obelisks that were aligned with solar events provide evidence this was a common practice in Egyptian culture during Moses' era. Maintaining a lunisolar calendar requires occasionally adding months to synchronize it with the solar year.

1. Equinox (interval 365.2422 days) by Solar Alignment Observation
God, through Moses, ordained the first month of the Jewish calendar year
to start in spring. Many writers consider the date of this first month start as
a great mystery.
The Hebrew word for 'month' and 'new moon' are interchangeable and
translated by context. Each new moon was to be celebrated by trumpets;
Nu10:10, Ps81:3, 2Ch2:4.
This was practiced from Moses, at least thru the time of Paul's epistles,
Col2:16. The ancient means to select when the 1st month of each new year
started has been avidly discussed by many writers.
This month shall be unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first
month of the year to you.... keep this ordinance in ITS SEASON from year
to year, Ex12:2,13:10 .
And Moses was learned in ALL the wisdom of the Egyptians... Acts 7:22
Indeed it is a mystery, if the ancient‟s time keeping method of simple
alignment is not understood. Much ink has been used talking of the Barley
harvest.
OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
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2. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
But finding the first solar month could
be accomplished from the Temple
Mount by watching where the sunrise
happened in east upon Mount Olivet.
This is illustrated in the prior picture.
Another method is to use a gnomon or
obelisk. This was widely employed by
the Egyptian culture to find time,
direction and seasons. The method is
illustrated by the attached pictures.
During desert travels, after the
Exodus, the tabernacle was to be
erected with principle ordinates.
2
The ordinates were easily
obtained by use of a gnomon,
that could also serve to mark
the spring equinox.
“for the south side.... And for
the second side of the
tabernacle on the north side
there shall be twenty
boards.. tabernacle,
westward..” Ex26:18-27. For
the Christian era, this
importance is two fold. First
is to know that a bible year is
a solar year.
Use a BAY
To improve
shadow
definition
Second is in keeping Church
Calendar. For that calendar is
set by Easter and it shall be the
1st Sunday following the 1st Full
Moon after the Spring or Vernal
Equinox of each year.

3. Great
OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
The Mosaic holidays revolved around spring and autumn.
Three main holidays were given by Moses. First was Passover,
with main dates on 10th and 14th day of first month. Next
was Pentecost, Lev23:16, Count fifty days to the day after
the seventh Sabbath; then you shall offer.... The last as: „In
the seventh month, on the first day of the month, you shall
have a Sabbath-rest, a memorial of blowing of trumpets...
Lev23:24. Marking years were mandated by the Sabbath or
7th year and Jubilee or 50th year.
The Sothic calendar system (365 days, circa 3,000BC) started
at Heliacal rising of Sirius upon Summer Solstice, June20 +/-
. They Intercalated the last days of a year. The current
rabbinical calendar, has 365.2468days/Year. Only the 1st to
7th months were critical to the ancient Hebrew calendar. The
time after the 12th month unto the start of the next year
new month could be counted as intercalated days, with an
ignored month, if only interested in months 1 to 7.
The Egyptian culture (of Moses time) used such methods as
illustrated by the Pyramid alignments on principle
ordinates. Many other ancient cultures also used monument
markers to mark the four seasons, spring, summer, autumn,
and winter.
3
Sphinx
South
EAST
Khufu
Great
North

4. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
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Another way is to make an extra long 12th
month. No where in bible is mention of a
13th month, hence Adar2. But these leap
months are required for a lunisolar
calendar. A new year should start in first
lunar month where the 14th lunar day falls
on or after the spring equinox. This makes
"days per year cycles" of 353/355 and
383/385 days. About every 3rd year will be
a leap year of about 384 days. Counting of
these days fall into 3 methods. Strictly
observational says watch for the time of
equinox, then look for the new moon. The
length of lunar cycle (29/30 days) and of
solar year (365 days) are well known. Thus
by these facts an end of year calculation
can be made for when to declare the first
new moon of the new year. Finally there is
the molad method of the rabbinical
calendar, 365.2468day/Year, vs. Gregorian
of 365.2425 d/Y.
Bible Basis of 12 Months:
1Kgs4:7 “... twelve officers over all
Israel... each man his month in a year...”
1Ch27, 12months1year, “all the months of
the year...The twelfth captain for the
twelfth month.” The sacred duties were
divided into 24 groups, this suggests
rotation of a group every 2 weeks.
Twelfth month: had at least 27 days as seen by 2Kg25:27, it
was given the name of Adar, see Est3:7&13,8:12,9:1. Here an
eleventh month of 29 days is found by inclusive count,
Neh6:15, 52 less 25 days equal 27 plus the start stop days of 2
gives 29 days. Also in story of Noah are found 5 months of 30
days each, Gen7:11,24 & 8:3-4. This indicates bible months
are lunar months. For the lunar month must alternate 29 and
30 days to match the 29.5 days of average lunar period.
Khufu
Sphinx
Equinox Sunset
Alignment at Giza
Looking due West
w
E
NS

5. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
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Marking time by equinox of the two seasons has the
least long term jitter. Long term Jitter is caused by
earth polar precession, as demonstrated by below
graphic. Moses used the most stable year start marker.
Refs:
https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/pacalc.html
http://judaicseminar.org/halakhot/calendar_jewish.htm
https://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/
http://www.knowth.com/loughcrew.htm
https://stellafane.org/misc/equinox.html
http://www.lavia.org/english/archivo/egyptiancalendaren.
html
http://www.michaelsheiser.com/PaleoBabble/IslerMethod
OfFindingExtendingDirection.pdf
Only at equinoxes does sun
rise due east and set due
west.
Stonehenge is one
of many known
archeoastronomy
sites. It was used
to mark seasons.
Researcher J. Q.
Jacobs has
documented these
sites extensively.

6. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
Marking Years by Astronomical Moments of Equinox and New Moon. The first new moon of each
new year is selected so the 14th day (full moon) must fall on or after the Spring Equinox. This
causes the lunar months to cycle in a progression of 400 Years of 12 lunar months to about 233
years of 13 lunar months. By using observation, the years of 12 and 13 moons will be
automatically selected from the determination rule. Over increasing intervals (19,38,190,391) the
average length of a year will trend towards 365.2422 days. This is demonstrated by graph above.
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7. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
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Equinox Sunrise at Giza
Egyptian tools at time of Moses
EastWest
North

8. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
Without Equinox Sunset
With Equinox Sunset
W
E
N
8
The Solar Lunar cycles are times periods that give
repeating calendar cycles. The older cycles are the Saros,
(18 Year) and Metonic, 19Y. Some other whole year cycles
are Half Sar, 9Yr, Unidos, 65Y, 176Y, 298Y. Longer Cycles
are Trihex, 195Y, Hipparchus, 345Y, Gregorian1, 353Y,
Gregoriana 372Y, Hexdodea 390Y, Grattan Guinness
391Y, Gregorian2, 725Y, 1042Y.Any multiple of smaller
cycles can be tried, like double basic 1042Y.
Meton's cycle of 19 years harmonizes the solar year (19 solar years)
with the lunar month (235 lunar months) with a remainder of about 2
hours and 3 minutes by which the solar year finishes earlier than the
lunar. Another cycle is 190 or 10 Metons.
M. de Cheseaux's cycle of 315 years harmonizes the solar and
lunar years within 3 hours and 24 minutes. The Metonic 19-year
cycle gets rid of most of it's remainder in a larger Biblical cycle of
2,300 years, Dan8:14.
Cheseaux's cycle, 315 years, is one quarter of a larger Biblical
cycle of 1,260 years (Dan. 8:12; 12:7; Rev. 12:6,14) which is ten
times more accurate than Meton's cycle. After 1260 years the sun
and moon return, within less than half a degree, to the same point
of the ecliptic precisely, and that within an hour of each other. If
we subtract 1260 from 2300 we get 1040 which is the long-
awaited solar-lunar cycle that harmonizes all three
measurements: the year, month and day "with an almost
imperceptible error" (Error is .11 of a day, Parker's Celestial
Cycles, p.22). In fact, this 1040 year "Daniel Cycle" reaches an
error of one day in 15,056 years. Every 687 years the sun and
the moon come back into the same relative positions to within 43
minutes. In 1906, Dr. W. Bell Dawson discovered that the
average of 2300 and 1260 lunar years, or 1780 lunar years, was
almost exactly equal to 1727 solar years, giving a cycle of even
higher accuracy than the 1040 "Daniel Cycle." The most accurate
anomalistic cycle (the time it takes for the moon to return to the
corresponding point on its elliptical orbit), viz. 1336, is the
difference between 1727 and 391. (see Soli-Lunar Cycles In
Greek Research and Jewish Revelation by Walter S. Ridgway,
UBC, 1946).
Without Equinox Sunset
Meridian Alignments

9. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
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The Gnomon or Obelisk
is an astronomical
measurement device.
The solar alignments
are the main aspect to
determine seasons.
This is possible
because of the orbital
layout. These facts are
shown here in theory
and in practice.
Omitted here but given
earlier is the BAY tool to
improve shadow
definition. Without that
Egyptian tool, the
accuracy is decreased
as suggested by some.
In church times these
are used in order to
better calculate the
astronomical event of
EASTER. See next slide.

10. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
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The Gnomon of Saint-
Sulpice is an astronomical
measurement device
located in the Church of
Saint-Sulpice (Église Saint-
Sulpice) in Paris, France. It
is a gnomon, a device
designed to cast a shadow
on the ground in order to
determine the position of
the sun in the sky. In early
modern times, other
gnomons were also built in
several Italian and French
churches in order to better
calculate the astronomical
event of EASTER.

11. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
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Cambodia, Angkor Wat
On the morning of the spring
equinox, the sun rises up the side
of the central tower of the temple
and crowns its pinnacle.
El Castillo, Mexico
One of the most famous ancient
spring equinox celebrations was
the Mayan pyramid in Chichen
Itza, Mexico. The pyramid, also
known as El Castillo, has four
staircases running from the top to
the bottom of the pyramid's
faces. The staircases were built
at a carefully calculated angle so
that at the precise moment of the
equinox and for a period of about
half an hour, a snake of sunlight
appears to slither down the
stairs. The Kukulkan appears
twice a year, on the spring and
autumn equinox, when day and
night, light and dark, are equal
and in balance.

12. OBSERVATIONAL HEBREW YEAR OF MOSES by O.P. Armstrong July - 2016
The Wagon Wheel of Native American plains
Indians have summer solstice and other
alignments. One is located Between Cody and
Lovell Wyoming. It is called Big Horn Medicine
Wheel.
In the 4 Corners area exist solar monuments left
by Anasia tribes. Shown to the left is the sun
dagger design at Fajada Butte in Chaco Culture
National Historical Park. Many other monuments
like Pinson mounds West Tenn., Mounds at Earle
& Scott Arkansas and the Henges of Ireland & UK
show how ancient peoples accurately tracked the
seasons by observation without calculators and
equations. 12