Nut trees for wisconsin farms and homesteads
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Presentation given at the 2016 Wisconsin Permaculture Convergence.
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Nut trees for wisconsin farms and homesteads
- 1. Nut Trees for Wisconsin Farms and Homesteads
- 8. Things to Know Before Falling in Love with Nuts • Your site characteristics • Soil-test it! • Water • Climate • Micro-climate • Your own characteristics i.e. your context • Financial • Existing and needed skills/knowledge • Do all of your decision makers agree? • Does the nut species excite you? Including the non romantic aspects? • Regrarian Platform-Darren Doherty
- 10. Farm or Homestead Crop? • It Depends
- 11. Nuts! • Castanea-Chestnuts • Carya-Pecan and Hickory • Corylus-Hazel • Juglans-Walnut
- 12. General Tips for All Species • Visit people already growing nuts • Yes, that includes conventional nut growers • Get info from as many sources and perspectives as possible • Learn to like reading academic papers • Observe and interact with nut trees as much as you can • Don’t under estimate grass and deer • Join Northern Nut Growers Association • Eat nuts!
- 13. Cultivars VS Seedlings • Destroy Dichotomy! • Cultivars: • Predictable characteristics • Yield • Quality • Disease resistance • Uniform ripening time • Grafted or clonal plants more expensive • Often in short or no supply depending on species and variety
- 14. Cultivar VS Seedling • Seedlings: • Opportunity for selecting better varieties • Cheaper to buy and/or propagate • Can be used as rootstock if it sucks • Not applicable to every species • Often more vigorous growers • Ripening time spread out • Diversity also includes negative characteristics!
- 15. Cultivars VS Seedlings • Choosing Seedlings • Use seedlings of proven cultivars*Especially important for chestnut if you want to graft* • If you know it was pollinated by other good cultivars, even better • Seedlings of good, non-cultivar plants • Look at what the other trees in the planting are like • Is this a commercial planting? Does the owner actually depend on nut production? • Avoid buying run-of-the-mill seedlings, especially from large nurseries • Applies to rootstock too
- 16. Chestnuts • Castanea • C. mollissima and hybrids • C. crenata X C. sativa • Wouldn’t recommend pure C. dentata due to blight. • Soil characteristics are important for chestnut! • Acidic soil 4-6.5 • Well drained • Best to use seedlings of desired plant as rootstock
- 19. Varieties • C. mollissima • Mossbarger • Luvall’s Monster • Sleeping Giant • Lockwood • Qing • Gideon • Gellatly hybrids with isolation from Chinese • Complex hybrids
- 20. Varieties • C. crenata X C. sativa-for trial only zone 4 and 5! • Szego-Actually mollissima X sativa • Maraval • Marsol • Marigoule • Bouche de Betizac
- 21. Farm or Homestead? • Both! As long as your site fits its needs • Commercial production will require transportation or proximity to population centers • Immigrants from chestnut cultures like chestnuts • Main advantage is that it doesn’t need shelling
- 22. Walnuts • Juglans regia- Eurasian walnut, “English”, “Persian”, “Carpathian” • Juglans nigra-Black walnut • Juglans cinerea-Butternut • Juglans ailantifolia-Heartnut • Hybrids of above, especially butternut and heartnut AKA Buartnut
- 23. Juglans regia • What nut growers dreams are made of • Then what their nightmares are made of • Compared to other walnut species it lacks hardiness and disease/pest resistance • Walnut blight • Butternut Curculio • Usually grafted on black walnut with few incompatibility issues • Thousand Canker disease could change this
- 31. Juglans regia • Varieties • Papple • Combe • Lake • ISU 73H32 • Harrison • Broadview-from Gellatly via Ukraine. Produces pendulous fruit like heartnut • Sejnovo • Dooley 69-E-(nigraXregia) X regia • Idaho-regia X nigra
- 32. Juglans regia • Characteristics to look for • Lateral bearing • Short, stocky shoots that harden quickly • Not just hardy wood but hardy flower buds, especially male • Don’t confuse blight or curculio damage for lack of hardiness • Healthy foliage
- 34. Juglans nigra • Native walnut species • Thick, hard shell • Strong tasting nut meats disliked by some • High value timber • Thousand Canker disease • Grafted on same species
- 35. Juglans nigra • Varieties: • Emma K • Ohio • Vandersloot • Sparks varieties • Weschcke-especially for zone 4
- 36. Juglans nigra • Things to look for in a good tree • Adapted to your climate • Leafs out late • Matures nuts before frost • Hardens off early • % kernel and shell structure more important than nut size • 25-30% kernel • Disease resistance • Anthracnose • Thousand canker disease?
- 37. Juglans nigra • Farm or homestead? • If close enough to a processing facility it can make a good farm crop
- 38. Juglans cinerea • Native walnut species with elongated nuts, now found primarily in early succession ecosystems • Population devastated by butternut canker • Often grafted on black walnut or butternut. Buartnut would make a lot of sense
- 39. Juglans cinerea • Varieties- • Any local tree that’s alive! • Buartnuts selected for butternut characteristics- “Butter-buarts”
- 40. Juglans cinerea • Farm or homestead • Little prospect as a commercial crop due to butternut canker and poor cracking characteristics.
- 41. Juglans ailantifolia • East Asian species with some trees having butternut type nuts and some having the heart shaped nuts • Seems well adapted to Upper-Midwest conditions zone 5 and up • Bunch disease only potential issue • Often grafted on black walnut but can out grow stock • Suggest grafting on buartnut seedlings for hardiness, disease resistance, and vigor
- 45. Juglans ailantifolia • Varieties: • Etter • Campbell CW3-seedling of Etter. Late bloom and cold hardy. Said to be side bearing • CW1 • CWW • Campbell’s West • Imshu • Pyke • Blunt-cold hardy from Manchurian walnut genes • Locket • Stealth • Szukis
- 46. Juglans ailantifolia • Buartnut varieties with heart like nuts • Mitchell-Thought to be most hardy • Dooley • Filzinger • Miekal’s buartnuts
- 47. Juglans ailantifolia • Farm or homestead • Farm? • Needs cracking, easier to do small scale but still time consuming
- 48. Hickory • Carya ovata-shagbark • Carya cordiformis-bitternut • Carya illinoinensis-pecan • Carya laciniosa-shellbark?
- 49. Carya ovata • Native upland species, often co-dominant with oak • Grafted on it’s own species or on hardy pecan
- 50. Carya ovata • Varieties: • Yoder #1 • Porter • Glover • Wilcox • Neilson • Weschcke • Campbell #26 • Campbell #8 • There are shagbark X pecan. Badgersett
- 51. Carya ovata • Good nut should give at least 50% whole halves • At least 85 nuts per pound • Size is less important than internal shell structure
- 52. Carya ovata • Farm or homestead? • Homestead • Farm possibilities with a shelling facility
- 53. Carya cordiformis • Native hickory, faster growth than shagbark and more precocious • Very similar to pecan • Bitternut with high tannin • High oil content • Useful for breeding purposes
- 55. Carya cordiformis • Varieties • Halesite-sweet bitternut • Hatch-sweet bitternut • Abbott-cross with pecan • Galloway-cross with pecan • Mall-cross with pecan • Nelson-cross with pecan • Pooshee-cross with pecan • Westbrook-cross with pecan
- 56. Carya cordiformis • Farm or homestead? • Potential for income from pure bitternut for oil. More viable wild collected • Potential for bitternut X pecan but more breeding work needed
- 57. Carya illinoinensis • Closest native range is the border of Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota • Hardiness not as much of a problem as length of season • Need to drop nuts before hard frost • “Northern” pecan works in southern Illinois, northern Missouri, Kentucky. Need “Ultra-northern” for upper-midwest • Issues with scab in susceptible varieties
- 60. Carya illinoinensis • Ultra-Northern Varieties- • Snaps • PK Jumbo • Deerstand • Oaks • Diken • Lucus • All are small nuts, 1-1.5 inches long
- 61. Carya illinoinensis • Northern varieties for breeding purposes or warm years • Posey-fair resistance to scab • Starking • Witte • Major-Scab resistance • Hark-scab resistance • Shepard-Scab resistance • Warren 346-scab resistance • Kansas state varieties • Kanza-scab resistant • Lakota • Osage • Oswego
- 62. Carya illinoinensis • Farm or homestead? • Ultra northern pecans are too small to compete with southern production. Potential as an oil crop? • Northern pecan could be grown as pollen source for breeding with ultra northern or other hickory species
- 63. Carya laciniosa • Shellbark hickory native to southern part of Midwest and up the Mississippi to around Iowa City • Large nut, biggest of hickory • Tends to be more of a mesic species than either shagbark or pecan • Takes a lot of heat to ripen nuts • Lots of “packing material” and convoluted shell structure
- 65. Carya laciniosa • Farm or homestead? • Neither except for homestead trial. Gary Fernald says he thinks that there could be varieties that ripen in Zone 5 Wisconsin
- 66. Corylus • Corylus avellana-European hazelnut • Corylus americana-American hazelnut
- 67. Corylus spp. • Long history of breeding and attempted industry in Wisconsin • Euro hazelnut has cold hardiness and disease issues • American hazelnut tends to have small nuts • Hybrids are seen as the solution • Selection for Euro characteristics can lead to disease problems • Selection for disease resistance can lead to more American characteristics
- 71. Corylus spp. • Varieties- • Tom Molnar breeding pure C. avellana for disease resistance and cold hardiness • Midwest hazels-hybrids of american and European • Clonal selections being made and trialed. Few available but starting • Controlled crosses available and being trialed • John Gordon varieties collected by Molnar • Gordon 1-4 • Contact Tom Molnar for scionwood • Could be used as reference cultivars
- 72. Corylus spp. • Farm or Homestead? • Farm? Genetic improvements are happening but processing industry is in its infancy • Homestead use for sure
- 73. Suggested Reading • NNGA Newsletters • A Guide to Nut Tree Culture-Editor Dennis Fulbright • Nut Tree Culture in North America-Editor Richard Jaynes • Nut Tree Ontario- Ernie Grimo • Nut Growing Ontario Style-John Gordon available online http://johnsankey.ca/songnews/nutgrowing.html • Growing Nuts in the North-Carl Weschcke also available online https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/18189 • Growing Hybrid Hazelnuts-Philip Rutter et. all
- 74. Suggested Reading • NAFEX • Upper-Midwest Hazelnut Development Initiative (UMHDI) • Chestnut Growers of America • University of Missouri School of Agroforestry • Nut Competitions