Electricity is generated through electromechanical generators that convert non-electrical energy, like water, coal, natural gas, into electricity. Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment in 1752 demonstrated electricity in nature. Modern electricity generation relies mainly on coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, and petroleum power plants. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic waves used to heat food through water molecules, discovered in the 1940s by Percy Spencer during his radar research. Microwave ovens use magnetrons to generate microwaves through interactions between electric and magnetic fields that heat food through molecular friction.
Markman visual model chap 10 crafting the brand positioningRalph Raymund Pinon
This document discusses crafting an effective brand positioning strategy. It begins by explaining how firms can choose and communicate a positioning by developing a competitive frame of reference looking at points of difference and parity. It then discusses differentiation strategies and how positioning and marketing strategies should change across the product lifecycle stages and with market evolution. The key tasks covered are understanding effective positioning, differentiation, adapting to the product lifecycle, and implications of market changes.
Electricity powers computers and allows them to process, store, and display digital information. Computers use electricity to power components like the CPU, graphic card, hard drives, and RAM. The CPU processes digital signals represented as strings of 1s and 0s. Hard drives store data using magnetic platters and read/write heads, while RAM temporarily stores running programs by changing the state of electric circuits. LCD monitors display colors by adjusting the voltage applied to liquid crystal pixels.
Electricity is generated through electromechanical generators that convert non-electrical energy, like water, coal, natural gas, into electricity. Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment in 1752 demonstrated electricity in nature. Modern electricity generation relies mainly on coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, and petroleum power plants. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic waves used to heat food through water molecules, discovered in the 1940s by Percy Spencer during his radar research. Microwave ovens use magnetrons to generate microwaves through interactions between electric and magnetic fields that heat food through molecular friction.
Markman visual model chap 10 crafting the brand positioningRalph Raymund Pinon
This document discusses crafting an effective brand positioning strategy. It begins by explaining how firms can choose and communicate a positioning by developing a competitive frame of reference looking at points of difference and parity. It then discusses differentiation strategies and how positioning and marketing strategies should change across the product lifecycle stages and with market evolution. The key tasks covered are understanding effective positioning, differentiation, adapting to the product lifecycle, and implications of market changes.
Electricity powers computers and allows them to process, store, and display digital information. Computers use electricity to power components like the CPU, graphic card, hard drives, and RAM. The CPU processes digital signals represented as strings of 1s and 0s. Hard drives store data using magnetic platters and read/write heads, while RAM temporarily stores running programs by changing the state of electric circuits. LCD monitors display colors by adjusting the voltage applied to liquid crystal pixels.
1) The document analyzes the optical properties of natural topaz crystals from Ukraine before and after exposure to fast neutron irradiation through various spectroscopy techniques.
2) IR, Raman, and UV-VIS spectroscopy showed that fast neutron irradiation reduced hydroxyl group intensities in topaz, increased certain absorption band intensities, and induced a blue color through the creation of electron and hole defects interacting with impurities.
3) The results suggest that the blue color in irradiated topaz is associated with oxygen defect centers interacting with aluminum ions and may be connected to impurities like chromium or transitions metals, while additional bands observed indicate lattice disorder from radiation damage.
This document discusses food irradiation as a method of food preservation. It outlines the safety and benefits of food irradiation, which include preventing foodborne illness without using chemicals. However, barriers to greater adoption include public association with radioactivity, added costs, and consumer acceptance issues. Overcoming resistance will require focusing on health benefits rather than innovation, positive labeling, and international cooperation to remove unofficial barriers. Overall, commercial use of irradiated food has been slowly increasing in recent decades without incident.
Radiotherapy can be used in combination with immunotherapy to help the body's immune system fight cancer. Radiation damages cancer cells, causing them to release proteins that allow white blood cells to target the cancer cells. Low doses of radiation activate receptors on cancer cells to release more proteins without suppressing the immune response. The combination approach utilizes irradiated cancer cells to increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy against primary and secondary cancers. However, very high radiation doses cause cancer cells to enter a wound healing state where they secrete chemicals that inhibit the immune attack.
The document summarizes a study on the soil-to-plant transfer factors of technetium-99 for various plants collected in the Chernobyl area. Samples from 27 plant species were collected and analyzed for Tc-99 concentration. The plants were separated into ferns, herbs, and trees. Analysis involved drying, milling, incineration to remove organic matter, and separation and measurement of Tc-99 and Ru-99 using column chromatography and ICP-MS. Transfer factors were calculated as the ratio of activity in plants to activity in soil. Low transfer factors observed implied Tc-99 had transformed to less available forms 8-9 years after the Chernobyl accident.
Effects of low-dose e-beam (student preso)Roppon Picha
The document studied the effects of low-dose, low-penetration electron beam irradiation on Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels and meat quality in beef. It found that treating beef carcass surface cuts with 1 kGy electron beam irradiation reduced E. coli levels by 2.6-2.9 log, eliminating detectable levels. Irradiation had little effect on sensory and quality attributes of flank steaks but did impact ground beef patties more, with higher treatment proportions ranking lower. However, differences may not significantly impact consumer purchase decisions. Overall, low-dose electron beam irradiation showed potential for reducing pathogens on beef surfaces with minimal meat quality impacts.
The document discusses the physics behind making ice cream. It explains that adding salt to ice lowers the freezing point of a syrup mixture contained in a smaller bag within a larger bag of ice and salt. The salt disrupts the equilibrium between melting and freezing, allowing the syrup to freeze at a lower temperature as it is shaken. Sugar in the syrup also lowers the freezing point compared to water alone by concentrating as water freezes out, making it harder for the water to crystallize. Not all the water freezes, leaving behind a highly concentrated sugar solution.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient counting tools like the abacus to modern digital computers. It describes how Charles Babbage designed early mechanical computers like the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine in the 1800s, laying the foundations for stored-program computers. John von Neumann further advanced the concept of the stored-program computer. The document also outlines the basic components of a modern computer, including the central processing unit, memory, drive controllers, hard drives, optical drives, and operating system. It lists applications of computers such as CAD, graphics, modeling, and multimedia. Charts show growth in internet usage and users in Thailand from 2007. The document assigns team members research tasks on computer components/graphics and the history of
Remotesensing 20091205 (student preso)Roppon Picha
X-ray, CT scans, and voxels are medical imaging techniques. X-rays use radiation to pass through objects, revealing internal structures. CT scans take multiple X-ray images from different angles and use computer processing to reconstruct voxels, or 3D pixels, creating a cross-sectional view inside the body. Voxels are volume elements that make up a 3D image. CT scans allow doctors to non-invasively see inside tissues and organs to diagnose and monitor medical conditions.
Spaceelevator 20091205 (student preso)Roppon Picha
A space elevator is a proposed type of transportation that would transport materials from Earth's surface to space using a 35,000 km long cable anchored to the Earth's surface at one end and a counterweight in space at the other. The idea was first proposed in 1895 but recent advances in carbon nanotube strength and durability have made the concept more feasible. A space elevator could provide cheap access to space at an estimated $100 per kg compared to thousands per kg for current rockets. It would enable practical applications like removing nuclear waste from Earth and generating solar power in space.
Electricity In Our Lives (student preso)Roppon Picha
The document summarizes how electricity reaches homes from power plants. It explains that power plants use fuels like nuclear, fossil fuels, geothermal or solar to produce heat energy which turns turbines to generate electricity. The electricity is then sent through high voltage switchyards where the voltage is increased for transmission over long distances through transmission lines. Distribution stations then step down the voltage for residential and commercial use. The electricity that enters homes is alternating current which is converted to direct current by transformers in electrical appliances for use.
Superconductivity of Materials (student preso)Roppon Picha
The document discusses different types of superconducting materials. Type I superconductors include pure metals that become superconducting below a critical temperature and exclude magnetic fields. Type II conductors are metal alloys and ceramic oxides that can carry higher currents in strong magnetic fields. The Meissner effect describes how superconductors repel magnetic fields and become perfect diamagnets. Niobium-titanium is mentioned as a superconductor with a critical temperature of 10K and critical field of 15 Tesla.
1) The document analyzes the optical properties of natural topaz crystals from Ukraine before and after exposure to fast neutron irradiation through various spectroscopy techniques.
2) IR, Raman, and UV-VIS spectroscopy showed that fast neutron irradiation reduced hydroxyl group intensities in topaz, increased certain absorption band intensities, and induced a blue color through the creation of electron and hole defects interacting with impurities.
3) The results suggest that the blue color in irradiated topaz is associated with oxygen defect centers interacting with aluminum ions and may be connected to impurities like chromium or transitions metals, while additional bands observed indicate lattice disorder from radiation damage.
This document discusses food irradiation as a method of food preservation. It outlines the safety and benefits of food irradiation, which include preventing foodborne illness without using chemicals. However, barriers to greater adoption include public association with radioactivity, added costs, and consumer acceptance issues. Overcoming resistance will require focusing on health benefits rather than innovation, positive labeling, and international cooperation to remove unofficial barriers. Overall, commercial use of irradiated food has been slowly increasing in recent decades without incident.
Radiotherapy can be used in combination with immunotherapy to help the body's immune system fight cancer. Radiation damages cancer cells, causing them to release proteins that allow white blood cells to target the cancer cells. Low doses of radiation activate receptors on cancer cells to release more proteins without suppressing the immune response. The combination approach utilizes irradiated cancer cells to increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy against primary and secondary cancers. However, very high radiation doses cause cancer cells to enter a wound healing state where they secrete chemicals that inhibit the immune attack.
The document summarizes a study on the soil-to-plant transfer factors of technetium-99 for various plants collected in the Chernobyl area. Samples from 27 plant species were collected and analyzed for Tc-99 concentration. The plants were separated into ferns, herbs, and trees. Analysis involved drying, milling, incineration to remove organic matter, and separation and measurement of Tc-99 and Ru-99 using column chromatography and ICP-MS. Transfer factors were calculated as the ratio of activity in plants to activity in soil. Low transfer factors observed implied Tc-99 had transformed to less available forms 8-9 years after the Chernobyl accident.
Effects of low-dose e-beam (student preso)Roppon Picha
The document studied the effects of low-dose, low-penetration electron beam irradiation on Escherichia coli O157:H7 levels and meat quality in beef. It found that treating beef carcass surface cuts with 1 kGy electron beam irradiation reduced E. coli levels by 2.6-2.9 log, eliminating detectable levels. Irradiation had little effect on sensory and quality attributes of flank steaks but did impact ground beef patties more, with higher treatment proportions ranking lower. However, differences may not significantly impact consumer purchase decisions. Overall, low-dose electron beam irradiation showed potential for reducing pathogens on beef surfaces with minimal meat quality impacts.
The document discusses the physics behind making ice cream. It explains that adding salt to ice lowers the freezing point of a syrup mixture contained in a smaller bag within a larger bag of ice and salt. The salt disrupts the equilibrium between melting and freezing, allowing the syrup to freeze at a lower temperature as it is shaken. Sugar in the syrup also lowers the freezing point compared to water alone by concentrating as water freezes out, making it harder for the water to crystallize. Not all the water freezes, leaving behind a highly concentrated sugar solution.
The document provides a history of computers from ancient counting tools like the abacus to modern digital computers. It describes how Charles Babbage designed early mechanical computers like the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine in the 1800s, laying the foundations for stored-program computers. John von Neumann further advanced the concept of the stored-program computer. The document also outlines the basic components of a modern computer, including the central processing unit, memory, drive controllers, hard drives, optical drives, and operating system. It lists applications of computers such as CAD, graphics, modeling, and multimedia. Charts show growth in internet usage and users in Thailand from 2007. The document assigns team members research tasks on computer components/graphics and the history of
Remotesensing 20091205 (student preso)Roppon Picha
X-ray, CT scans, and voxels are medical imaging techniques. X-rays use radiation to pass through objects, revealing internal structures. CT scans take multiple X-ray images from different angles and use computer processing to reconstruct voxels, or 3D pixels, creating a cross-sectional view inside the body. Voxels are volume elements that make up a 3D image. CT scans allow doctors to non-invasively see inside tissues and organs to diagnose and monitor medical conditions.
Spaceelevator 20091205 (student preso)Roppon Picha
A space elevator is a proposed type of transportation that would transport materials from Earth's surface to space using a 35,000 km long cable anchored to the Earth's surface at one end and a counterweight in space at the other. The idea was first proposed in 1895 but recent advances in carbon nanotube strength and durability have made the concept more feasible. A space elevator could provide cheap access to space at an estimated $100 per kg compared to thousands per kg for current rockets. It would enable practical applications like removing nuclear waste from Earth and generating solar power in space.
Electricity In Our Lives (student preso)Roppon Picha
The document summarizes how electricity reaches homes from power plants. It explains that power plants use fuels like nuclear, fossil fuels, geothermal or solar to produce heat energy which turns turbines to generate electricity. The electricity is then sent through high voltage switchyards where the voltage is increased for transmission over long distances through transmission lines. Distribution stations then step down the voltage for residential and commercial use. The electricity that enters homes is alternating current which is converted to direct current by transformers in electrical appliances for use.
Superconductivity of Materials (student preso)Roppon Picha
The document discusses different types of superconducting materials. Type I superconductors include pure metals that become superconducting below a critical temperature and exclude magnetic fields. Type II conductors are metal alloys and ceramic oxides that can carry higher currents in strong magnetic fields. The Meissner effect describes how superconductors repel magnetic fields and become perfect diamagnets. Niobium-titanium is mentioned as a superconductor with a critical temperature of 10K and critical field of 15 Tesla.
4. July 2009 : 436 operating reactors 30 countries 47 being built 133 being planned 3 biggest nuclear countries
5. Today: 0% nuclear electricity by 2030: ~ 25% will come from nuclear Italy
6. Nuclear Power Reactors in Asia (July 2009) 14 11 China จีน ประเทศ operating being built India อินเดีย 17 6 Rep. Korea เกาหลีใต้ 20 5 Japan ญี่ปุ่น 53 2
7. China: pop. 1.3 billion ~ 20% world pop. Today: nuclear electricity = 8587 GWe = 1.9% total electricity rapidly building new NPP’s Shanghai (14.5 bill)