The document summarizes findings from a study of bottled water safety in the United States. Key points include:
- Bottled water is largely unregulated, with FDA rules not applying to water bottled and sold within the same state. Many states also have weak or no regulations.
- Bottled water standards are weaker than EPA standards for tap water in many ways, such as allowing for certain levels of bacteria and not requiring filtration or disinfection.
- Available monitoring data is scarce but studies have found cases of bottled water contamination above standards. The industry is largely self-regulated with underfunded oversight.
- While most bottled water may be safe, marketing implies it is purer than tap water despite many
Well Water Groundwater Pennsylvania- Private Well Owners Manual- Our New Educ...Brian Oram
Pennsylvania Groundwater Quality: Your Private Well - A Guide to Drinking Water and Well Water Quality in Pennsylvania. The goal of this booklet is to help educate and inform citizens on issues related to water conservation, ensuring that private water supply systems produce safe drinking water for your family, protecting the long-term quality of our streams and drinking water sources, and helping you to understand the potential sources of pollution to our water resources. The booklet provides general information explaining certified water testing, chain-of-custody, and drinking water regulations and standards. It provides information related to the health (primary standards) or aesthetic (secondary standards) concerns for each parameter and provides information on water quality parameters that do not specifically have a drinking water limit. This reference is intended as a guide to understand water quality by providing guidance on selecting water quality testing parameters for baseline testing from a citizen's perspective and by serving as a tool to help interpret water quality data. In some cases, this document provides guidance on what actions you may want to consider.
Comments about the New Booklet (unsolicited)
Source: PA State Representative - " Your Guide very helpfully for me and my constituents who own private wells... and is an instructive guide to me as a policy maker as I strive to protect our water supply" (October 31, 2012).
For Slatington, PA - Yes- We received , thank you very much. The information is great! (December 2012).
WOW ! that was fast !! our son has moved in to his house at Harvey's Lake, read the book, and we both learned a lot (December 2012).
Happy new year! I received your package in the mail today. You have really developed a wonderful educational guide. I read the consent form as well and your idea is something I would really like to get behind. (January 2013)
The 2013 annual drinking water quality report from the City of Dania Beach provides information on the source and quality of the city's drinking water. Key points include:
- The city's water source is wells drawing from the Biscayne Aquifer at a depth of 65 feet.
- Testing found no potential sources of contamination near the wells.
- Treatment includes lime softening, filtration, disinfection with chlorine, and fluoride addition.
- Monitoring detected no contaminants in excess of allowed levels with the exceptions of occasional positive tests for total coliform and E. coli bacteria, which were addressed through corrective actions and additional sampling.
Residents of ID4 get their drinking water from the Henry C. Garnett Water Purification Plant, which treats water from several local sources including the Kern River, groundwater, and State Water Project water from Northern California. The plant produces around 29 million gallons per day on average. Treated water is distributed by local water agencies to homes and businesses in the area. Water quality is monitored through regular testing and surveys of the various water sources to protect public health.
The City of Dania Beach provides drinking water to over 18,000 citizens. Water is drawn from wells in the Biscayne Aquifer and undergoes lime softening and nanofiltration treatment before entering the distribution system. Testing found the water to be within acceptable limits for all regulated contaminants. One well sample tested positive for E. coli in 2014, but follow up samples were satisfactory. Customers are encouraged to view the full water quality report online or contact the water department for more information.
This document provides a research proposal to analyze bacteriological contamination of surface and groundwater bodies in the San Salvador neighborhood of Caguas, Puerto Rico and its implications on community water systems. The study will examine community water systems in the area, septic systems, and the presence of bacteria in water bodies. It aims to determine if bacteria levels violate regulations and relate to water-borne diseases in the community. It also seeks to educate residents on water quality standards through community interviews and information sessions. The researcher hypothesizes that human contamination, especially from septic tanks, is polluting water sources and posing health risks to those using community water systems.
1. water availability presentation in englishglmcguire
1) Gnternational Alaska LLC offers 9.5 billion gallons of pure water from Blue Lake in Alaska for sale in Latin America and Asia. The water is available in tankers ranging from 12-18 million gallons or 270 million gallons per month.
2) The document provides water quality reports from the City of Sitka, Alaska where the water originates, showing the water meets all EPA standards.
3) The company aims to supply the highest quality water emerging from the pure Arctic region to customers in Mexico, Latin America and Asia from its headquarters in Dallas, Texas.
The City of Dania Beach routinely monitors its drinking water supply and submits reports on water quality. Testing in 2012 found the water safe within regulatory limits, except the City failed to complete all required lead and copper sampling between July and December. The water source is underground aquifers accessed by wells 65 feet deep. Water is treated through lime softening, filtration, disinfection and fluoride addition. About 17,000 customers receive water meeting health standards, though some groups may be at higher risk and should take precautions.
Palm bay Utilities Annual Drinking Water Report - 2011Jason Yarborough
An innovative publication initiated by Jason Yarborough, Palm Bay Utilities Director, to present the annual drinking water quality report highlighting the utilities department’s annual achievements and providing an economic development tool.
Well Water Groundwater Pennsylvania- Private Well Owners Manual- Our New Educ...Brian Oram
Pennsylvania Groundwater Quality: Your Private Well - A Guide to Drinking Water and Well Water Quality in Pennsylvania. The goal of this booklet is to help educate and inform citizens on issues related to water conservation, ensuring that private water supply systems produce safe drinking water for your family, protecting the long-term quality of our streams and drinking water sources, and helping you to understand the potential sources of pollution to our water resources. The booklet provides general information explaining certified water testing, chain-of-custody, and drinking water regulations and standards. It provides information related to the health (primary standards) or aesthetic (secondary standards) concerns for each parameter and provides information on water quality parameters that do not specifically have a drinking water limit. This reference is intended as a guide to understand water quality by providing guidance on selecting water quality testing parameters for baseline testing from a citizen's perspective and by serving as a tool to help interpret water quality data. In some cases, this document provides guidance on what actions you may want to consider.
Comments about the New Booklet (unsolicited)
Source: PA State Representative - " Your Guide very helpfully for me and my constituents who own private wells... and is an instructive guide to me as a policy maker as I strive to protect our water supply" (October 31, 2012).
For Slatington, PA - Yes- We received , thank you very much. The information is great! (December 2012).
WOW ! that was fast !! our son has moved in to his house at Harvey's Lake, read the book, and we both learned a lot (December 2012).
Happy new year! I received your package in the mail today. You have really developed a wonderful educational guide. I read the consent form as well and your idea is something I would really like to get behind. (January 2013)
The 2013 annual drinking water quality report from the City of Dania Beach provides information on the source and quality of the city's drinking water. Key points include:
- The city's water source is wells drawing from the Biscayne Aquifer at a depth of 65 feet.
- Testing found no potential sources of contamination near the wells.
- Treatment includes lime softening, filtration, disinfection with chlorine, and fluoride addition.
- Monitoring detected no contaminants in excess of allowed levels with the exceptions of occasional positive tests for total coliform and E. coli bacteria, which were addressed through corrective actions and additional sampling.
Residents of ID4 get their drinking water from the Henry C. Garnett Water Purification Plant, which treats water from several local sources including the Kern River, groundwater, and State Water Project water from Northern California. The plant produces around 29 million gallons per day on average. Treated water is distributed by local water agencies to homes and businesses in the area. Water quality is monitored through regular testing and surveys of the various water sources to protect public health.
The City of Dania Beach provides drinking water to over 18,000 citizens. Water is drawn from wells in the Biscayne Aquifer and undergoes lime softening and nanofiltration treatment before entering the distribution system. Testing found the water to be within acceptable limits for all regulated contaminants. One well sample tested positive for E. coli in 2014, but follow up samples were satisfactory. Customers are encouraged to view the full water quality report online or contact the water department for more information.
This document provides a research proposal to analyze bacteriological contamination of surface and groundwater bodies in the San Salvador neighborhood of Caguas, Puerto Rico and its implications on community water systems. The study will examine community water systems in the area, septic systems, and the presence of bacteria in water bodies. It aims to determine if bacteria levels violate regulations and relate to water-borne diseases in the community. It also seeks to educate residents on water quality standards through community interviews and information sessions. The researcher hypothesizes that human contamination, especially from septic tanks, is polluting water sources and posing health risks to those using community water systems.
1. water availability presentation in englishglmcguire
1) Gnternational Alaska LLC offers 9.5 billion gallons of pure water from Blue Lake in Alaska for sale in Latin America and Asia. The water is available in tankers ranging from 12-18 million gallons or 270 million gallons per month.
2) The document provides water quality reports from the City of Sitka, Alaska where the water originates, showing the water meets all EPA standards.
3) The company aims to supply the highest quality water emerging from the pure Arctic region to customers in Mexico, Latin America and Asia from its headquarters in Dallas, Texas.
The City of Dania Beach routinely monitors its drinking water supply and submits reports on water quality. Testing in 2012 found the water safe within regulatory limits, except the City failed to complete all required lead and copper sampling between July and December. The water source is underground aquifers accessed by wells 65 feet deep. Water is treated through lime softening, filtration, disinfection and fluoride addition. About 17,000 customers receive water meeting health standards, though some groups may be at higher risk and should take precautions.
Palm bay Utilities Annual Drinking Water Report - 2011Jason Yarborough
An innovative publication initiated by Jason Yarborough, Palm Bay Utilities Director, to present the annual drinking water quality report highlighting the utilities department’s annual achievements and providing an economic development tool.
Electrolyzed reduced water produced near the cathode during water electrolysis was found to inhibit tumor angiogenesis in the following ways:
1) It scavenged hydrogen peroxide in human lung adenocarcinoma cells and decreased their release of hydrogen peroxide, down-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcription and secretion over time.
2) It inhibited the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the cells in a time-dependent manner. ERK plays an important role in regulating VEGF expression.
3) When co-cultured with endothelial cells, the conditioned medium from the cancer cells significantly stimulated tubule formation, but electrolyzed reduced water counteracted this effect and
1. The document discusses the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in persistent pain. ROS have been implicated in many neurological conditions involving oxidative stress and dysfunction.
2. The paper summarizes a study showing that superoxide (SO), a type of ROS, mediates pain accompanying inflammation. Treatment with a superoxide dismutase mimetic prevented hyperalgesia in an inflammatory pain model.
3. While this supports a role for ROS in inflammatory pain, more research is still needed to fully understand how different ROS are involved in various types of persistent pain and the mechanisms by which they contribute to pain signaling and sensitization.
This document discusses ionized water and its potential health benefits. It begins by explaining how an ionized water unit works, using electrolysis to separate tap water into reduced and oxidized waters. Reduced water has a more negative redox potential, meaning it has excess electrons that can be donated to neutralize reactive oxygen species. The document argues that drinking reduced ionized water may help the body avoid illness by blocking the oxidation of healthy cells caused by an overproduction of free radicals.
Strong electrolyte acid for anti acne, skind diseases, desinfectant cleaning Michael Thang
Dokumen ini mempromosikan produk cairan asam elektrolit kuat yang diproduksi oleh Enagic Corp, Jepang dan didistribusikan oleh Michael Thang. Cairan ini dihasilkan dari proses elektrolisis air menggunakan plat titanium untuk menghasilkan pH asam dan digunakan sebagai desinfektan, antibakteri, pengobatan jerawat dan penyakit kulit.
The document summarizes an interview between Mike Adams and Dr. F. Batmanghelidj, a physician who studied the healing properties of water. Dr. Batmanghelidj discovered water's pain-relieving effects unintentionally while treating a patient in pain. He went on to study the role of histamine in water regulation and pain manifestation, finding that many common ailments are caused by dehydration. However, the pharmaceutical industry promotes antihistamines and other drugs over water therapy due to financial incentives. The interview discusses various diseases like AIDS, hypertension, and high cholesterol that result from chronic dehydration.
The document compares the electrolysis chamber of the SD501 water ionizer to competitors, noting the SD501 uses a 3-layer filter and 7 electrode plate design, while competitors use simpler designs.
This document discusses the benefits of alkaline water for health and aging. It suggests that drinking alkaline water can help balance the body's pH levels and reduce acidity caused by modern diets and lifestyles. This may help with weight loss, detoxification, hydration at the cellular level, and reducing risks of osteoporosis. The document also explains how ionizing water produces smaller water clusters that can deliver nutrients more efficiently and help flush toxins from cells.
This document provides information about a global partnership program involving water filtration devices. It notes that the company producing the devices has been in business for 40 years, is licensed as a medical device manufacturer, and has sold over $2.6 billion worth of devices. It also discusses the company's expansion globally and lists some of its office locations worldwide. Additionally, it includes brief statistics about world population growth and notes that wealthier individuals are increasingly spending more on wellness products and services. The document promotes the opportunity to become a distributor for the company and outlines the different types of commissions distributors can earn.
This document summarizes a study on a micro-fabricated double-gated vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VA-CNF) array for use as an ionizer in portable mass spectrometers. The device can operate in two modes: as an electron impact ionizer (EII) using field emission or as a field ionizer. As an EII, power dissipation is reduced to less than 100 mW from over 1 W for conventional thermionic EII ionizers. As a field ionizer, the turn-on voltage is reduced to 350 V from 5-10 kV for ungated field ionizers. The double-gated design protects the VA-CNF from ion bombardment and enhances
Dr. Otto Warburg- The Root Cause of CancerENAGIC Kangen
Dr. Otto Heinrich Warburg won the Nobel Prize in 1931 for discovering that cancer is caused by an acidic state in the body due to too much lactic acid production and not enough oxygen. He found that cancer cells thrive in a low pH environment around 6.0 instead of the normal 7.365 pH due to lactic acid buildup and low oxygen levels. Warburg demonstrated that all cancers are characterized by acidosis and hypoxia (lack of oxygen), and that cancer cells can live without oxygen unlike normal cells which require oxygen to survive. He concluded that the root cause of cancer is oxygen deficiency creating an acidic environment in the human body.
Fred and Jan operate Health Wellness Advocates, a health and wellness company located in Orlando, Florida. Their contact information includes a phone number of (407) 523-0080, email of toyourPH@aol.com, and website www.toyourPH.com.
- The quality of drinking water is important for health, but bottled water sources and plastic bottles introduce health concerns as chemicals can leach into the water and disrupt hormones. Tap water also contains contaminants due to untreated sewage, runoff, and chemicals used in treatment.
- Plastic pollution in the oceans from bottled water production is accumulating, and those chemicals are entering the food chain. All plastic ever made still exists in the environment.
- While the EPA regulates some contaminants, thousands more go unregulated, and blending of untreated sewage with tap water is allowed in some places. Most Americans are dehydrated from lack of quality water consumption.
Americans consume about 4 billion gallons of bottled water per year, equal to one 8-ounce bottle per person daily. However, bottled water has significant environmental costs to produce and transport the plastic bottles. It takes three to five times more water to produce a plastic water bottle than it contains, and the manufacturing process uses oil equivalent to fueling over 100,000 cars annually. Most bottled water is simply filtered local tap water, but plastic bottles may leach chemicals into the water when heated. Less than a quarter of plastic bottles are recycled, and the rest pile up as trash that takes over 1000 years to degrade.
CAPLUS have worked with the Revenue Commissioners to develop the practice and procedure for establishing valuations, using their expertise in capital allowances to provide a streamlined claims process compliant with Irish Tax Law. A large value of allowances go unclaimed each year but these Capital Allowance experts can unlock much needed cash from businesses.
Water is a precious resource that is vital for life. However, the world's population has doubled since 1950 while water usage has tripled, straining fresh water supplies. Additionally, pollution from chemicals, fertilizers, and plastics has exacerbated health issues related to water. A large swath of plastic waste now exists in the Pacific Ocean that is disrupting ecosystems and entering the food chain. Enagic's SD501 water ionizer is presented as an eco-friendly solution that produces ionized water to reduce chemical and plastic usage and has received an environmental award for its positive impact.
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards.docxAMMY30
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards should be established for bottled water? What arguments most influenced your decision? How would you explain your position to someone who disagrees with you?
The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters. Founded in 1958, IBWA's membership includes U.S. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. IBWA is committed to working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates bottled water as a packaged food product, and state governments to set stringent standards for safe, high quality bottled water products. Additionally, IBWA requires member bottlers to adhere to the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, which mandates additional standards and practices, that in some cases, are more stringent than federal and state regulations. A key feature of the IBWA Model Code is an annual unannounced plant inspection by an independent, third party organization. For more information about IBWA, bottled water and a list of member's brands, please contact IBWA Manager of Communications Tom Gardner at 703-647-4607 or
[email protected]
Full Text
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition La ...
The document discusses misleading labeling and marketing practices in the bottled water industry. It provides examples of bottled water labels that were found to be misleading by implying the water came from pristine mountain sources when it actually came from industrial or municipal sources. The bottled water industry often claims its products are purer than tap water and free from contaminants, but studies have found bottled water can contain chemicals and disease outbreaks have been traced to bottled water. The industry engages in marketing campaigns to portray bottled water as extremely pure without always having evidence to substantiate the claims.
Electrolyzed reduced water produced near the cathode during water electrolysis was found to inhibit tumor angiogenesis in the following ways:
1) It scavenged hydrogen peroxide in human lung adenocarcinoma cells and decreased their release of hydrogen peroxide, down-regulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcription and secretion over time.
2) It inhibited the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the cells in a time-dependent manner. ERK plays an important role in regulating VEGF expression.
3) When co-cultured with endothelial cells, the conditioned medium from the cancer cells significantly stimulated tubule formation, but electrolyzed reduced water counteracted this effect and
1. The document discusses the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in persistent pain. ROS have been implicated in many neurological conditions involving oxidative stress and dysfunction.
2. The paper summarizes a study showing that superoxide (SO), a type of ROS, mediates pain accompanying inflammation. Treatment with a superoxide dismutase mimetic prevented hyperalgesia in an inflammatory pain model.
3. While this supports a role for ROS in inflammatory pain, more research is still needed to fully understand how different ROS are involved in various types of persistent pain and the mechanisms by which they contribute to pain signaling and sensitization.
This document discusses ionized water and its potential health benefits. It begins by explaining how an ionized water unit works, using electrolysis to separate tap water into reduced and oxidized waters. Reduced water has a more negative redox potential, meaning it has excess electrons that can be donated to neutralize reactive oxygen species. The document argues that drinking reduced ionized water may help the body avoid illness by blocking the oxidation of healthy cells caused by an overproduction of free radicals.
Strong electrolyte acid for anti acne, skind diseases, desinfectant cleaning Michael Thang
Dokumen ini mempromosikan produk cairan asam elektrolit kuat yang diproduksi oleh Enagic Corp, Jepang dan didistribusikan oleh Michael Thang. Cairan ini dihasilkan dari proses elektrolisis air menggunakan plat titanium untuk menghasilkan pH asam dan digunakan sebagai desinfektan, antibakteri, pengobatan jerawat dan penyakit kulit.
The document summarizes an interview between Mike Adams and Dr. F. Batmanghelidj, a physician who studied the healing properties of water. Dr. Batmanghelidj discovered water's pain-relieving effects unintentionally while treating a patient in pain. He went on to study the role of histamine in water regulation and pain manifestation, finding that many common ailments are caused by dehydration. However, the pharmaceutical industry promotes antihistamines and other drugs over water therapy due to financial incentives. The interview discusses various diseases like AIDS, hypertension, and high cholesterol that result from chronic dehydration.
The document compares the electrolysis chamber of the SD501 water ionizer to competitors, noting the SD501 uses a 3-layer filter and 7 electrode plate design, while competitors use simpler designs.
This document discusses the benefits of alkaline water for health and aging. It suggests that drinking alkaline water can help balance the body's pH levels and reduce acidity caused by modern diets and lifestyles. This may help with weight loss, detoxification, hydration at the cellular level, and reducing risks of osteoporosis. The document also explains how ionizing water produces smaller water clusters that can deliver nutrients more efficiently and help flush toxins from cells.
This document provides information about a global partnership program involving water filtration devices. It notes that the company producing the devices has been in business for 40 years, is licensed as a medical device manufacturer, and has sold over $2.6 billion worth of devices. It also discusses the company's expansion globally and lists some of its office locations worldwide. Additionally, it includes brief statistics about world population growth and notes that wealthier individuals are increasingly spending more on wellness products and services. The document promotes the opportunity to become a distributor for the company and outlines the different types of commissions distributors can earn.
This document summarizes a study on a micro-fabricated double-gated vertically aligned carbon nanofiber (VA-CNF) array for use as an ionizer in portable mass spectrometers. The device can operate in two modes: as an electron impact ionizer (EII) using field emission or as a field ionizer. As an EII, power dissipation is reduced to less than 100 mW from over 1 W for conventional thermionic EII ionizers. As a field ionizer, the turn-on voltage is reduced to 350 V from 5-10 kV for ungated field ionizers. The double-gated design protects the VA-CNF from ion bombardment and enhances
Dr. Otto Warburg- The Root Cause of CancerENAGIC Kangen
Dr. Otto Heinrich Warburg won the Nobel Prize in 1931 for discovering that cancer is caused by an acidic state in the body due to too much lactic acid production and not enough oxygen. He found that cancer cells thrive in a low pH environment around 6.0 instead of the normal 7.365 pH due to lactic acid buildup and low oxygen levels. Warburg demonstrated that all cancers are characterized by acidosis and hypoxia (lack of oxygen), and that cancer cells can live without oxygen unlike normal cells which require oxygen to survive. He concluded that the root cause of cancer is oxygen deficiency creating an acidic environment in the human body.
Fred and Jan operate Health Wellness Advocates, a health and wellness company located in Orlando, Florida. Their contact information includes a phone number of (407) 523-0080, email of toyourPH@aol.com, and website www.toyourPH.com.
- The quality of drinking water is important for health, but bottled water sources and plastic bottles introduce health concerns as chemicals can leach into the water and disrupt hormones. Tap water also contains contaminants due to untreated sewage, runoff, and chemicals used in treatment.
- Plastic pollution in the oceans from bottled water production is accumulating, and those chemicals are entering the food chain. All plastic ever made still exists in the environment.
- While the EPA regulates some contaminants, thousands more go unregulated, and blending of untreated sewage with tap water is allowed in some places. Most Americans are dehydrated from lack of quality water consumption.
Americans consume about 4 billion gallons of bottled water per year, equal to one 8-ounce bottle per person daily. However, bottled water has significant environmental costs to produce and transport the plastic bottles. It takes three to five times more water to produce a plastic water bottle than it contains, and the manufacturing process uses oil equivalent to fueling over 100,000 cars annually. Most bottled water is simply filtered local tap water, but plastic bottles may leach chemicals into the water when heated. Less than a quarter of plastic bottles are recycled, and the rest pile up as trash that takes over 1000 years to degrade.
CAPLUS have worked with the Revenue Commissioners to develop the practice and procedure for establishing valuations, using their expertise in capital allowances to provide a streamlined claims process compliant with Irish Tax Law. A large value of allowances go unclaimed each year but these Capital Allowance experts can unlock much needed cash from businesses.
Water is a precious resource that is vital for life. However, the world's population has doubled since 1950 while water usage has tripled, straining fresh water supplies. Additionally, pollution from chemicals, fertilizers, and plastics has exacerbated health issues related to water. A large swath of plastic waste now exists in the Pacific Ocean that is disrupting ecosystems and entering the food chain. Enagic's SD501 water ionizer is presented as an eco-friendly solution that produces ionized water to reduce chemical and plastic usage and has received an environmental award for its positive impact.
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards.docxAMMY30
Based on what you have read, do you believe that pollution standards should be established for bottled water? What arguments most influenced your decision? How would you explain your position to someone who disagrees with you?
The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters. Founded in 1958, IBWA's membership includes U.S. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. IBWA is committed to working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates bottled water as a packaged food product, and state governments to set stringent standards for safe, high quality bottled water products. Additionally, IBWA requires member bottlers to adhere to the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, which mandates additional standards and practices, that in some cases, are more stringent than federal and state regulations. A key feature of the IBWA Model Code is an annual unannounced plant inspection by an independent, third party organization. For more information about IBWA, bottled water and a list of member's brands, please contact IBWA Manager of Communications Tom Gardner at 703-647-4607 or
[email protected]
Full Text
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition La ...
The document discusses misleading labeling and marketing practices in the bottled water industry. It provides examples of bottled water labels that were found to be misleading by implying the water came from pristine mountain sources when it actually came from industrial or municipal sources. The bottled water industry often claims its products are purer than tap water and free from contaminants, but studies have found bottled water can contain chemicals and disease outbreaks have been traced to bottled water. The industry engages in marketing campaigns to portray bottled water as extremely pure without always having evidence to substantiate the claims.
Bottled Water More Than Just a Story About Sales Growth; String.docxhartrobert670
Bottled Water: More Than Just a Story About Sales Growth; Stringent Federal, State and Industry Standards Help Ensure Safety, Quality and Good Taste
[New York] 09 Apr 2007:
ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bottled water is also bound by the Nutrition Labeling Education Act (NLEA) and the full range of FDA protective measures designed to enforce product safety and protect consumers. States also regulate bottled water inspections, sampling, analyzing and approving bottled water sources. Testing laboratory certification is another area where states may regulate bottled water. As part of the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, IBWA members voluntarily utilize the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) for a science-based approach to bottled water production and safety. FDA recognizes HACCP as a key component of food safety and consumer protection.
"While all beverages have their role in a marketplace with an abundance of drink choices," says Stephen R. Kay, IBWA Vice President of Communications, "consumers are choosing bottled water as a refreshing, hydrating beverage and as an alternative to others that may contain calories, caffeine, sugar, artificial colors, alcohol or other ingredients, which they wish to moderate or avoid. For instance, during 2006, individual ...
Bottled water More than just a story about sales growth; Stringen.docxAASTHA76
Bottled water: More than just a story about sales growth; Stringent federal, state and industry standards help ensure safety, quality and good taste. (2007, April 9). PR Newswire. Retrieved October 8, 2009, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 1251895191).
Abstract
The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) is the authoritative source of information about all types of bottled waters. Founded in 1958, IBWA's membership includes U.S. and international bottlers, distributors and suppliers. IBWA is committed to working with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which regulates bottled water as a packaged food product, and state governments to set stringent standards for safe, high quality bottled water products. Additionally, IBWA requires member bottlers to adhere to the IBWA Bottled Water Code of Practice, which mandates additional standards and practices, that in some cases, are more stringent than federal and state regulations. A key feature of the IBWA Model Code is an annual unannounced plant inspection by an independent, third party organization. For more information about IBWA, bottled water and a list of member's brands, please contact IBWA Manager of Communications Tom Gardner at 703-647-4607 or [email protected]
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ALEXANDRIA, Va., April 9 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The InternationalBottled Water Association (IBWA), in conjunction with Beverage MarketingCorporation (BMC), today released bottled water statistics for the year 2006,compiled by BMC. These numbers show that U.S. bottled water sales andconsumption continue to rise, as consumers increasingly choose bottled waterover other beverages.
The latest upward trend was reflected in 2006 when total bottled water volume exceeded 8.25 billion gallons, a 9.5 percent increase over 2005, and the 2006 bottled water per capita consumption level of 27.6 gallons increased by over two gallons, from 25.4 gallons per capita the previous year. Additionally, the wholesale dollar sales for bottled water exceeded $10.8 billion in 2006, an 8.5 percent increase over the $10 billion in 2005. These statistics demonstrate continued consumer demand and appreciation for the convenience and good taste of bottled water brands consumed on-the-go, during exercise, at restaurants or meetings, and at home or the office. However, consumers should also know that bottled water safety and quality result from multiple layers of regulation and standards at the federal, state and industry levels.
Bottled water is comprehensively regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a packaged food product, and has issued stringent standards for safety, quality, production, labeling, and identity. Along with the FDA's Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs), which are required of all foods, bottled water must comply with several other applicable regulations, including Standards of Identity, Standards of Quality and additional, specific bottled water GMPs. Being a packaged food product, bott ...
This document provides information about perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) found in some drinking water sources in the Security-Widefield-Fountain area of Colorado. PFCs are man-made chemicals used in products like firefighting foams, coatings, and non-stick cookware that have been detected at low levels in some local wells. While not currently regulated, health agencies are working to understand potential risks and reduce exposure. The document provides contact information for local water providers and health agencies for people seeking more information.
NCBC Gulfport 2012 Consumer Confidence Report (CCR)CR United States Navy
The document is NCBC Gulfport's 2012 Consumer Confidence Report, which provides details about the source and quality of the base's drinking water. It finds the water safe to drink and meets all EPA standards. It notes some groups may be more vulnerable to contaminants and provides conservation tips. It also provides data on water source, treatment process, and results of water quality testing.
water, a substance composed of the chemical elements hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. It is one of the most plentiful and essential of compounds. A tasteless and odourless liquid at room temperature, it has the important ability to dissolve many other substances.
The City of Winnipeg is considering whether to build a water treatment plant to treat water from Shoal Lake before it reaches customers. There are risks to public health from parasites and disinfection byproducts with the current system. Experts recommend a water treatment plant to protect public health by reducing these risks. The plant would cost $204 million to build and $12 million annually to operate, and water rates would need to increase by less than 5% to pay for it. A decision will be made in October 1999 after public input is received.
This document is EPCOR's 2015 water quality report for Bullhead City, Arizona. It provides information about the source and quality of the local water supply. EPCOR is committed to providing safe, high-quality drinking water every day and invests in monitoring and maintaining the water system. The report also contains definitions of various water quality terms and contaminants that may be present in drinking water. It aims to help local water users better understand their community's water supply and EPCOR's role in ensuring its safety.
The document provides information on the quality of the water supplied by the City of Salina in 2014. It details the source of the water, which includes 15 groundwater wells and surface water from the Smoky Hill River. It also lists several contaminants detected in the water and compares them to EPA standards. While some contaminants were detected, all were below the maximum allowed levels. The report aims to inform customers about water quality and efforts made to provide safe drinking water.
Smart2o researches water solutions and provides customized systems to purify water for homes and offices. They advocate for health, savings, and the environment. Bottled water poses risks from chemicals in plastic and from potential contaminants, while most tap water meets regulations. Smart2o water systems offer purified water that is healthier, cheaper, and more eco-friendly than bottled water alternatives.
This report summarizes the 2010 water quality for Old North Utility Services. Routine testing was performed to comply with regulations and provide high quality water. The water quality meets or exceeds all federal and state standards. Old North works diligently to protect water quality from source to tap and maintains infrastructure to ensure a reliable water supply. The report provides information on important health issues, lead in plumbing, cross connections, and substances that could potentially be in drinking water.
Bottled water bottled water text_and_qAngku Anazmy
I. Bottled water consumption has increased significantly but many question whether bottled water is safer than filtered tap water and whether the environmental impact is worth the convenience.
II. While some bottled water comes from pristine sources, over 25% in the US comes from municipal water supplies that is treated and sold at a high price without always stating the source on the label.
III. Studies have found contaminants like carcinogens and phthalates in some bottled water brands, with phthalates possibly entering during processing or being present in the original water source, though most bottled water is still considered safe.
FILTERED WATER (HOME FILTRATION)
Filters manufactured for use in the home use carbon, also called activated charcoal, which is basically charred wood or other natural substance. The carbon molecule in those filters attracts minerals and some toxic chemicals. There are no federal regulations regarding the design or effectiveness of water filters. Four of the 50 U.S. states (California, Iowa, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin) have regulations and requirements for some types of water filters installed, sold or distributed in their state.
Plastic water bottles have significant negative environmental impacts as 80% are not recycled and can take up to 1000 years to decompose. Americans use over 4 million plastic bottles per hour, contributing to the 46,000 pieces of plastic debris found in every square mile of ocean. Bottled water production requires significant resources like oil and generates greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to millions of cars or transatlantic flights. Tap water is more strictly regulated and tested than bottled water and has a much smaller environmental footprint. Choosing tap water over bottled water can help reduce one's water footprint and plastic waste.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of bottled water usage versus tap water. It notes that over 1 billion people lack access to clean drinking water currently, and by 2025 two-thirds of the world's population may lack access due to factors like global warming. While bottled water is popular, it has significant environmental costs to produce and transport the plastic bottles. The document provides arguments for why tap water is generally safe to drink in most areas and offers 5 reasons for breaking the bottled water habit, such as the high costs and oil usage required for bottled water production. It encourages adopting reusable water bottles and simple filtration systems as more sustainable alternatives.
The 2014 Consumer Confidence Report from the Quonochontaug East Beach Water Association provides information on water quality and testing results. The report indicates that the water source is two wells located on Sea Breeze Avenue, and that while the source is at moderate risk of contamination, drinking water meets all federal and state standards. Water quality testing detected small amounts of contaminants such as barium and chromium, but all were below allowed levels. The report is intended to inform customers about their community's water supply.
This document summarizes a presentation on pharmaceutical waters from the USP chapter 1231. It discusses various types of bulk and sterile waters used in pharmaceutical applications, including their sources, uses, and quality standards. Purified water and water for injection are produced in large volumes on-site for use in non-parenteral and parenteral preparations, respectively. Source water is treated and purified to meet chemical, microbial, and endotoxin limits defined in pharmacopeial monographs. Water systems must be validated to reliably produce water meeting all specified quality attributes.
Water quality can be assessed through various physical, chemical, and biological indicators. It depends on factors like geology, ecosystem, and human activities. Standards are set based on intended uses like drinking, industrial, or environmental. Water is sampled and tested using on-site or laboratory methods to monitor these indicators. Maintaining adequate water quality is important for public health and ecosystem protection.
How Safe Is My Bottled Water 3.21.11 (Lspl)Michael Klein
- Bottled water is regulated by the FDA as a packaged food and must meet FDA standards for contaminants. The FDA standards are based on EPA tap water standards.
- Bottled water labels must indicate the source and type of water, such as spring or mineral water, and whether it comes from a municipal water source. Reading the label provides information on how the water is treated and tested.
- While not required, some bottled waters are certified by independent organizations like NSF which conduct additional testing beyond FDA standards. Certification provides additional assurances about water quality.
Several doctors and experts summarize the health benefits of alkaline water. Dr. Shinya notes that a clean and healthy colon is important for overall health and that most diseases originate from an acidic colon. Dr. Baroody has administered over 5,000 gallons of alkaline water for various health situations. Felicia Climent conducted clinical experiments showing alkaline water will change how health is approached. Dr. Lark states drinking alkaline water can help neutralize acidity and restore buffering ability. Dr. Rogers believes toxicity from acidic waste is the primary cause of degenerative disease. Dr. Young concludes an overly acidic pH can corrode the body over time and disrupt all cellular functions, interfering with life and leading to sickness.
The document discusses alkaline and acidic foods and their impact on health. It recommends a diet consisting of 80% alkaline and 20% acidic foods. Alkaline foods include most vegetables, fruits, herbs, spices, whey protein and fermented foods. Acidic foods include meat, dairy, grains, legumes, oils and alcohol. Maintaining a balanced diet between alkaline and acidic foods through food and water choices is important for overall health and pH balance in the body.
The document summarizes the results of a pH and ORP test conducted on various beverages in July 2008 in California. It shows the brand, packaging, pH level and ORP (oxidation reduction potential) measurement for each beverage tested. The beverages tested ranged greatly in their pH levels from 2.8 for Coke to 9.5 for Kangen Water.
Dr. Otto Heinrich Warburg won the Nobel Prize in 1931 for discovering that cancer is caused by an acidic state in the body due to too much lactic acid production and not enough oxygen. He found that cancer cells thrive in a low pH environment around 6.0 instead of the normal 7.365 pH due to lactic acid buildup and low oxygen levels. Warburg demonstrated that all cancers are characterized by acidosis and hypoxia (lack of oxygen), and that cancer cells can live without oxygen but normal cells cannot. He determined that the root cause of cancer is oxygen deficiency creating an acidic environment in the body.
The document summarizes an independent investigation into claims made by distributors of Jupiter water ionizers against Enagic water ionizers. The investigation found that while Enagic's claims could be verified through third parties and their own website, Jupiter's distributors made many claims that could not be corroborated. Specifically, none of Jupiter's various parent companies were found to have the ISO certifications they claimed, and the surface area of Jupiter's electrolysis chambers was found to be up to 450% smaller than Enagic's, negatively impacting properties of the ionized water.
Ray Kurzweil is a renowned inventor and scientist who has received numerous national honors and awards for his work. He has written several best-selling books on topics like artificial intelligence and longevity. Kurzweil was asked a series of questions about alkaline water and provided detailed answers drawing on his experience conducting experiments and citing relevant research studies. He explained that tap water can be split into alkaline and acidic components using an electrolysis machine, and the alkaline water produces benefits like a high negative oxidation reduction potential that allows it to neutralize free radicals. Kurzweil advocated for drinking alkaline water to help combat metabolic acidosis and support mineral absorption and detoxification.
Cincinnati tap water is tested more often than bottled water and contains less harmful components. Bottled water costs significantly more than tap water but provides no advantages in terms of safety or quality. While bottled water companies market the product as premium, the environmental and economic costs of bottled water are substantial and tap water is a safer and more sustainable option.
These testimonials describe various health benefits experienced by individuals after drinking Kangen water for periods ranging from 1 month to 9 months. Benefits included relief from acid reflux, improved digestion, relief from diabetes symptoms, reduced back pain, healed ear infection, relief from arthritis pain, improved sleep, weight loss, improved cholesterol levels, clearer skin and relief from asthma symptoms. One individual also experienced relief from muscle soreness after only one day of drinking the water. Overall, the testimonials suggest that Kangen water provided relief from various health issues and improved general well-being and energy levels.
This document discusses the potential health hazards of tap water, bottled water, soda, and sports drinks due to chemical additives and other properties. It claims these drinks can negatively impact the body, energy levels, and overall health. The document promotes a special event to learn about an alternative water product called Kangen water that is said to balance the body, increase energy, improve health, provide a better quality of life, and replace toxic cleaners. Attendees can try Kangen water for free.
This document discusses the importance of water and its role in biological processes. It explains that water is essential for life as most living things are composed of water. The polarity and hydrogen bonding ability of water molecules allows it to act as a universal solvent and break down other substances through competitive ion attraction. Oxidation-reduction reactions that involve the transfer of electrons are a key mechanism in biological systems. The document also discusses acids, bases, and pH balance, noting that most living matter functions best around a neutral pH. Too much oxygen can form unstable free radicals capable of stealing electrons from cells.
The document summarizes an independent investigation into claims made by distributors of Jupiter water ionizers against Enagic water ionizers. The investigation found that while Enagic's claims could be verified through third parties and their own website, Jupiter's distributors made many claims that could not be corroborated. Specifically, none of Jupiter's various parent companies were found to have the ISO certifications they claimed, and the surface area of Jupiter's electrolysis chambers was found to be up to 450% smaller than Enagic's, negatively impacting properties of the ionized water.
This document discusses the importance of water and alkaline water for health. It provides background on water chemistry and the structure of water molecules. Water is essential for life as it provides the medium for chemical reactions in the body and helps transport nutrients and waste. An overly acidic pH can negatively impact health while alkaline water can help the body detoxify more efficiently. The document recommends drinking alkaline ionized water to increase antioxidant levels and reduce oxidative stress and free radical damage associated with disease and aging. Maintaining proper hydration through water consumption is important for bodily functions and overall health and well-being.
An acid imbalance in the body can be caused by four main factors: consuming acid-forming foods and drinks, stress, exposure to toxic chemicals, and drinking impure water. Some ways to change the body's pH include reducing stress, eating more fruits and vegetables, employing detoxification methods, and drinking clean, alkaline water. Oxidation is a process that ages and breaks down cells, and free radicals are a main cause of oxidation. While oxidation cannot be stopped, it can be slowed down by consuming water with powerful antioxidants, such as Kangen water. Kangen water contains more antioxidants than other types of water and can help reduce oxidation in the body.
The operational chart shows how to use an ionized electrolysis water generator to produce four types of water - Kangen water, acidic water, strong Kangen water, and clean water - by pressing the corresponding buttons. It displays the pH levels that result from producing each type of water and their intended uses such as for drinking, care, or sanitary purposes.
The document summarizes the results of a pH and ORP test conducted on various beverages in July 2008 in California. The test measured the pH levels and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of over 30 different bottled waters, juices, sodas and other drinks. The results showed a wide range of pH levels from 3.04 to 9.26 and ORP levels ranging from -74 to +462 across the various beverages.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Nrdc Study Exec Summary
1. National Resources Defense Council
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Do you know what is in the water you drink?
Study Finds Safety of Drinking Water in U.S. Cities at Risk
NRDC reports on the drinking water systems of 19 cities and finds that pollution, old
pipes and outdated treatment threaten tap water quality.
Furthermore while much tap water is indeed risky, having compared available data
we conclude that there is no assurance that bottled water is any safer than tap
water!!!!
Bottled water
More than half of all Americans drink bottled water; about a third of the public consumes it
regularly. Sales have tripled in the past 10 years, to about $4 billion a year. This sales
bonanza has been fueled by ubiquitous ads picturing towering mountains, pristine glaciers,
and crystal-clear springs nestled in untouched forests yielding absolutely pure water. But is
the marketing image of total purity accurate? Also, are rules for bottled water stricter than
those for tap water?
Not exactly. No one should assume that just because he or she purchases water in a bottle
that it is necessarily any better regulated, purer, or safer than most tap water. NRDC has
completed a four-year study of the bottled water industry, including its bacterial and
chemical contamination problems. We have conducted a review of available information on
bottled water and its sources, an in-depth assessment of Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) and all 50 states' programs governing bottled water safety, and an analysis of
government and academic bottled water testing results. We have compared FDA's bottled
water rules with certain international bottled water standards and with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rules that apply to piped tap water supplied by
public water systems. In addition, NRDC commissioned independent lab testing of more
than 1,000 bottles of 103 types of bottled water from many parts of the country (California,
the District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Texas). Our conclusions and
recommendations follow.
An Exploding Bottled Water Market
There has been an explosion in bottled water use in the United States, driven in
large measure by marketing designed to convince the public of bottled water's
purity and safety, and capitalizing on public concern about tap water quality. People
spend from 240 to over 10,000 times more per gallon for bottled water than they
typically do for tap water.
Some of this marketing is misleading, implying the water comes from pristine
2. sources when it does not. For example, one brand of quot;spring waterquot; whose label
pictured a lake and mountains, actually came from a well in an industrial facility's
parking lot, near a hazardous waste dump, and periodically was contaminated with
industrial chemicals at levels above FDA standards.
According to government and industry estimates, about one fourth of bottled water
is bottled tap water (and by some accounts, as much as 40 percent is derived from
tap water) -- sometimes with additional treatment, sometimes not.
Major Regulatory Gaps
FDA's rules completely exempt 60-70 percent of the bottled water sold in the United
States from the agency's bottled water standards, because FDA says its rules do
not apply to water packaged and sold within the same state. Nearly 40 states say
they do regulate such waters (generally with few or no resources dedicated to
policing this); therefore, about one out of five states do not.
FDA also exempts quot;carbonated water,quot; quot;seltzer,quot; and many other waters sold in
bottles from its bottled water standards, applying only vague general sanitation
rules that set no specific contamination limits. Fewer than half of the states require
these waters to meet bottled water standards.
Even when bottled waters are covered by FDA's specific bottled water standards,
those rules are weaker in many ways than EPA rules that apply to big city tap
water. For instance, comparing those EPA regulations (for water systems which
serve the majority of the U.S. population) with FDA's bottled water rules:
City tap water can have no confirmed E. coli or fecal coliform bacteria
(bacteria that are indications of possible contamination by fecal matter).
FDA bottled water rules include no such prohibition (a certain amount of
any type of coliform bacteria is allowed in bottled water).
City tap water from surface water must be filtered and disinfected (or the
water system must adopt well-defined protective measures for the source
water it uses, such as control of potentially polluting activities that may
affect the stream involved). In contrast, there are no federal filtration or
disinfection requirements for bottled water -- the only source-water
protection, filtration, or disinfection provisions for bottled water are
completely delegated to state discretion, and many states have adopted no
such meaningful programs.
Bottled water plants must test for coliform bacteria just once a week; big-
city tap water must be tested 100 or more times a month.
Repeated high levels of bacteria (i.e., quot;heterotrophic-plate-countquot; bacteria)
in tap water combined with a lack of disinefectant can trigger a violation for
cities -- but not for water bottlers.
Most cities using surface water have had to test for Cryptosporidium or
Giardia, two common water pathogens that can cause diarrhea and other
3. intestinal problems (or more serious problems in vulnerable people), yet
bottled water companies don't have to do this.
City tap water must meet standards for certain important toxic or cancer-
causing chemicals such as phthalate (a chemical that can leach from
plastic, including plastic bottles); some in the industry persuaded FDA to
exempt bottled water from regulations regarding these chemicals.
Any violation of tap-water standards is grounds for enforcement -- but
bottled water in violation of standards can still be sold if it is labeled as
quot;containing excessive chemicalsquot; or quot;excessive bacteriaquot; (unless FDA finds
it quot;adulterated,quot; a term not specifically defined).
Cities generally must test at least once a quarter for many chemical
contaminants. Water bottlers generally must test only annually.
Cities must have their water tested by government-certified labs; such
certified testing is not required for bottlers.
Tap water test results and notices of violations must be reported to state or
federal officials. There is no mandatory reporting for water bottlers.
City water system operators must be certified and trained to ensure that
they know how to safely treat and deliver water -- not so for bottlers.
City water systems must issue annual quot;right-to-knowquot; reports telling
consumers what is in their water; as detailed in this report, bottlers
successfully killed such a requirement for bottled water.
FDA and state bottled water programs are seriously underfunded. FDA says bottled
water is a low priority; the agency estimates it has the equivalent of fewer than one
staff person dedicated to developing and issuing bottled water rules, and the
equivalent of fewer than one FDA staffer assuring compliance with the bottled water
rules on the books. Although a small number of states (such as California) have
real bottled water programs, our 1998 survey found that 43 states have fewer than
one staff person dedicated to bottled water regulation. By comparison, hundreds of
federal staff and many more state personnel are dedicated to tap water regulation.
Directing disproportionate resources to tap water protection is warranted. At the
same time, over half the U.S. public (including many immunocompromised people)
uses bottled water, and many millions of people use bottled water as their chief or
exclusive drinking water source.
FDA's regulations are less stringent than some international standards. For
example, unlike FDA's rules, the European Union's (EU's) bottled natural mineral
water standards regulate total bacteria count, and explicitly ban all parasites and
pathogenic microorganisms, E. coli or other coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci
(e.g., Streptococcus faecalis, recently renamed Enterococcus faecalis),
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and sporulated sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria.
Moreover, unlike the weaker FDA rules, the EU rules require natural mineral bottled
water's labels to state the composition of the water and the specific water source,
and mandate that only one water label may be used per source of water. Similarly,
recent EU standards applicable to all bottled water also are far stricter than FDA
standards. FDA's standards for certain chemicals (such as arsenic) also are weaker
4. than certain World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.
Bottled Water: As Pure as We Are Led to Believe?
While most bottled water apparently is of good quality, publicly available monitoring
data are scarce. The underfunded and haphazard patchwork of regulatory
programs has found numerous cases where bottled water has been contaminated
at levels above state or federal standards. In some cases bottled water has been
recalled.
Our quot;snapshotquot; testing of more than 1,000 bottles of 103 brands of water by three
independent labs found that most bottled water tested was of good quality, but
some brands' quality was spotty. About one third of the bottled waters we tested
contained significant contamination (i.e., levels of chemical or bacterial
contaminants exceeding those allowed under a state or industry standard or
guideline) in at least one test. This is the most comprehensive independent testing
of bottled water in the United States that is publicly available. Moreover, NRDC
contracted with an independent data verification firm to confirm the accuracy of our
positive test results. Still, the testing was limited. The labs tested most waters for
about half of the drinking water contaminants regulated by FDA (to control costs).
They found:
Nearly one in four of the waters tested (23 of the 103 waters, or 22 percent)
violated strict applicable state (California) limits for bottled water in at least
one sample, most commonly for arsenic or certain cancer-causing man-
made (quot;syntheticquot;) organic compounds. Another three waters sold outside
of California (3 percent of the national total) violated industry-recommended
standards for synthetic organic compounds in at least one sample, but
unlike in California, those industry standards were not enforceable in the
states (Florida and Texas) in which they were sold.
Nearly one in five tested waters (18 of the 103, or 17 percent) contained, in
at least one sample, more bacteria than allowed under microbiological-
purity quot;guidelinesquot; (unenforceable sanitation guidelines based on
heterotrophic plate count [HPC] bacteria levels in the water) adopted by
some states, the industry, and the EU. The U.S. bottled water industry uses
HPC guidelines, and there are European HPC standards applicable
overseas to certain bottled waters, but there are no U.S. standards in light
of strong bottler opposition to making such limits legally binding.
In sum, approximately one third of the tested waters (34 of 103 waters, or
33 percent) violated an enforceable state standard or exceeded
microbiological-purity guidelines, or both, in at least one sample. We were
unable to test for many microbial contaminants, such as Cryptosporidium,
because the logistics and cost of testing for them post-bottling were beyond
our means.
Four waters (4 percent) violated the generally weak federal bottled water
standards (two for excessive fluoride and two for excessive coliform
bacteria; neither of the two latter waters were found to be contaminated with
5. coliform bacteria in our testing of a different lot of the same brand).
About one fifth of the waters contained synthetic organic chemicals -- such
as industrial chemicals (e.g., toluene or xylene) or chemicals used in
manufacturing plastic (e.g., phthalate, adipate, or styrene) -- in at least one
sample, but generally at levels below state and federal standards. One
sample contained phthalate -- a carcinogen that leaches from plastic -- at a
level twice the tap water standard, but there is no bottled water standard for
this chemical; two other samples from different batches of this same water
contained no detectable phthalate.
In addition, many waters contained arsenic, nitrates, or other inorganic
contaminants at levels below current standards. While in most cases the
levels found were not surprising, in eight cases arsenic was found in at
least one test at a level of potential health concern.
For purposes of comparison, we note that EPA recently reported that in
1996 about 1 in 10 community tap water systems (serving about one
seventh of the U.S. population) violated EPA's tap water treatment or
contaminant standards, and 28 percent of tap water systems violated
significant water-monitoring or reporting requirements. In addition, the tap
water of more than 32 million Americans (and perhaps more) exceeds 2
parts per billion (ppb) arsenic (the California Proposition 65 warning level,
applicable to bottled water, is 5 ppb); and 80 to 100 million Americans drink
tap water that contains very significant trihalomethane levels (over 40 ppb).
Thus, while much tap water is supplied by systems that have violated EPA
standards or that serve water containing substantial levels of risky
contaminants, apparently the majority of the country's tap water passes
EPA standards.
Other academic and government bottled water surveys generally are consistent
with the testing NRDC commissioned. Though usually limited in scope, these
studies also have found that most bottled water meets applicable enforceable
standards, but that a minority of waters contain chemical or microbiological
contaminants of potential concern.
6. Tap Water
We often take the purity of our water for granted- and we shouldn't. NRDC's What's on
Tap?, a carefully researched, documented and peer-reviewed study of the drinking water
systems of 19 U.S. cities, found that pollution and deteriorating, out-of-date plumbing are
sometimes delivering drinking water that might pose health risks to some residents.
Many cities around the country rely on pre-World War I-era water delivery systems and
treatment technology. Aging pipes can break, leach contaminants into the water they carry
and breed bacteria -- all potential prescriptions for illness. And old-fashioned water
treatment -- built to filter out particles in the water and kill some parasites and bacteria --
generally fails to remove 21st-century contaminants like pesticides, industrial chemicals and
arsenic.
What's on Tap? found one overarching truth: If steps are not taken now, our drinking water
will get worse.
Recent actions by the Bush administration are making the problem worse instead of better.
Seemingly more concerned about protecting corporate polluters than protecting public
health, the administration is campaigning to hobble existing laws, thwart efforts to
strengthen current pollution standards and cut funds for programs that protect tap water.
Government -- whether city, state or federal -- should be doing all it can to ensure that
citizens get clean, safe drinking water every time they turn on a faucet or stop at a public
water fountain. And an informed, involved citizenry is the key to the process; it's our hope
that What's on Tap? will encourage all Americans to look into the quality of their city's water
supply, and to demand that our elected officials do what's necessary to provide safe tap
water.
So what does all this mean in terms of what's actually in your water glass? If your city has a
water quality problem, your tap water may at times carry a worrisome collection of
contaminants.
Tap water can contain a vast array of contaminants, but a handful showed up repeatedly in
the water of the cities we studied:
Lead, which enters drinking water supplies from the corrosion of pipes and
plumbing fixtures and can cause brain damage in infants and children
Pathogens (germs) that can make people sick, especially those with weakened
immune systems, the frail elderly and the very young
By-products of chlorine treatment such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids,
which may cause cancer and reproductive problems
Arsenic, radon, the rocket fuel perchlorate and other carcinogens or otherwise
toxic chemicals
Contaminants like these get into our water from many different sources. A few examples:
runoff from sewage systems that overflow after a heavy storm; runoff from contaminant-
7. laden sites like roads, pesticide and fertilizer-rich farms and lawns, and mining sites; wastes
from huge animal feedlots; and industrial pollution that leaches into groundwater or is
released into surface water.
A high level of any of these contaminants in your water represents a failure of your city's
quot;water treatment trainquot; -- a series of steps your water is put through to filter and disinfect it
before it is delivered to your tap. By extension, it also represents a failure by your
government -- local, state and federal -- to protect your water supply and ensure that pure,
safe and good-tasting water is supplied to your home.
NRDC's study found that relatively few cities are in outright violation of national standards
for contamination of drinking water, but this is more a result of weak standards than it is of
low contaminant levels. For example, cancer-causing arsenic is currently present in the
drinking water of 22 million Americans at average levels of 5 ppb, well below the new EPA
standard for arsenic of 10 ppb. Yet scientists now know that there is no safe level of arsenic
in drinking water. (The EPA found that a standard of 3 ppb would have been feasible, but
industry lobbying and concerns over treatment costs prevailed over public safety.) Many
cities failed to meet the EPA's quot;level of concernquot; for various contaminants that are not yet
regulated.
Our study yielded another broad truth about the nation's drinking water quot;treatment trainsquot;:
many cities show an increase in the frequency of periodic spikes in contaminant levels,
indicating that the World War I-era plumbing and water treatment facilities still widely
employed may be inadequate to handle contaminant spills or even the basic daily
contaminant loads produced by our heavily industrialized, densely populated cities. And
spikes above the EPA's standards generally don't trigger a violation; usually only an
average level over the standard is considered a violation.
The bottom line is this: the tap water in some cities might pose health risks to vulnerable
consumers -- people who have serious immune system problems, pregnant women,
parents of infants, those with chronic illnesses and the elderly should consult with their
health care providers about the safety of tap water. And our nation must make a major
commitment to upgrading and modernizing water systems and protection of drinking water
sources.
Your Right to Know What's in Your Tap Water
The first question that one would logically ask on reading the above is, quot;How do I find out
what's in my water glass?quot; And according to U.S. law, every citizen is entitled to a straight
answer. Every city is required to publish reports about the safety and quality of its drinking
water system.
The problem, as NRDC found, is that while some cities do a good job with their right-to-
know reports, others publish information that is incomplete or misleading:
Reports from Atlanta, Boston, Fresno, Houston, Newark, Phoenix, Seattle and
Washington, D.C. included false, unqualified or misleading claims, or buried crucial
information about problems deep in their reports;
Reports from Newark, New Orleans and Phoenix included incorrect or misleading
data -- or omitted it entirely;
Nearly all cities in the study failed to report on health effects of most contaminants
found in their water;
Most of the cities studied failed to translate the reports into languages spoken by a
large minority in their community.
These right-to-know reports hold enormous promise. In addition to informing citizens about
the state of their city's water system, they can also build support for investment and
8. encourage citizens to participate in fixing local problems. They are so important that NRDC
decided to grade each city's right-to-know reports as part of this study; we've also included
a set of recommendations that cities might adopt in setting goals for their right-to-know
publications.
Protecting the Source
The first line of defense in ensuring the safety and quality of drinking water is to ensure that
water sources -- lakes, rivers, streams and aquifers (porous underground formations that
hold water) -- are protected from pollution. And as indicated above, there are many ways
that contaminants get into source water, among them:
Municipal sewage
Polluted runoff from stormwater or snowmelt in urban and suburban areas
Pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural fields
Animal waste from feedlots and farms
Industrial pollution from factories
Mining waste
Hazardous waste sites
Spills and leaks of petroleum products and industrial chemicals
quot;Naturalquot; contamination such as arsenic or radon that occurs in water as a result of
leaching or release of the contaminant from rock
To keep such contaminants out of tap water, a city's first step is identifying where pollution
is coming from. Once these sources are known, the water utility, city planners and citizens
of a municipality must work together to figure out how to reduce the threat of contamination.
Land purchases often prove useful, allowing the water utility to establish a pollution-free
zone around source waters. Utilities may also ban boating and other recreational activities
on these waters, push for improved pollution controls, or protect wetlands (which replenish
and purify source waters).
Some cities are doing a fine job of protecting their drinking water supply. Seattle is doing an
excellent job of protecting source water; Boston, San Francisco and Denver also get high
marks. But many other cities have a long way to go:
Albuquerque's groundwater is becoming seriously depleted; Fresno's
groundwater is highly susceptible to contamination;
In Atlanta, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, New Orleans, Newark,
Philadelphia, Phoenix, San Diego and Washington, D.C., source water is
threatened by runoff and industrial or sewage contamination;
Water supplies in Baltimore, Fresno, Los Angeles, New Orleans, San Diego and
several other cities are vulnerable to agricultural pollution containing nitrogen,
pesticides or sediment;
Denver's source water faces an additional challenge from debris from wildfires and
sediments from floods;
Manchester's problems apparently come from recreational boating activity in its
reservoir.
An informed, involved public is a water utility's strongest ally in an effort to better protect its
water supply. NRDC recommends that citizens urge legislators not to pull the plug on safe
water supplies -- the Bush administration's broad assault on Clean Water Act protections
should be stopped, and Congress should act to strengthen the laws and contaminant
standards we have in place to protect the purity and safety of our drinking water.
Here are some of the unwanted quot;extrasquot; that NRDC found when we examined the drinking
9. water of 19 American cities
Water Quality
Rocket fuel -- perchlorate, harmful to the thyroid and possibly carcinogenic -- is in the
water of 20 million Americans. At times high levels have been measured in Los Angeles,
Phoenix and San Diego.
Lead, which can cause brain damage and decreased intelligence in children, gets into
drinking water from corroding pipes and faucets; Boston, Newark and Seattle exceeded the
national action level for lead
Germs, including coliform bacteria and Cryptosporidium, a microscopic disease-carrying
protozoan. NRDC's study found that many cities should be concerned about their water
supply's vulnerability to such contamination.
Arsenic, recently judged not safe at any level in drinking water, is still present at significant
levels in the drinking water of 22 million Americans.
NRDC's study revealed that periodic spikes in contaminant levels are on the rise, a sign
that aging pipes and water-treatment facilities often can't handle today's contaminant loads
(for example, after a major storm or an industrial spill). In recent years, Atlanta, Baltimore
and Washington, D.C., all issued boil-water alerts in response to such spikes.