This document provides an introduction and overview of a course on digital communications. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The course is split into 7 modules covering topics such as random processes, pulse coding, carrier modulation, error control coding, and spread spectrum communication techniques. It introduces the basic components and flow of information in a digital communication system. Tables are also provided to summarize important developments in electrical communications, typical electromagnetic frequency bands and applications, broadcast frequency ranges, and transmission losses for different physical media.
An overview on application of machine learning techniques in optical networksKhaleda Ali
This document provides an overview of machine learning techniques applied to optical networks. It discusses how optical networks have become more complex with the introduction of technologies like coherent transmission and elastic optical networks. This increased complexity motivates the use of machine learning to analyze network data and make decisions. The document surveys existing work on machine learning applications in optical communications and networking. It aims to introduce researchers to this field and propose new research directions to further the application of machine learning to optical networks.
The document outlines the regulations, program educational objectives, program outcomes, program specific objectives, and curriculum for the Bachelor of Electronics and Communication Engineering program at Anna University, Chennai.
The key details include:
- 3 program educational objectives related to careers, foundational concepts, and developing innovative methodologies.
- 12 programme outcomes related to engineering knowledge, problem solving, design, investigation, tool usage, professionalism, sustainability, ethics, teamwork, communication, management, and lifelong learning.
- 3 program specific objectives related to applying concepts, developing quality products, and adapting to emerging technologies.
- Mapping of the objectives and outcomes to courses across 8 semesters of the curriculum.
Digital Wave Simulation of Quasi-Static Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Me...Piero Belforte
This is an extended version of the paper published on IEEE Transactions on EMC, October 2016. PEEC modeling is a well established technique for obtaining a circuit equivalent for an electromagnetic problem. The time domain solution of such models is usually performed using nodal voltages and branch currents, or sometimes charge and currents. The present paper describes a possible alternative approach which can be obtained expressing and solving the problem in the waves domain. The digital wave theory is used to find an equivalent representation of the PEEC circuit in the wave domain. Through a pertinent continuous to discrete time transformation, the constitutive relations for partial inductances, capacitances and resistances are translated in an explicit form. The combination of such equations with Kirchhoff laws allows to achieve a semi-explicit resolution scheme. Three different physical configurations are analyzed and their extracted Digital Wave PEEC models are simulated at growing sizes using the general-purpose Digital Wave Simulator (DWS). The results are compared to those obtained by using standard SPICE simulators in both linear and nonlinear cases. When the size of the model is manageable by SPICE, an excellent accuracy and a speed-up factor of up to three orders of magnitude are observed with much lower memory requirements. PEEC model sizes manageable by DWS are also an order of magnitude larger than SPICE. A comparative analysis of results including the effect of parameters like the simulation time step choice is also presented.
The document is a course file report for the course "Digital Communications" taught in the Electronics and Communication Engineering department. It includes information such as the department vision and mission, program outcomes, course outcomes mapped to program outcomes, syllabus, session plan, lecture plan, assignment questions, sample scripts, course material, question papers, and references. The course covers topics like PCM, digital modulation techniques, baseband transmission, information theory, error control codes, and spread spectrum modulation over 5 units taught across 17 lectures.
The hybrid evolutionary algorithm for optimal planning of hybrid woban (1)iaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper on developing hybrid evolutionary algorithms to solve optimal placement problems in hybrid wireless-optical broadband access networks (WOBANs). It proposes using two hybrid evolutionary algorithms (HEAs) - one combining genetic algorithm and hill climbing for wireless base station placement, and another combining genetic algorithm and modified hill climbing for optical network unit placement. The HEAs aim to find global optimal solutions for placement to minimize cost while maximizing coverage, as traditional methods may find only local optima. The document outlines the network architecture, problem formulation, related work, and proposed HEAs for solving the multi-objective placement optimization problems in WOBANs.
Mohamad I. Aziz is a PhD student at Polytechnique Montreal studying tri-level optimization problems for power network systems, with a background in electrical engineering and experience in stochastic control, mean field theory, and decentralized optimization applied to cellular networks. He has published papers applying mean field game theory to power optimization in CDMA networks and developed computational methods for related problems. His research interests include stochastic control, game theory, estimation theory, optimization, and signal processing.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
This study surveyed employers to understand what skills they desire in new graduates. It found that while both soft skills and technical skills are important, soft skills scored higher on average in importance. Three technical skills - source code versioning, testing and agile methods - were viewed as similarly important as soft skills. Employers also preferred evidence that students have applied their technical skills to create actual software, rather than just learning skills theoretically. The study adds to previous research identifying skills gaps between university curricula and employer needs.
The document provides short descriptions of 14 modules that make up a Network Systems Engineering degree course. The modules cover topics such as data communication systems, cryptography, campus networking, routing, IT project management, research methods, professionalism, simulating multimedia networks, and a final honors project evaluating VoIP codecs.
An overview on application of machine learning techniques in optical networksKhaleda Ali
This document provides an overview of machine learning techniques applied to optical networks. It discusses how optical networks have become more complex with the introduction of technologies like coherent transmission and elastic optical networks. This increased complexity motivates the use of machine learning to analyze network data and make decisions. The document surveys existing work on machine learning applications in optical communications and networking. It aims to introduce researchers to this field and propose new research directions to further the application of machine learning to optical networks.
The document outlines the regulations, program educational objectives, program outcomes, program specific objectives, and curriculum for the Bachelor of Electronics and Communication Engineering program at Anna University, Chennai.
The key details include:
- 3 program educational objectives related to careers, foundational concepts, and developing innovative methodologies.
- 12 programme outcomes related to engineering knowledge, problem solving, design, investigation, tool usage, professionalism, sustainability, ethics, teamwork, communication, management, and lifelong learning.
- 3 program specific objectives related to applying concepts, developing quality products, and adapting to emerging technologies.
- Mapping of the objectives and outcomes to courses across 8 semesters of the curriculum.
Digital Wave Simulation of Quasi-Static Partial Element Equivalent Circuit Me...Piero Belforte
This is an extended version of the paper published on IEEE Transactions on EMC, October 2016. PEEC modeling is a well established technique for obtaining a circuit equivalent for an electromagnetic problem. The time domain solution of such models is usually performed using nodal voltages and branch currents, or sometimes charge and currents. The present paper describes a possible alternative approach which can be obtained expressing and solving the problem in the waves domain. The digital wave theory is used to find an equivalent representation of the PEEC circuit in the wave domain. Through a pertinent continuous to discrete time transformation, the constitutive relations for partial inductances, capacitances and resistances are translated in an explicit form. The combination of such equations with Kirchhoff laws allows to achieve a semi-explicit resolution scheme. Three different physical configurations are analyzed and their extracted Digital Wave PEEC models are simulated at growing sizes using the general-purpose Digital Wave Simulator (DWS). The results are compared to those obtained by using standard SPICE simulators in both linear and nonlinear cases. When the size of the model is manageable by SPICE, an excellent accuracy and a speed-up factor of up to three orders of magnitude are observed with much lower memory requirements. PEEC model sizes manageable by DWS are also an order of magnitude larger than SPICE. A comparative analysis of results including the effect of parameters like the simulation time step choice is also presented.
The document is a course file report for the course "Digital Communications" taught in the Electronics and Communication Engineering department. It includes information such as the department vision and mission, program outcomes, course outcomes mapped to program outcomes, syllabus, session plan, lecture plan, assignment questions, sample scripts, course material, question papers, and references. The course covers topics like PCM, digital modulation techniques, baseband transmission, information theory, error control codes, and spread spectrum modulation over 5 units taught across 17 lectures.
The hybrid evolutionary algorithm for optimal planning of hybrid woban (1)iaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper on developing hybrid evolutionary algorithms to solve optimal placement problems in hybrid wireless-optical broadband access networks (WOBANs). It proposes using two hybrid evolutionary algorithms (HEAs) - one combining genetic algorithm and hill climbing for wireless base station placement, and another combining genetic algorithm and modified hill climbing for optical network unit placement. The HEAs aim to find global optimal solutions for placement to minimize cost while maximizing coverage, as traditional methods may find only local optima. The document outlines the network architecture, problem formulation, related work, and proposed HEAs for solving the multi-objective placement optimization problems in WOBANs.
Mohamad I. Aziz is a PhD student at Polytechnique Montreal studying tri-level optimization problems for power network systems, with a background in electrical engineering and experience in stochastic control, mean field theory, and decentralized optimization applied to cellular networks. He has published papers applying mean field game theory to power optimization in CDMA networks and developed computational methods for related problems. His research interests include stochastic control, game theory, estimation theory, optimization, and signal processing.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
This study surveyed employers to understand what skills they desire in new graduates. It found that while both soft skills and technical skills are important, soft skills scored higher on average in importance. Three technical skills - source code versioning, testing and agile methods - were viewed as similarly important as soft skills. Employers also preferred evidence that students have applied their technical skills to create actual software, rather than just learning skills theoretically. The study adds to previous research identifying skills gaps between university curricula and employer needs.
The document provides short descriptions of 14 modules that make up a Network Systems Engineering degree course. The modules cover topics such as data communication systems, cryptography, campus networking, routing, IT project management, research methods, professionalism, simulating multimedia networks, and a final honors project evaluating VoIP codecs.
This document contains information related to the course file for Control Systems for the third year B.Tech students in Electronics and Communication Engineering department at CMR Engineering College for the 2019-2020 academic year. It includes the department vision and mission, program educational objectives, program outcomes, mapping of course outcomes to program outcomes, syllabus, lecture plan, assignment questions, sample assignments, unit-wise materials, exam question papers, evaluation scheme, sample exam scripts, materials from internet/websites, ICT materials, previous university question papers and activities for the course.
1) The document provides information on the third semester curriculum for B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering students at Anna University, Chennai. It lists 9 courses covering both theory and practical subjects.
2) It then provides detailed syllabus information for the course "Linear Algebra and Partial Differential Equations", covering topics like vector spaces, linear transformations, inner product spaces, and methods to solve partial differential equations.
3) Similarly, details of the syllabus and objectives of the course "Fundamentals of Data Structures in C" are outlined, covering topics like C programming basics, data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, trees and graphs, and searching and sorting algorithms.
Performance Analysis of Different Combination of Mimo Antenna System using Di...ijtsrd
The wireless communication system like MIMO OFDM Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing , the transmitter and the receiver have to be synchronized to each other in order to make efficient transmission. In this paper, OFDM based on the orthogonality are proposed for timing synchronization for Rayleigh channel using different combination of antenna system. This work simulate by Matlab R2013a tool by using communication block, and result shown between BER verses SNR. Anjali Juneja ""Performance Analysis of Different Combination of Mimo Antenna System using Digital Modulation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21364.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21364/performance-analysis-of-different-combination-of-mimo-antenna-system-using-digital-modulation/anjali-juneja
Channel encoding system for transmitting image over wireless network IJECEIAES
Various encoding schemes have been introduced till date focusing on an effective image transmission scheme in presence of error-prone artifacts in wireless communication channel. Review of existing schemes of channel encoding systems infer that they are mostly inclined on compression scheme and less over problems of superior retention of signal retention as they lacks an essential consideration of network states. Therefore, the proposed manuscript introduces a cost effective lossless encoding scheme which ensures resilient transmission of different forms of images. Adopting an analytical research methodology, the modeling has been carried out to ensure that a novel series of encoding operation be performed over an image followed by an effective indexing mechanism. The study outcome confirms that proposed system outshines existing encoding schemes in every respect.
The document outlines the regulations for the B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering program at Anna University in Chennai for 2017. It includes the program educational objectives, program outcomes, program specific objectives, and mapping of these objectives and outcomes to courses. It also provides details of the curriculum over 8 semesters, including the courses offered each semester, their category (theory, practical, etc.), contact periods, and credits. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of the objectives and structure of the ECE program.
BU (UVCE)5th Sem Electronics syllabus copy from Lohith kumar R UVCE
This document outlines the scheme of study and examination for the 5th semester of the Bachelor of Engineering program in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the 2006 scheme at University Visweswariah College of Engineering in Bangalore. It includes:
1. A list of 8 subjects to be taken in the 5th semester, along with the course code, number of hours per week, duration of exams, sessional marks and exam marks for both theory and practical components.
2. The syllabus for the Probability and Stochastic Processes course, outlining 10 topics to be covered along with reference books.
3. Details of the format and content but not the full text of the document. It provides an overview
This document discusses connector models and their accuracy. It begins by describing the evolution of connector models from simple lumped element models to complex multiport microwave models as data rates and simulation capabilities increased. The document then examines extracting connector models from both simulation and measurement, noting sources of variation. Simulation factors like mesh density, material properties, and port setup that impact model accuracy are evaluated. Measurement challenges like fixture removal calibration assumptions and footprint differences that can introduce errors are also discussed. The impacts of real world mechanical variations like insertion depth and solder variations that are often ignored are highlighted. Overall, the document aims to analyze the accuracy of connector models and highlight sources of potential inaccuracies.
EC(UVCE) 7th sem syllabus copy form lohith kumar 11guee6018UVCE
This document contains the scheme of study and examination for the 7th semester of the B.E. (EC) program under the 2k6 scheme at University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering.
It lists the various subjects to be covered in the 7th semester, including Wireless Communication, Multimedia Systems, Computer Communication Networks, an elective subject, and several labs.
For each subject, it provides details such as the number of hours per week, internal and external marks allotted, topics to be covered, and references. It also includes the syllabus for some of the subjects, outlining the topics and their allocation of lecture hours.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of the curriculum, assessment
The document provides a comparison of Next Generation Networks (NGNs) and New Generation Networks (NwGNs). NGNs, as pursued by standards bodies, aim to provide converged multimedia services over IP-based networks with improved support for mobility. NwGNs, as pursued by research projects, involve re-architecting the Internet from a clean-slate approach. The document outlines key aspects of NGN and IMS architectures, as well as desired properties of future Internet architectures being explored by NwGN projects. It then provides a high-level comparison of the approaches taken by NGNs and NwGNs.
1) The document discusses optimizing cross-layer interactions between the physical and MAC layers of wireless networks using genetic algorithms and smart antennas.
2) It proposes using a continuous genetic algorithm to optimize an array factor cost function for a smart antenna with varying element spacings.
3) The results show the continuous genetic algorithm can successfully optimize the array factor and minimize sidelobes for different element spacings, allowing nulls to be placed to improve the radiation pattern.
This document summarizes research on using graph partitioning techniques to solve digital circuit layout problems. It discusses how the digital circuit layout problem is a constrained optimization problem that is NP-hard. It then reviews previous work on using techniques like min-cut bipartitioning, multi-way partitioning algorithms, and spectral graph partitioning to solve the problem. The document concludes by analyzing evolutionary approaches that have been used, including genetic algorithms, memetic algorithms, ant colony optimization, and particle swarm intelligence. It finds that these approaches are dependent on representation and initialization but can produce quality solutions for small circuits.
1. Jaehoon Jeong is a software engineer at Brocade Communications Systems who received his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Minnesota in 2009.
2. His research has focused on wireless sensor networks, vehicular networks, and storage area networks.
3. He has over 15 publications in international conferences and journals related to IPv6, mobile ad hoc networks, and sensor network localization and tracking algorithms.
The document describes the course "Channel Coding I" which teaches the basic principles of channel coding, the limits of coding from information theory, and how to perform encoding and decoding for linear block and convolutional codes as well as how to evaluate code performance. The course aims to provide understanding of how channel coding works and present important code families.
T L Singal's Optical_Fiber_Communications_leafletT. L. Singal
This textbook provides an overview of optical fiber communication principles and applications. It begins with the historical development of optical fiber communications and basics of electromagnetic spectrum and optical power. It then discusses optical receivers, transmitters, and amplifiers. The textbook also covers topics like attenuation, transmission losses, optical sources, and dispersion management schemes. It includes mathematical derivations, examples, and pedagogical features like problems and review questions. The textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students of electronics and communication engineering studying optical fiber communications.
Final teit syllabus_2012_course_04.06.2014deepti112233
This document outlines the syllabus for the T.E. (Information Technology) course at the University of Pune for the academic year 2014-2015. It includes the program educational objectives, which aim to develop graduates with strong fundamental concepts in STEM fields, the ability to solve complex engineering problems, a commitment to ethics and society, and good communication and teamwork skills. The program outcomes are also listed, which describe the skills and abilities students will attain in areas such as applying knowledge, defining and solving problems, designing systems, understanding professional responsibilities, and communicating effectively. The document then lists the courses and syllabus for Semester I.
Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications IJECEIAES
This summary provides an overview of a document describing a Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna (SCFMA) designed for ultra-wideband applications:
1) The SCFMA is developed up to two iterations to maximize bandwidth by utilizing the space-filling and self-similar properties of the Sierpinski carpet fractal.
2) The monopole patch size is optimized to minimize the overall antenna area.
3) The SCFMA achieves bandwidth ranges of 2.6-4.0 GHz, 2.5-4.3 GHz, and 2.4-4.4 GHz for the base case, first, and second iterations, respectively, on an FR4
This document provides an introduction and overview of digital communications. It begins with the goals and structure of the course, which covers topics like signal classification, information theory, random processes, pulse coding, modulation, error control coding, and spread spectrum techniques. It then gives a brief history of electronic communications and describes the typical components and flow of information in a digital communication system. Tables are provided on important developments in communications, electromagnetic frequency bands and their applications, broadcast frequency ranges, and transmission losses for different physical media. The document emphasizes exposing relevant topics and concepts to supplement classroom teaching on digital communications.
Communication systems-theory-for-undergraduate-students-using-matlabSaifAbdulNabi1
Dr. Chandana K.K. Jayasooriya received degrees from the Technical University of Berlin and Wichita State University. He is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown teaching electrical engineering. The document discusses using MATLAB to teach communication systems theory to undergraduate students in a more intuitive way compared to traditional derivations-heavy approaches. It provides an example using amplitude modulation and shows how concepts like modulation, filtering, and demodulation can be demonstrated in MATLAB without requiring an advanced mathematical background.
This document discusses the challenges facing next-generation networks. It describes how current networks are struggling to handle the exponential growth in data usage and number of users. Next-generation networks aim to address this by improving network capabilities. However, developing these advanced networks presents challenges such as maintaining energy efficiency, addressing environmental impacts, and dealing with security and software issues. Specific challenges mentioned include utilizing spectrum efficiently using technologies like cognitive radio, reducing carbon emissions, and handling problems associated with software-defined networking.
The document discusses optimization techniques for telecommunications network design. It explains that telecommunications networks have become increasingly complex due to factors like heterogeneous services, mobility, and deregulation. As a result, network design problems are also more complex, with many possible design solutions. The chapter provides an overview of how optimization models and algorithms can be applied to problems in telecommunications network design, such as topology design, dimensioning, configuration, routing, and resource allocation. Many of these problems can be formulated as mixed-integer linear programs.
A Wireless Communications Laboratory On Cellular Network PlanningRick Vogel
This document describes a wireless communications laboratory course developed at the American University of Beirut that covers radio network planning and optimization for cellular networks. The course consists of 10 experiments that cover planning for GSM, UMTS, and WiMAX networks using real-world software tools and scenarios. The experiments are designed to provide students hands-on experience with network planning tools and enhance their understanding of wireless technologies and analytical skills beyond what is taught in traditional lecture-based courses. Assessment found that the lab course strengthened students' knowledge and practical experience with modern cellular network planning.
This document contains information related to the course file for Control Systems for the third year B.Tech students in Electronics and Communication Engineering department at CMR Engineering College for the 2019-2020 academic year. It includes the department vision and mission, program educational objectives, program outcomes, mapping of course outcomes to program outcomes, syllabus, lecture plan, assignment questions, sample assignments, unit-wise materials, exam question papers, evaluation scheme, sample exam scripts, materials from internet/websites, ICT materials, previous university question papers and activities for the course.
1) The document provides information on the third semester curriculum for B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering students at Anna University, Chennai. It lists 9 courses covering both theory and practical subjects.
2) It then provides detailed syllabus information for the course "Linear Algebra and Partial Differential Equations", covering topics like vector spaces, linear transformations, inner product spaces, and methods to solve partial differential equations.
3) Similarly, details of the syllabus and objectives of the course "Fundamentals of Data Structures in C" are outlined, covering topics like C programming basics, data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, trees and graphs, and searching and sorting algorithms.
Performance Analysis of Different Combination of Mimo Antenna System using Di...ijtsrd
The wireless communication system like MIMO OFDM Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing , the transmitter and the receiver have to be synchronized to each other in order to make efficient transmission. In this paper, OFDM based on the orthogonality are proposed for timing synchronization for Rayleigh channel using different combination of antenna system. This work simulate by Matlab R2013a tool by using communication block, and result shown between BER verses SNR. Anjali Juneja ""Performance Analysis of Different Combination of Mimo Antenna System using Digital Modulation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21364.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/21364/performance-analysis-of-different-combination-of-mimo-antenna-system-using-digital-modulation/anjali-juneja
Channel encoding system for transmitting image over wireless network IJECEIAES
Various encoding schemes have been introduced till date focusing on an effective image transmission scheme in presence of error-prone artifacts in wireless communication channel. Review of existing schemes of channel encoding systems infer that they are mostly inclined on compression scheme and less over problems of superior retention of signal retention as they lacks an essential consideration of network states. Therefore, the proposed manuscript introduces a cost effective lossless encoding scheme which ensures resilient transmission of different forms of images. Adopting an analytical research methodology, the modeling has been carried out to ensure that a novel series of encoding operation be performed over an image followed by an effective indexing mechanism. The study outcome confirms that proposed system outshines existing encoding schemes in every respect.
The document outlines the regulations for the B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering program at Anna University in Chennai for 2017. It includes the program educational objectives, program outcomes, program specific objectives, and mapping of these objectives and outcomes to courses. It also provides details of the curriculum over 8 semesters, including the courses offered each semester, their category (theory, practical, etc.), contact periods, and credits. The overall document provides a comprehensive overview of the objectives and structure of the ECE program.
BU (UVCE)5th Sem Electronics syllabus copy from Lohith kumar R UVCE
This document outlines the scheme of study and examination for the 5th semester of the Bachelor of Engineering program in Electronics and Communication Engineering under the 2006 scheme at University Visweswariah College of Engineering in Bangalore. It includes:
1. A list of 8 subjects to be taken in the 5th semester, along with the course code, number of hours per week, duration of exams, sessional marks and exam marks for both theory and practical components.
2. The syllabus for the Probability and Stochastic Processes course, outlining 10 topics to be covered along with reference books.
3. Details of the format and content but not the full text of the document. It provides an overview
This document discusses connector models and their accuracy. It begins by describing the evolution of connector models from simple lumped element models to complex multiport microwave models as data rates and simulation capabilities increased. The document then examines extracting connector models from both simulation and measurement, noting sources of variation. Simulation factors like mesh density, material properties, and port setup that impact model accuracy are evaluated. Measurement challenges like fixture removal calibration assumptions and footprint differences that can introduce errors are also discussed. The impacts of real world mechanical variations like insertion depth and solder variations that are often ignored are highlighted. Overall, the document aims to analyze the accuracy of connector models and highlight sources of potential inaccuracies.
EC(UVCE) 7th sem syllabus copy form lohith kumar 11guee6018UVCE
This document contains the scheme of study and examination for the 7th semester of the B.E. (EC) program under the 2k6 scheme at University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering.
It lists the various subjects to be covered in the 7th semester, including Wireless Communication, Multimedia Systems, Computer Communication Networks, an elective subject, and several labs.
For each subject, it provides details such as the number of hours per week, internal and external marks allotted, topics to be covered, and references. It also includes the syllabus for some of the subjects, outlining the topics and their allocation of lecture hours.
The document provides a comprehensive overview of the curriculum, assessment
The document provides a comparison of Next Generation Networks (NGNs) and New Generation Networks (NwGNs). NGNs, as pursued by standards bodies, aim to provide converged multimedia services over IP-based networks with improved support for mobility. NwGNs, as pursued by research projects, involve re-architecting the Internet from a clean-slate approach. The document outlines key aspects of NGN and IMS architectures, as well as desired properties of future Internet architectures being explored by NwGN projects. It then provides a high-level comparison of the approaches taken by NGNs and NwGNs.
1) The document discusses optimizing cross-layer interactions between the physical and MAC layers of wireless networks using genetic algorithms and smart antennas.
2) It proposes using a continuous genetic algorithm to optimize an array factor cost function for a smart antenna with varying element spacings.
3) The results show the continuous genetic algorithm can successfully optimize the array factor and minimize sidelobes for different element spacings, allowing nulls to be placed to improve the radiation pattern.
This document summarizes research on using graph partitioning techniques to solve digital circuit layout problems. It discusses how the digital circuit layout problem is a constrained optimization problem that is NP-hard. It then reviews previous work on using techniques like min-cut bipartitioning, multi-way partitioning algorithms, and spectral graph partitioning to solve the problem. The document concludes by analyzing evolutionary approaches that have been used, including genetic algorithms, memetic algorithms, ant colony optimization, and particle swarm intelligence. It finds that these approaches are dependent on representation and initialization but can produce quality solutions for small circuits.
1. Jaehoon Jeong is a software engineer at Brocade Communications Systems who received his Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Minnesota in 2009.
2. His research has focused on wireless sensor networks, vehicular networks, and storage area networks.
3. He has over 15 publications in international conferences and journals related to IPv6, mobile ad hoc networks, and sensor network localization and tracking algorithms.
The document describes the course "Channel Coding I" which teaches the basic principles of channel coding, the limits of coding from information theory, and how to perform encoding and decoding for linear block and convolutional codes as well as how to evaluate code performance. The course aims to provide understanding of how channel coding works and present important code families.
T L Singal's Optical_Fiber_Communications_leafletT. L. Singal
This textbook provides an overview of optical fiber communication principles and applications. It begins with the historical development of optical fiber communications and basics of electromagnetic spectrum and optical power. It then discusses optical receivers, transmitters, and amplifiers. The textbook also covers topics like attenuation, transmission losses, optical sources, and dispersion management schemes. It includes mathematical derivations, examples, and pedagogical features like problems and review questions. The textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students of electronics and communication engineering studying optical fiber communications.
Final teit syllabus_2012_course_04.06.2014deepti112233
This document outlines the syllabus for the T.E. (Information Technology) course at the University of Pune for the academic year 2014-2015. It includes the program educational objectives, which aim to develop graduates with strong fundamental concepts in STEM fields, the ability to solve complex engineering problems, a commitment to ethics and society, and good communication and teamwork skills. The program outcomes are also listed, which describe the skills and abilities students will attain in areas such as applying knowledge, defining and solving problems, designing systems, understanding professional responsibilities, and communicating effectively. The document then lists the courses and syllabus for Semester I.
Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna for ultra-wideband applications IJECEIAES
This summary provides an overview of a document describing a Sierpinski carpet fractal monopole antenna (SCFMA) designed for ultra-wideband applications:
1) The SCFMA is developed up to two iterations to maximize bandwidth by utilizing the space-filling and self-similar properties of the Sierpinski carpet fractal.
2) The monopole patch size is optimized to minimize the overall antenna area.
3) The SCFMA achieves bandwidth ranges of 2.6-4.0 GHz, 2.5-4.3 GHz, and 2.4-4.4 GHz for the base case, first, and second iterations, respectively, on an FR4
This document provides an introduction and overview of digital communications. It begins with the goals and structure of the course, which covers topics like signal classification, information theory, random processes, pulse coding, modulation, error control coding, and spread spectrum techniques. It then gives a brief history of electronic communications and describes the typical components and flow of information in a digital communication system. Tables are provided on important developments in communications, electromagnetic frequency bands and their applications, broadcast frequency ranges, and transmission losses for different physical media. The document emphasizes exposing relevant topics and concepts to supplement classroom teaching on digital communications.
Communication systems-theory-for-undergraduate-students-using-matlabSaifAbdulNabi1
Dr. Chandana K.K. Jayasooriya received degrees from the Technical University of Berlin and Wichita State University. He is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown teaching electrical engineering. The document discusses using MATLAB to teach communication systems theory to undergraduate students in a more intuitive way compared to traditional derivations-heavy approaches. It provides an example using amplitude modulation and shows how concepts like modulation, filtering, and demodulation can be demonstrated in MATLAB without requiring an advanced mathematical background.
This document discusses the challenges facing next-generation networks. It describes how current networks are struggling to handle the exponential growth in data usage and number of users. Next-generation networks aim to address this by improving network capabilities. However, developing these advanced networks presents challenges such as maintaining energy efficiency, addressing environmental impacts, and dealing with security and software issues. Specific challenges mentioned include utilizing spectrum efficiently using technologies like cognitive radio, reducing carbon emissions, and handling problems associated with software-defined networking.
The document discusses optimization techniques for telecommunications network design. It explains that telecommunications networks have become increasingly complex due to factors like heterogeneous services, mobility, and deregulation. As a result, network design problems are also more complex, with many possible design solutions. The chapter provides an overview of how optimization models and algorithms can be applied to problems in telecommunications network design, such as topology design, dimensioning, configuration, routing, and resource allocation. Many of these problems can be formulated as mixed-integer linear programs.
A Wireless Communications Laboratory On Cellular Network PlanningRick Vogel
This document describes a wireless communications laboratory course developed at the American University of Beirut that covers radio network planning and optimization for cellular networks. The course consists of 10 experiments that cover planning for GSM, UMTS, and WiMAX networks using real-world software tools and scenarios. The experiments are designed to provide students hands-on experience with network planning tools and enhance their understanding of wireless technologies and analytical skills beyond what is taught in traditional lecture-based courses. Assessment found that the lab course strengthened students' knowledge and practical experience with modern cellular network planning.
This document summarizes research on applying chaos theory to communications. It discusses using chaotic signals for spread spectrum communications due to their random, unpredictable properties. Chaotic signals can be generated using simple equations and have advantages like broad bandwidth, orthogonality, and security. Simulation results show chaos-based CDMA providing better bit error rate performance than PN sequences, especially with increasing numbers of users. Future research directions include studying different chaos generators, analysis tools for chaos theory, and applying chaos to technologies like 4G communications and home networks.
Shashank Narayan completed a summer training internship at Bharti Airtel Ltd. in their UNOC department in Manesar, Haryana. The report provides an overview of the internship, including detailing various telecommunication technologies like PDH, SDH, DWDM, and network performance monitoring tools used by Airtel. It acknowledges the guidance received from managers during the training period.
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1. Module
1
Introduction to Digital
Communications and
Information Theory
Version 2, ECE IIT, Kharagpur
2. Lesson
1
Introduction to Digital
Communications
Version 2, ECE IIT, Kharagpur
3. After reading this lesson, you will learn about
Lesson-wise organization of this course
Schematic description of a representative digital communication system
Milestones in the history of electronic communications
Names and usage of electromagnetic bands
Typical transmission loss for several physical media
Preamble
Usage of the benefits of electrical communications in general and digital
communications in particular, is an inseparable part of our daily experience now.
Innumerable applications due to developments in digital communications have already
started influencing our day-to-day activities directly or indirectly. Popularity of the
Internet and television are only two of the most obvious examples to prove the point. In
fact, it may not be an overstatement today that ‘information highways’ are considered as
essential ingredients of national infrastructure in the march of a modern society. It is,
however, pertinent to mention that isolated developments only in the field of electrical
communications have not caused this phenomenon. Remarkable progresses and technical
achievements in several related fields in electronics engineering and computer
engineering have actually made applications of several principles and theories of
communication engineering feasible for implementation and usage. The purpose of this
web course, however, is narrow and specific to the principles of digital communications.
This web course on ‘Digital Communications’ is primarily intended for use by
undergraduate students who may be preparing for graduate level studies in the area of
electrical communications engineering. A teacher, offering an introductory-level course
on digital communications, may also find several topics suitable for classroom coverage.
The field of Digital Communications is reach in literature and there is no dearth of
excellent text books and research papers on specific topics over and above the bulk of
tutorial material, technical standards and product information that are available through
the Internet. Hence, the onus is clearly on the present authors to justify the need and
relevance of this web course on ‘Digital Communications’. To put it humbly, the present
authors believe that any ‘web course’ should primarily cater to the quick requirements of
the prime target audience (in our case, an undergraduate student preparing for graduate
level studies in the area of electrical communications engineering). The usual
requirements are believed to be of the following types: a) exposition to a relevant topic or
concept, b) examples and problems to highlight the significance or use of certain
principles and c) specific data or information in relation to a topic of study in the area of
digital communications. Our teaching experience says that some or all of these
requirements are indeed met in several textbooks to a good extent. For ready reference, a
consolidated Bibliography is appended at the end of this course material. What stand out,
probably, in favour of a ‘web course’ are the flexibility in using the material may be
covered and the scope of continuous upgradation of the material to cater to specific needs
of the audience in future.
Version 2, ECE IIT, Kharagpur
4. The general structure of ’40-Lesson course’ is an indication to the implicit limits
(of ‘time to read’ and ‘storage’); hence a balance among the reader requirements a) – c),
mentioned above, should be worked out. The present version of this web course is
designed with more emphasis on exposing relevant topics and concepts [requirement a)]
which may supplement classroom teaching.
The course is split in seven Modules as outlined below.
The first module consists of four lessons. The present lesson (Lesson #1) gives an
outline of major historical developments in the field of research in telecommunications
engineering over a period of hundred years. Materials on radio spectrum should help
recapitulate a few basic issues. The lesson ends with a general schematic description on a
digital communication system. Lesson #2 gives a brief classification of signals and
emphasizes the importance of sampling theory. Lesson #3 presents some basic concepts
of information theory, which helps in appreciating other central principles and techniques
of digital transmission. The concept of ‘information’ is also outlined here. Needs and
benefits of modeling an information source are the topics in Lesson #4.
The second module is devoted to Random Processes. The module starts with a
simple to follow introduction to random variables (Lesson #5). It is often necessary to
acquire the skill of defining appropriate functions of one or more random variables and
their manipulation to have greater insight into parameters of interest. The topic is
introduced in Lesson #6 wherein only functions of one random variable have been
considered. A powerful and appropriate modeling of a digital communication system is
often possible by resorting to the rich theories of stochastic processes and this remains an
important tool for deeper analysis of any transmission system in general. The topic has
been treated at an elementary level in Lesson #7. A few commonly encountered random
distributions, such as binomial, Poisson, Gaussian and Rayleigh are presented in Lesson
#6. An emerging and powerful branch in electrical communication engineering is now
popularly known as statistical signal processing and it encompasses several interesting
issues of communication engineering including those of signal detection and parameter
estimation. The basic backgrounds, laid in Lessons #5 to #8 should be useful in
appreciating some of the generic issues of signal detection and parameter estimation as
outlined in Lesson #9.
The third module on pulse coding focuses on the specific tasks of quantization
and coding as are necessary for transmission and reception of an analog electrical signal.
It is however, assumed that the reader is familiar with the basic schemes of analog-to-
digital conversion. The emphasis in this module is more on the effects of quantization
error (Lesson #10) while different pulse coding schemes such as Pulse Code Modulation
(Lesson #11), Log-PCM (Lesson #12), Differential Pulse Code Modulation (Lesson #13)
and Delta Modulation (Lesson #14) are used for possible reductions in the average
number of bits that may have to be transmitted (or stored) for a given analog signal. The
example of speech signal has been considered extensively.
Version 2, ECE IIT, Kharagpur
5. Appropriate representation of bits (or information bearing symbol) is a key issue
in any digital transmission system if the available bandwidth is not abundant. Most of the
physical transmission media (e.g. twisted copper telephone line, good quality coaxial
cable, radio frequency bands) are, in general, limited in terms of available frequency band
(a simple reason for this general observation: demand for good quality digital
communication system, in terms of bits to be transferred per second, has been rising with
newer demands and aspirations from users). So, it makes sense to look for time-limited
energy pulses to represent logical ‘1’-s and ‘0’-s such that the signal, after representation,
can be transmitted reliably over the available limited bandwidth. The issue is pertinent for
both carrier less (referred as ‘baseband’ in Module #4) transmission as well as modulated
transmission (with carrier, Module #5). Several interesting and relevant issues such as
orthogonality amongst time-limited energy pulses (Lesson #15), baseband channel
modeling (Lesson #17) and signal reception strategies (Lessons #18 - #21) have, hence,
been included in Module #4.
Module #5 is fully devoted to the broad topic of Carrier Modulation. Several
simple digital modulation schemes including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift
keying (Lesson #23) and phase shift keying (Lessons #24 - #26) have been introduced
briefly. Performance of these modulation schemes in the background of additive
Gaussian noise process is addressed in Lesson #27 and Lesson #28. If appreciated fully,
these basic techniques of performance evaluation will also be useful in assessing
performance of the digital modulation schemes in presence of other transmission
impairments (e.g. interference). The basic issues of carrier synchronization and timing
synchronization have been elaborated with reasonable illustrations in Lesson #31 and
Lesson #32.
Module #6 is on error control coding or ‘Channel Coding’ as it is popularly
known today. Basics of block and convolutional codes have been presented in three
lessons (Lessons #33 - #35). Two more lessons on turbo coding (Lesson #37) and coded
modulation schemes (Lesson #36) have been added in view of the importance of these
schemes and procedures in recent years.
Spread spectrum communication techniques have gained popularity in last two
decades in view of their widespread commercial use in digital satellite communications
and cellular communications. A primary reason for this is the inherent feature of multiple
access that helps simultaneous use of radio spectrum by multiple users. Effectively,
several users can access the same frequency band to communicate information
successfully without appreciable interference. Basic spread spectrum techniques have
been discussed in Lesson #38 of Module #7 before highlighting the multiple access
feature in Lesson #40. It is interesting to note that a spread spectrum communication
system offers several other advantages such as anti-jamming and low probability of
interception. In such non-conventional applications, the issue of code acquisition and fine
tracking is of utmost importance as no pilot signal is usually expected to aid the process
of code synchronization. To appraise the reader about this interesting and practical aspect
of code synchronization the topic has been introduced in Lesson #39.
A short Bibliography is appended at the end of Lesson #40.
Version 2, ECE IIT, Kharagpur
6. Block Schematic Description of a Digital Communication System
In the simplest form, a transmission-reception system is a three-block system,
consisting of a) a transmitter, b) a transmission medium and c) a receiver. If we think of a
combination of the transmission device and reception device in the form of a
‘transceiver’ and if (as is usually the case) the transmission medium allows signal both
ways, we are in a position to think of a both-way (bi-directional) communication system.
For ease of description, we will discuss about a one-way transmission-reception system
with the implicit assumption that, once understood, the ideas can be utilized for
developing / analyzing two-way communication systems. So, our representative
communication system, in a simple form, again consists of three different entities, viz. a
transmitter, a communication channel and a receiver.
A digital communication system has several distinguishing features when
compared with an analog communication system. Both analog (such as voice signal) and
digital signals (such as data generated by computers) can be communicated over a digital
transmission system. When the signal is analog in nature, an equivalent discrete-time-
discrete-amplitude representation is possible after the initial processing of sampling and
quantization. So, both a digital signal and a quantized analog signal are of similar type,
i.e. discrete-time-discrete-amplitude signals.
A key feature of a digital communication system is that a sense of ‘information’,
with appropriate unit of measure, is associated with such signals. This visualization,
credited to Claude E. Shannon, leads to several interesting schematic description of a
digital communication system. For example, consider Fig.1.1.1 which shows the signal
source at the transmission end as an equivalent ‘Information Source’ and the receiving
user as an ‘Information sink’. The overall purpose of the digital communication system is
‘to collect information from the source and carry out necessary electronic signal
processing such that the information can be delivered to the end user (information sink)
with acceptable quality’. One may take note of the compromising phrase ‘acceptable
quality’ and wonder why a digital transmission system should not deliver exactly the
same information to the sink as accepted from the source. A broad and general answer to
such query at this point is: well, it depends on the designer’s understanding of the
‘channel’ (Fig. 1.1.1) and how the designer can translate his knowledge to design the
electronic signal processing algorithms / techniques in the ’Encoder’ and ‘decoder’
blocks in Fig. 1.1.1. We hope to pick up a few basic yet good approaches to acquire the
above skills. However, pioneering work in the 1940-s and 1950-s have established a
bottom-line to the search for ‘a flawless (equivalently, ‘error-less’) digital
communication system’ bringing out several profound theorems (which now go in the
name of Information Theory) to establish that, while error-less transmission of
information can never be guaranteed, any other ‘acceptable quality’, arbitrarily close to
error-less transmission may be possible. This ‘possibility’ of almost error-less
information transmission has driven significant research over the last five decades in
multiple related areas such as, a) digital modulation schemes, b) error control techniques,
c) optimum receiver design, d) modeling and characterization of channel and so forth. As
Version 2, ECE IIT, Kharagpur
7. a result, varieties of digital communication systems have been designed and put to use
over the years and the overall performance have improved significantly.
Informatio Channel Informatio
n Source n Sink
Given
Subject to
design
Encoder Decoder
Fig. 1.1.1 Basic block diagram of a digital communication System
It is possible to expand our basic ‘three-entity’ description of a digital
communication system in multiple ways. For example, Fig. 1.1.2 shows a somewhat
elaborate block diagram explicitly showing the important processes of ‘modulation-
demodulation’, ‘source coding-decoding’ and ‘channel encoding – decoding’. A reader
may have multiple queries relating to this kind of abstraction. For example, when
‘information’ has to be sent over a large distance, it is a common knowledge that the
signal should be amplified in terms of power and then launched into the physical
transmission medium. Diagrams of the type in Figs. 1.1.1 and 1.1.2 have no explicit
reference to such issues. However, the issue here is more of suitable representation of a
system for clarity rather than a module-by-module replication of an operational digital
communication system.
Source Source Source User
Encoder Decoder
Source Estimated
Codeword Source Codeword
Channel Comm. Channel
Encoder System Encoder
Channel Received
Codeword Word
Modulatio Demodulato
TX RX
Channel
Fig. 1.1.2 A possible break up of the previous diagram (following Shannon’s ideas)
Version 2, ECE IIT, Kharagpur
8. To elaborate this potentially useful style of representation, let us note that we have
hardly discussed about the third entity of our model, viz. the ‘channel’. One can define
several types of channel. For example, the ‘channel’ in Fig. 1.1.2 should more
appropriately be called as a ‘modulation channel’ with an understanding that the actual
transmission medium (called ‘physical channel’), any electromagnetic (or other wise)
transmission- reception operations, amplifiers at the transmission and reception ends and
any other necessary signal processing units are combined together to form this
‘modulation channel’.
We will see later that a modulation channel usually accepts modulated signals as
analog waveforms at its inputs and delivers another version of the modulated signal in the
form of analog waveforms. Such channels are also referred as ‘waveform channels’. The
‘channel’ in Fig. 1.1.1, on the other hand, appears to accept some ‘encoded’ information
from the source and deliver some ‘decoded’ information to the sink. Both the figures are
potentially useful for describing the same digital communication system. On comparison
of the two figures, the reader is encouraged to infer that the ‘channel’ in Fig. 1.1.1
includes the ‘modulation channel’ and the modulation- demodulation operations of Fig.
1.1.2. The ‘channel’ of Fig. 1.1.1 is widely denoted as a ‘discrete channel’, implying that
it accepts discrete-time-discrete-amplitude signals and also delivers discrete-time-
discrete-amplitude signals.
In the following, we introduce a few short tables, which may help a reader to
recapitulate some relevant issues of electrical communications. Table 1.1.1 lists some of
the important events which have contributed to the developments in electrical
communication. Table 1.1.2 presents different frequency bands with typical applications
that are commonly used for the purpose of electrical communications. This table is very
useful for our subsequent lessons. Table 1.1.3 mentions frequency ranges for a few
popular broadcast and communication services. Table 1.1.4 gives an idea of typical
centre frequencies and the nominal bandwidths that are available for five frequency
bands. It is important to note that larger bandwidths are available when the operating
frequency bands are higher. Table 1.1.5 provides an idea of typical power losses of
several physical transmission media at representative operating frequency. It may be
noted that all transmission media are not equally suitable at all frequencies. An important
factor other than the power loss in a physical medium is its cost per unit length.
Version 2, ECE IIT, Kharagpur
9. Year / Achievements
Period
1838 Samuel F. B. Morse demonstrated the technique of telegraph
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents telephone
1897 Guglielmo Marconi patents wireless telegraph system. A few years earlier,
Sir J. C. Bose demonstrated the working principle of electromagnetic
radiation using a ‘solid state coherer’
1918 B. H. Armstrong develops super heterodyne radio receiver
1931 Teletype service introduced
1933 Analog frequency modulation invented by Edwin Armstrong
1937 Alec Reeves suggests pulse code modulation (PCM)
1948-49 Claude E. Shannon publishes seminal papers on ‘A Mathematical Theory of
Communications’
1956 First transoceanic telephone cable launched successfully
1960 Development of Laser
1962 Telstar I, first satellite for active communication, launched successfully
1970-80 Fast developments in microprocessors and other digital integrated circuits
made high bit rate digital processing and transmission possible; commercial
geostationary satellites started carrying digital speech, wide area computer
communication networks started appearing, optical fibers were deployed for
carrying information through light., deep space probing yielded high quality
pictures of planets.
1980-90 Local area networks (LAN) making speedy inter-computer data transmission
became widely available; Cellular telephone systems came into use. Many
new applications of wireless technology opened up remarkable scopes in
business automation.
1990- Several new concepts and standards in data network, such as, wireless LAN
2000 (WLAN), AdHoc networks, personal area networks (PAN), sensor networks
are under consideration for a myriad of potential applications.
Table 1.1.1 Some milestones in the history of electrical communications
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10. Frequency Wavelength Name Transmission Some Applications
Band Media
3 – 30 KHz 100–10 Km Very Low Air, water, Navigation, SONAR
Frequency (VLF) copper cable
30–300 KHz 10 Km- 1 Km Low Frequency (LF) Air, water, Radio beacons, Ground
copper cable wave communication
300KHz – 3 1 Km – 100 m Medium Frequency Air, copper AM radio, navigation,
MHz (MF) cable Ground wave
communication
3 MHz – 30 100 m– 10 m High Frequency Air, copper HF communication,
MHz (HF) and coaxial Citizen’s Band (CB)
cables radio, ionosphere
communication
30MHz- 300 10 m – 1 m Very High Air, free Television, Commercial
MHz Frequency (VHF) space, FM broadcasting, point
coaxial cable to point terrestrial
communication
300 MHz – 1m – 10 cm Ultra High Air, free Television, mobile
3 GHz Frequency (UHF) space, telephones, satellite
waveguide communications,
3GHz – 30 10cm–1cm Super / Extra High Air, free Satellite communications,
GHz Frequency (SHF / space, wireless LAN,
EHF) waveguide Metropolitan Area network
(WMAN), Ultra
Wideband communication
over a short distance
30 GHz – 1 cm – 1 mm Mostly at experimental
300 GHz stage
30 Tera Hz – 10 µm – 0.1µm Optical Optical fiber Fiber optic
3000 Tera Hz (approx) communications
Table 1.1.2 Electromagnetic bands with typical applications
Any radio operation at 1GHz or beyond (upto several tens of GHz) is also termed as
‘microwave’ operation.
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11. Name / Description Frequency Range Application
AM Broadcast Radio 540 KHz – 1600 Commercial audio broadcasting using
KHz amplitude modulation
FM Broadcast Radio 88 MHz – 108 MHz Commercial audio broadcasting using
frequency modulation
Cellular Telephony 806 MHz – 940 Mobile telephone communication
MHz systems
Cellular Telephony and 1.8 GHz – 2.0 GHz Mobile telephone communication systems
Personal Communication
Systems (PCS)
ISM (Industrial 2.4 GHz – 2.4835 Unlicensed band for use at low
Scientific and GHz transmission power
Medical) Band
WLAN (Wireless2.4 GHz band and Two unlicensed bands are used for
Local Area Network) 5.5 GHz establishing high speed data network
among willing computers
UWB (Ultra Wide 3.7 GHz – 10.5 GHz Emerging new standard for short
Band) distance wireless communication at a
very high bit rate (typically, 100 Mbps)
Table 1.1.3 A few popular frequency bands
Frequency band Carrier frequency Approx. Bandwidth
Long wave Radio [LF] 100KHz ~ 2 KHz
Short wave [HF] 5MHz 100 KHz
VHF 100MHz 5 MHz
Micro wave 5GHz 100 MHz
Optical 5 × 1014 Hz 10 GHz – 10 THz
Table 1.1.4 Some Carrier frequency values and nominal bandwidth that may be
available at the carrier frequency
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12. Transmission medium Frequency Power loss in [dB/km]
Twisted copper wire [16 1 KHz 0.05
AWG] 100KHz 3.0
100 KHz 1.0
Co-Axial Cable [1cm dia.] 3 MHz 4.0
Wave Guide 10 GHz 1.5
Optical Fiber 1014 – 1016 Hz <0.5
Table 1.1.5 Typical power losses during transmission through a few media
Problems
Q1.1.1) Mention two reasons justifying the source encoding operation in a digital
communication system.
Q1.1.2) Give examples of three channels, which are used for purpose of
communication
Q1.1.3) Give three examples of types of signals that a source (Fig 1.1.2) may
generate.
Q1.1.4) Signaling in UHF band allows higher bit rate compared to HF band –
criticize this comment.
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