course material

1. Non Communicable Diseases Discussion
Non Communicable Diseases DiscussionNon Communicable Diseases
DiscussionNoncommunicable DiseasesHLSC 460 Global Health Noncommunicable diseases•
According to the WHO, 40 million of 56 million deaths due to NCDs• 48% of these deaths in
low and middle income countries• Only in sub-Saharan Africa is communicable disease a
higher burden than noncommunicable disease• Direct costs of treatment•Indirect costs
from lost productivity• Low-income countries are simultaneously facing burden of
communicable diseases and noncommunicablediseasesORDER COMPREHENSIVE
SOLUTION PAPERS ON Non Communicable Diseases DiscussionRisk factors•An
exposure/likelihood that increases an individual’s likelihood of developing a particular
disease•Unmodifiable risk factors: cannot be altered•Modifiable risk factors: can be
altered• Tend to be behaviors, behavioral risk factors•Examples?Key Terms and
Definitions•Cardiovascular Disease: disease of the heart orblood vessels. This term
encompasses bothischemic heart disease and stroke•Cholesterol: a fatlike substance that is
made bythe body and is found naturally in animal-basedfoods such as meat, fish, poultry,
and eggs•Diabetes: an illness caused by poor control bythe body of blood sugarKey Terms
and Definitions•Hypertension: high blood pressure, with a readingof 140/90 or
greater•Ischemic heart disease: a disturbance of the heartfunction due to inadequate supply
of oxygen tothe heart muscle•Stroke: sudden loss of function of the brain due toclotting or
hemorrhagingThe Burden of CVD•Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause ofDALYs
globally among all age groups and bothsexes in 2010 and stroke was the third leadingcause
of DALYs•Risk factors include sex, ethnicity, hypertension,tobacco use, high cholesterol,
lack of physicalactivity, and excessive alcohol consumptionThe Burden of Cardiovascular
Disease• CVD makes up 31% of allglobal deaths• 85% of CVD deaths, dueto heart attack &
stroke• 17 million of deaths wereof people under the ageof 70• 82% were in low andmiddle
income countriesInteractive map – coronary heart disease
https://www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/cause-of-death/coronaryheart-disease/by-
country/The Burdenof Diabetes… by 2030,diabetes will bethe 7th leadingcause of death
inthe
worldhttps://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204871/9789241565257_eng.p
df;jsessionid=6B45FBD249C741A6A4F1B986765451EF?sequence=1WHO – Global Report
on DiabetesTobacco Use• Third leading attributable riskfactor for death globally• About 5
million deathsannually associated withtobacco use, half of those inlow- and middle-
incomecountries• Most common tobaccorelated deaths are CVD,diseases of the

2. respiratorysystem, and cancer• Usage increasing in men inlow- and middle-
incomecountries and women in allregionsTobacco Use and
Genderhttps://www.who.int/gender/documents/10facts_gender_tobacco_en.pdfCHINA40
% of all cigaretteconsumption globallyCigarette consumptionAddressing Tobacco
Use•Taxing cigarettes athigher rates can beeffective for reducingconsumption•Legal
restrictions onsmoking•Ban on cigaretteadvertising•Biggest impact in highincome settings
hascome fromcomprehensive controlprogramsAddressing tobacco use• Banning tobacco
advertising, promotion and sponsorship• Best practices• Taxing• Pricing• Warnings• Media
campaignsRegulationsAddressing Tobacco UseThe WHO Framework Convention on
Tobacco• First treaty negotiated under the auspices of theWHO (2003)•Regulatory
strategy•Developed in response to tobacco epidemic• Global marketing• Transnational
tobacco advertising• Movement of contrabandAddressing Tobacco UseSociety for Nicotine
and Tobacco Research (SRNT)http://www.srnt.org/• Supports researchers, academics,
treatmentprofessionals, government employees, and othersin the field• 40 member
countries•Mission – to disseminate new knowledge“$68M in 2011 was the
totalinternational assistance for tobaccocontrol efforts in all low- and middleincome
countries. This was also theamount spent every three days by thetobacco industry to
advertise andpromote its products in the United Statesof
America.”http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/secondary-topic-tax/marketing/The Costs and
ConsequencesTobacco Use•Estimates from high-income economies suggestthat costs of
smoking range from 0.1% to 1.1% ofGDP, and likely as high in low- and middle-
incomecountries•If present trends in tobacco use continue, anadditional 150 million people
will die of smokingrelated causes between 2000 and 2025What do you see to be
thechallenges in addressing chronicdisease around the world?GlobesityFat’s New
FrontierWhy is important to understandNCDs on the global level?The Importance of
Noncommunicable Disease•Burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)greater than
burden of communicable diseasesin low-, middle-, and high-income countries•The burden
of NCDs will continue to increase ascountries develop economically•The risk factors relate
in significant ways tolifestyle•Often prevented at low cost, but expensive totreatMoldova
and NCDs• What factors are contributing to the increased incidence andprevalence of NCDS
in Moldova• What is Moldova doing to address the NCDs rates• Who are the key players and
what are their roles in the process toaddress NCDs in Moldova•
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjZmCZnRmsI&list=PL3FB3D1EAAD2DBE57&index=
o, alcohol, dietary risks, and lack
fundingQuestionsReferenceSkolnik, Richard (2016). Global Health 101 (3rd ed.).
Burlington, MA: Jones &Bartlett Learning ISBN-13: 97812840505547