This document discusses medical terminology and provides examples of summarizing pathological findings in animal tissues. It covers word parts like prefixes, suffixes, and word roots commonly used in medical terms. It also gives guidelines for combining word parts to form terms and distinguishes between similar sounding terms. Examples are provided of summarizing lung and peritoneal findings from different animal specimens based on the observed gross pathological features.

1. MATA KULIAH TERMINOLOGI MEDIK Oleh Dr drh Djoko Winarso, MS Program Kedokteran Hewan UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA 2010

2. NOMENKLATUR ISTILAH MEDIS

3. Word Parts Akar kata (Word roots) or betuk kombinasi (combining forms) BASIC MEANING of the term. Usually indicate body part involved. Cardi = heart Awalan (Prefixes) usually indicate location, time, number or status. Comes at BEGINING of word. Pericardium = around the heart Suffixes usually indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease. Comes at END of word. Cardiomyopathy = disease of heart muscle

4. Word Parts Word root is the foundation of the word It cannot stand alone. A suffix must be added. Word roots in their combining form have a /vowel Cardi/o Neur/o Gastr/o A combining vowel may be needed to make the medical term easier to pronounce The letter O is the most commonly used combining vowel.

5. Word Roots Indicating Color Cyanosis Cyan/o ( blue color of skin caused by lack of O2 ) + osis (condition) Erythrocytes erythr/o (red) + cytes (cells) Poliomyelitis Polio (gray) + myel (spinal cord) + itis (inflammation) Melano/o - black

6. Rules for Using Combining Vowels A combining vowel, if used, is added to the end of the word root. A combining vowel is not used if the suffix begins with a vowel . Neur/ o + itis = neuritis. Neur (nerve) = itis (inflammation).

7. A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant Neur/ o = plasty = neur o plasty Neur/ o = nerve Plasty = surgical repair A combining vowel is always used when 2 or more word roots are joined. Gastr/ o (stomach) + enter/ o (small intestine). = Gastr o enteritis. A prefix does not require a combining vowel.

8. Combining Form Aden/o = gland Cardi/o = heart Dermat/o = skin Enter/o = small intestines gastr/o = stomach Hemat/o = blood Nephr/o = kidney Neur/o = nerve Pulmon/o = lungs

9. Prefixes A prefix is added at the beginning to change the meaning of the term. They usually indicate location, time or number. Natal means pertaining to(al) + birth (nat). Prenatal means time & events before birth. Perinatal means time and events just before, during, & after birth. Postnatal means time & event after birth. Number prefixes Bi = 2 , Di = 2, Tri = 3, Hemi = half, Mono = 1, Uni = 1 Multi = many, Nulli = none Poly = many, Quad = 4 Semi = partial or half

10. Suffixes Suffix – added to end of word. Usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder, or disease. Tonsill/o means tonsils. A suffix completes the word and tells what is happening to the tonsils. Tonsillitis. tonsill (tonsil) + itis (inflammation). Tonsillectomy (tonsil) +(surgical removal ).

11. Suffixes Some suffixes change the word root into an adjective . Cardi ac cardi/o (heart) + ac (pertaining to). Some suffixes change the word root into a noun. Crani um crani (skull) + um (noun ending).

12. Suffixes Meaning Abnormal Condition -osis means an abnormal condition or disease Gastrosis means any disease of the stomach

13. -algia means pain : Gastralgia -dynia means pain : Gastrodynia -itis means inflammation : Gastritis -malacia means abnormal softening : Arteriomalacia Megaly means enlargement : Hepatomegaly Necrosis means tissue death Arterionecrosis Sclerosis means abnormal hardening Arteriosclerosis Stenosis means abnormal narrowing Suffixes Related to Pathology

14. Suffixes Related to Procedures - centesis – surgical puncture to remove fluid Abdominocentisis -ectomy – surgical removal Appendectomy -graphy –means the process of recording a picture or record Arteriography -gram - a record or picture arteriogram

15. The Double RRs - rrhage and –rrhagia mean abnormal excessive fluid discharge or bleeding. Hemorrhage -rrhea – abnormal flow or discharge Diarrhea -rrhexis – rupture myorrexis

16. Look-alike Sound-alike Terms and Word Parts Arteri/o = artery Ather/0 = plaque or fatty substance Arthr/o = joint Ileum = part of small intestine Ilium = part of the hip bone Mucous – adjective that describes specialized mucous membranes that line the body cavities. Mucus – a noun and the name of the substance secreted by the mucous membranes

17. Lungs from a horse that died after a two-day illness.

18. Horse lungs morphologic diagnosis (mdx) : Severe acute locally extensive pneumonia Alternatively, if you (logically) suspect that the dark areas are bloody/hemorrhagic… Mdx: Severe acute locally extensive hemorrhagic pneumonia If you know that the etiology was Streptococcus zooepidemicus , the etiologic diagnosis is Streptococcal pneumonia

19. A Holstein heifer with yellowish, easily torn, slightly rubbery material on peritoneal surfaces

20. Yellowish, easily torn, slightly rubbery material on peritoneal surfaces Mdx: ___________________________________ . Comment: It’s so widespread that it’s almost diffuse, which would also be ok as an adjective. Comment: Fibrinous lesions are often acute. Microsopically there is often suppuration with the fibrin, too. If you could grossly see pus along with the sheets of fibrin, what would the mdx be? * Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinous peritonitis *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinosuppurative peritonitis … or, *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinopurulent peritonitis … or, *Severe acute multifocal/diffuse fibrinous and suppurative/purulent peritonitis

21. Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 weeks ago

22. Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 weeks ago This is a case of severe pulmonary blastomycosis ( Blastomyces dermatitidis). The etiologic diagnosis is: Blastomyces pneumonia, or fungal pneumonia Blastomyces induces numerous neutrophils and macrophages to chemotax into alveolar spaces. An exudate consisting primarily of neutrophils is referred to as: Suppurative or purulent An exudate consisting primarily of macrophages is referred to as: Granulomatous A prefix referring to pus is: Pyo- An exudate consisting of both neutrophils and macrophages is called: Pyogranulomatous, or Suppurative and Granulomatous, or Purulent and Granulomatous

23. Lungs from a dog which started coughing 2-3 weeks ago Mdx: Severe chronic* diffuse** pyogranulomatous pneumonia * Chronic-Active is also ok. ** It consists of thousands of small foci (“multifocal”) of pyogranulomatous inflammation which are packed very closely together and which are distributed in every lung lobe, so call it diffuse.