This report discusses various topics relating to caves, including how they are formed by running water, the Crystal Cave in Mexico containing 36-foot gypsum beams and ancient microbes, and the extreme adaptations of cave-dwelling creatures like blind cave crayfish that can live up to 175 years. Specific caves are also mentioned, such as the Crystal Cave in Mexico located 1,000 feet underground in Naica and the Dunmore Caves in Ireland where the remains of women and children were found after Vikings attacked. The report concludes with thanks for watching and a hope that the reader learned something new about caves.

1. Caves, caverns and the
underground world...
By Noah Madden.

2. Intro...
Have you ever wondered about
whats inside of a cave?
Well if you decide to watch this
report done by me, Noah Madden
you might just find out.......

3. How caves are formed.
✦Most caves are carved out by running water,
such as underground rivers.
✦Many caves still have water deposits in them.
✦Some water deposits in caves can be
thousands of years old.
✦Other caves are made of empty magma
chambers.

4. The cave of crystals.
This cave is located in Mexico and is full of 36
feet long beams of gypsum.
recently microbes dating back to near the
beginning of life were found frozen in the
crystals.

5. Crystal cave video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeiMfLmJt

6. life in the caverns
Not many creatures live
in caves or caverns,but
those that do are suited
for the extreme.
Some creatures such as
th cave crayfish have
long lives, it is known
to live as long as 175
years.

7. Because of
the caves
lightless
environment
many
creatures
such as
Olms have
no eyes.

8. locations of the crystal cave in mexico
the giant crystal cave in mexico is located 1,000
feet under the city of Naica.

9. Spelunking
Spelunking
is the art of
exploring
caves.

10. Catacombs......
Caves have
been
frequently
used in
history.
One example
are
catacombs:
caves being
used as
tombs.

11. BAts.....
bats are one of the best known cave dwellers.
they are nocturnal animals;they sleep at night.
Bats are the only flying mammals.

12. Cavemen.....
Cavemen are named as they are because early
cavemen lived in caves.
The caves provided a lot for the cavemen,
shelter, storage space, a camp ground and
other things.

13. The bones of 19 women and 25 children
were found there.
Historians think that over 1000 people
hid in the caves during an viking attack,
and fires were set at the entrance to drive
people out.Men were enslaved and the
women and children were left to die.
CAve stories:Dunmore
caves ; Ireland.

14. Minerals in caves........
Many minerals are found in caves such as gold
and limestone as well as calcite and Gypsum.

15. Stalagmites and
stalactites...........
Stalagmites and stalactites are rock formations
made by the dripping water moving minerals
to form pillar like structures.

16. Cave drawings.......
Cave walls have told us a lot about history.
How? Cave drawings!!!!!!
Were drawn by early humans on the walls of
caves.

17. Dangers of caves......
Caves may be cool, but they have many
dangers.They can collapse at any moment and
some are filled with poisonous fumes.

18. Famous cave explorers......
People have been exploring caves for a long
time.
One of These people was Stephen Bishop, a
mixed race slave.He was one of the lead
guides and explorers in the discovery of
Mammoth cave

19. The fear of caves........
The fear of caves is called Speluncaphobia.

20. 20
Thanks for watching my report, I hope you
learned something new...
Goodbye!

21. Bibliography
10 cave animals: MNN - Mother Nature
Network
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gs_rn=12&gs_ri=p
ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Bishop_(cave_expl
)

22. Bibliography
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_fear_of_
national geographic news giant crystal cave comes
Wikepedia.com /caves