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Ferdinand and Isabella used Catholicism to ruthlessly impose religious conformity in 15th century Spain. They forcibly converted or expelled Muslims and Jews to create a solely Catholic kingdom. This policy of "ethnocide" aimed to cleanse the world of other faiths and establish "one faith." The Spanish monarchs also implemented a caste system in New Spain that privileged those of pure Spanish blood and Catholic faith over mixed or indigenous peoples. There was ongoing debate between those who felt the natives should not be enslaved according to God's will, and those who prioritized exploiting them for gold and silver to enrich the Spanish empire. Charles V exacerbated this by forcing indigenous peoples to mine silver in Potosi, resulting
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2The Darkness of Colonialism in The New World from A Short Acc.docx
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The Darkness of Colonialism in The New World from A Short Account of The Destruction of The Indies de las casas Bartolome.
“The worst thing that colonialism did was to cloud our view of our past.” Barack Obama.
During the Spanish invasion of the indies, there was a social reformer and historian with Spanish descent known as Bartolome who was writing at this time around the 16th century. A Short Account of The Destruction of The Indies paints the picture vividly. In addition to a commentary that was sarcastic on the brutally exercised on the Hispaniola natives by the colonizers from Spain, he also gives us the readers the reason behind the motivation of the Spain colonizers behavior. The account by Bartolome acts as a reflection of the Spanish empires imperial policies and also as an observation for the colonizer's practices. This was clearly depicted by Bartolome as it brought out the clear picture maybe because he was a Spanish historian that made most out of the writing skills he had or just maybe he was after social reform. Across the writing of The Destruction of The Indies, Bartolome brings the attention crown of the Spanish to the suffering caused and the carnages the empire citizens committed to the natives. Focusing on that Casa is able to utilize a sense of rhetoric that is aimed to bring out sympathy of the persons reading, that is aimed to the natives in addition to the sense of the horror of how the natives were treated by the Spaniards. Casa is able to paint a picture right from the beginning about the nature of the natives that is in the preface; the natives are harmless and simple according to Casa. He further depicts them as, “the simplest people in the world… without guilt or malice… never quarrelsome or belligerent and they harbor no grudges…indeed notions of revenge and hatred are quite foreign to them”.
On the opposite Casa describes Spaniards as "ravening wolves" who pounced on the natives like savage lions or tigers who had not eaten meat for several days. This depicts a clear comparison between the savagery of the Spanish empire and the natives who were helpless, where this comparison is vivid throughout the document. Comparison examples are given frequently before and after the population of the native’s levels once the Spaniards have occupied the area. In the document he states that when the Spanish set their foot on the land of the natives, the population was 3 million. Currently only 200 survived in Hispaniola or even worse not even a single person survives on the Bahamas Islands. Casa employs the use of concrete numbers to depict the population decline which directly implies the number of deaths that occurred. Casa uses this to give the document a sense of authority whereby the numbers give it a stressed official nature. These numbers also give a clear picture of the Spanish savagery and cruelty to the natives, Casa elaborates the different ways in which the locals were being cleared whit a rough idea of the col.
PART XX Latino Jews, Afro-Latinos, and Amerindians .docx
PART XX
Latino Jews, Afro-Latinos, and Amerindians
Page 329
Political and economic strife combined with anti-Semitism prompted more than 100,000
Jews from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East to emigrate to Latin America at the end of
the nineteenth century and throughout the period of the two world wars. Large urban areas
such as Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Santiago, Mexico City, and
Caracas today possess communities large enough to forge strong cultural, religious, and
educational associations. Ashkenazim from North Africa and central and eastern Europe arrived
first; they and their descendants represent the majority of Jews who reside in Latin America
today. Sephardim from the eastern Mediterranean constitute the second largest group. Both
adhered to Orthodox Judaism. Lesser numbers following Conservative or Reform rituals
migrated later. These groups generally developed independent religious and social
organizations with little intermingling between them, although this appeared to change in
the late twentieth century. Whatever the country of origin, most Jews formed part of
the middle and upper-middle classes and engaged in professions such as merchandising,
scientific research, and education. Only a few Jews gained political prominence (most notably in
Argentina and Uruguay), due in part to their relatively small numbers and to the misguided
belief that they controlled vast economic resources and perpetuated serious social inequalities.
The activities of the Inquisition fostered anti-Semitic attitudes during the colonial period, and
such attitudes linger in the form of painted swastikas on buildings and acts of terrorism such as
the bombing in 1992 of Argentina's Israeli embassy, which killed twenty-nine, and the bombing
in 1994 of the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association, which killed eighty-five. The Jewish
People Policy Planning Institute estimated the total Jewish population in Latin America for 2005
to be 398,000, down from 514,000 in 1970—the decrease due to economic factors, especially in
Argentina. The three countries with the largest Jewish presence are Argentina (185,000), Brazil
(97,000), and Mexico (40,000).1
Slaves brought to the New World African traditions which, over time, blended with
Christian and indigenous elements. Some followers view these religious beliefs as separate and
distinct from Catholicism while others practice both simultaneously, though without church
sanction. During the colonial period the Spanish Inquisition actively pursued blacks and others
who used witchcraft, but with limited success; one of the reasons for the establishment of a
tribunal of the Inquisition in Cartagena in 1610, in fact, was to root out African religious
traditions at a major port of entry for African slaves in Spanish America. It is not surprising that
African religious influence proved especially enduring in slave areas replenis.
Themes of gods, gachupines and gringos
1. Pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America had complex societies without large domesticated animals, developing accurate astronomy, a 365-day calendar, and the concept of zero.
2. Their polytheistic religions demanded human sacrifice and warfare between tribes. The Aztec empire was the most advanced city in the world with over 200,000 citizens in Tenochtitlan.
3. Indigenous people were mostly wiped out by European diseases. After human rights abuses, monks were sent to convert the remaining native population to Christianity, baptizing thousands per day and integrating local traditions.
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2The Darkness of Colonialism in The New World from A Short Acc.docx
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The Darkness of Colonialism in The New World from A Short Account of The Destruction of The Indies de las casas Bartolome.
“The worst thing that colonialism did was to cloud our view of our past.” Barack Obama.
During the Spanish invasion of the indies, there was a social reformer and historian with Spanish descent known as Bartolome who was writing at this time around the 16th century. A Short Account of The Destruction of The Indies paints the picture vividly. In addition to a commentary that was sarcastic on the brutally exercised on the Hispaniola natives by the colonizers from Spain, he also gives us the readers the reason behind the motivation of the Spain colonizers behavior. The account by Bartolome acts as a reflection of the Spanish empires imperial policies and also as an observation for the colonizer's practices. This was clearly depicted by Bartolome as it brought out the clear picture maybe because he was a Spanish historian that made most out of the writing skills he had or just maybe he was after social reform. Across the writing of The Destruction of The Indies, Bartolome brings the attention crown of the Spanish to the suffering caused and the carnages the empire citizens committed to the natives. Focusing on that Casa is able to utilize a sense of rhetoric that is aimed to bring out sympathy of the persons reading, that is aimed to the natives in addition to the sense of the horror of how the natives were treated by the Spaniards. Casa is able to paint a picture right from the beginning about the nature of the natives that is in the preface; the natives are harmless and simple according to Casa. He further depicts them as, “the simplest people in the world… without guilt or malice… never quarrelsome or belligerent and they harbor no grudges…indeed notions of revenge and hatred are quite foreign to them”.
On the opposite Casa describes Spaniards as "ravening wolves" who pounced on the natives like savage lions or tigers who had not eaten meat for several days. This depicts a clear comparison between the savagery of the Spanish empire and the natives who were helpless, where this comparison is vivid throughout the document. Comparison examples are given frequently before and after the population of the native’s levels once the Spaniards have occupied the area. In the document he states that when the Spanish set their foot on the land of the natives, the population was 3 million. Currently only 200 survived in Hispaniola or even worse not even a single person survives on the Bahamas Islands. Casa employs the use of concrete numbers to depict the population decline which directly implies the number of deaths that occurred. Casa uses this to give the document a sense of authority whereby the numbers give it a stressed official nature. These numbers also give a clear picture of the Spanish savagery and cruelty to the natives, Casa elaborates the different ways in which the locals were being cleared whit a rough idea of the col.
PART XX Latino Jews, Afro-Latinos, and Amerindians .docx
PART XX
Latino Jews, Afro-Latinos, and Amerindians
Page 329
Political and economic strife combined with anti-Semitism prompted more than 100,000
Jews from Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East to emigrate to Latin America at the end of
the nineteenth century and throughout the period of the two world wars. Large urban areas
such as Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Santiago, Mexico City, and
Caracas today possess communities large enough to forge strong cultural, religious, and
educational associations. Ashkenazim from North Africa and central and eastern Europe arrived
first; they and their descendants represent the majority of Jews who reside in Latin America
today. Sephardim from the eastern Mediterranean constitute the second largest group. Both
adhered to Orthodox Judaism. Lesser numbers following Conservative or Reform rituals
migrated later. These groups generally developed independent religious and social
organizations with little intermingling between them, although this appeared to change in
the late twentieth century. Whatever the country of origin, most Jews formed part of
the middle and upper-middle classes and engaged in professions such as merchandising,
scientific research, and education. Only a few Jews gained political prominence (most notably in
Argentina and Uruguay), due in part to their relatively small numbers and to the misguided
belief that they controlled vast economic resources and perpetuated serious social inequalities.
The activities of the Inquisition fostered anti-Semitic attitudes during the colonial period, and
such attitudes linger in the form of painted swastikas on buildings and acts of terrorism such as
the bombing in 1992 of Argentina's Israeli embassy, which killed twenty-nine, and the bombing
in 1994 of the Argentine Israelite Mutual Association, which killed eighty-five. The Jewish
People Policy Planning Institute estimated the total Jewish population in Latin America for 2005
to be 398,000, down from 514,000 in 1970—the decrease due to economic factors, especially in
Argentina. The three countries with the largest Jewish presence are Argentina (185,000), Brazil
(97,000), and Mexico (40,000).1
Slaves brought to the New World African traditions which, over time, blended with
Christian and indigenous elements. Some followers view these religious beliefs as separate and
distinct from Catholicism while others practice both simultaneously, though without church
sanction. During the colonial period the Spanish Inquisition actively pursued blacks and others
who used witchcraft, but with limited success; one of the reasons for the establishment of a
tribunal of the Inquisition in Cartagena in 1610, in fact, was to root out African religious
traditions at a major port of entry for African slaves in Spanish America. It is not surprising that
African religious influence proved especially enduring in slave areas replenis.
Themes of gods, gachupines and gringos
1. Pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America had complex societies without large domesticated animals, developing accurate astronomy, a 365-day calendar, and the concept of zero.
2. Their polytheistic religions demanded human sacrifice and warfare between tribes. The Aztec empire was the most advanced city in the world with over 200,000 citizens in Tenochtitlan.
3. Indigenous people were mostly wiped out by European diseases. After human rights abuses, monks were sent to convert the remaining native population to Christianity, baptizing thousands per day and integrating local traditions.
Themes of gods, gachupines and gringos
1. Pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America had complex societies without large domesticated animals, developing accurate astronomy, a 365-day calendar, and the concept of zero.
2. Their polytheistic religions demanded human sacrifice and warfare between tribes. The Aztec empire was the most advanced city in the world with over 200,000 citizens in Tenochtitlan.
3. Indigenous people were mostly wiped out by European diseases. After reports of human rights abuses, monks were sent to convert natives to Christianity, baptizing thousands per day and integrating local traditions.
i want a whole rewrite on the following , no similarities please.docx
i want a whole rewrite on the following , no similarities please:
View summary
I almost cried reading this text. How on earth people come to your country force you to do things that only benefit them and when you refused you are killed. I think the Indians faced horrific times during this era. They became slaves in their own soil and were subjected to forced labor. I do not how come the US come to be the super power bearing in mind of the Spanish conquered and ruled the world at their will. How did Spain use land and Indian leaders to exert their power?
Explain what an encomienda was. Upon conquering the land and the Aztec Empire, the Spaniards used the land to cultivate crops. The Indian leaders such as the Tlaxacans were given land that originally belonged to the Aztec Empire and the Spaniards also gave the Indian leaders who were their allies the power to govern those regions. Encomienda was a system that was established by the Spaniards to regulate and control the Indian labor and behavior when they were colonizing them. Explain the debate on Indian slavery and who its advocates were. The Spanish crown established Burgos laws, putting in place rules and laws to govern the Indians. These laws pronounced that Indians like widows, orphans and the inferior be Christianized and protected. The law legalized that Indians be affirmed wards of the church and crown. Several clergy opposed the those laws pointing out that they were legitimate systems of enslaving Indians and taking away their properties. Among the advocates of the Indian slavery was Gines de Sepulveda. He wrote a number of inflammatory materials demonizing the Indians. He claimed that Indians were savages that lacked souls. On the other side, Father Francisco de Vitoria opposed Sepulveda’s demonization of the Indians. He went further to persuade the crown and the Catholic Church to classify Indians as human beings and should bestow upon them the legal rights of humanity. These rights entailed the right to not be a slave, the right to marry a person of their choice, right to being Christianized, the right to own property and the right to live in towns and villages.
3.) Explain Spain’s policies of intermarriage and what their purpose was. The intermarriage was an important public testimonial to comfort communities that they were safe in the course of political transitions. The intermarriage worked as a peaceful and an effective method to ensure that the Spanish maintained controlled the natives. It was also a significant practice deployed to coagulate alliances, working as a public testimonial of the trustworthiness of the Spaniards. 4.) Answer the following questions about African slavery under Spanish colonization: -What were the time periods of the slave trade in Mexico? – The time periods of
3.) Explain Spain’s policies of intermarriage and what their purpose was. The intermarriage was an important public testimonial to comfort communities that they were safe in the course o.
Final pt 2
The document discusses several stories from early colonial America involving interactions between indigenous peoples and European settlers:
1) It describes Squanto, a member of the Patuxet tribe who helped the Pilgrims in Plymouth and discusses traditions of the Patuxet people like rituals of manhood.
2) It discusses early French and English exploration and their interactions with native tribes, including an incident where Squanto and others were kidnapped.
3) It briefly summarizes accusations of witchcraft against Beatriz de Padilla and disputes over religion between Spanish missionaries and an indigenous man named Diego.
Final pt 2
1) Squanto was a member of the Patuxet Native American tribe who helped the Pilgrims in Plymouth colony. He taught them how to plant corn and fish. Squanto later died in 1622.
2) Native American tribes had traditions like tests of manhood where boys were left alone in the forest in winter. Tribal leaders called sachems were chosen by prestigious members and made political decisions with other men.
3) Europeans like the French and English began visiting New England in the early 1600s to trade with Native Americans for furs and fish, but this led to conflicts over land and resources.
Final pt 2
1) Squanto was a member of the Patuxet Native American tribe who helped the Pilgrims in Plymouth colony. He taught them how to plant corn and fish. Squanto later died in 1622.
2) Native tribes had traditions like tests of manhood where men would be left alone in the forest in winter. Tribal leaders called sachems were chosen by prestigious members and made political decisions with other men.
3) Europeans like the French and English began visiting New England tribes in the early 1600s to trade for furs and fish. However, conflicts arose from differing goals and treatment of natives.
Biographies
1) Gaspar Antonio Chi was an educated indigenous man from Yucatan who could translate between Spanish, Aztec, Latin and his native Mayan tongue. He served as a translator for both indigenous people and the Spanish.
2) Eugenio Sinanyuca was a kuraka, or indigenous leader, in Peru who defended his people legally and through breaking laws, in contrast to his friend Tupac Amaru who led a rebellion against Spanish rule.
3) Angela Battallas was a slave in Guayaquil who sued for her freedom after her owner had promised but not granted it, gaining support from Simon Bolivar that helped her win her case.
Similar to Ning site ppt1 (9)
2The Darkness of Colonialism in The New World from A Short Acc.docx
2The Darkness of Colonialism in The New World from A Short Acc.docx
PART XX Latino Jews, Afro-Latinos, and Amerindians .docx
PART XX Latino Jews, Afro-Latinos, and Amerindians .docx
i want a whole rewrite on the following , no similarities please.docx
i want a whole rewrite on the following , no similarities please.docx
Ning site ppt1
- 1. The theme of Religion and Superiority as Control Mechanisms and their roles in The New World: From “When Worlds Collide”
- 2. Ferdinand and Isabella Were deeply catholic and believed that Catholicism was the key to salvation, and they ruthlessly urged religious conformity. The catholic monarchs fought wars against Muslims, and under Cardinal Cisnero, all Muslims were forced to be baptized as Christians. Ferdinand and Isabella captured the city of Granada, the last Muslim kingdom, forcing all Muslims to convert or leave. They were engaging in “ethnocide,” aiming to cleanse the world of people of a certain ethnic group and a distinct faith, instilling the idea of “one faith.” Ferdinand and Isabella did the same with the Jewish people- forcing them to convert or leave. Even after agreeing to convert, some previous Jews or Arabs were charged with falsity, if they were suspected of not being genuine converts. The Catholic Monarchs used their religious power to control others, deeming that they had the natural right, as Christians, to impose their views on others. They also felt that it was their natural right to conquer the New World Indians and convert them as well.
- 3. Caste System: Castas of New Spain Was a caste system imposed by the Spanish monarchy and Catholic priests, for the purpose of distinguishing who was Spanish, and how much he or she was Spanish. It was a discriminatory system, and reserved power for the supposed “pure blood Christians.” The terms had real social consequences, and those low in the caste system were stigmatized, abused verbally and physically, and were excluded from certain freedoms.
- 4. The Debate: God Versus Gold Isabella actually believed that the native latin Americans should not be enslaved, and that their enslavement would be in defiance of God. However, she was also interested in slavery because it brought more and more money into the kingdom. Thus there was a constant debate over God versus Gold, between those who thought Isabella was right, and those who thought that God did not see the Spanish Catholics as equals with the indigenous Americans, and thus the pure-blood Spanish were able to exploit the indigenous.
- 6. GOLD: Charles V His biggest goal was to acquire GOLD. He felt it was his natural right from God, because of his Catholic Spanish blood, to take gold from the indigenous and put it back into the Spanish Empire. Charles had a very potent superiority complex, which drove his decision to force the indigenous New World peoples to mine the Potosi mountain. He would use them to acquire silver, as his greed got the better of him and he begins to spend more money than he has. It is estimated that Charles’s orders for mining Potosi eventually killed as many as 8 million indigenous people, forced to mine for silver and to fund Charles’s religious wars and his lavish life in Spain.
- 7. Religion/Superiority Today: Religion and the concept of superiority/inferiority are still used today as a means of control certain people as a means to an end. A modern example is the Dalitsor “untouchables” of India, who are of the lowest in the Hindu caste system. They are said to be cast-offs, and are destined by birth to perform the dirtiest jobs in Indian society, including cleaning out dry latrines. According to George Braziller’s book on Hinduism, “if the caste theory is observed, there are…few traits of caste which are not definitely of a religious significance” (54). We can clearly see that religion and superiority as a means for control has been a common theme not just in history, but still prevails in many societies of the modern world.
- 8. The END!